Housing Comfort
Housing Comfort
Housing Comfort
SEPTEMBER 2013
vi
ABSTRACT
ABSTRAK
.
viii
CONTENTS
TITLE i
DECLARATION ii
DEDICATION iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v
ABSTRACT vi
ABSTRAK vii
CONTENTS viii
LIST OF APPENDICES xx
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.10 Summary 7
2.1 Introduction 8
2.2 Housing 8
2.2.2.1 Quality 10
2.2.2.2 Adequacy 11
2.3.1 Comfort 12
2.10.2.1 Affordability 50
2.10.2.2 Accessibility 51
2.12 Summary 55
xi
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 56
3.1 Introduction 56
3.4.2 Questionnaires 60
3.4.2.1Survey structure 61
3.4.2 Architects 63
3.9 Summary 68
4.1 Introduction 69
xii
4.2.2 Profession 70
4.2.4.3 Accessibility 72
4.2.4.4 Affordability 72
4.5 Summary 77
5.1 Introduction 78
5.2.1 Gender 79
5.4.1 Accessibility 93
5.4.2 Affordability 91
5.4.4 Security 94
5.5 Preferences 95
REFERENCES 118
APPENDICES 137
xvi
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF ABREVIATIONS
LIST OF APPENDICES
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
services including employment, transport and the cost for housing. In Malaysia low
cost housing refers to the houses with selling prices fixed by the government as
ranging from RM25, 000 to RM42, 000 per unit depending on the location of the
development (Abdullahi & Aziz, 2011a).
Housing besides being a very valuable asset, has much wider economic, social,
cultural and personal significance (Kajimo & Evans, 2006). Despite this importance
however most countries are yet content with the provision of shelter to the various
economic groups that make up its general population. Housing issues still remains a
major discussion in several global summit such as the 1992 Rio-de Janeiro summit
on environment and development, the 1996 Habitat Summit at Istanbul, the 2000
New York, United Nations Millennium development Goals (MDGs) summit, 2002
World Summit in Johannesburg and the 2005 La Havana, Un sustainable cities
Documentation of Experience Program (Oladujoye, 2005; Un-Habitat, 2010,
UNDPI, 2008).
Over the last few decades, there has been an increasing focus on how to
build a sustainable society (WCED, 1987). Increasingly significant also is the desire
for a clean environment, preservation of nature and concern for the welfare of future
generations. To be classified as sustainable, a house must stay within the absorptive
capacity of the local and global waste absorption limits; use renewable and
replenishable resources sustainably, meet basic human needs and comfort levels, are
economically viable and socially acceptable, improve socio-economic equity, and be
technologically feasible (Choguill, 2007). Several policies have being created to
ensure that the society is directed towards sustainability. It seems only natural that
such policies are targeted towards areas where they can make the most difference.
Certainly, housing is one such area, partly because its current substantial impact on
the environment may be lowered using existing and relatively cheap measures and
partly due to housing being highly durable goods that will impact the environment
for many years to come.
Housing undoubtedly plays an important role in environmental sustainability,
physical and economic development, employment generation as well as wealth
3
creation. In line with the importance housing plays in the life of people, coupled with
the need for sustainable solution to the growing housing challenges; most
governments in developing countries are engaging in new housing policies, programs
and strategy that seeks to meet demands of market-driven economies in addressing
housing needs of their people (Sengupta & Sharma, 2008). In Malaysia efforts are
made by the government to ensure sufficient provision of housing especially for the
low income group in the urban areas through the establishment of different housing
development policies in the various five year Malaysian plans and the second
outlined perspective plan (OPP2) (1991–2000). Low cost housing is a mandatory
section of housing development in Malaysia abided by housing developers to provide
30% of their total housing development for low cost (Aziz, Hanif & Yahya, 2007).
This is to ensure that more low cost houses are available for the inhabitants. The
policy is imposed through administrative procedures that forces developers to
provide a portion of development for low cost housing in order to gain approval by
local authority (Aziz 2007; REHDA, 2008).
Although the number of low cost housing in Malaysia has increased in
quantity especially after the involvement of private developers, concerns over the
livability of these flats grow as studies on residential preference and satisfaction
repeatedly point to the importance of such low cost housing design to be more
sensitive to the social implications of physical planning (Paim & Yahaya, 2004;
Salleh & Yusof, 2006; Salleh, 2008). This raises the question of how comfortable the
people are with the provisions made in these buildings. The facilities provided seem
to fall short of their needs and aspirations.
The provision of housing with better services leads to community growth and
stability, improved health conditions, increased safety and education among the
citizens which ultimately leads to the development of a nation. Most of individuals’
working time is spent in buildings and most of our leisure time is spent at home or
close by in the neighbourhood. Such significant importance deserves an examination
of how houses can become more sustainable.
4
Being uncomfortable can be described as a state of lacking what your body needs.
The way inhabitants feel about where they live has being known to be a contributing
factor to their health and state of well being. Public housing as a social intervention
program is designed according to peoples ‘perceptions of what seems to work based
on practitioners’ assumptions and logical reasoning (Birckmayer & Weiss, 2000).
The inability of construction projects to achieve user’s satisfaction is one of
the major housing delivery problems. Although finding out which specific factors are
important to user satisfaction for product improvement has become an acceptable
norm and there exists increasing recognition that customers are important in assets
management, housing producers have been unable to effectively capture users’
habits, traditions or reflect these in the product processes resulting to mismatch in
product performance with user objective (Othman, 2008).
Various researches on housing in Malaysia mainly focused on housing
satisfaction, which is still limited and fragmented. The studies either focused only on
the dwellings and neighbourhood facilities and environment (Salleh, 2008) or linking
types of housing project (low cost, medium cost and high cost), price of house and
length of residency with satisfaction. Very few studies have been carried out relating
to the combined effect of the various environmental parameters and also other
predominant factors that affects comfort such as the social and economic aspects.
Therefore this study hopes to fill this gap by looking at a combination of the various
factors which influences comforts in houses from the user’s perspective
According to Kwong, Adam & Tang (2009), conversely indoor
environmental comfort comprises of four research fields which includes thermal,
visual, acoustic and ergonomic comfort. A reflection of residents’ reaction towards
their living environment is in their satisfaction towards the housing environment, in
this context; environment does not merely refer to the physical and environmental
components of housing but also covers social factors and economic conditions
(Kellekci & Berkoz, 2006).
Many opportunities abound to reduce the problems of comfort over a
facilities life time. These however can be achieved if sustainable values are
5
introduced from the design stage. To achieve such improvements in the buildings
however the perception of the inhabitants should be considered.
This research aims at understanding the problems of low cost housing inhabitants
relating to comfort to enhance the building performance by identifying the
hindrances and enabling factors to the achievement of the users precise expectations
which are valuable as a foundation on which improved houses can be based.
In order to achieve the research aim, three key objectives were set. The objectives are
to:
The study is expected to be of benefit to the housing industry and the inhabitants of
low cost housing because; it identifies the essential client’s expectations in low cost
housing as well as the factors hindering these expectations.
The scope of this study will be limited to only low cost housing projects in Batu
Pahat, Malaysia. The focus will be identifying the comfort level of respondents as it
relates to the physical and social aspects of the low cost housing. It shall also identify
the current level of sustainability in low cost housing development in Batu Pahat as it
relates to the physical and social economic aspect of it.
The thesis format follows the logical steps of establishing the research questions,
developing the methodology, gathering and analyzing data and drawing conclusions.
The thesis is organized into six chapters as follows:
Chapter 1 discusses the background of the research by highligteing the
research problems, research purpose, research objectives and justification and thesis
organization. It includes the background of studies, the problem statement, aim of
studies, objectives of study scope of study, organisation of study and the conclusion.
Chapter 2 gives a background introdution on housing in general, it examines
literature and studies carried out on sustainable housing the characteristics of a
sustainable house, overview of sustainable housing in developing countries,
sustainable housing in Malaysia, the housing industry in Malaysia, low cost houses
in Malaysia the problem associated with the low cost houses, a theoretical framework
of the topic, comfort as it relates to quality of life and finally the conclusion of the
topic. Overall, this chapter identifies the research gap, which justifies the need for
this study.
Chapter 3 describes the methodology used in carrying out the research
describes the research methodology in detail including: the research methodology;
7
1.10 Summary
In this chapter the foundation for the thesis was established. The research
background was first introduced and explains affordable housing in the Malaysian
context and as adopted in this research. The aim and objectives of the research were
established as well as the scope and method of study. Outline of the thesis chapters
were also discussed. On this basis, the study continues with a detailed explanation of
the research and development processes.
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
This chapter presents, a review of recent literature related to the research objectives
set out in section 1.6. The literature review is interpreted from findings of
preliminary literature study, work and thoughts of experts and practitioners within
the subject field. The purpose is to achieve the overall objectives based on the
specific points of interest. Literature review is particularly important as it helps in
identifying existing gap in literature, which this study attempts to fill.
2.2 Housing
The United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (UN-Habitat) wrote in its Global
Report on Human Settlements in 1995 that “homelessness is a problem in developed
as well as in developing countries”. The Report noted that poor urban housing
conditions are a global problem, but conditions are worst in developing countries;
and that today, 600 million people live in life and health threatening homes in Asia,
Africa and Latin America. The fight for housing as a basic need has increased
progressively and as the human race advances in numbers and cultural diversity it
has moved beyond simply providing shelter and protection to the consideration of
sustainability. Housing can provide a vehicle to aid in developing elements of
community; creating sustainable communities in a resource efficient manner (Guy &
Moore, 2005) and reflecting relationships between the individual, family and
community (Mallett, 2004).
9
ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT
SOCIAL Investment and job creation EDUCATION
DEVELOPMENT Enhancing educational
Foundation of family life attainment role
and social interaction
HOUSING COMMUNITY
HEALTH CARE A stabilizing DEVELOPMENT
Improving physical and and facilitating Skill development,
mental health role investment, capacity
building role
INCOME SECURITY
Enhancing income
LABOUR FORCE IMMIGRATION
security
Contributing to Facilitating integration
stability and mobility role
Figure 2.1: The importance of housing to the success of other policy and program
areas. (Myers, 2008)
In view of the various contributions housing has in individual’s life, the
homeowner of tomorrow should be able to expect a modified solution that permits
changes and upgrades over time. Home design and facilities should easily be
improved to help manage energy and resource conservation, health, communication,
and learning within the home. This should be possible at high quality and reasonable
cost.
10
The state of a house determines the quality of life the inhabitants of such building
will have. The vital role access to good quality housing plays in improving public
health, quality of life, combating exclusion and discrimination as well as
strengthening social cohesion (Kahlmeier et al., 2001; Aliu & Adebayo, 2010)
underscores the need to upgrade the condition of public housing in many developing
countries. In the following sub-sections, quality and adequacy will be discussed to
understand the importance it plays as it relates to human comfort.
2.2.2.1 Quality
Quality has been defined as conformance to requirements, not as goodness “in line
with the definition of adequate housing (Un-Habitat, 2010) features such as
durability of construction materials, structural soundness, spatial adequacy, and
availability of basic services such as water, sewage disposal and electricity, location
in an area with good connections with other parts of the city and infrastructure and
secured tenure are considered to be indicators of good quality housing. Put
differently, housing quality refers to those highly valued attributes that housing
possesses that makes it suitable in meeting occupants’ needs. Quality housing feature
includes physical and non-physical characteristics. The physical characteristic
comprises of location, housing design, types of housing and the residents comfort
level. On the other hand, non physical characteristic comprise of the aspect of socio
economic, people mixture and level of crime of that area (Aulia, 2006). Braubach
(2007) indentified personal characteristics (age, gender and socioeconomic status) as
having marginal influence on housing quality judgments .
However to date, the actual process of setting new home quality requirements
has rested with the builder. Love, Tse & Edwards (2005) concluded that one of the
most perplexing issues that the construction industry faces is its ability to become
quality focused. This makes achieving quality difficult especially for the inhabitants
of the building.
11
2.2.2.2 Adequacy
A person’s opinion of a place depends on how the place is perceived as well as the
socio-economic characteristics of the individual. Coolen et.al. (2002) defined
housing preference as value-oriented and goal-directed activities which are
influenced by motivations for the choice taken for a certain characteristic of housing
conditions. The need of current residents are diverse and includes safety, physical
and mental health, privacy, entertainment, education, socializing, comfort,
12
Definitions of terms aims to gain a clear understanding of the concept of comfort and
sustainability and its relevance in the housing industry, there is a need to find a
summarizing and suitable definition of the terms as they relate to this study. A brief
definition as it relates to the research is given below.
2.3.1 Comfort
These are houses that are built solely for the purpose of meeting the housing needs of
the low income earners. Lefebvre, Sturrock & Kipfe (2009), defined low cost
housing as affordable housing for poor or low-income individuals and families. This
does not necessarily refer to individual houses and it also includes rental housing. In
Lefebvre’s definition reference was not only made in relation to the ownership of a
house constructed for low income earners or seemingly poor, it also included rental
of a house in relation to income, the bottom line being as long as it is affordable.
Kellekci & Berkoz (2006) however defined low cost housing in plain terms as
provision of housing which caters to the minimum requirements of masses within
their income capabilities, without sacrificing the quality of construction.
the sustainable concept in a number of important ways, for example; various aspects
of the location, construction, design, management/maintenance and use of housing.
Sustainability has being defined in different ways by different researchers.
Although the various definitions of sustainability are made to suit various researches
and societies, one thing they still have in common is that they are all in line with the
Brundtland definition which is defined as “a development that meets the needs of the
present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own
needs” (WCED 1987). All definitions agree that it is important to consider the future
of the planet and there are many ways for humans to protect and enhance the earth
while satisfying the needs of various stakeholders (Boyko et al., 2006).
Although there are many definitions of sustainability it is generally agreed the
economy, environment and social equity are three prime values of sustainability
(Chan & Lee, 2009). According to Gibson et al. (2005), traditional concepts of
sustainability are depicted as circles of sustainability with a certain ordering;
economy prevailing over society, prevailing over ecology or the other way round.
Adams (2006) describes sustainable development in terms of economic growth,
environmental protection and social progress known as the core of mainstream
sustainability thinking, drawn in a variety of ways as pillars, concentric or
interlocking circles of sustainable development. These aspects need to be considered,
incorporated, and improved to achieve a desired level of sustainable development.
These aspects are illustrated as the three pillars of sustainable development in Figure
2.2.
Environmental
Economy Society
Due to its lifespan and the effects it has on human’s life, housing
development can be considered as a pioneering step for sustainable development.
While housing is one of the best ways to achieve the goals of sustainability, Winston
& Eastaway (2008) however, concluded that housing is one of the more neglected
aspects of sustainability despite its potential to make a positive contribution. It is,
therefore important to adopt methods to ensure that new housing projects are
sustainable.
A sustainable house is cost efficient over time, comfortable, cheap to maintain and
complements our unique environments (Queensland Government, 2004). For
housing that make up a great proportion of building however, sustainable housing
could be defined as housing practices, which strives for integral quality (including
economic, social, and environmental performance) in a broad way (John, 2005)
Sustainable housing offers a better environment which encourages residents to stay at
home longer among friends and families and neighbor in the social context. Abidin
& Jaapar (2008) mentioned that the principles applied in sustainable housing,
includes concern for people by ensuring that they live in good health, productive and
in harmony with nature.
The availability of decent and affordable housing is said to be an important
factor in contributing to the sustainability of communities (HM Government 2005;
Maliene, Howe & Malys, 2008). Given the long life-spans of buildings, it has the
potential to impact the natural environment and ecology well into the future, locally
and globally (CIDB, 1998; du Plessis, 2002; IPCC, 2009). Savaya, Spiro & Elran-
Barak (2008) noted that planning for program sustainability is a key factor in social
programs. Evidence in literature however shows that this aspect of social
programming is lacking in many developing countries (Abdellatif & Othman, 2006).
This is attributed to a number of factors such as weak political institutions, social and
economic structures and lack of effective accountability and governance mechanisms
(Sarker & Azam, 2011). It therefore will be necessary to change the way this
activities are undertaken. With this idea, it increases the institutions understanding of
the sustainability concepts throughout the lifetime of a housing project.
16
Socio-Cultural Respect
understanding of local traditions and core values.
Social
SOCIAL
CULTURAL ENVIRONMENTAL
SUSTAINABILITY SUSTAINABILITY
ECONOMIAL TECHNOLOGICAL
SUSTAINABILITY SUSTAINABLE SUSTAINABILITY
AFFORDABLE
HOUSING
Pre-Requisite
ECONOMIC
FACTORS
Shelter
Affordability Needs
Planning stage Impact of the planned site on the local environment; relationships
with the city; quality of the local built environment; mixed-use
and density; poly- centricity; infrastructure; public transport;
green areas; environmental hazards.
From the table it suggests that for environmental sustainability to thrive it’s
important to introduce its values at every stage of the buildings life cycle.
Opportunities for people to have a home that meets their aspirations however, should
correspond with protecting and enhancing the environment, both for the enjoyment
of residents presently and to ensure a strong legacy for the future.
20
Feasibility And
Functionality
Environment
Strength ENVIRONMENTAL Friendliness
SUSTAINABILITY
Durability and
Reliability
The elements of social sustainability are design for flexibility, comfort, safety and
security. Social sustainability is improvement and maintenance of current and future
well-being and it reduces social inequality and improves quality of life (Chan & Lee,
2007). Social and cultural factors are strongly interdependent. They often interlock
and are sometimes indistinguishable (Chiu, 2004). Sustainable housing should
respond to the socio-cultural needs and practices of the beneficiary households and
communities. The criteria for assessment of social sustainability in housing are based
on three general principles: affordability, wellbeing and inclusion.
Chan & Lee (2008) argued that form of development affects the micro
climate of areas in terms of temperature, relative humidity, air quality, lighting level
and ventilation flow, which affects human comfort. Hence, social sustainability is the
process that addresses the relationship between society and built environment (design
and density) and quality of life in neighborhood setting. These are illustrated as the
elements of social sustainability in Figure 2.3.
21
AFFFORDABILTY
OVERALL
SOCIAL
SUSTAINABILITY HOUSING QUALITY
TRANSPORT / FACILITIES
The growth of the population and specifically, the urban population has been
tremendous in Malaysia. In 1957 the country’s population was 7.3 million. However,
the population has doubled to the figures of 13.3 million and 27.0 million by 1980
and 2008 respectively (Department of Statistics Malaysia, 2009; World Bank, 2010).
Similarly, the size of the urban population has increased at the rate of 4.5% per
annum and from the total population, the urban residents population has increased
from 51% in 1991 to 55.1% in 1995 and by 2000, this proportion has risen to 61.8%;
67% in 2005 (Zin & Smith, 2005) and projected to reach 75% by 2015 (World Bank,
2010). These demographic changes are fundamentally the restructuring point of the
New Economic Policy (NEP) that produces industrial expansion and rapid economic
growth and that promoted the mass rural-urban migration, most especially among the
Bumiputera, which accounts for two-third of the migrations (Agus, 2002). The
government of Malaysia recognizes housing as a basic human need and an important
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