NCERT History Class 6 - Notes of Chapter 1: What, Where, How and When?
NCERT History Class 6 - Notes of Chapter 1: What, Where, How and When?
NCERT History Class 6 - Notes of Chapter 1: What, Where, How and When?
Weather of the world was changing and peoples were change, they started to
preferred plants and animals for food.
The ancestor of the dog was the first animal under tame was of and then
moderately calm animals were controlled like sheep, goat, cattle and about
12,000 years ago Domestication was began.
Settled Life, Peoples form Burzahom (Kashmir) had started to build pit-
houses -dug into the ground with steps leading into them and provided shelter
in cold weather.
Compared to the earlier Paleolithic tools stone tools from sites were different
and so called Neolithic.
These also comprised many types of earthen pots.
Customs and Practices
Many farmers and herders started live in groups which are recognized as
tribes.
Women did the agrarian work such as making the ground etc. and Men acted
as leaders.
They may be old and knowledgeable, or young, brave warriors, or priests.
And then tribes have rich and unique cultural traditions and had their own
gods and goddesses.
Children frequently observed after florae and group animals.
Mehrgarh Site
It is located near Bolan Pass (currently Baluchistan) on way to Iran.
Previously archaeological site found drafts of wild animals counting deer and
pig.
And diggings of sheep and goat were also seen so that we get idea that people
were herders. So Mehrgarh peoples were considered as hunters and later as
herders previously.
It is one of the earliest villages People grew barley and wheat, and rear sheep
and goats at that time.
And the houses are in the shape of square or rectangular.
According to their burial grounds People believed in life after death.
Daojali Hading
It is located on hills near the Brahmaputra Valley.
Jadeite, a stone which was brought from China
Tools were made up from fossil wood and stone tools like mortars and pestles
Form we get idea clear idea that people also did agricultural activities.
Harappa
Around 4700 years ago these cities were established. And many of these cities
were separated into two or more parts.
1. The part to the west was smaller but higher: strongholds
2. The part to the east was larger but lower: lower town
The elements were placed in a meshing design which made walls strong.
Special buildings were created on the citadel for example, in Mahenjodaro, a
tank: Great Bath.
Kalibangan and Lothal had fire platforms.
Mahenjodaro, Harappa and Lothal had rich store houses.
Houses were has one or two storeys high and the rooms are built around a
courtyard and most of the houses had a separate showering area, and some
had wells to supply water.
Many of these cities also had covered plumbing.
Houses, sanitations and streets were possibly scheduled and built at the same
time.
Maximum numbers of the things are made of stone, shell and metal, counting
copper, bronze, gold and silver.
Tools, weapons, ornaments and vessels are made from copper and bronze and
Gold and silver were used to make ornaments and vessels.
Harappan also made seals using stone in rectangular shape and had an animal
figured on them and also made pots with beautiful black designs.
At Mehrgarh from about 7000 years ago Cotton was probably grown.
Some women and men may have been experts to perform crafts.
The Harappan got the copper probably from present-day Rajasthan and even
from Oman and tin probably from present-day Afghanistan and Iran.
Gold might had come from the present-day Karnataka.
To dig the earth a new tool, the plough for turning were used for the soil and
planting seeds.
Some irrigation form was used because this region does not receive heavy
rainfall due to Dholavira was located at Khadir Beyt in the Rann of Kutch.
Dholavira was distributed into three parts but two parts are other Harappan
cities.
Lothal mounted nearby the Sabarmati River so the raw materials like semi-
precious stones were basically available.
A dockyard at Lothal Ships and boats came from the sea and finished the river
channel.
Cities affluent and lifestyles were altering in villages after Mahajanapadas and
then many thinkers were started to appreciate these changes in society. They
probably want to recognize as true connotation of life
Buddha
Buddha fit in to a small gana known as the Sakya gana, and was a Kshatriya.
He decided to conclude his own path to realization and meditation for days
under a peepal tree at Bodh Gaya in Bihar, where he reached enlightenment
and then he was renowned as the Buddha or the Wise One.
He taught for the first time at Sarnath, near Varanasi.
He had taken his last breath at Kusinara.
The Buddha had told that life is full of suffering and unhappiness; he told that
this is formed because we have desires and requirements and he had defined
this as Thirst or Tanah and he had teach that the continual desire could be
removed by following limitation in everything.
He also told that people to be kind, and give respect to all the lives of others,
counting animals.
He had told that outcomes of our actions (called karma), whether good or bad,
touch us both in this life and the next.
He also revitalized people to think for them.
Upanishads
Other thinkers also had tried to find answers of difficult questions like “life
after death”, performing of “ritual sacrifices” etc. before Buddha.
According to them there was something that last even after death and they
had named it atman or the individual soul and the Brahman or worldwide soul
and also believed that both the atman and the Brahman were one.
These concepts were recorded in the Upanishads and recognized as Vedic
texts.
Jainism
Vardhamana Mahavira a most famous thinker of the Jainas was a
contemporary of Buddha.
Vardhamana Mahavira was a prince of Kshatriya, Lichchhavis a group which
was part of the Vajji sangha.
His simple policy is “men and women who wished to know the truth must
leave their homes” and also has to follow very strictly the rules of ahimsa,
which means that not hurting or killing any living beings.
For most men and women it was very difficult to follow these severe rules like
continue nude or upholding celibacy eg: farmers find it difficult to follow
because they can’t wild plant out bugs.
Normal people were able to understand the teachings because it is in Prakrit
language.
Traders had mostly maintained Jainism.
The Sangha
The Mahavira and the Buddha both felt that only those who left their homes
could gain true knowledge and they decided for them to stay composed in the
sangha, an association of those who left their homes.
Vinaya Pitaka is the book which includes instructions for the Buddhist sangha.
And peoples including brahmins, kshatriyas, merchants, labourers, barbers,
courtesans, children and slaves who engaged with the sangha led simple lives.
Monasteries
During the rainy season, when it was very difficult to travel only at that time
both Buddhists and Jainists remained in one place.
These shelters were called viharas and the initial viharas were made of wood,
and then of brick. Some were even in caves that were dug out in knolls,
particularly in western India.
System of Ashramas
Brahmins developed this ashramas at the same time of Buddha and Jain.
It is used as for a stage of life in its place of people live and meditates.
Four ashramas were recognised:
1. Brahmacharya
2. Grihastha
3. Vanaprastha
4. Samnyasa
Women were not allowed to study the Vedas, and they had to follow the
ashramas chosen by their husbands normally.
Link: https://www.flexiprep.com/NCERT-Notes/History/Class-6/