Arabic Defensive Litratures in Colonial Kerala PDF
Arabic Defensive Litratures in Colonial Kerala PDF
Arabic Defensive Litratures in Colonial Kerala PDF
KERALA
BY
2018
ARABIC DEFENSIVE LITERATURES IN COLONIAL
KERALA
BY
MARCH 2018
“Read! In the Name of your Lord who has created (all that
Qur’an
“We study the history, but study nothing from the history”
-George Bernadsha-
ii
To the Land of “Muziris” with inscrutable historical
moments of Islam.
iii
To my beloved father Abdul Rasheed, kind hearted mother
Sajitha, friendly sisters, inspiring friends and careful uncle.
iv
APPROVAL
I certify that I have supervised and read this study and that in my opinion it conforms
to acceptable standards of scholarly presentation and is fully adequate, in scope and
quality, as a dissertation for the Degree of Bachelor in Islamics and Human sciences.
Supervisor
I certify that this dissertation was submitted to the principal of Nahjurrashad Islamic
College and is accepted as a fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Degree of
Bachelor in Islamics and Human Sciences.
v
DECLARATION
I do hereby declare that, this dissertation is the result of my own research, except
where otherwise stated. I also declare that it has not been previously or concurrently
submitted as a whole for my other degrees at NRIC or other institution.
MOBILE: 85 92 99 24 25
E-mail: [email protected]
Signature Date
vi
NAHJURRASHAD ISLAMIC COLLEGE
CAMAKKALA, THRISSUR, KERALA, INDIA
2. Nahjurrashad Islamic College or its library will have the right to make
transmit copies (print of electronic) for institutional and academic purposes.
3. Nahjurrashad Islamic college library will have the right to make, store in
a retrieval system and supply copies of this unpublished research if requested by other
universities and research libraries.
Signature Date
vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
All praises be to Allah the Lord of the Universe. Let His regards and salutations be
Upon the Holy Prophet Muhammad and his family and companions.
For the completion of this thesis, I would like to thank my respected supervisor Ustad
Saleem Hudawi for having given generously his precious time, guidance and moral
supports. I wish to express my special gratitude to our Ustad Shafi Hudawi for the
careful attention he had given for this thesis and for his valuable suggestions and
for the tireless support they extended to me, throughout my research and for opening a
new window of knowledge in front of me, who had been with me with immense help
throughout my study.
students in Nahjurrashad Islamic College. May Allah, the almighty, bestow his
rewards and blessings on them all; Finally, I state that I am alone responsible for the
entire faults that remain in this thesis. May Allah accept this humble attempt and make
viii
ABSTRACT
This research studies on the Arabic Defensive Literatures in Colonial Kerala. it studies
from the arrival of Portuguese sailor Vasco De Gama in 1498 until the independence
of India from Britain in 1947. In order to make a wide study on the Arabic Defensive
Literatures in Colonial Kerala, the researcher includes the arrival of Gama in to
Kerala, situations of Portuguese colonialism, arrival of French, Dutch Malabar and
British colonialism. The main content of this research is the Arabic Defensive
Literatures in Colonial Kerala. The study reveals and describes the defensive prose
works and poetry works of Muslim scholars in Kerala. These compiled defensive
literatures by scholars influenced and impacted in the public, especially in the Muslim
Mappila minds. The scholars gave the religious and spiritual improvement to Mappila
minds by these works. Surely, it will be a good help and work for the students who
study about Arabic Defensive Literatures In Colonial Kerala.
ix
ﺧﻼﺻﺔ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ
ﻳﻬﺪف ﻫﺬا اﻟﺒﺤﺚ إﱃ دراﺳﺔ ﻋﻦ أدب اﳌﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻛﲑاﻻ اﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﺮة اﻟﱵ ﺟﺮت ﰱ
اﻟﻔﱰة اﻟﱵ اﻣﺘﺪت ﻣﻦ ورود اﳌﻼح اﻟﱪﺗﻐﺎﱄ واﺳﻜﻮدي ﻏﺎﻣﺎ ﺳﻨﺔ 1498ﺣﱴ اﻹﺳﺘﻘﻼل
اﳍﻨﺪي ﻣﻦ اﻟﱪﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺳﻨﺔ ،1947وﻫﻨﺎ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻗﺪوم ﻏﺎﻣﺎ إﱃ ﻛﲑاﻻ وﺣﺎﻻت
اﻹﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎر اﻟﱪﺗﻐﺎﱄ وﻗﺪوم أﻓﺮﻧﺞ وﻣﻠﺒﺎر اﳍﻮﻻﻧﺪي واﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎر اﻟﱪﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﺪرك ﻓﻬﻢ واﺳﻊ ﻋﻦ
ذﻟﻚ ،واﳌﻮﺿﻮع اﳌﻬﻢ ﳍﺬا اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻣﺆﻟﻔﺎت اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء اﳌﻠﻴﺒﺎرﻳﲔ ﺿﺪ اﻹﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎر ﰲ
ﻛﲑﻻوﺗﻜﺸﻒ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻨﺜﻮر اﻟﺪﻓﺎﻋﻴﺔ واﳌﻨﻈﻤﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺪﻓﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻤﺎء اﳌﺴﻠﻤﲔ ﰲ ﻛﲑاﻻ
وﻫﺬﻩ اﻵداب اﻟﺪﻓﺎﻋﻴﺔ اﳌﺬﻛﻮرة ﻗﺪ أﺛّﺮت ﺗﺄﺛﲑا راﺋﻌﺎ ﰲ ا ﺘﻤﻊ ﻻﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﰲ ﻗﻠﻮب اﳌﺴﻠﻤﲔ
وﳝﻨﺢ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﻣﻦ ﻛﺘﺒﻬﻢ اﻟﱰﻗﻴﺎت اﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ واﻟﺮوﺣﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﻠﻤﲔ ،وﻫﺬﻩ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ﺗﻜﻮن اﻋﺎﻧﺔ
اﻟﻄﺎﻟﺒﲔ اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻤﻮن ﻋﻦ ﻣﺆﻟﻔﺎت اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء اﳌﻠﻴﺒﺎرﻳﲔ ﺿﺪ اﻹﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎر ﰲ ﻛﲑاﻻ.
.
x
INDEX
APPROVAL .................................................................................................................. v
DECLARATION .......................................................................................................... vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ..........................................................................................viii
ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................. ix
ABSTRACT IN ARABIC ............................................................................................. x
CHAPTER ONE .......................................................................................................... 1
INDRODUCTION TO THE STUDY......................................................................... 1
1.1: STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM .................................................................. 2
1.2: SCOPE OF THE STUDY ................................................................................... 3
1.3: RESEARCH QUESTIONS................................................................................. 4
1.4: RESEARCH OBJECTIVES ............................................................................... 5
1.5: SIGNIFICANCE OF THE RESEARCH ............................................................ 6
1.6: LITERATURE REVIEW.................................................................................... 6
1.7: METHODOLOGY.............................................................................................. 7
1.8: TENTATIVE CHAPTERS ................................................................................. 8
CHAPTER TWO ....................................................................................................... 10
COLONIALISM IN KERALA................................................................................ 10
2.1: ARRIVAL OF GAMA AND PORTUGUESE ................................................. 10
2.1.1: RELATION OF PORTUGUESE WITH “NADUVAZHIS”....................... 11
2.1.2: DECLINE OF PORTUGUESE IN KERALA........................................... 12
2.2: FRENCH REGION IN KERALA ................................................................... 13
2.2.1: AFTER 1815 .............................................................................................. 14
2.3: DUTCH MALABAR ........................................................................................ 14
2.3.1: DUTCH IN NORTH KERALA ................................................................ 15
2.3.2: DUTCH IN CENTRAL KERALA ........................................................... 15
2.3.3: DUTCH CONQUERING OF QUILION AND COCHIN ......................... 16
2.3.4: DECLINE OF DUCTH IN KERALA....................................................... 16
2.4: BRITISH PERIOD IN KERALA .................................................................... 17
2.4.1: THE ADVENT OF BRITISH EAST INDIA COMPANY ........................ 17
2.4.2: MYSORE INVASION ............................................................................... 18
2.4.3: MALABAR AND MAPPILAS.................................................................. 19
xi
2.4.4: THE END OF BRITISH PERIOD ............................................................. 20
CHAPTER THREE ................................................................................................... 21
DEFENSIVE LITRATURES AND KERALITE SCHOLARS ............................. 21
3.1: DEFENSIVE PROSE BY KERALITE SCHOLARS....................................... 23
3.1.1: SHEIKH ZAINUDHEEN MAKHDHUM SECOND AND
THUHFATHUL MUJAHEDEEN ....................................................................... 23
3.1.1.1: BIRTH, GROWTH AND LIFE........................................................... 23
3.1.1.2: DEMISE............................................................................................... 25
3.1.1.3: “THUHFATHUL MUJAHEDEEN” AND ITS INFLUENCE ........... 25
3.1.2: SAYYID ALAVI MAMBURAM AND “SAIFUL BATHAR” ................ 27
3.1.2.1: BIRTH, GROWTH AND LIFE........................................................... 27
3.1.2.2: DEMISE............................................................................................... 29
3.1.2.3: “AL-SAIFUL BATHAR” AND ITS INFLUENCE ............................ 29
3.1.3: SAYYID FAZAL POOKOYA AND “UDDATHUL UMARA” .............. 30
3.1.3.1: BIRTH, LIFE AND DEMISE ............................................................. 30
3.1.3.2: “UDDATHUL UMARA” AND ITS IMPACTS................................. 31
3.2: DEFENSIVE POETRIES BY KERALITE SCHOLARS ................................ 32
3.2.1: SHEIKH ZAINUDHEEN MAKHDHUM FIRST AND “THAHREEZ”.. 33
3.2.1.1: BIRTH, LIFE AND DEMISE ............................................................. 33
3.2.1.2: “THAHREEZ AHLUL EEMAN” ....................................................... 34
3.2.2: QAZI MUHAMMAD AND “FATHHUL MUBEEN”.............................. 35
3.2.2.1: BIRTH, LIFE AND DEMISE ............................................................. 35
3.2.2.2: FATHHUL MUBEEN ......................................................................... 36
CONCLUSION .......................................................................................................... 38
WEBLIOGRAPHY.................................................................................................... 44
xii
CHAPTER ONE
INDRODUCTION TO THE STUDY
All Colonies have to tell a story of a country with construction and destruction.
another territory, and the subsequent maintenance, expansion and exploitation of that
colony. The term is also used to describe a set of unequal relationships between the
colonial power and the colony often between the colonists and the indigenous people.
forces during the period 1489-1947.The colonists conquered Kerala in 1489. Kerala
was occupied by the Portuguese, France, Dutch, and the British until India became
independent in 1947.
The time of colonial days was covered by injustice and its atmosphere was
cruelty and hostility. The people of Malabar were in torment, injustice and sanctity
during this period. Princes and parishioners across the country stood up against the
colonists with their money. A group of scholars and writers resisted the colonists with
their defensive literary creation and incited them to resist, fight and wage jihad against
about Arabic Defensive Literatures in Colonial Kerala, especially the five books of
five Muslim scholars in Kerala, who wrote against colonialism in Arabic language.
1
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colonialism&oldid=809189483,(7,Nov 2017)
1
The first defensive literature against colonialism in the Kerala was compiled
the resistance put up by the navy of Kunjali Marakkar alongside the Zamorin of
Calicut from 1498 to 1583 against Portuguese attempts to colonize the Malabar Coast.
2,3
Along with chronological events of the era, the book also provides an analysis of
the events, as well as the life style, customs and family structure of the people during
this period.
against the western imperial powers since the arrival of “Vasco De Gama” in 1498,
their riots against Portuguese, French, Dutch and British powers and of course about
the most important five works were written by five Muslim scholars, which made
great impact in the society and encouraged them to stand against the colonial cruelties.
There are few works and books written in this topic albeit, they are not comprised of
When the researcher approached the subject, he got books, records of some
studies about Arabic Defensive Literatures in Colonial Kerala, done in the past six
Kerala. Here, the researcher decides to gather these works of Muslim scholars along
with the study on the role of these books against colonialism in Kerala.
2
A.G. Noorani “Archived Copy”. Archived from the original on 21-12-2012.Retrived on 05-01-2013
3
“The 16th Century Mappila Muslims”, Jihad against the Portuguese: Impact of Tuhfat al –Mujahidin fi
ba’d Akbar al- Burtughaliyin, Jose Abraham, Concordia university, 40th annual conference on south
Asia, 2011 centre for south Asia university of Wisconsin-Madison,
http://southasiaconference.Wise.edu/archive/2011/2011/-programme.pdf
2
Many translations had been published in Malayalam about these five works.
But none among them discuss their topics and are not complete in collecting all of the
works. This research is to gather these works against colonialism and discuss these
five defensive literature works. The available works and books of defensive literatures
are the translation of these five works. This study mainly discusses on the works of
five Muslims scholars who are the “Makhdhums”, the “Mamburam Sayyids” and
“Qazi Muhammad”. So, it should be useful for the historical students who want to
Kerala.
“Vasco De Gama” came to India in 20, May AD 1498 at Kappad beach to conquer
and rule Indians under them. 4 In the 16th century, Portugal, French, and Dutch sailors
also came to India following the route of Gama and they began to conquer and loot
Indian rulers through riots and murders. The western powers came here to trade and
sell their goods in Indian markets and loot our spices and products in small price but,
their real decision was to colonize India and conquer the rulers for quenching their
greedy needs. Many riots and rebellions took place among them. The Defensive
literatures were the main stream action by Muslim Mappilas in these rebellions.
colonialism in Kerala and encouraged the people to fight for their nation. This
research is based on these five defensive literatures by five Muslim scholars which are
4
A.Sreedhara Menon, “A Survey of Kerala History”, DC Book publishers (December 2014 ), 178 p
3
Mubeen” by “Qazi Muhammad”, “Al Saiful Bathar” by “Sayyid Alavi Mouladhaveela
Mamburam”.
These five defensive works were written in the past six centuries by five
Muslim scholars and warriors against imperialist western powers in Kerala. These
works categorize into two literature field: one Defensive prose and two Defensive
poetries. “Thuhfathul Mujahidin”, “Al Saiful Bathar” and “Uddathul Umara” are
defensive prose where as “Thahreez” and “Fathhul Mubeen” are defensive poetries.
Then this research discuss mainly on the works of these five Muslim scholars
against colonialism in Kerala. These works describe about colonialism in Kerala, its
Colonial Kerala. My research area is the above mentioned five books. Other works
With this research, the researcher has an accurate purpose to find some answers on
the below given questions. It shows the real duty of this work. Here are some
What is “Colonialism”?
What are the Contents of “Al Saiful Bathar” and “Uddathul Umara”?
4
What is the Influence of Defensive Poetry like “Thahreez” and “Fathhul
Mubeen”?
struggles?
against colonialism.
countries.
minds.
To explain the role of Al Saiful Bathar and Uddathul Umara in the period of
5
1.5: SIGNIFICANCE OF THE RESEARCH
study on this subject in English language. There are other works in English language
but they do not represent these five defensive literatures collectively and widely.
According to the researcher’s knowledge, there is not any deep study on the
explain on those works of Muslim scholars as some brief studies. Researcher hopes
that, this should help to know more on the works of Muslim scholars against imperial
There are few books and works that deal with this subject and most of them are
study about this, but those are the articles published in some magazines. With that, we
have to know about the works of these five scholars shortly. So, I’m having a
discusses the content of the text in English language and describes the Kerala history
Shasthram: a study about the works and struggles of Muslim scholars against
6
Malayalam language and describes the struggles and works of Muslim scholars
Malayalam and describes the Portuguese colonialism in the Kerala during 16th and
the book contains ten articles about the study of Thuhfathul Mujahidin. These articles
describe that Thuhfathul Mujahidin gave the theological views of independence war to
the people.
Moin Hudawi Malayamma and Mahmood Hudawi Panangangara. They describe the
life of Sayyid Alavi Mouladhaveela Mamburam Thangal, his struggles, his work Al
Saiful Bathar against British colonialism and a translation from the relevant part of the
text. They discuss the prominent work of his grandson Sayyid Fazal Pookoya
Mamburam Thangal, ‘Uddathul Umara’, its influence in Mappila mind and the
1.7: METHODOLOGY
In this work, the researcher decides to do a work based on the information of Arabic
Therefore, the researcher considers the books and article on the Arabic
7
browsed the internet to get the studies of international universities about Arabic
This research work should be focused only on Muslim scholars and warriors
and their defensive works against colonialism in Kerala. It describes the role of these
This chapter includes some sub chapter that reveals the importance of this
research such as; statement of the problem, scope of the research, significance of the
and research objectives are some questions and answers discuss this study.
western power countries in Kerala. This chapter includes: Arrival of Gama and
Portuguese, French region in the Kerala, Dutch Malabar, British period and the
decline of these colonialist imperialist countries by the efforts of Keralite warriors and
scholars.
The researcher discuss in this chapter about the beginning of Arabic Defensive
Literatures in Colonial Kerala. This chapter includes: Defensive prose and Defensive
8
Poetries of Keralite scholars and its influences in Muslim Mappila minds to fight
9
CHAPTER TWO
COLONIALISM IN KERALA
Collins English Dictionary defines Colonialism as “the policy and practice of a power
will discuss later. So, this chapter contains the discussion on the arrival of Vasco De
Gama and Portuguese, French region in Kerala, Dutch Malabar, British period in
Nobody could complete a research on the colonialism in Kerala without discussing the
arrival of Portuguese sailor Vasco De Gama who disembarked in Calicut in A.D 1498
May 20.8 So, here we discuss on the arrival of Gama and Portuguese in Kerala.
Gama to the East. He discovered a new trade route to India and expanded trade with
the country. The landing of Gama in Kappad- eight miles north from Calicut city in
5
“Colonialism”, (http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/colonialism). Collins English
Dictionary, HarperCollins. (2011), Retrieved 8 January 2012.
6
Webster’s Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, 1989, 291 p
7 “Colonialism”, (http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/colonialism), Merriam-Webster. (2010),
Retrieved 5 April 2010
8
A.Sreedhara Menon, “A Survey of Kerala History”, DC Book publishers (December 2014 ), 178 p
10
A.D 1498 May 20(Malayalam era 673, Idavam) marked the beginning of a new twist
Gama was a cruel character in history. First, he began to trade goods in Kerala
markets and decided to conquer India and rule after that. The first colonial power
conquered Kerala was the Portuguese country. Gama paved the way to India through
the sea. So, Gama and Portuguese power have a crucial role in Kerala history. The
arrival of Gama was a historical event in the independent history of India. Gama was
the pioneer of all western powers who had arrived India after the Portuguese like
The entering of Portuguese to Kerala was the most supportive time for them. The
bitter revolt Zamorins on the one side and Raja of Cochin, Kolatheri and other minor
powers on other conditions was suitable for the partial realization of the Portuguese
dream at least for a short period.10 The Raja of Cochin saw the arrival of Portuguese
Zamorins and build up his political strength. Zamorin’s reception to the Portuguese
was cold. Then, Portuguese and Cochin Raja allied in a defensive and offensive
alliance.11
Zamorin was in fact, saving the Kerala from Portuguese. The Zamorin played
the role of freedom fighter of Kerala against Portuguese aggression and the
Portuguese against his traditional enmity towards the Zamorin. The Rajas of Quilion
9
T. Muhammad, “Mappila Samudhayam , Charithram, Samskaram”, 57 p
10
A.Sreedhara Menon, “ A Survey of Kerala History”, DC Book publishers (December 2014 ), 175 p
11
Ibid
11
(Kollam) and Purakkod were allies of the Portuguese. These local powers helped
Portuguese to establish their commercial supremacy on Kerala coast for more than a
The war of Chaliyam between Zamorins and Portuguese was the main factor for the
declining of Portuguese from Kerala. The revolt for Chaliyam fort lasted forty years.
Later, Zamorins seized and demolished Chaliyam fort. After Chaliyam revolt
Portuguese ruled Cochin for seventy years. They declined later as they couldn’t
Zamorin was the only ruler who protested the revolts of Portuguese from the
starting to end. When Zamorin reduced in their revolt Mappila Muslims protested. If
they had not fought against Portuguese, Kozhikode would have been today’s Goa and
Parashuram’s country a ‘Vasco De Gama’ state. Perhaps, History could refer to India
After the decline of Portuguese from Kerala they stood rigidly in the Goa.
They created Goa colorful as much as possible that culminated in giving it a festival
as could be seen in the present days. In 1844, the Portuguese government of India
stopped administering the territory of Macau, Solor and Timor, and its authority was
confined to the colonial holdings on the Malabar cost of present day India.15
12
Ibid
13
M.G.S. Narayanan “Parangikalude India”
14
Velayudhan Panikkashery,” Keralam Pathinanjum Pathinarum Noottandukalil” ,(A Malayalam
translation of “Thuhfathul Mujahidin” by Sheikh Zainudheen Makhdhum II),The Mathrubhumi Printing
& Publishing Co. Ltd.(Kozhikode,2008), 115 p
15
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?titile=portuguese_india&oldid=807662604
12
2.2: FRENCH REGION IN KERALA
The era of French government begins in the second half of the seventeenth century by
Karaikal and Yanaon on the Coromandel Coast, Mahe on the Malabar Coast and
Pondicherry was the capital of the French. French colony in the Kerala shrinks
into Mahe on the Malabar Coast. In 1667 the French India company sent out an
Persian named Marcara) which reached Surratt in 1668. He was the one who
The French east India Company constructed a fort on the site of Mahe in 1724,
But Mahe lost against Marathas in 1741, Mahe was re-conquered after a period of
occupation by the Marathas. In 1761, British conquered Mahe, India and they handed
over to Raja of Kadathunadu on a treaty. The British restored Mahe, India to French
as a part of a treaty of Paris in 1763. In1779, Anglo French Revolt war broke out, then
French lost Mahe in 1783, the British agreed to restore to the French their settlements
in India and Mahe, India was handed over to the French in 1785.19
16
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?titile=French _ india&oldid=806241783
17
Asia in the making of Europe:-
(https://books.google.com/books?id=qBZgoonbiXMC8pg=PA747),747p
18
The Cambridge History of The British Empire:-
(https://books.google.com/books?id=Y- 08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA66)747p
19
https ://en. Wikipedia.org /w/index.php?title=History-of – Kerala&oldid=807944678,(2-11-2017)
13
2.2.1: AFTER 1815
In 1816, after the war of Waterloo by napoleon Bonaparte in 1815, the five
After 1815, French’s establishments became rigid. This war (1815) was the
turning point of the French colony in the India. The independence of India on 15,
August 1947 gave impetus to the union of France’s Indian possessions with former
British India. The lodges in the Machilipattanam, Kozhikode and Surratt were ceded
and Kalaikal were transferred to Indian union and became the union territory of
Pondicherry.21
Dutch Malabar, also known by the name of its main settlement Cochin was the title of
a commandment of the Dutch east India Company on the Malabar Coast between
1661 and 1795. Dutch colonialism started in Kerala with the capture of Quilion from
Portuguese (1661). They created military out posts in eleven places: - Alleppey,
January 1663-1795 )and Quilion (29 December 1658 to14, April 1659 and from 24,
20
https ://en. Wikipedia.org /w/index.php?title=French-India&oldid = 806241783, (2-11-2017)
21
Ibid
22
https: //en. Wikipedia.org /w/index.php?title=Dutch – Malabar &oldid= 806358874(2-11-2017)
14
2.3.1: DUTCH IN NORTH KERALA
The Dutch East India Company which, was formed in 1592 played an important role
in missions for the capturing of Quilion and Cochin. In 1603 they sent a troop to India
led by Dutch admiral “Steven Van Der Hagen”. He reached in Calicut and concluded
a treaty with Zamorin on 11, November 1604. This was the first political treaty
But it was a planning of the Dutch east India Company to capture and export
our spices and other products in low prices. They sold these items in high prices in the
world markets.
Then Zamorin granted Dutch east India Company the freedom for trade and to
store their products in a spacious store house. Zamorin levied on percentage tax in
Dutch had already made a treaty with Portuguese to import and export their products
in the Malabar coasts. Then Dutch eventually turned their attention in to central
Kerala like Purakkod and Kayamkulam. In May, 1642 they proposed a treaty with the
raja of Chempakashery in Purakkod for delivery of pepper and ginger in low prices.
They imported cotton, iron, tin, opium, sandal wood to Kerala with these two power
23
A. Sreedhara Menon, “A survey of Kerala history, DC books publishers, (Dec, 2014) 205 p.
24
Ibid
25
Ibid,206 p
15
2.3.3: DUTCH CONQUERING OF QUILION AND COCHIN
displacing the Portuguese and signed new treaty with Calicut Zamorin. Then Zamorin
agreed to cede fort Cranganore and Vypin to the Dutch after the capture of the
In 5, February 1662 Dutch marched towards Cochin palace of the Raja. The
Raja was killed in the subsequent battle along with two of his juniors. Then Dutch
When monsoon rains came, it affected the officers and subsequently many of
the officials were killed by it. In 8, January 1663 unmarried Portuguese officials
returned to Europe and all married Portuguese went to Goa and settled there. Then
Zamorin in Calicut and Dutch always conflicted. Zamorin fought against the Dutch
cooperation with the Cochin Raja. In this circumstance, Calicut welcomed British and
26
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dutch-Malabar&oldid=806358874
27
Ibid
28
Ibid
29
Ibid
16
The Dutch had under them only Cochin fort and Thankasherry, a small bit of
territory near Quilion. During the Napoleonic war, Holland fought against England
and English force under “Major Patria” marched against Cochin from Calicut
enforcing to surrender the Cochin fort under “Van Spall”. This was the end of the
Dutch in Kerala on 20, October 1795.30 Then Dutch era in Kerala ended with
including Cochin.
Modern Kerala comprising the three princely states of Travancore, Cochin and British
Malabar has had a long tradition of trade and commercial relation with the outside
world.
Kerala has most relations with other countries on trade. Pliny speaks of the
These coasts had mainly participated in exporting and importing products of the other
countries.32
The disappearance of Dutch power from Malabar politics left the English east India
Company as the only European power capable of maintaining a hold on Malabar and
30
Ibid
31
De Voc site-Malabar(http://vocsite.nl/geschiedenis/handelsposten/malabar.html)
32
V.nagam Aiya, “The Travancore state Manual, vol. 1, (Trivandrum: Government press, 1906) 237 p
17
The first English man who came to India was “Thomas Stevens”, a Jesuit
priest. He came to India in a Portuguese ship in 1583 and stayed in Goa for some time.
The first of them who came to Kerala was perhaps, “Master Ralph Fitch”.33
In 1615, “Captain kneeling” came to Calicut with three ships and he signed a
treaty with Zamorin.34 Zamorin provided several trade facilities for British east India
Company. During the last days of Portuguese in Kerala, they signed a treaty between
The first British East India Company founded its first factory in the South
India in 1644 at Vizhinjam. In the same year Zamorin gave permission to build
factory in Calicut. In 1684, the Rani of Attingal gave permission to build a factory at
Towards the end of the 17th century the English East India Company’s main
factory on Malabar Coast was founded in Tellichery (Thalassery). Thus they were
able to produce pepper, cardamom in Kottayam, Randathara, Wayanad and they can
The Mysore invasion in 1792 was a blessing for the English East India Company for
strengthening their power in the Kerala. During the time of Tipu’s invasion, the
33
J.Saldhana, “First Englishman in India (Art)”, Journal of Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic
Society, vol. xxii,209 p
34
W. Foster, “Letters to the English East India Company”, vol. 4, 64 and Kerala History Association,
Kerala, Chaitram(Mal),vol. 1 (Ernakulum: 1973) 629 p
35
K.V Eapen, “Church Missionary, Society and Education in Kerala”(Kottayam: Kollet publications,
1985) 27 p
36
Genevieve Lemercinier, “Region and Ideology in Kerala”, (New Delhi: D.K. Agencies, 1984) 154 p
18
Malabar fought with the help of British and their Tellichery factory gave troops to
Malabar princes.37
Tipu sultan’s march was fought down by British. After this Mysorean
interlude, British signed fresh treaties with the rulers of Cochin and Travancore.38 It
helped the British East India Company for further establishing their power in Kerala.
The north province of Kerala is known as Malabar. The districts from Kasargode to
Thrissur are being considered as the Malabar. Malabar had a crucial role in the era of
British period. The Muslims of Malabar province were commonly called as Mappilas
and the Suriyani Christians of South Kerala were also called as Mappilas.39
Malabar Mappilas protested against the British East India Company under the
and save Kerala from colonialist Britain. They started Khilafath movement along with
(1921) and Khilafath revolts are the revolutionary revolts of Malabar Mappila
Muslims and Hindus. Muslims and Hindus participated in these revolts with
37
P.Shankunnimenon, “A History of Travancore”, (Madras: Higginbothom&Co, 1878) 28, 29 p.
38
Ibid.
39
A Sreedharamenon, “A Survey of Kerala History”, D.C book publications, (Dec 2014), 22 p.
19
2.4.4: THE END OF BRITISH PERIOD
during their period.40 British colonialism in India lasted more than two centuries.
(15, August 1947) Malabar continued as a district of Madras state.41 The British was
British gave Kerala many achievements but more sorrowful moments. They
looted our spices and products brutally. However, they had contributed in some
40
Raguvir Sinha, “Social change in Indian Society”, (Bhopal: progress publications, 1975), 76 p.
41
A. Sreedharamenon, “A Survey of Kerala History”, D.C book publications, (Dec 2014), 287 p.
20
CHAPTER THREE
DEFENSIVE LITRATURES AND KERALITE
SCHOLARS
Kerala has a great legacy of colonialism under powerful countries like Portuguese,
British, Dutch and French. We discussed briefly in the first chapter of this research
ginger from about 23 centuries ago Kerala is colorful with this and its greenery and
therefore it is called god’s own country. Probably, after 1400, Kerala started to dim its
shining in the greenery. Colonialist countries looted our legacy and linage. They
exported our spices as well as our forests into their countries for small prices.
These situations and colonialism were not digestible for our people in India,
especially Kerala. Keralite Muslims and Hindus stood behind their leaders to fight
speeches and defensive literature which were written by Muslim leaders, Muslim
Thangal”.
The five most famous defensive literatures wrote in Kerala like “Thahreez”,
Umara”. These five literature works could be divided into two categories:-
Defensive Prose
21
Defensive poetry
Thangal”
Sheikh Zainudheen Makhdhum Second in Ponnani with following his ancestor against
Portuguese with following Makhdhums. He wrote 517 strong lines against Portuguese
with his poetic mind and poured them into the Muslim Mappila minds.43
government in Kerala. His grandson Sayyid Fazal Pookoya Thangal followed his path.
42
http://malabarroute.blogspot.in/2012/01/anti-movements-in-malabar.html
43
Ibid
22
And he wrote a defensive prose with the title “Uddathul Umara” against British
colonialism in Kerala.44
Our Muslim Keralite scholars participated in the protests against colonialist countries
in Kerala with their sword and pen. Defensive prose could be found more than
defensive poetry works in Kerala. This sub chapter discusses about defensive prose by
This chapter contains three prose works and their authors life history during
the era of colonialism by imperial western power countries in Kerala such as: -
Mouladhaveela Mamburam and “Al Saiful Bathar” and Sayyid Fazal Pookoya
Sheikh Zainudheen Makhdhum Second was born in AD 1517 in Chompal.45 His full
Chompal. Sheikh Zainudheen Makhdhum was the elder son of these couples. There is
44
Ibid
45
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tuhfat-Ul-Mujahideen&oldid=771711535
46
K.T Hussain, “ Kerala Muslimeengal:- Adhinivesha Virudha Porattathinte Pretheyashasthram”,
Islamic Publishing House, (August 2008), 33 p
47
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zainudheen_Makhdoom_II&oldid=797546577
23
another opinion that the birth of ZainudheenII was at Ponnani.48 His father was Qazi
in North Malabar. During his childhood, his father passed away. Then, his uncle
Sheikh Abdul Azeez Makhdhum took over his parenting in Ponnani. His first teacher
was his uncle.49 After the completion of his education in Ponnani, he went to Mecca
for the higher studies. He studied there for ten years under many famous scholars. He
got the dexterity in Fiqh and Hadees. The scholars of Haram Masjid called him
Imam Shihabudheen bin Ahmed bin Hajar Al-Hythami, the great jurisprudent
Muhthaj” was the main preceptor of Zainudheen Makhdhum Second. Sheikh Islam
Izzudheen bin Abdil Azeez Assumari, Allama Vajeehudheen bin Ziyad, Shiekhul
Islam Abdurrahman bin Saffah were also his teachers in Haram Mosque.51
and educational activities. He began teaching in Ponnani Juma Masjid with his uncle
relationship with political leaders as well as scholars. He kept the relation with
Mughal emperor Akbar Shah, Zamorin of Calicut and Sultans of Beejapur.52 He liked
Ali Adhil Shah, the Beejapur Sultan, who was a great fighter against Portuguese
power. He dedicated his book “Thuhfathul Mujahedeen” to Beejapur Sultan Ali Adhil
48
Dr.Hussain Randathani, “Makhdhumum Ponnaniyum”,Ponnani Juma Masjid Committee,116 p
49
K.T Hussain, “ Kerala Muslimeengal:- Adhinivesha Virudha Porattathinte Pretheyashasthram”,
Islamic Publishing House, (August 2008), 33 p
50
ibid
51
ibid
52
Ibid,123p
24
Shah. He also had great relation with Ottoman rulers of Turkey and Mamlooks of
Egypt.53
3.1.1.2: DEMISE
The demise of Zainudheen Makhdhum Second was at Chompal. But there are no clear
records about the date of his demise. However, scholars have different opinions about
it. Egyptian historian, Abdul Mun’im Annumairi says in his book ‘Thariqul Islam Fil
Hind’ that the demise of Zainudheen Makhdhum Second was in A.D 1583 (Hijra
991). George Zaiden says in his historical book ‘Thareequ Adabilligathil Arabi’ that
his demise was in A.D 1510(Hijra 978).54 But it is not possible for these opinions to
be correct. Because, Zainudheen Makhdhum Second had completed the writing of his
historical book, Thuhfathul Mujahedeen in A.D 1618 (Hijra 1027). So, his demise
could be after A.D 1618. His tomb is situated in the southern part of kunjappalli in
Chompal.55
The book describes the resistance put up by the navy of Kunjali Marakkar
alongside the Zamorin of Calicut from 1498 to 1583 against Portuguese attempts to
53
K.T Hussain, “ Kerala Muslimeengal:- Adhinivesha Virudha Porattathinte Pretheyashasthram”,
Islamic Publishing House, (August 2008), 45 p
54
Dr.Hussain Randathani, “Makhdhumum Ponnaniyum”,Ponnani Juma Masjid Committee,123 p
55
Ibid, 124 p
56
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zainudheen_Makhdoom_II&oldid=797546577
25
colonize the Malabar Coast. Along with chronological events of the era, the book also
provides an analysis of the events, as well as the lifestyle, customs and family
He says about the history of arrival of Islam into Kerala and its growth, social
life of Hindus in Kerala and the arrival of Portuguese to Kerala and the struggles
He was vigilant in recording the date of the events, when he says about it. He
received the manner of Islamic classic history writing. His explanation of wars
reminds the Greek historian, Tucides. In the wars against the Portuguese he was the
important one of the side of Muslims and Zamorin, but he was impartial in history
writing like Tucides. William Logan had recorded this in his book “Malabar
manual”.59
Thuhfathul Mujahedeen has four parts. It is notable that its each part has the
same importance as the other. In its preface, Zainudheen Makhdhum Second says the
reason for the inspiration to participate in Anti-Portuguese war. In the first part he
describes the history of Islam’s propagation in Malabar. In the third part he says about
the customs of Hindus in Malabar. In the fourth part he delineates the coming of
Portuguese to Kerala and their activities. 60 He divided these parts into 14 chapters. He
was careful in recording the dates of every event. So he was known as “Tucides of
57
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tuhfat-Ul-Mujahideen&oldid=771711535
(58)
C. Hamza, “Thuhfathul Mujahedeen(Malayalam translation)”, Al-Huda book stall, 5p
(59)
K.T Hussain, “ Kerala Muslimeengal:- Adhinivesha Virudha Porattathinte Pretheyashasthram”,
Islamic Publishing House, (August 2008), 46 p
(60)
Velayudhan Panikkashery, “ Keralam Pathinanjum Pathinarum Noottandukalil” ,(A Malayalam
translation of “Thuhfathul Mujahidin” by Sheikh Zainudheen Makhdhum II),The Mathrubhumi Printing
& Publishing Co. Ltd.(Kozhikode,2008), 16,23,48&59 p
26
Kerala”.61 This book was translated into several languages. Thus, it had a wide-spread
influence.
Sayyid Alavi Mamburam was the greatest social and religious reformer of Malabar.
The Anti-Colonial revolution history reveals his great leadership. Now, he is known as
His family was honored by people very well because of the family lineage
belonging with prophet Muhammad (PBUH). Ahmed bin Saleem, Muhammad bin
Muhammad was two important persons in Thareem society. They were said to be the
Sayyid Muhammad bin Sahal married Sayyida Fathima the beloved girl of Jifri
However, during his childhood his father “Sayyid Muhammad bin Sahal” and
mother “Sayyida Fathima” passed away. After the demise of parents Sayyid Alavi
Mamburam cherished under the care of his sister mother named Sayyida Hamida
Beevi.64 She became the first teacher of Sayyid Alavi. He learnt and by hearted Holy
Qur’an in his early age of eight and gained fluency in Arabic language. His primary
(61)
http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/49524/9/09_chapter%202.pdf
62
Moin Hudawi Malayamma & Mahmood Hudawi Panangangara, “Mamburam Thangal, Jeevitham,
Athmeeyatha, Porattam”, Asas Books (Oct 2014), 67 p.
(63)
Ibid
(64)
(https://www.scribd.com/doc/27819731/MAMBURAM-seyyidalavi-proud-history/).Retrieved
2012-11-07.
27
education was from his hometown Thareem with intellectual scholars, it made him
Sayyid Alavi knows about his pioneers. They went to Indian sub continent.
He knows more about their missions in Kerala which was conducted by his pioneer
Sayyid Hassan Jifri from his foster mother. He decided to set out into Malabar area
(PBUH). He arrived at Calicut in A.D 1769 (Hijra 1183) when he was 17 year old
with the aim of Islamic propagation. Mamburam was focused in history with the
arrival of Sayyid Alavi Mamburam in the history. Sayyid Alavi called “The Arabic
In the last decades of 18th century the British army captured Malabar region
from Tipu Sultan, in the Srirangapattanam war in 1792, since then the British rulers
were afraid of Mamburam Alavi and also his companions, who were hostile to the
British government. Mamburam Sayyid Alavi hated British carnage against the
exhorted them to fight the foreign rulers. As part of the grand administrative design,
many British officials came to Mamburam to meet Sayyid Alavi, but he refused to
meet any British officials. Non-Cooperation was the method adopted by Sayyid Alavi
and other Ulamas of Malabar region of the time towards the British government.
leader with presence and blessings. He had realized the enmity of British against
Muslims. He led the many strongest revolts. The Portuguese was exposing their
65
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alavi_Thangal&oldid=799605030
66
Ibid
28
enmity against Muslim in public. But the British did not expose their brutal attacks in
public. However, they continued done them in secret. The reason of their enmity was
3.1.2.2: DEMISE
The social and religious reformer of Malabar Sayyid Alavi Mamburam passed away in
A.D 1845 (7th Muharram, 1260) when he was 94 years old. The reason was age
caused diseases. Day by day the sickness increased and seized him the injury caught
by the shooting of British in Cherur war. Also increased the dilemma but he didn’t
indicate them commonly. Many doctors scrutinize him but didn’t get relief.68
‘Al-Saiful Bathar’ (The sharp sword against those who commission non-believers
(with our affairs)), it was in the form of ‘Fatwas’ (Religious Verdict) instructing the
Muslim mass to fight against the British as a religious duty. This defensive prose had
an everlasting influence on Muslim community during and after the time of that great
saint.69 Probably the initial inspiration during the British reign of terror was an
aftermath of his work. It was penned with the aim of exhorting the Muslim
community of Malabar to defy and fight against the imperialist forces and their
British colonial powers. He invited Mappilas to jihad with writing a defensive prose
named ‘Al-Saiful Bathar’ (The Sharp Sword), which Mappilas received whole-
heartedly. Mamburam Sayyid Alavi encouraged the Mappila troop with this prose.
67
C.K Kareem, “ Kerala Muslim Directory”
68
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fazal_Pookoya_Thangal&oldid=809514277
69
http://malabarroute.blospot.in/2012/01/anti-colonial-movements-in-malabar.html
29
The author not only stood for the tenants of Malabar when they were being
exploited by the powerful landlords, but he presented himself as a symbol of unity and
communal amity among the Muslims and the Hindus. Having realized the British
tactics of getting Muslims and Hindus fighting against each other (divide and rule
policy), he brought to the common people the fact that the British were the common
The beloved son of Sayyid Alavi Mamburam and Sayyida Fathima “Sayyid Fazal
Pookoya” was born in A.D 1824 (Hijra 1240) in Mamburam.70 Sayyid Fazal first
learnt from one of his father’s personal assistants, Chalilakath Qusayy Haji, then from
Qazi and Sheikh Abdulla Bin Umar. He studied Hadith, Fiqh and languages.71
In the age of 20, his father Alavi passed away in 7th Muharam 1260 (1845)
higher studies in 5 years and then returned to Mamburam for Islamic propagation.73
Mappilas to fight against British colonial power in the Quthubah speeches. He wrote a
70
K.T Hussain, “ Kerala Muslimeengal:- Adhinivesha Virudha Porattathinte Pretheyashasthram”,
Islamic Publishing House, (August 2008), 78 p
71
“ASHRAFNLKN’S WEBSITE” (http://www.mdiathalangara.tk/). Retrieved 2012-10-23.
72
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fazal_Pookoya_Thangal&oldid=809514277
73
K.T Hussain, “ Kerala Muslimeengal:- Adhinivesha Virudha Porattathinte Pretheyashasthram”,
Islamic Publishing House, (August 2008), 79 p
30
defensive prose named “Uddathul Umara” against British colonialism to encourage
The laws of Fazal Pookoya against British colonialism were to demolish laws
of British government. They tried to exile him, but they failed in it. Then, he went to
Muscat and Constantinople with his families. Sayyid Fazal passed away in 1901
Sayyid Fazal Pookoya wrote a defensive pamphlet named “Uddathul Umara” for
people against British colonialism. The method of Fazal Pookoya against British
He describes the lessons of the war in Islam vastly. It is not only a defensive
Propagation
Purification
He penned this book to warn the people about the danger of British rule and to
convince the need of defeating them. The British rulers were worried naturally, by
74
Ibid
75
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fazal_Pookoya_Thangal&oldid=809514277
76
http://malabarroute.blospot.in/2012/01/anti-colonial-movements-in-malabar.html
31
community will not be able to confront the British colonial challenges without
understood the Muslim community needed a unity based in the Qur’an and Sunnath to
confront threat like colonialism.78 He was not prepared to accept the observation of
partition between religions and states. Stephen F Dial says that, the origin of the
Our Muslim Keralite scholars participated in the protest against colonialist countries
in Kerala with their sword and pen. Two Defensive Poetries were written by Muslim
scholars to encourage Muslim community to fight against colonial powers. This sub
chapter discusses about defensive poetries written by Keralite Muslim scholars, their
This chapter contains two poetry works and life history of their authors during
the colonial era in Kerala, they are: Sheikh Zainudheen Makhdhum First who wrote
77
K.T Hussain, “ Kerala Muslimeengal:- Adhinivesha Virudha Porattathinte Pretheyashasthram”,
Islamic Publishing House, (August 2008), 81 p
78
Ibid, 82 p
79
Ibid, 83 p
32
3.2.1: SHEIKH ZAINUDHEEN MAKHDHUM FIRST AND
“THAHREEZ”
Kerala. Sheikh Zainudheen Makhdhum First born in March 18, Thursday, A.D 1467
(Hijra 871 Sha’ban 12) in Kochi.80 His family settled here coming from Ma’bar. More
completed his primary education from his father Ali Bin Ahmad Al-Ma’bari. He came
to Ponnani for his higher studies from his father’s relative after father’s demise in his
14th age. He spent about seven years in Ponnani to study the jurisprudence and its
base.
Fakrudheen Bin Qazi Ramadan Shaliyathi, the Qazi of Calicut. After it he went to
Mecca and Al-Azhar university of Egypt to earn education.81 He met many great
famous Ponnani grand Masjid. He mainly focused on education level. He fostered the
The Portuguese power arrived in Kerala during this period of Makhdhum First.
33
announced ‘Jihad’ against them. He created a defensive poem against Portuguese
“Thahreez Ahlul Eeman Ala Jihad Abadathil Swalban” a defensive poem by Sheikh
First, it proclaim war against Portuguese colonial power with the troops
of Zamorin. Then this jihad insists all persons under Zamorin ruler, it is
Second, it describes the war under Zamorin ruler with Nair troops and
These two peculiarities in this poem capture the human minds after decades.
First, it says about the history of Portuguese colonialism and its defect
parts.
84
Ibid
85
Ibid
86
K.T Hussain, “ Kerala Muslimeengal:- Adhinivesha Virudha Porattathinte Pretheyashasthram”,
Islamic Publishing House, (August 2008), 30 p
87
Ibid, 31 p
34
His grandson Sheikh Zainudheen Makhdhum Second relied on the first part of
Qazi Muhammad was born in Calicut Between 16th century. His father Qazi Abdul
Azeez was a great strategic leader, scholar and Qazi in Calicut. His family members
had traditionally adorned the post of Calicut Qazi.89 His family’s origin came from a
After that, he studied various subjects from Allama Usman Liba Al-Qahiri and
Sheikh Abdul Azeez Makhdhum. He was expert in Fiqh, Hadees, Usoolul Fiqh,
with his father’s support. His father was among the strategists of the Chaliyam war.
colonialism in the form of a defensive poem, which encourages people to fight against
88
Ibid
89
http://malabarroute.blospot.in/2012/01/anti-colonial-movements-in-malabar.html
90
K.T Hussain, “ Kerala Muslimeengal:- Adhinivesha Virudha Porattathinte Pretheyashasthram”,
Islamic Publishing House, (August 2008), 52 p
35
After the demise of his brother, he became the Qazi of Calicut in A.D 1607
(Hijra 1016). He passed away in A.D 1616 (Hijra 1025). His tomb is situated in the
Fathhul Mubeen (The open conquest for the Zamorin who loves the Muslims), an epic
revolutionary poem composed by Qazi Muhammad Bin Abdul Azeez has illustrated
the heroic deeds of Zamorin’s army and Hindu-Muslim unity and brotherhood.91 This
poem narrated in five hundred and thirty-seven houses. This poem was given to the
The poem of “Open Conquest”, depicting the dates of the opening of the castle
of Chaliyam from the conditions and horrors, from the beginning of the history of the
arrival of colonial Portugal to the shores of Kerala in 1498, and then from the history
The first element is to incite Muslim kings and their princes to resist the
Portuguese colonialism.
Muslims and other people of the country and their continuing exploitation of
people.
91
http://malabarroute.blospot.in/2012/01/anti-colonial-movements-in-malabar.html
36
The sixth element is the criticism of kings and princes who failed to win for
colonialism.
colonies. 92
Then this poem encourages people for war against colonial powers with praising
Hindu ruler Zamorin, who fought against Portugal colonial power in Kerala. In this
poem, he says about the name of the poem by opening the point that the Zamorin
loves the Muslims. He says: - It is named as open for; I open it for the Zamorin who
loves Muslims. Then concludes the poem with paying peace and blessings wishes
92
Dr. Mujeeb Musafir, Reading in the poem“Al-Fateh Al-Muwain for the Samarutan who loves the
Muslims”, (2015-04-10)
93
Ibid
37
CONCLUSION
Concluding this discussion, researcher can say that the Arabic Defensive Literatures
In Colonial Kerala had encouraged and influenced Mappila minds to fight against
western imperialist colonial countries. They fought to recapture their soil and country
In the second chapter researcher says about the history of colonialism in Kerala for
imperialists was full of injustice and its atmosphere was cruelty and hostility. The
people of Malabar were in torment, injustice and sanctity. Princes and parishioners
across the country stood up against the colonist countries with their money, but it was
fruitless.
In the third chapter, the researcher discussed that Our Muslim Keralite scholars
participated in the protests against colonialist countries in Kerala with their sword and
pen. The Arabic Defensive Literatures In Colonial Kerala had influenced and evoked
the human minds during the era in which it was compiled and even after decades.
These works had influenced in public, especially Muslim Mappila minds during the
two types, Defensive prose and Defensive Poetries. Defensive proses are more in
number than defensive poetry wrote in Kerala, However, poetries impacted more than
prose.
Then, these defensive prose and defensive poetry influenced in Muslim Mappila
minds that it encouraged them in fighting against colonial powers in the Kerala. The
people in the Kerala accepted these two models of defensive literatures for saving
38
their soil and country. They fought with the courage that they got from these defensive
literatures.
39
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Dr. P.B. Saleem IAS, M.C. Vasisht, N.P. Hafis Muhammad- editors,
40
K.T Hussain, “Kerala Muslimeengal: - Adhinivesha Virudha
2008, Calicut.
2014, Calicut.
41
Prof. M.P.S.Menon, “Malabar Samaram”, Islamic Publishing House,
June 2005.
1975, Bhopal.
by Roland E Millar).
Parappur, Malappuram.
42
V.nagam Aiya, “The Travancore state Manual, VOL. 1, Trivandrum:
43
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fazal_Pookoya_Thangal&oldid
=809514277
http://malabarroute.blospot.in/2012/01/anti-colonial-movements-in-
malabar.html
Retrieved 2012-10-23.
45