Sunday, January 12, 2003 ISP/IXP Networking Workshop

Barry's CIDR/VLSM Quick Reference Guide

Ver 1.2
By Barry Raveendran Greene <[email protected]>

The following information will help Internet Service Providers (ISPs) and network engineers remember
the annotations used in today’s CIDRized Internet community.

CLASSFULL WORLD - THE OLD WAY

The IP subnetting scheme that most people are familiar with is the ‘class’ system. In this system, IP
numbers are broken into three classes: class A, class B, class C, class D, and class E. Each class
allocated an certain number of IP host assignments.

Class Address or Range # of Hosts Status

A 0.0.0.0 Reserved
1
1.0.0.0 through 126.0.0.0 Available
127.0.0.0 Reserved
B 128.0.0.0 Reserved
128.1.0.0 through 191.254.0.0 Available
191.255.0.0 Reserved
C 192.0.0. 0 Reserved
192.0.1.0 through 223.255.254 254 Available
223.255.255.0 Reserved
D 224.0.0.0 through 239.255.255.255 Multicast
E 240.0.0.0 through 255.255.255.254 Reserved
255.255.255.255 Broadcast

CIDR - CLASSLESS INTER-DOMAIN ROUTING

In the Internet community, you will see networks expressed in CIDRized shorthand. For example, a
block of 32 networks would be expressed as:

203.127.224.0/19

When you configure this CIDR block in BGP, you use express the route as:

network 203.127.224.0 mask 255.255.224.0

Again, if this route needed to be configured in OSPF, you will need to wild-card mask:

network 203.127.224.0 0.0.31.255 area 0

1
Available IP addresses area delegated by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) to regional registries. Please check with
WHOIS databases at the InterNIC, RIPE, and APNIC to the current status each IP address.
Cisco Systems, Inc. 1
170 West Tasman Drive.
San Jose, CA 95134-1706
Phone: +1 408 526-4000
Fax: +1 408 536-4100
Sunday, January 12, 2003 ISP/IXP Networking Workshop

Each syntax is correct. All NOC staff members must be familiar with the different expressions
networks in a CIDRized Internet.

Subnet Mask Wild-Card Mask Prefix

255.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 /8
255.128.0.0 0.127.255.255 /9
255.192.0.0 0.63.255.255 /10
255.224.0.0 0.31.255.255 /11
255.240.0.0 0.15.255.255 /12
255.248.0.0 0.7.255.255 /13
255.252.0.0 0.3.255.255 /14
255.254.0.0 0.1.255.255 /15
255.255.0.0 0.0.255.255 /16
255.255.128.0 0.0.127.255 /17
255.255.192.0 0.0.63.255 /18
255.255.224.0 0.0.31.255 /19
255.255.240.0 0.0.15.255 /20
255.255.248.0 0.0.7.255 /21
255.255.252.0 0.0.3.255 /22
255.255.254.0 0.0.1.255 /23
255.255.255.0 0.0.0.255 /24

Subnet Mask The subnet mask of the CIDR block.

Wild-Card Mask Wild-Card Mask used in OSPF and packet filters
Prefix Short hand syntax of the CIDR block.

VLSM - VARIABLE LENGTH SUBNET MASK

VLSM and CIDR are mostly one in the same. Both use subnet mask with the evenly divided octets in
the old class based world. VLSMs usually refer to CIDR addressing with prefixes /24 and above.

# of Subnet Host Bits Host on Prefix Subnet Mask OSPF wildcard-mask

subnets Bits Subnet
1 0 8 254 /24 255.255.255.0 0.0.0.255
2 1 7 126 /25 255.255.255.128 0.0.0.127
4 2 6 62 /26 255.255.255.192 0.0.0.63
8 3 5 30 /27 255.255.255.224 0.0.0.31
16 4 4 14 /28 255.255.255.240 0.0.0.15
32 5 3 6 /29 255.255.255.248 0.0.0.7
64 6 2 2 /30 255.255.255.252 0.0.0.3
128 7 1 0 /31 255.255.255.254 0.0.0.1

Cisco Systems, Inc. 2

170 West Tasman Drive.
San Jose, CA 95134-1706
Phone: +1 408 526-4000
Fax: +1 408 536-4100
Sunday, January 12, 2003 ISP/IXP Networking Workshop

COMMON VARIABLE SUBNET BREAKOUTS

8 Subnets Subnet Mask = 255.255.255.224

30 (23) Host per Subnet Wildcard Mask = 0.0.0.31

8 Host numbers reserved for routers, hubs, and maintenance (sniffers)

Subnet Gateway Host reserved for Host available for Host reserved for
Router hub and alternate assignment maintenance
path.... (23 hosts) (sniffer)
128.244.1.0 128.244.1.1 128.244.1.2 - 4 128.244.1.5 - 26 128.244.1.27 - 30
128.244.1.32 128.244.1.33 128.244.1.34 - 36 128.244.1.37 - 58 128.244.1.59 - 62
128.244.1.64 128.244.1.65 128.244.1.66 - 68 128.244.1.69 - 90 128.244.1.91 - 94
128.244.1.96 128.244.1.97 128.244.1.98 - 100 128.244.1.101 - 122 128.244.1.123 - 126
128.244.1.128 128.244.1.129 128.244.1.130 - 132 128.244.1.133 - 154 128.244.1.155 - 158
128.244.1.160 128.244.1.161 128.244.1.162 - 164 128.244.1.165 - 186 128.244.1.187 - 190
128.244.1.192 128.244.1.193 128.244.1.194 - 196 128.244.1.197 - 218 128.244.1.219 - 222
128.244.1.224 128.244.1.225 128.244.1.226 - 228 128.244.1.229 - 250 128.244.1.251 - 254

4 Subnets Subnet Mask = 255.255.255.192

62 (55) Host per Subnet Wildcard Mask = 0.0.0.63

8 Host numbers reserved for routers, hubs, and maintenance (sniffers)

Subnet Gateway Host reserved for Host available for Host reserved for
Router hub and alternate assignment maintenance
path.... (55 hosts) (sniffer)
128.244.1.0 128.244.1.1 128.244.1.2 - 4 128.244.1.5 - 58 128.244.1.59 - 62
128.244.1.64 128.244.1.65 128.244.1.66 - 68 128.244.1.69 - 122 128.244.1.123 - 126
128.244.1.128 128.244.1.129 128.244.1.130 - 132 128.244.1.133 - 186 128.244.1.187 - 190
128.244.1.192 128.244.1.193 128.244.1.194 - 196 128.244.1.197 - 250 128.244.1.251 - 254

2 Subnets Subnet Mask = 255.255.255.128

126 (119) Host per Subnet Wildcard Mask = 0.0.0.127

8 Host numbers reserved for routers, hubs, and maintenance (sniffers)

Subnet Gateway Host reserved for Host available for Host reserved for
Router hub and alternate assignment maintenance
path.... (119 hosts) (sniffer)
128.244.1.0 128.244.1.1 128.244.1.2 - 4 128.244.1.5 - 122 128.244.1.123 - 126
128.244.1.128 128.244.1.129 128.244.1.130 - 132 128.244.1.133 - 250 128.244.1.251 - 254

Cisco Systems, Inc. 3

170 West Tasman Drive.
San Jose, CA 95134-1706
Phone: +1 408 526-4000
Fax: +1 408 536-4100
 Sunday, January 12, 2003 ISP/IXP Networking Workshop

COMPLEX CIDR/VLSM NETWORKS

Many sites would like have a mix of several different subnets in their network. This allows for more
efficient use of the IP address space in their organization. Yet, working through the math in insuring
you are not crossing binary or octal bit boundaries can lead to problems. Attached is a reference table
created by Raja Masmar Bte Raja Rom ([email protected]). It is a useful tool to insure
your network planning.

255 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 255 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 255 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 255 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

Host 0/24 0/25 0/26 0/27 0/28 0/29 0/30 0/31 0/24 0/25 0/26 0/27
0/28 0/29 0/30 0/31 0/24 0/25 0/26 0/27 0/28 0/29 0/30 0/31 0/24 0/25 0/26 0/270/28 0/29 0/30 0/31
Network 0/16 0/17 0/18 0/19 0/20 0/21 0/22 0/23 0/24 0/16 0/17 0/18 0/19
0/20 0/21 0/22 0/23 0/24 0/16 0/17 0/18 0/19 0/20 0/21 0/22 0/23 0/24 0/16 0/17 0/18 0/190/20 0/21 0/22 0/23 0/24
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 128 128 128 128 128 128 128 128 192 192 192 192 192 192 192
1 65 129 193
2 2 66 66 130 130 194 194
3 67 131 195
4 4 4 68 68 68 132 132 132 196 196 196
5 69 133 197
6 6 70 70 134 134 198 198
7 71 135 199
8 8 8 8 72 72 72 72 136 136 136 136 200 200 200 200
9 73 137 201
10 10 74 74 138 138 202 202
11 75 139 203
12 12 12 76 76 76 140 140 140 204 204 204
13 77 141 205
14 14 78 78 142 142 206 206
15 79 143 207
16 16 16 16 16 80 80 80 80 80 144 144 144 144 144 208 208 208 208 208
17 81 145 209
18 18 82 82 146 146 210 210
19 83 147 211
20 20 20 84 84 84 148 148 148 212 212 212
21 85 149 213
22 22 86 86 150 150 214 214
23 87 151 215
24 24 24 24 88 88 88 88 152 152 152 152 216 216 216 216
25 89 153 217
26 26 90 90 154 154 218 218
27 91 155 219
28 28 28 92 92 92 156 156 156 220 220 220
29 93 157 221
30 30 94 94 158 158 222 222
31 95 159 223
32 32 32 32 32 32 96 96 96 96 96 96 160 160 160 160 160 160 224 224 224 224 224 224
33 97 161 225
34 34 98 98 162 162 226 226
35 99 163 227
36 36 36 100 100 100 164 164 164 228 228 228
37 101 165 229
38 38 102 102 166 166 230 230
39 103 167 231
40 40 40 40 104 104 104 104 168 168 168 168 232 232 232 232
41 105 169 233
42 42 106 106 170 170 234 234
43 107 171 235
44 44 44 108 108 108 172 172 172 236 236 236
45 109 173 237
46 46 110 110 174 174 238 238
47 111 175 239
48 48 48 48 48 112 112 112 112 112 176 176 176 176 176 240 240 240 240 240
49 113 177 241
50 50 114 114 178 178 242 242
51 115 179 243
52 52 52 116 116 116 180 180 180 244 244 244
53 117 181 245
54 54 118 118 182 182 246 246
55 119 183 247
56 56 56 56 120 120 120 120 184 184 184 184 248 248 248 248
57 121 185 249
58 58 122 122 186 186 250 250
59 123 187 251
60 60 60 124 124 124 188 188 188 252 252 252
61 125 189 253
62 62 126 126 190 190 254 254
63 127 191 255 255

Cisco Systems, Inc. 4

170 West Tasman Drive.
San Jose, CA 95134-1706
Phone: +1 408 526-4000
Fax: +1 408 536-4100
Sunday, January 12, 2003 ISP/IXP Networking Workshop

Binary Conversion Table

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 64 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 128 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 192 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 65 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 129 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 193 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 66 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 130 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 194 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0
3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 67 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 131 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 195 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1
4 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 68 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 132 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 196 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
5 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 69 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 133 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 197 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1
6 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 70 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 134 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 198 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0
7 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 71 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 135 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 199 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1
8 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 72 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 136 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 200 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0
9 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 73 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 137 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 201 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
10 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 74 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 138 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 202 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0
11 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 75 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 139 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 203 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1
12 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 76 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 140 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 204 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
13 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 77 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 141 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 205 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1
14 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 78 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 142 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 206 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0
15 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 79 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 143 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 207 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1
16 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 80 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 144 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 208 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0
17 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 81 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 145 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 209 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1
18 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 82 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 146 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 210 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0
19 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 83 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 147 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 211 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1
20 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 84 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 148 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 212 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0
21 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 85 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 149 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 213 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
22 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 86 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 150 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 214 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0
23 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 87 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 151 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 215 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
24 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 88 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 152 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 216 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0
25 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 89 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 153 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 217 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1
26 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 90 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 154 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 218 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0
27 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 91 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 155 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 219 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1
28 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 92 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 156 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 220 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0
29 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 93 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 157 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 221 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1
30 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 94 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 158 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 222 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0
31 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 95 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 159 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 223 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1
32 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 96 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 160 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 224 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
33 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 97 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 161 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 225 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1
34 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 98 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 162 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 226 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0
35 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 99 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 163 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 227 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1
36 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 100 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 164 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 228 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0
37 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 101 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 165 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 229 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1
38 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 102 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 166 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 230 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
39 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 103 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 167 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 231 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1
40 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 104 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 168 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 232 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0
41 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 105 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 169 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 233 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
42 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 106 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 170 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 234 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0
43 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 107 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 171 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 235 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1
44 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 108 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 172 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 236 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0
45 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 109 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 173 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 237 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
46 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 110 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 174 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 238 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0
47 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 111 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 175 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 239 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
48 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 112 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 176 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 240 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
49 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 113 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 177 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 241 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1
50 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 114 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 178 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 242 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0
51 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 115 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 179 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 243 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1
52 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 116 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 180 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 244 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0
53 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 117 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 181 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 245 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1
54 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 118 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 182 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 246 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0
55 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 119 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 183 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 247 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1
56 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 120 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 184 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 248 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
57 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 121 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 185 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 249 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1
58 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 122 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 186 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 250 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0
59 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 123 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 187 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 251 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1
60 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 124 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 188 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 252 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
61 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 125 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 189 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 253 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1
62 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 126 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 190 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 254 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
63 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 127 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 191 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 255 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Cisco Systems, Inc. 5

170 West Tasman Drive.
San Jose, CA 95134-1706
Phone: +1 408 526-4000
Fax: +1 408 536-4100
Sunday, January 12, 2003 ISP/IXP Networking Workshop

DEFAULT ADMINISTRATIVE DISTANCE BETWEEN ROUTING

PROTOCOLS

Connected Interface 0
Static Route 1
Enhanced IGRP Summary Route 5
External BGP 20
Internal Enhanced IGRP 90
IGRP 100
OSPF 110
IS-IS 115
RIP 120
EGP 140
External Enhanced IGRP 170
Internal BGP 200
Unknown 255

Cisco Systems, Inc. 6

170 West Tasman Drive.
San Jose, CA 95134-1706
Phone: +1 408 526-4000
Fax: +1 408 536-4100