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    Theory of Elasticity and Plasticity (ME G641) : Lab Report On

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    Vipul Agrawal
    The document describes an experiment to conduct a tensile test on a mild steel specimen using a universal testing machine. Specimens were tested at room temperature and 100°C. Results showed that yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, and elongation increased with increasing temperature. Strain rate was also varied, with yield stress increasing non-linearly and ultimate tensile strength increasing approximately linearly with higher strain rates. Engineering stress, true stress, engineering strain, and true strain were also defined.

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    Theory of Elasticity and Plasticity (ME G641) : Lab Report On

    Uploaded by

    Vipul Agrawal
    31 views8 pages
    The document describes an experiment to conduct a tensile test on a mild steel specimen using a universal testing machine. Specimens were tested at room temperature and 100°C. Results showed that yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, and elongation increased with increasing temperature. Strain rate was also varied, with yield stress increasing non-linearly and ultimate tensile strength increasing approximately linearly with higher strain rates. Engineering stress, true stress, engineering strain, and true strain were also defined.

    Original Description:

    utm

    Original Title

    Experiment 1

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    The document describes an experiment to conduct a tensile test on a mild steel specimen using a universal testing machine. Specimens were tested at room temperature and 100°C. Results showed that yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, and elongation increased with increasing temperature. Strain rate was also varied, with yield stress increasing non-linearly and ultimate tensile strength increasing approximately linearly with higher strain rates. Engineering stress, true stress, engineering strain, and true strain were also defined.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    31 views8 pages

    Theory of Elasticity and Plasticity (ME G641) : Lab Report On

    Uploaded by

    Vipul Agrawal
    The document describes an experiment to conduct a tensile test on a mild steel specimen using a universal testing machine. Specimens were tested at room temperature and 100°C. Results showed that yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, and elongation increased with increasing temperature. Strain rate was also varied, with yield stress increasing non-linearly and ultimate tensile strength increasing approximately linearly with higher strain rates. Engineering stress, true stress, engineering strain, and true strain were also defined.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 8

    Theory of Elasticity and Plasticity (ME G641)

    Lab Report
    On

    Tensile Test using universal testing machine

    Mechanical Engineering Department


    Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani - Hyderabad
    Campus
    Hyderabad, Telangana- 500078

    Submitted To: Submitted By:

    Dr. Nitin Kotkunde AYUSHI RAWAT (2017H1060116H)

    EKTA GUPTA (2017H1060106H)

    SHWETA YADAV(2017H1060105H)
    Experiment 1
    AIM: - To conduct simple tension test on flat specimen on UTM of mild steel to observe the load-
    displacement diagram and to find various mechanical properties.

    APPARATUS: -

    Universal testing machine (UTM) and Tensile test specimen of mild steel

    Universal Testing Machine

    Flat Specimen

    PROCEDURE: -

    1. Measure the dimensions of the sample. With a pen, mark the gauge length reference
    points. The gauge length should be marked within the parallel section portion of the
    sample
    2. Mount the specimen in the bottom gripper first and then add the upper gripper by slowly
    adjusting the upper grip down by keeping the knob in “manual “position. Once the specimen
    is mounted, turn the knob to “auto” position.
    3. Open DST software and give all the initial data as per specimen material, dimensions,
    geometry, type of loading, speed of testing etc.
    4. Before beginning the tension test, set to zero the displacement as well as load by using the
    “tare” function and reset displacement function.
    5. Then click on start test and observe the test specimen as it is pulled by the upper grip while
    the lower system stays stationary.
    6. Observe elongation values with the help of DST software.
    7. Continue the test till Fracture occurs.
    8. Once the test was finished, the specimen had necked and fractured down into two pieces
    roughly midway the gauge length, the upper gripper automatically stops moving and the
    final load-displacement with data is shown on the computer screen.
    9. Import the data from the DST software to EXCEL.
    10. Remove the specimen, join them together to measure the final distance between the gauge
    points.
    11. Repeat the experiment for new specimen at 1000 C.

    SPECIFICATIONS: -

    1) Specification of UTM:

    load capacity :5 KN,100 KN load cell, Loading system: Motorized System

    Display: Computerized with DST software.

    2) Specification of Specimen:

    Specimen = Mild steel

    Gauge length = 30mm

    Final Gauge length=38mm

    Width of the specimen=21mm

    Width = 6.4mm

    Thickness = 1mm

    Step factor = 1.4

    Strain rate = 0.001, 0.01


    CALCULATION: -

    Area = 6.4mm2

    S. No. Temperature Yield Ultimate Percent Strain


    Strength(MPa) Tensile Elongation Hardening
    Strength(MPa)
    1 1000C 0.020312 0.098437499 29.33
    2 230C 0.070312 0.204687 30.9

    Element CARBON SILICON MANGNESE SULPHUR PHOSPHORUS


    % wt 0.16-0.18 0.40 max 0.70-0.90 0.040 max 0.040 max

    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: -

    Constant Rate

    With increase in temperature plastic deformation is easier and elongation is larger. As graph of
    elevated temperature stretches in X-direction slope decreases , Young’s Modulus decreases and
    material become more ductile.

    STRESS Vs STRAIN
    0.16
    0.14
    0.12
    0.1
    STRESS

    0.08
    room temp
    0.06
    at 100" C
    0.04
    0.02
    0
    0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35
    STRAIN
    LOAD Vs DISPLACEMENT
    1

    0.8

    0.6
    STRESS

    0.4 room temperature


    at 100" C
    0.2

    0
    0 2 4 6 8 10
    STRAIN

    Variation in strain rate

    With increase in strain rate the yield stress increases in a non-linear manner.

    Ultimate tensile strength has an approximately linear relationship.

    Load Vs Displacement
    1.6

    1.4

    1.2

    1
    Load

    0.8
    At 100"C
    0.6
    ROOM TEMP
    0.4

    0.2

    0
    -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
    Displacement
    Stress Vs Strain
    0.25

    0.2

    0.15
    Stress

    0.1 At 100"C
    Room Temp
    0.05

    0
    -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
    Strain

    Q1.Why tensile testing is performed?

    Ans1 . Tensile testing is commonly used to determine the maximum load (tensile strength) that a
    material or a product can withstand. Tensile testing may be based on a load value or elongation
    value.

    Common tensile testing results include:


    - Maximum Load
    - Deflection of Maximum Load
    - Work at Maximum Load
    - Stiffness
    - Load at Break
    - Deflection at Break
    - Work at Break
    - Chord Slope
    - Stress
    - Strain
    - Young's Modulus

    Q2. What is strain rate sensitivity ?

    Ans2: Many Engineering materials are considered elastic, in which the stress and strain are proportional:

    σ=Eɛ
    Where “E”, Young’s Modulus, is analogous to a spring constant. But this equation describes steady state
    behavior because it doesn’t include time dependency.

    Models that introduce time variant stress or strain include relaxation, creep, viscoelasticity and others. In
    one time variant relationship, stress varies exponentially with strain rate:

    σ(t)=kέm
    This relationship is called superplasticity. The exponent, “m” is the strain rate sensitivity index.
    Q3. Difference between Engineering stress and True stress?

    True stress: It is defined as the load divided by the cross-sectional area of the specimen at that instant
    and it is a true indication of the internal pressure.

    P
    𝛔=A

    Where,

    P=Load

    A=Actual(instantaneous) cross sectional area of specimen

    Engineering Stress: It is defined as the load divided by the initial cross-sectional area of the specimen.
    Thus, engineering stress is simply a normalizing of the load, and has little physical significance when the
    actual area is difference than the original.

    P
    𝛔=
    A

    Where, A is the original cross sectional area of specimen.

    Engineering Strain:

    It is ratio of difference between original length and final length to original length.

    Final length−Original length


    ɛ=
    Original length

    True Strain:

    l
    e=ln(l i )
    o

    li =instantaneous length

    lo =original length

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