THE SME GUIDE FOR REPORTING

EXPLORATION RESULTS, MINERAL RESOURCES,

AND MINERAL RESERVES

(The 2014 SME Guide)

PREPARED BY:

THE RESOURCES AND RESERVES COMMITTEE

OF
THE SOCIETY FOR MINING, METALLURGY, AND EXPLORATION, INC.

AND APPROVED BY:

THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS

OF
THE SOCIETY FOR MINING, METALLURGY AND EXPLORATION, INC.

12999 East Adams Aircraft Circle

Englewood, CO 80112
www.smenet.org
303 948 4200

June 2014
 Foreword

i. The 2014 SME Guide for Reporting Exploration Results, Mineral Resources, and
Mineral Reserves (the 2014 SME Guide) has been adopted by the Society for Mining,
Metallurgy, and Exploration, Inc. (SME) and is therefore strongly recommended to be
used by members of this organization.

ii. The Guide is recommended as a minimum standard for reporting Exploration Results,
Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves for public and private purposes. In terms of
the Guide, Public Reports are reports prepared for the purpose of informing investors
or potential investors and their advisers on Exploration Results, Mineral Resources or
Mineral Reserves.

iii. In this Guide, important terms and their definitions are highlighted in bold text. The
guidelines are written using regular font. Paragraphs with border on the left side and
written in italics give directions on how to interpret definitions and guidelines.

iv. THE UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION (U.S.

SEC) REGULATES THE REPORTING OF EXPLORATION RESULTS,
RESOURCES AND RESERVES BY ORGANIZATIONS, INDIVIDUALS OR
COMPANIES (“ENTITIES”) SUBJECT TO THE FILING AND REPORTING
REQUIREMENTS OF THE U.S. SEC. DECISIONS AS TO WHEN AND WHAT
INFORMATION SHOULD BE REPORTED PUBLICLY ARE THE SOLE
RESPONSIBILITY OF THE ENTITY OWNING THE INFORMATION, AND ARE
SUBJECT TO U.S. SEC RULES AND REGULATIONS. THE REPORTING OF
EXPLORATION RESULTS, RESOURCES AND RESERVES MAY ALSO BE
SUBJECT TO OTHER NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL RULES AND
REGULATIONS. THESE RULES AND REGULATIONS VARY FROM TIME TO
TIME, AND AT ANY GIVEN TIME MAY NOT BE CONSISTENT WITH THE
CONTENT OF THIS GUIDE. THE ADVICE OF SECURITIES COUNSEL
SHOULD BE SOUGHT IN PREPARING FILINGS FOR THE U.S. SEC OR
OTHER SECURITIES REGULATORY AUTHORITIES, AND IN PREPARING
OTHER PUBLIC DISCLOSURES.

v. It is recognized that further review of the Guide will be required from time to time.
Constructive suggestions are solicited from all users of this Guide. Comments should
be sent to:

Chairman, Resources and Reserves Committee

Society for Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration, Inc.
12999 East Adams Aircraft Circle
Englewood, CO 80112
www.smenet.org
303 948 4200

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 Table of Contents
Clause Number
from to
Foreword i v

Table of Contents - -

History 1 2

Governing Principles 3 3

Scope 4 7

Competence and Responsibility 8 16

Public Reporting – General 17 29

Exploration Targets 30 30

Exploration Results 31 32

Mineral Resources 33 38

Mineral Reserves 39 46

Technical Studies 47 50

Commodity Pricing and Marketing 51 55

Permitting and Legal Requirements 56 57

Environmental, Social, and Health and Safety Considerations 58 58

Mineralized Fill, Pillars, Low-Grade Mineralization, Stockpiles,

Dumps and Tailings 59 59

Exploration Results for Coal, Coal Resources and Coal Reserves 60 64

Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves for

Industrial Minerals 65 68

Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves for

Diamonds 69 73

TABLE 1. Checklist of Assessment Criteria - -

TABLE 2. Study Accuracy Ranges for Capital and Operating Cost - -

Estimates

APPENDIX A. List of Recognized Professional Organizations - -

(RPOs)
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 History

1. In 1988, at the request of members of the Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and
Exploration, Inc. (SME), the President of SME formed Working Party #79, Ore
Reserve Definition, with the mission to develop guidelines for the public reporting of
Exploration Results, Mineral Resources, and Mineral Reserves. A Subcommittee was
appointed by the Working Party to draft these guidelines and to submit
recommendations to SME. The Subcommittee’s recommendations were published by
SME in the April 1991 issue of “Mining Engineering”, and as a document entitled “A
Guide for Reporting Exploration Information, Resources, and Reserves” (the SME
Guide) in January 1992. Work continued on an ad-hoc basis until 1996, when
Working Party #79 was renamed the SME Resources and Reserves Committee and
became a standing committee.

In 1994, the Council of Mining and Metallurgical Institutions (CMMI) started a

concerted international effort to create a set of international definitions for reporting
Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves. An ad-hoc International Definitions Group
was formed, with representatives from mining and metallurgical institutions from the
United States (SME), Australia (AusIMM), Canada (CIM), the United Kingdom
(IMM) and South Africa (SAIMM). A major breakthrough came on October 18, 1997
when the CMMI International Definitions Group met in Denver, Colorado and
reached a provisional agreement (the Denver Accord) on definitions of Mineral
Resources and Mineral Reserves. Concurrently, and since 1992, the United Nations
Economic Commission for Europe (UN-ECE) was developing an international
framework classification for Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves. The first
edition was published in 1997. Starting in October 1998, joint meetings were held in
Geneva between the CMMI International Definitions Group and the UN-ECE Task
Force. These meetings resulted in agreement to incorporate the CMMI definitions
into the UN Framework Classification.

In 2002, the Combined Reserves International Reporting Standards Committee

(CRIRSCO, now known as the Committee for Mineral Reserves International
Reporting Standards) was formed, replacing the CMMI International Definitions
Group with the mission to continue coordination between member countries, of the
development of international standards for the definition and reporting of Exploration
Results, Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves. Chile joined CRIRSCO in 2002
and developed the first non-English reporting code that follows the international
definitions.

The international resources and reserves definitions or their precursors were accepted
as part of national reporting codes (or standards) and guidelines by the regulatory
agencies of Australia (1989), South Africa (2000), Canada (2001), and the United
Kingdom (2001). These definitions were formally adopted by the United Nations in
1999 for the categories common to the two classifications (CRIRSCO and UNFC-
1999). Subsequently following a cooperation agreement between the SPE, CRIRSCO
and the Expert Group on Reserve Classification (EGRC) of the UN-ECE, the

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 definitions were slightly modified to suit the broader scope of the UNFC and which
were included in a 2009 revision of the United Nations Framework Classification
(UNFC-2009). However, the equivalence between the definition categories common
to the two classifications remained the same as before. In 2007 the Government of
Chile approved a reporting code that includes these definitions. In 2008 the Pan-
European Code was issued by the Pan-European Resources and Reserves Reporting
Committee (PERC), and in 2011 the Russian Code was issued by the National
Association for Subsoil Examination (NAEN).

2. The SME Guide, first published in 1992, was updated in 1999 when the requirement
was introduced that the reporting of Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves be
made by a Competent Person. The SME Guide was recommended for use by
members of SME. However, some key aspects of the SME Guide were not consistent
with requirements of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (U.S. SEC),
which are based on the U.S. SEC Industry Guide 7. While the SME Guide was
accepted by a number of U.S. and international mining and consulting companies, its
usefulness remained limited.

To resolve the differences between the SME Guide and the U.S. SEC rules and
regulations, SME opened a dialogue with the U.S. SEC in 2003, and started a
renewed effort to better define the industry position with respect to a number of
critical issues. In February 2004, SME formed a consortium of mining, consulting
and financial auditing organizations known as the SEC Reserves Working Group (the
Working Group), whose members formed the SME Resources and Reserves
Committee. The SME Guide was updated in 2007. The role of the Competent
Person was re-emphasized.

In 2011 and 2012 CRIRSCO members noted that revisions to national reporting codes
were diverging from the definitions adopted by the 1997 Denver Accord. Updated
standard definitions were proposed and adopted by CRIRSCO, with the agreement
that national reporting organizations could provide guidance reflecting technical and
regulatory practice in their jurisdictions. The 2014 SME Guide was written to
provide the core definitions and reflect practice within the United States.

In 2012, the SME petitioned the SEC to update its Industry Guide 7 using the SME
Guide as a model. At present, the position of the U.S. SEC with respect to public
reporting remains that stated in Industry Guide 7 as interpreted by U.S. SEC staff.
Consequently at any given time some key aspects of the 2014 SME Guide may not be
consistent with requirements of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. In
2014, the Chairperson of the SEC recognized the need to update Industry Guide 7.

Governing Principles

3. This Guide was written taking into account industry good practices and the mission of
the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (U.S. SEC), which is to protect
investors and to maintain the integrity of the securities markets. All investors and

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 their advisors, whether large institutions or private individuals, should have access to
material facts presented in a transparent manner about an investment prior to
purchasing or selling it. The U.S. SEC requires public entities to disclose meaningful
financial and other information to the public, which provides a common pool of
knowledge for all investors to use to judge for themselves if a company's securities
are a good investment. Only through the steady flow of timely, comprehensive and
accurate information can the public make sound investment decisions. To meet the
SEC's requirements for disclosure, a entity must make available all material
information, whether it is positive or negative, that might be relevant to an investor's
decision to buy, sell, or hold the security.

The main principles governing the development and application of this Guide are
transparency, materiality and competence.

x Transparency requires that the reader of a public report is provided with

sufficient information, the presentation of which is clear and unambiguous, so
as to understand the report and not to be misled.
x Materiality requires that a public report contains all the relevant information
which investors and their professional advisers would reasonably require, and
reasonably expect to find in a public report, for the purpose of making a
reasoned and balanced judgment regarding the Exploration Results, Mineral
Resources or Mineral Reserves being reported.
x Competence requires that the public report be based on work that is the
responsibility of suitably qualified and experienced Competent Persons who
are subject to an enforceable professional code of ethics1 and rules of conduct.

Transparency and Materiality are governing principles of the Guide, and the Competent Person must
provide explanatory commentary on the material assumptions underlying the disclosure of Exploration
Results, Mineral Resources or Mineral Reserves.

In particular, the Competent Person, defined below in Clause 9, must consider that the benchmark of
Materiality is the inclusion of all aspects relating to the Exploration Results, Mineral Resources or
Mineral Reserves on which investors or their advisers would reasonably expect to be provided explicit
comments from the Competent Person. The Competent Person must discuss any material aspect for
which the presence or absence of comment could affect the public perception or value of the mineral
occurrence. Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves are estimates with attendant uncertainty.
The Competent Person should provide a balanced discussion of risks and opportunities accompanying
statements of Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves.

The report should be supported adequately by text, figures, tables, sections, and maps to demonstrate
competence by conveying material information in a transparent manner. Figures of any type should
contain appropriate explanatory information in the form of titles and/or captions.

1
Registered Members of SME are required by SME to comply with the code of ethics of the SME Registered Members.

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 The following additional principles should also be taken into account:

x Consistency between Financial Reports and Technical Studies: Financial

reports take into account Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves and are
based on assumptions concerning commodity prices, exchange rates, and other
parameters of significance. To be clear and unambiguous, technical and
financial information should be published on a comparable basis in terms of
assumed parameters.
x Consistency between Financial Markets: For global entities, transparency can
be achieved only if information is reported on a consistent basis in all financial
markets. Only then can the information supplied to all investors be
comparable, clear and unambiguous.

Scope

4. Public reporting: The Guide is recommended as a minimum standard for reporting

Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves for public and private
purposes. In terms of the Guide, Public Reports are reports prepared for the purpose
of informing investors or potential investors and their advisers on Exploration Results,
Mineral Resources or Mineral Reserves..

5. Use of the Guide: Entities must provide all relevant and material information
concerning a mineral deposit that could influence its economic value, which is
necessary for an intelligent layman or his professional advisers to make a reasoned
and balanced assessment of the Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Mineral
Reserves and attendant risks and opportunities being reported. A mineral deposit
(including coal, diamonds and industrial minerals) is defined herein as an
accumulation of mineralization of potential economic interest within estimated
geologic boundaries.

While every effort has been made within the Guide to cover most situations likely to be encountered in
the reporting of Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves, inevitably there will be
situations when doubt exists as to the appropriate procedure to follow. In such cases, users of the
Guide and those compiling reports under the Guide should refer to the Guide's intent, which is to
provide a minimum standard for reporting and to ensure that such reporting contains all information
which investors and their professional advisers would reasonably require, and reasonably expect to find
in the report, for the purpose of making a reasoned and balanced judgment regarding the Exploration
Results, Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves reported. The principle of transparency requires that
the decision process of the Competent Person be explained when the Guide is not explicit as to the
appropriate procedure to follow.

Table 1, included at the end of the Guide, supplies a checklist of items that should be considered when
evaluating a project. The importance of each item will vary with the project, and it is recognized that, for
some projects, other items may be relevant which are not on the list. The Table should be considered a
guide to facilitate a rational and orderly approach to evaluation; as always, relevance, transparency and
materiality are overriding principles that determine what information should be reported publicly.

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 This Guide does not alleviate the need for exploration and mining professionals to make difficult
decisions, such as to classify material as a Mineral Resource, and to classify further Mineral Resources
(as Inferred, Indicated or Measured), or a Mineral Reserve (as Probable or Proven). Decisions remain
a matter of professional judgment based on knowledge, experience, and industry practices using the
criteria set forth in Table 1.

The relative importance of the items in Table 1 will vary with each project depending on the geological
environment and technical constraints, as well as economic, marketing, legal, environmental
infrastructure, social and governmental conditions pertaining at the time of evaluation. When evaluating
a project, the relative importance of each item should be weighed. All relevant information must be
given careful consideration before deciding which information should be reported to the public.

Table 2, included at the end of the Guide, provides a range of expected accuracies for capital and
operating cost estimates relative to the three study levels outlined in the guide for the reporting of
Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves. Scoping studies are mining studies at a conceptual level,
and may be utilized to identify options for project development and to define and support future work
programs to enable conversion of Mineral Resources to Mineral Reserves, whereas the more
comprehensive Pre-Feasibility and Feasibility studies must be used to support declaration of Mineral
Reserves.

It is recognized that estimates of Exploration Results and related interpretations, and that estimates of
Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves (being predictions of reality based on imperfect and
incomplete information available at the time of estimation) are inherently forward-looking statements,
and all will be inaccurate to some degree. It is also recognized that different individuals analyzing the
same data may arrive at somewhat differing interpretations and conclusions. Statements concerning
Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves must have a reasonable basis and be
made in good faith.

The fact that at some later date a Mineral Resource or Mineral Reserve estimate is misclassified or
proven inaccurate when additional information becomes available or economic conditions have
changed, does not necessarily mean that the estimate was unreasonable or made in bad faith by a
Competent Person taking into account the information available at the time the estimate was made.

6. Relationship Between Definitions: Figure 1 sets out the framework for classifying
Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves.

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 Figure 1. General relationship between Exploration Results,
Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves


The relationships in Figure 1 reflect different levels of geoscientific knowledge and different degrees of
technical and economic evaluation. Mineral Resources can be estimated on the basis of geoscientific
information with input from other disciplines to establish reasonable prospects for eventual economic
extraction. Mineral Reserves, which are a modified sub-set of the Indicated and Measured Mineral
Resources, require consideration of those factors affecting extraction, including mining, metallurgical,
economic, marketing, legal, environmental, infrastructure, social and governmental factors, and should
in most cases be estimated with input from a range of disciplines.

In certain situations, Measured Mineral Resources could convert to Probable Mineral Reserves rather
than to Proven Mineral Reserves because of uncertainties associated with Modifying Factors which are
taken into account in the conversion from Mineral Resources to Mineral Reserves. This relationship is
shown by the broken arrow in Figure 1. In such situations, these Modifying Factors should be fully
explained.

In certain situations, previously reported Mineral Reserves could convert back to Mineral Resources
because of new Modifying Factor information according to which a Mineral Reserve can no longer be
reported. The resulting two-way relationship is shown by the two-headed arrows in Figure 1. The
Modifying Factors that resulted in reclassification of a Mineral Reserve should be fully explained.

7. Modifying Factors are considerations used to convert Measured and Indicated

Mineral Resources to Proven and Probable Mineral Reserves. These include,
but are not restricted to, mining, processing, metallurgical, economic, marketing,
legal, environmental, infrastructure, social and governmental factors.

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 Mineral Resources are supported by Modifying Factors based on benchmarks and/or the opinion and
experience of the Competent Person. For Mineral Reserves, Modifying Factors are defined and applied
by studies completed at “Pre-Feasibility Study” or “Feasibility Study” level.

Competence and Responsibility

8. Any Public Report concerning an entity’s Exploration Results, Mineral Resources

and Mineral Reserves is the responsibility of the entity’s management. Any such
report, usually only for properties of material value to the entity, must be based on,
and fairly reflect the information and supporting documentation prepared by a
Competent Person2, as defined below.

An entity issuing a Public Report shall make publicly available the name(s) of the
Competent Person. This information should include whether the Competent Person is
a full-time employee of the entity, and, if not, name the Competent Person’s employer,
its relationship with the entity, and whether the Competent Person and his/her
employer are independent with respect to the entity or project that is the subject of the
Public Report.

Issuance of the Public Report requires the written consent of the Competent Person as
to the form and context in which it appears prior to release of the report. The entity
must provide to the Competent Person the entity’s public disclosure of information
prepared by the Competent Person, and seek approval for its context and the use of
the Competent Person’s name in connection with that disclosure. Reasonable time
must be allowed for the Competent Person to review these materials prior to
approving.

The requirement for, and the naming of, a Competent Person is aimed at improving and ensuring the
quality of the information being released, and thus increasing investor confidence.

9. A Competent Person is a minerals industry professional who is a Registered

Member of the SME or an eligible member of an approved “Recognized
Professional Organization” (“RPO”) included in a list promulgated by the SME
from time to time (Appendix A). A requirement for a professional organization
to be recognized as an RPO is that it has enforceable disciplinary processes
including the powers to suspend or expel a member.

A Competent Person must have a minimum of five years relevant experience in

the style of mineralization and type of deposit under consideration and in the
activity which that person is undertaking.

2
Note that various CRISCO members use different terms for the Competent Person; e.g.,
Canada (Qualified Person) and Chile (Qualified Competent Person). These alternative terms are
considered to be directly equivalent to Competent Person. As used herein a Competent Person
can be singular or plural.

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 If the Competent Person is preparing a report on Exploration Results, the relevant
experience must be in exploration. If the Competent Person is estimating, or
supervising the estimation of Mineral Resources, the relevant experience must be in
the estimation, assessment and evaluation of Mineral Resources. If the Competent
Person is estimating, or supervising the estimation of Mineral Reserves, the relevant
experience must be in the estimation, assessment, and economic evaluation of
Mineral Reserves.

The key qualifier in the definition of a Competent Person is the word “relevant”. Determination of what
constitutes relevant experience can be difficult, and common sense has to be exercised. Different
experience is required to evaluate coal, base metal, industrial mineral, iron ore, sand and gravel, or
gold deposits. Other differences are less obvious. In estimating Mineral Resources for vein-gold
mineralization, experience in a high-nugget, vein-type mineralization such as tin, uranium, etc. will
probably be relevant, whereas experience in (say) a low grade disseminated gold deposit may not be.
To qualify as a Competent Person in the estimation of Mineral Reserves for alluvial gold deposits,
considerable (at least five years) experience in the evaluation and economic extraction of this type of
mineralization would be needed. This is due to the characteristics of gold in alluvial systems, the
particle sizing of the host sediment, and the low grades involved. Experience with placer deposits
containing minerals other than gold may not necessarily provide appropriate relevant experience.

The key word “relevant” also means that it is not always necessary for a person to have five years
experience in each and every type of deposit in order to act as a Competent Person if that person has
relevant experience in other deposit types. For example, a person with (say) 20 years experience in
estimating Mineral Resources for a variety of metalliferous hard-rock deposit types may not require as
much as five years specific experience in (say) porphyry-copper deposits in order to act as a
Competent Person. Relevant experience in the other deposit types could count towards the experience
in relation to porphyry-copper deposits.

In addition to experience in the style of mineralization, a Competent Person taking responsibility for the
compilation of Exploration Results or Mineral Resource estimates should have sufficient experience in
the sampling and analytical techniques relevant to the deposit under consideration to be aware of
problems which could affect the reliability of data. Some appreciation of extraction and processing
techniques applicable to that deposit type may also be required.

When applying the Modifying Factors to convert Mineral Resources to Mineral Reserves, the
Competent Person must have sufficient knowledge and experience in the application of these factors to
the mineral deposit. Collaboration of Competent Persons with geology, geostatistics, mining, and
extraction/processing experience that is applicable to that deposit type is required.

10. Persons being called upon to act as Competent Persons should be satisfied in their
own minds that they could face their peers and demonstrate competence in the
commodity, type of deposit and situation under consideration. If doubt exists, the
person should either seek opinions from appropriately experienced colleagues or
should decline to act as a Competent Person.

Both reports and documentation must be well organized and archived such that
competence is clearly demonstrated, and any forthcoming reviews (e.g., internal or
external audits) can be conducted efficiently.

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 Estimation of Mineral Resources should be a team effort (for example, involving one person or team
collecting the data and another person or team preparing the estimate). Estimation of Mineral Reserves
is always a team effort involving several disciplines. Where there is a clear division of responsibility
within a team, each Competent Person and his or her contribution should be identified, and
responsibility accepted for that particular contribution. However, the definitions have been specifically
written to allow an appropriate degree of latitude for entities to define the organizational structure within
which they apply the role of the Competent Person. If only one Competent Person signs the Mineral
Resource or Mineral Reserve documentation, that person is responsible and accountable for the whole
of the documentation under the Guide. It is important in this situation that the Competent Person
accepting overall responsibility for a Mineral Resource or Mineral Reserve estimate and supporting
documentation prepared in whole or in part by others, is satisfied, in his/her professional opinion, that
the work of the other contributors is reliable. However, the Competent Person who prepares or
supervises the preparation of all or part of a report may include a limited disclaimer of responsibility if
the Competent Person is relying on a report, opinion or statement of another expert who is not a
Competent Person, or on information provided by the issuer, concerning marketing, legal, political,
environmental or tax matters relevant to the report.

A Competent Person may be an employee of the entity reporting Exploration Results, Mineral
Resources and Mineral Reserves, or an independent consultant. When the Competent Person’s
findings and recommendations are likely to have material consequences (such as development of a
new mining or processing facility, or significant decreases or increases in Mineral Resources and/or
Mineral Reserves), it is important that these findings and recommendations be reviewed independently
before the recommendations are finalized. The independent reviewer must qualify as a Competent
Person in the context of the project being reviewed.

11. An entity’s management is responsible for having a Competent Person review

documents supporting Mineral Resource and Mineral Reserve estimates on at least an
annual basis. Public Reports must be updated by a Competent Person if there are
material changes in Mineral Resources, Mineral Reserves, and/or other scientific,
technical and economic parameters.

If such review results in material changes in, or reclassification of, Mineral Resources and Mineral
Reserves, timely disclosure is required. In operating mines, reconciliation reports, which compare
depleted Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves with actual production, should be reviewed at least
annually.

12. Complaints made in respect of the professional work of a Competent Person must
follow procedures of the professional organization such that they can be investigated
and dealt with, when required, under the disciplinary procedures of the professional
organization to which the Competent Person belongs.

13. When a U.S.-listed entity with foreign interests wishes to report foreign Exploration
Results, Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves, whose estimates were prepared by
a person who is not a Registered Member of the SME or a member or fellow of a
Recognized Professional Organization, it is necessary for the entity to nominate a
Competent Person to take responsibility for the Exploration Results, Mineral
Resources or Mineral Reserves estimate. The Competent Person undertaking this
activity should appreciate that they are accepting full responsibility for the estimate

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 and supporting documentation and should not treat the procedure merely as a “rubber-
stamping” exercise.

Rules, regulations or guidelines concerning the Competent Person and public reporting differ from
country to country. When Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves are reported
in the United States or in countries other than the United States, it is the responsibility of the Competent
Person and the entity making a public report to ensure that the applicable local disclosure rules,
regulations and guidelines are followed.

14. Documentation detailing Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Mineral

Reserves estimates, on which a Public Report on Exploration Results, Mineral
Resources and Mineral Reserves is based, must be prepared by, or under the direction
of, and signed by, a Competent Person. If documentation detailing Exploration
Results, Mineral Resources or Mineral Reserves is signed by an independent firm or
company, a partner, officer or director of that firm or company, must be a Competent
Person and must also sign this documentation.

A partner, officer or director of a company, or any individual who signs a document accepts overall
responsibility for this document and must be satisfied, in his/her professional opinion, that the work of
the other contributors is reliable. It is recommended that when a document is signed by a firm, company,
or individual, a list is included of all contributors who acted as Competent Persons in the preparation of
parts of the document and the particular responsibility of each contributor is listed.

As stated in Clause 8 above, issuance of a Public Report must be based on documentation prepared by
a Competent Person, and requires the written consent of the Competent Person. If the documentation
used to prepare the Public Report was signed by a firm or company, the partner or director who signed
the document assumes the responsibilities of the Competent Person and must meet the criteria
described in Clause 9 above.

15. If documentation was signed by a partner, officer or director of a firm or company,

who is no longer a member of the firm or company, another partner or director can
take responsibility for the documentation. This partner, officer or director must
satisfy the Competent Person criteria set out in Clauses 8-14. Before signing this
documentation, the partner, officer or director must complete sufficient work to be
satisfied, in his/her professional opinion, that the content of the documentation
remains reliable.

16. The Competent Person(s) must visit the property if accessible and/or sample
preparation facilities, analytical laboratories and metallurgical testing laboratories as
appropriate, before initial disclosure of Exploration Results, Mineral Resources or
Mineral Reserves, and subsequently at a frequency that is appropriate to the risks,
opportunities and level of work being completed (exploration, resource definition, or
reserve definition) and in consideration of access to the property. The documentation
should contain the date(s) that the Competent Person visited the property.

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 Public Reporting - General

17. Public Reports are reports prepared for the purpose of informing investors or
potential investors and their advisers on Exploration Results, Mineral Resources
or Mineral Reserves. They include, but are not limited to annual and quarterly
company reports, press releases, information memoranda, technical papers,
website postings, and public presentations.

18. Public Reports dealing with Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and/or Mineral
Reserves must only use the terms set out in Figure 1.

Reports are prepared for different reasons and may contain more or less detail according to their
intended purpose and readership. The contents of a report should be determined by the Competent
Person to be appropriate for its use on the basis of relevance (materiality and transparency) and, where
appropriate, backup documentation (such as audit reports) should be referred to or made available.

Public disclosure of factors and relevant assessment criteria listed in Table 1 that are most likely to
affect the accuracy of estimates made in the report is required. The authors of reports should both
identify and evaluate these important factors within their reports. A Mineral Resource and/or Mineral
Reserve statement is a summary report of the Resource and/or Reserve estimates, and must include
discussion of key assumptions used in their derivation as per the guidelines in Table 1. Mineral
Resource statements must include descriptions of the assumptions made and justification for
reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction.

Where a particular report addresses only some of the items in Table 1, the report should disclose its
limited scope and should refer to other information required for a complete evaluation of the Exploration
Results, Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves being reported. While such limited scope reports are
commonly prepared as part of the overall preparation of an evaluation, such reports may contain
information warranting public disclosure independent of the results of other studies, and the authors of
such reports should be aware of their responsibilities with respect to public disclosure with regard to the
principles of transparency, materiality and competency.

Demonstrating feasibility of economic extraction is not required for reporting Exploration Results or
Mineral Resources. However, Mineral Resources must be supported by reasonable prospects of
eventual economic extraction. Particular attention should be given to all relevant information that
increases or decreases the reasonable prospects that the project will result in eventual economic
extraction.

An entity may disclose an historical estimate of Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves, using the
original terminology, if the disclosure:

x identifies the source and date of the historical estimate, including any existing technical report,
x comments on the relevance and reliability of the historical estimate,
x to the extent known, provides the key assumptions, parameters, and methods used to prepare
the historical estimate,
x states whether the historical estimate uses categories other than those set out in Figure 1 and
if so includes an explanation of differences,
x includes any more recent estimates or data available to the entity,

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 x comments on what work needs to be done to upgrade or verify the historical estimate as
current Mineral Resources or Mineral Reserves, and
x states with equal prominence that a Competent Person has not done sufficient work to classify
the historical estimate as current Mineral Resources or Mineral Reserves and that the entity is
not treating the historical estimate as current Mineral Resources or Mineral Reserves.

19. Public Reports concerning an entity’s Exploration Results, Mineral Resources or

Mineral Reserves must include effective dates. All reports must include a description
of the style and nature of mineralization, and reports based on more advanced
technical studies should include descriptions of geological interpretation, sampling
and assaying, interpolation methods utilized, mining and processing methods, as well
as discussion of other Modifying Factor assumptions and results.

20. An entity must disclose relevant information concerning the status and characteristics
of a mineral deposit which could materially influence the entity’s value. To meet
disclosure obligations, an entity must promptly report any material changes in its
Mineral Resources or Mineral Reserves.

21. Reports must contain an assessment of the critical risks to geometry, grade/quality,
tonnage, or contained metal or product in the estimated Mineral Resources or Mineral
Reserves. Risks associated with uncertainties in the Modifying Factors must also be
identified. Opportunities for expanding the Mineral Resource or Mineral Reserves or
for reducing the uncertainty of the Modifying Factors must also be discussed.

22. An entity must review and publicly report on its Mineral Resources and Mineral
Reserves at least annually.

Reviews of Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves should include the relevance of current technical
and economic conditions compared to those which may have been applied when the Mineral
Resources and Mineral Reserves were estimated. Relevant Assessment Criteria listed in Table 1 and
Modifying Factors should be reviewed. If necessary, technical and economic studies including Pre-
feasibility and Feasibility studies should be updated when there are material changes of a long-term
nature (see Clause 38 below).

23. The reporting of Mineral Resources or Mineral Reserves for polymetallic deposits in
terms of metal equivalents (a single equivalent grade of one major metal) is strongly
discouraged. If used, the report must show details of all material factors needed to
calculate the contribution of each metal constituent. The following minimum
information must be reported in reference to metal equivalents:

x individual grades for all metals included in the metal equivalent calculation,
x commodity prices (Clause 51) for all metals, adjusted for smelter/refinery
terms,
x metallurgical recoveries for all metals and discussion of the basis on which the
recoveries are derived and used (metallurgical test work, detailed mineralogy,
similar deposits, etc.),

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 x a clear statement that it is the entity’s opinion that all the elements included in
the metal equivalents calculation have a reasonable potential to be recovered
and sold,
x any other relevant parameters useful for understanding the equivalent grade,
and
x the calculation formula used.

In most circumstances, the metal chosen for reporting on an equivalent basis should be the one that
contributes most to the metal equivalent calculation. If this is not the case, a clear explanation of the
logic of choosing another metal must be included in the report.

Reporting on the basis of metal equivalents is never appropriate if metallurgical recovery information is
not available or able to be estimated with reasonable confidence. For many projects at the Exploration
Results stage, metallurgical recovery information may not be available or able to be estimated with
reasonable confidence.

24. Mineral Resource reports must specify one or more of the classes of “Inferred”,
“Indicated” and “Measured”. Reports must not contain Inferred Mineral Resource
figures combined with either of the other two classes. The Measured and Indicated
classes can be combined only if also reported separately. A Mineral Resource must
not be reported in terms of contained metal or product unless corresponding tonnage
and grade figures are also presented. When Mineral Resource figures are reported
exclusive of Mineral Reserves, the Mineral Resources must not be aggregated with
Mineral Reserve figures.

25. Mineral Reserve reports must specify one or both of the classes of “Proven” and
“Probable”. Reports that combine Proven and Probable Mineral Reserve figures must
provide estimates for each class. Reports must not present contained or recovered
metal figures unless corresponding tonnage and grade figures are also presented.

26. Mineral Resource and Mineral Reserve estimates in some cases are reported after
adjustment by cutting of high grades, the application of Modifying Factors such as
dilution, ore loss, mine or mill recovery and “call factors”. If Mineral Resource and
Mineral Reserve estimates, or the data on which the estimates are based, are
materially adjusted or modified for the purpose of making the estimate, this should be
clearly stated in a public report. The nature of the adjustment or modification should
be clearly described and quantified if possible.

27. Public reporting of specific tonnage and grade estimates other than Mineral
Resources and Mineral Reserves is not permitted under the Guide. As stated in Clause
30, for more preliminary estimates such as target definition, only ranges of estimated
tonnages and grades are allowed and are to be accompanied by sufficient transparent
justifying and qualifying language.

Other estimates may be useful for an entity in its internal calculations and evaluation
processes, but their inclusion in public reports could cause confusion and is not permitted.

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28. Mineral Resource and Mineral Reserve estimates are not precise calculations.
Tonnage and grade figures in reports should be expressed so as to convey the order of
accuracy of the estimates by rounding off to appropriately significant figures.

To emphasize the imprecise nature of a Mineral Resource or Mineral Reserve, the final result should
always be referred to as an estimate based on information available at the time of estimation, not a
calculation.

Competent Persons are encouraged, where appropriate, to discuss the relative accuracy and/or
confidence of the Mineral Resource and Mineral Reserve estimates. The statement should specify
whether it relates to overall or local estimates, and, if local, state the applicable tonnage or volume.
Where a statement of the relative accuracy and/or confidence is not possible, a qualitative discussion of
the uncertainties should be provided.

Depending on the accuracy of the estimate, rounding to the second or third significant figure should be
sufficient. For example, 10,863,425 tons at 8.23 per cent zinc could be stated as 11 million tons at 8.2
percent or 10.9 million tons at 8.23 percent zinc.

29. In addition to the various metals and other commodities that are being reported, the
presence of material deleterious elements, contaminants or minerals that may affect
workplace safety and environmental conditions, and processing and/or marketing of
the saleable product must be disclosed to the extent known. Examples of such
deleterious elements and minerals may include (but are not limited to) talc, asbestos,
iron, arsenic, antimony, fluorine, mercury, thorium, uranium, beryllium, bismuth,
cadmium, cobalt, chromium and lead (where these are not a primary focus of
exploration). In addition to these elements, the presence, or potential presence, of
significant amounts of unwanted potential acid-generating iron sulfides (pyrite,
pyrrhotite) and iron sulfates in the product or waste materials should be reported if
direct test work has been completed.

Exploration Targets

30. An Exploration Target is a statement or estimate of the exploration potential of

a mineral deposit in a defined geological setting where the statement or estimate,
quoted as a range of tons and a range of grade or quality, relates to
mineralization for which there has been insufficient exploration to estimate
Mineral Resources.

It is recognized that it is common practice for an entity to comment on and discuss its exploration
strategy in terms of target size and type. Any such information relating to exploration target size must
not be expressed in a way that could be confused as an estimate of Mineral Resources or Mineral
Reserves. Any statement referring to potential quantity and grade of the target must be expressed as
ranges and must include a detailed explanation of the basis for the assumptions made and procedures
used to estimate ranges of tonnage and grade or quality, and extent. There must also be a proximate
statement that the potential quantity and grade is conceptual in nature, that there has been insufficient
exploration to define a Mineral Resource, and that it is uncertain if further exploration will result in the
determination of a Mineral Resource. The detailed explanation of the basis for the statement of a target

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 must specifically discuss the geological setting and exploration strategy, exploration activity already
completed and the presence of or lack of the following attributes:
x mineralized outcrops and assays,
x surface geochemical and physical sampling results,
x surface and subsurface geophysical survey results, and
x drill holes, test pits, and underground workings.
Proposed exploration activities designed to test the validity of an exploration target should be detailed
and include the timeframe within which they are expected to be completed.

Exploration Results
31. Exploration Results include data and information generated by mineral
exploration programs that might be of use to investors but which do not form
part of a declaration of Mineral Resources or Mineral Reserves.

Exploration Results may or may not be part of a formal declaration of Mineral

Resources and Mineral Reserves.

The reporting of such information is common in the early stages of exploration when the quantity of
data available is generally not sufficient to allow any reasonable estimates of Mineral Resources.

If an entity reports Exploration Results in relation to mineralization not classified as a Mineral Resource
or a Mineral Reserve, then estimates of tonnages and average grade or quality must not be assigned to
the mineralization unless the situation is covered in Clause 30 above, and then only in strict accordance
with the requirements of that clause.

Examples of Exploration Results include results of outcrop sampling, geological mapping, assays of drill
hole intercepts, geochemical and physical test results, and geophysical survey results.

32. Public Reports of Exploration Results must contain sufficient information to allow a
considered and balanced judgment of their significance. Reports must include
relevant information such as exploration context, type and method of sampling,
sampling intervals and methods, relevant sample locations, distribution, dimensions
and relative location of all relevant assay and physical data, data aggregation methods,
land tenure status plus information on any of the other criteria listed in Table 1 that
are material to such an assessment.

Public reports of Exploration Results must not be presented so as to unreasonably

imply that potentially economic mineralization has been discovered. If appropriate to
the deposit type, true widths of mineralized zones must be reported. Where true
widths cannot be reported, an appropriate qualification must be included in the public
report.

Where assay and analytical results are reported, they must be reported using one of the following
methods, selected as the most appropriate by the Competent Person:

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 x either by listing all results, along with sample intervals (or size, in the case of bulk samples), or
x by reporting weighted average grades of mineralized zones, indicating clearly how the grades were
calculated.

Clear diagrams and maps designed to represent the geological context must be included in the report.
These must include, but not be limited to a plan view of material drill hole collar locations with
geological features and appropriate sectional views including these geologic boundaries. If drill holes
are not considered to be material by the Competent Person, this must be explained in the Public Report.

Reporting of selected information such as isolated assays, isolated drill holes, assays of panned
concentrates or supergene enriched soils or surface samples, without placing them in perspective in the
report is unacceptable.

Table 1 contains a checklist and guideline to which those preparing reports on Exploration Results
should refer. The checklist is not prescriptive and, as always transparency and materiality are overriding
principles, which determine what information should be reported publicly.

Mineral Resources

33. A Mineral Resource is a concentration or occurrence of solid material of

economic interest in or on the Earth’s crust in such form, grade or quality and
quantity that there are reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction.
The location, quantity, grade or quality, continuity and other geological
characteristics of a Mineral Resource are known, estimated or interpreted from
specific geological evidence and knowledge, including sampling.

Mineral Resources are subdivided, in order of increasing geoscientific confidence,

into Inferred, Indicated and Measured classes.

Portions of a deposit that do not have reasonable prospects for eventual economic
extraction must not be included in a Mineral Resource.

The term “Mineral Resource” encompasses mineralization (including, in certain instances, dumps and
tailings) which has been identified within reasonable spatial limits and estimated through exploration
and sampling and within which Mineral Reserves may be defined by the detailed consideration and
application of Modifying Factors. Mineral Resources are based on information gathered through
appropriate techniques from locations such as outcrops, trenches, pits, workings and drill holes.
In some cases both grade and quality are known, estimated or interpreted from specific geological
evidence and knowledge, including sampling. An example would be nickel and the silica/magnesia
ratio in lateritic nickel deposits.
The term “reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction” implies a judgment (albeit
preliminary) by the Competent Person with respect to the technical and economic factors likely to
influence the prospect of economic extraction, including the approximate mining parameters, such as
dilution, mining recovery, and minimum mining thickness. In other words, a Mineral Resource is not an
inventory of all mineralization drilled or sampled, regardless of cut-off grade, likely mining dimensions,
location, or continuity; rather it is a realistic estimate of mineralization which, under assumed and
justifiable technical and economic conditions, might become economically extractable. Portions of a

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 deposit that do not have potential for eventual economic extraction, or which contain significant
amounts of deleterious elements/minerals for which adequate test work has not been carried out,
cannot be included.
The term “reasonable prospects” implies that Measured, Indicated, and Inferred Mineral Resources are
constrained within pit shells for surface mining methods and constrained to coherent zones for
underground extraction, both of which support mining, processing and future development cost
estimates. A deposit model is required, which may be a computer-generated block model or a model
based on maps, plans or sections. If necessary, viable beneficiation process(es) must be identified to
meet the criteria for reasonable prospects. Economic criteria should be applied in like manner to all
classes of Mineral Resources (Measured, Indicated and Inferred). All material assumptions made in
determining the reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction must be documented and
justified.
Interpretation of the word “eventual” in this context may vary depending on the commodity or mineral
involved. For example, for some coal, iron ore, bauxite and other bulk minerals or commodities, it may
be reasonable to envisage eventual economic extraction as covering time periods in excess of 50
years. For many smaller deposits, application of the concept would normally be restricted to perhaps
10-15 years and frequently to much shorter periods of time. Interpretation and judgement of the word
“eventual” is the responsibility of the Competent Person.
Commodity prices used in Mineral Resource reporting should be based on a reasonable and
supportable range of commodity prices. If prices used for Mineral Resource estimation differ from those
used for Mineral Reserve reporting, these differences should be documented and justified.
Mineralized stope fill, mineralized in situ remnants, shaft and stope pillars left for ground support
purposes, and stockpiles of mineralized material, old dumps and tailings can be considered when
reporting Mineral Resources provided they have reasonable prospects for eventual economic
extraction.
When publishing Mineral Resource estimates, a statement should be made that, while the estimate of
Mineral Resources is based on the Competent Person’s judgment that there are reasonable prospects
for eventual economic extraction, no assurance can be given that Mineral Resources will eventually
convert to Mineral Reserves. Consideration should also be given to publication of the reasons why a
reported Mineral Resource was not reported as a Mineral Reserve, e.g. capital requirement to develop
the project may not have been approved.
Certain reports (e.g., inventory reports, exploration reports to a government and other similar reports
not intended for providing information for investment purposes) may require full disclosure of all
mineralization, including some material that does not have reasonable prospects for eventual economic
extraction. Such estimates of mineralization would not qualify as Mineral Resources by this definition
and therefore are not reportable publicly.
The terms “Coal Resources” and Mineral Resources can be used interchangeably where it is customary
to do so, for coal deposits.
Table 1 contains a checklist and guidelines to which those preparing reports on Mineral Resources
should refer (in particular, uncertainties with respect to geological interpretations, the geometry of
mineralization boundaries, sampling and assay data, and estimates of grade and tonnage). The
checklist is not prescriptive and, as always transparency and materiality are overriding principles which
determine what information should be reported publicly.

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34. An Inferred Mineral Resource is that part of a Mineral Resource for which
quantity and grade or quality are estimated on the basis of limited geological
evidence and sampling. Geological evidence is sufficient to imply but not verify
geological and grade or quality continuity.

An Inferred Mineral Resource has a lower level of confidence than that applying
to an Indicated Mineral Resource and must not be converted to a Mineral
Reserve. It is reasonably expected that the majority of Inferred Mineral
Resources could be upgraded to Indicated Mineral Resources with continued
exploration.

The “Inferred” class is intended to cover situations where a mineral concentration or occurrence has
been identified and limited measurements and sampling completed, but the data are sufficient to allow
the inference of geological (and grade or quality) continuity. An Inferred Mineral Resource can be
based on interpolation between widely spaced data where there is reason to expect geological
continuity of mineralization, but not excessively extrapolated from the data. The proportion of
extrapolated Mineral Resource outside the nominal drill grid spacing must be limited and disclosed.

Confidence in the estimate is sufficient to allow the application of assumed but not verified technical
and economic parameters for conceptual planning. However, confidence is often not sufficient to allow
the results of the application of these technical and economic parameters to be used for incremental
planning and production scheduling. For this reason, there is no direct link from an Inferred Mineral
Resource to any class of Mineral Reserves (see Figure 1). Caution should be exercised if Inferred
Mineral Resources are considered in technical and/or economic studies. This class of material should
not be used to economically support Mineral Reserves.

Inferred Mineral Resources should exclude material for which there are insufficient data to allow the
inference of geological and grade continuity. Inferred Mineral Resources are intended to be sufficiently
defined that their overall tonnages, grades and mineral contents can be estimated with a reasonable
level of confidence.

35. An Indicated Mineral Resource is that part of a Mineral Resource for which
quantity, grade or quality, densities, shape and physical characteristics are
estimated with sufficient confidence to allow the application of Modifying
Factors in sufficient detail to support mine planning and evaluation of the
economic viability of the deposit. Geological evidence is derived from
adequately detailed and reliable exploration, sampling and testing and is
sufficient to assume geological and grade or quality continuity between points of
observation.

An Indicated Mineral Resource has a lower level of confidence than that

applying to a Measured Mineral Resource and may only be converted to a
Probable Mineral Reserve.

A deposit or part of a deposit may be classified as an Indicated Mineral Resource when the nature,
quality, amount and distribution of data are such as to allow the Competent Person determining the
Mineral Resource to confidently interpret the geological framework and to assume physical continuity of
mineralization. Confidence in the estimate is sufficient to allow the appropriate application of technical
and economic parameters to prepare incremental mine plans (typically annual or phases) and

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 production schedules and to enable an evaluation of economic viability. Overall confidence in the
estimates is high, while local confidence is reasonable. The Competent Person must recognize the
importance of the Indicated Mineral Resource class to the advancement of the feasibility of the project.
An Indicated Mineral Resource estimate is of sufficient quality to support detailed technical and
economic studies leading to Probable Mineral Reserves which can serve as the basis for major
development decisions.

In assessing continuity between points of observation, the Competent Person must consider the likely
cut-off grade and geometric limits that would be used to prepare incremental (e.g. annual or phases)
mine plans.

36. A Measured Mineral Resource is that part of a Mineral Resource for which
quantity, grade or quality, densities, shape, and physical characteristics are
estimated with confidence sufficient to allow the application of Modifying
Factors to support detailed mine planning and final evaluation of the economic
viability of the deposit. Geological evidence is derived from detailed and reliable
exploration, sampling and testing and is sufficient to confirm geological and
grade or quality continuity between points of observation.

A Measured Mineral Resource has a higher level of confidence than that

applying to either an Indicated Mineral Resource or an Inferred Mineral
Resource. It may be converted to a Proven Mineral Reserve or to a Probable
Mineral Reserve.

A deposit or part of a deposit may be classified as a Measured Mineral Resource when the nature,
quality, amount and distribution of data are such as to leave no reasonable doubt, in the opinion of the
Competent Person determining the Mineral Resource, that the tonnage, grade, and geometry of
production planning and scheduling increments can be estimated within close limits and that any
variation from the estimate would not significantly affect potential economic viability of individual
increments (typically quarterly or smaller). This class requires a high level of confidence in, and
understanding of, the geology and controls of the mineral deposit. A Measured Mineral Resource
estimate is of sufficient quality to support detailed technical and economic studies leading to Mineral
Reserves which can serve as the basis for major development decisions with no additional sampling or
other geological definition required to support these decisions.

37. The choice of the appropriate class of Mineral Resource depends upon the quantity,
distribution and quality of data available, the level of confidence that attaches to those
data, and the specific details of the estimation methodology applied. The appropriate
Mineral Resource class must be determined by the Competent Person.

Mineral Resource classification is a matter for skilled judgment, and the Competent Person should take
into account those items in Table 1 which relate to confidence in Mineral Resource estimation.

In deciding between Measured Mineral Resource and Indicated Mineral Resource, the Competent
Person may find it useful to consider, in addition to the phrases relating to geological and grade
continuity in Clauses 35 and 36, (i) the phrase in the guideline to the definition for Measured Mineral
Resource: “.... any variation from the estimate would not significantly affect potential economic viability
of individual increments (typically quarterly or smaller)” and (ii) the guideline to the definition for
Indicated Mineral Resource in Clause 35 “Confidence in the estimate is sufficient to allow the

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 appropriate application of technical and economic parameters to prepare incremental plans (typically
annual or phases) and production schedules and to enable an evaluation of economic viability”, which
contrasts with the guideline to the definition for Inferred Mineral Resource in Clause 34: “Confidence in
the estimate is sufficient to allow the application of assumed but not verified technical and economic
parameters for conceptual planning”.

Where deleterious elements/minerals are present that may have an impact on application of the
Modifying Factors; their impact must be taken into account when classifying the Mineral Resources as
Inferred, Indicated, or Measured.

38. The words “ore” and “reserves” must not be used in stating Mineral Resource
estimates as the terms imply that technical feasibility and economic viability have
been demonstrated and are only appropriate when all relevant mining, processing,
metallurgical, economic, marketing, legal, environmental, infrastructure, social and
governmental factors have been considered. Reports and statements should continue
to refer to the appropriate class or classes of Mineral Resources until technical
feasibility and economic viability have been established by appropriate studies. If re-
evaluation indicates that the Mineral Reserves are no longer viable, the Mineral
Reserves must be reclassified as Mineral Resources or removed from Mineral
Resource/Mineral Reserve statements altogether.

It is not intended that reclassification from Mineral Reserves to Mineral Resources should be applied as
a result of changes expected to be of a short-term or temporary nature, or where management has
made a deliberate decision to operate on a non-economic basis. Examples of such situations might be
a commodity price decrease expected to be of short duration, mine emergency of a non-permanent
nature, transport strike, etc.

Mineral Reserves

39. A Mineral Reserve is the economically mineable part of a Measured and/or

Indicated Mineral Resource. It includes diluting materials and allowances for
losses, which may occur when the material is mined or extracted and is defined
by appropriate level of study at Pre-Feasibility, Feasibility, or equivalent, that
includes the application of Modifying Factors. Such studies demonstrate that, at
the time of reporting, extraction could reasonably be justified. The reference
point at which Reserves are defined, usually the point where the ore is delivered
to the processing plant, must be stated. It is important that, in all situations
where the reference point is different, such as for a saleable product, a clarifying
statement is included to ensure that the reader is fully informed as to what is
being reported.

Mineral Reserves are those portions of Mineral Resources that result in an estimated tonnage and
grade which, in the opinion of the Competent Person making the estimates, can be the basis of an
economically viable project after taking account of all relevant Modifying Factors. Mineral Reserves are
subdivided in order of increasing confidence into Probable Mineral Reserves and Proven Mineral
Reserves. The term “economically viable” implies that extraction of the Mineral Reserve has been
established or analytically demonstrated (e.g. such as by a cash flow in the report) to be viable and

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 justifiable under reasonable investment and market assumptions. The term Mineral Reserve need not
necessarily signify that extraction facilities are in place or operative or that all governmental approvals
have been received. It does signify that there are reasonable expectations of timely approvals.

This guidance does not imply that an economic operation must have Proven Mineral Reserves.
Situations arise where Probable Mineral Reserves alone may be sufficient to justify development and
operation.

At operating properties (brownfield projects) an economic life of mine plan can be considered as the
appropriate level of study for the reporting of Mineral Reserves, unless those reserves require
significant new infrastructure, such as a new shaft or a new processing method and associated plant.

The terms “Ore Reserves” and “Mineral Reserves” can be used interchangeably where it is customary
to do so, usually for metallic deposits and some industrial minerals. The terms “Coal Reserves” and
“Mineral Reserves” can be used interchangeably where it is customary to do so, for coal deposits.

Table 1 contains a checklist and guidelines to which those preparing reports on Mineral Reserves
should refer. The checklist is not prescriptive and, as always transparency and materiality are
overriding principles that determine what information should be reported publicly.

40. A Probable Mineral Reserve is the economically mineable part of an Indicated

and, in some circumstances, a Measured Mineral Resource. The confidence in
the Modifying Factors applying to a Probable Mineral Reserve is lower than that
applying to a Proven Mineral Reserve.

When the confidence in the Modifying Factor(s) becomes lower, a Measured Mineral Resource may be
reclassified as a Probable Mineral Reserve.

A Probable Mineral Reserve has a lower level of confidence than a Proven Mineral Reserve but is
sufficient to serve as the basis for a decision to develop the deposit.

41. A Proven Mineral Reserve is the economically mineable part of a Measured

Mineral Resource. A Proven Mineral Reserve implies a high degree of
confidence in the Modifying Factors.

A Proven Mineral Reserve represents the highest degree of confidence in the estimate. The style of
mineralization or other factors could mean that a Proven Mineral Reserve cannot be demonstrated in
some deposits. Competent Persons should be aware of the consequences of declaring a Proven
Mineral Reserve before satisfying themselves that all of the relevant Mineral Resource parameters and
Modifying Factors have been established at a similarly high level of confidence. Subsequent retraction
of a publicly reported Proven Mineral Reserve can lead to investor uncertainty and lack of corporate
confidence.

Issues with the confidence in the Modifying Factors could mean that some Measured Mineral
Resources may not be converted to a Proven Mineral Reserve.

42. The choice of the appropriate class of Mineral Reserve is determined primarily by the
classification of the corresponding Mineral Resource and after considering any
uncertainties in the Modifying Factors. Allocation to the appropriate class must be
made by the Competent Person.
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 The Guide provides for a direct relationship between Indicated Mineral Resources and Probable
Mineral Reserves and between Measured Mineral Resources and Proven Mineral Reserves. In other
words, the level of geoscientific confidence for Probable Mineral Reserves is at least as high as that
required for the determination of Indicated Mineral Resources, and the level of geoscientific confidence
for Proven Reserves is the same as that required for the determination of Measured Mineral Resources.

The Guide provides for a two-way relationship between Measured Mineral Resources and Probable
Mineral Reserves. This is to cover the situation where uncertainties associated with any of the
Modifying Factors considered when converting Mineral Resources to Mineral Reserves may result in
there being a lower degree of confidence in the Mineral Reserves than in the corresponding Mineral
Resources. Such a conversion would not imply a reduction in the level of geoscientific knowledge or
confidence.

If the uncertainties in the Modifying Factors that prevented the Measured Mineral Resource being
converted to a Proven Mineral Reserve are removed, then the Measured Mineral Resource may be
converted to a Proven Mineral Reserve. No amount of confidence in the Modifying Factors for
conversion of a Mineral Resource into a Mineral Reserve can override the upper level of confidence
which exists in the Mineral Resource. Under no circumstances can an Indicated Mineral Resource be
converted to a Proven Mineral Reserve, unless new information first justifies conversion to a Measured
Mineral Resource. Under no circumstances can an Inferred Mineral Resource be converted to a
Mineral Reserve unless first converted to an Indicated or Measured Mineral Resource.

43. Mineral Reserve reports must specify one or both of the classes of “Proven” and
“Probable”. Reports that combine Proven and Probable Mineral Reserve figures must
provide estimates for each class as well. When reporting a Mineral Reserve, tonnages,
grades and mineral or metal contents must be reported after taking into account
mining loss and mining dilution. Saleable contents including the point of sale
(reference point) can be reported after taking into account processing recoveries. If
processing recoveries are not taken into account, the percentage expected to be
recovered or lost during processing must be reported.

44. In situations in which figures for both Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves are
reported, the Public Report must include a statement that clearly indicates whether the
Mineral Resources are inclusive of, or exclusive of those Mineral Resources that have
been modified to produce Mineral Reserves.

For transparency, it is preferred that Mineral Resources be reported as exclusive of Mineral Reserves.
However, in some situations, there are reasons for reporting Mineral Resources inclusive of Mineral
Reserves. It must be made clear which form of reporting has been adopted. Appropriate forms of
clarifying statements may be:

“The Measured and Indicated Mineral Resources are exclusive of (in addition to) Mineral Reserves.”
OR “The Measured and Indicated Mineral Resources are inclusive of those modified to produce Mineral
Reserves.”

In the latter instance, if any portions of Measured and Indicated Mineral Resources have not been
modified to produce Mineral Reserves, the relevant details (primarily grade and tonnage) of these
unmodified Mineral Resources should be included in the report. This is to assist the reader of the

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 report in making a judgment of the likelihood of the unmodified Measured and Indicated Mineral
Resources eventually being converted to Mineral Reserves.

Mineral Resources (whether inclusive or exclusive of Mineral Reserves) must be tabulated separately
from Mineral Reserves. If Mineral Resources are reported exclusive of Mineral Reserves, they must
not be aggregated because the resulting total will be misleading and may be misunderstood or, more
seriously, misused to give a false impression of the prospectivity of a project.

45. Public reporting of a Mineral Reserve will normally indicate an entity has intent to
mine, or that a tangible asset has been defined for potential sale or lease.

Where Mineral Reserves have been defined but are scheduled to be mined at a date some distance in
the future, sufficient assurance should be available on an annual basis that, in the judgment of the
Competent Person, and endorsed by the reporting entity, that application of the Modifying Factors can
still support the publicly reported reserves.

46. A Reserve Test is conducted at least annually for mineral properties to verify that the
future undiscounted cash flow from reserves is positive. The cash flow ignores all
sunk costs and only considers future operating (including royalties and severance
taxes) and closure expenses as well as future capital costs. The Reserve Test uses
commodity price(s) as discussed in Clause 52 and un-inflated costs.

If the Reserve Test has a negative cash flow, part of the higher cost sections in the Mineral Reserve
estimate will need to be eliminated to achieve positive cash flow. If a positive cash flow cannot be
achieved, a Mineral Reserve can no longer be reported.

Technical Studies
47. Study definitions are included in the Guide to provide clarity on what is expected
when reporting using the terms “Scoping Study”, “Pre-Feasibility Study”, or
“Feasibility Study”. The definition of a Scoping Study has been included because of
the common usage of the term in Public Reports.

Attention is drawn to the requirement for a Pre-Feasibility Study or a Feasibility Study to have been
completed for the Public Reporting of a Mineral Reserve in Clause 39. A Mineral Reserve must not be
reported based on the completion of a Scoping Study. Table 1 shows typical assessment criteria for
Technical Studies. Table 2 shows the range of accuracy of cost estimates for Technical Studies.

Formal assessment of relevant criteria, as listed in Tables 1 and 2, is required in order to determine
how much available Measured and Indicated Mineral Resource may be converted to Mineral Reserves.

48. A Scoping Study is an order of magnitude technical and economic study of the
potential viability of Mineral Resources that includes appropriate assessments of
realistically assumed Modifying Factors together with any other relevant
operational factors that are necessary to demonstrate at the time of reporting
that progress to a Pre-Feasibility Study can be reasonably justified.

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 Scoping Studies are commonly early economic evaluations of a project and may be based on a
combination of directly gathered project data together with assumptions sourced from similar deposits
or operations to the case envisaged. Scoping Studies are also commonly used internally by entities for
comparative and planning purposes. Reporting the general results of a Scoping Study needs to be
undertaken with care and should include appropriate cautionary statements to ensure there is no
implication that Mineral Reserves have been established or that economic development is assured. In
this regard it may be appropriate to indicate the Mineral Resource inputs to the Scoping Study and the
processes applied. If the Scoping Study is partially or wholly supported by Inferred Mineral Resources,
this must be clearly stated, and a cautionary statement must be included. A Scoping Study must not be
used as a basis for estimation of Mineral Reserves.

Scoping Studies also have been called Preliminary Economic Assessments or Conceptual Studies.
“Order of magnitude” as used herein typically implies that cost estimates will have an accuracy level of
approximately ±50% (see Table 2).

49. A Pre-Feasibility Study is a comprehensive study that may include a range of

options for the technical and economic viability of a mineral project that has
advanced to a stage where a preferred mining method, in the case of
underground mining, or the pit configuration, in the case of an open pit, is
established and an effective method of mineral processing is determined. It
includes a financial analysis based on the Modifying Factors and the evaluation
of any other relevant factors which are sufficient for a Competent Person, acting
reasonably, to determine if all or part of the Mineral Resource may be converted
to a Mineral Reserve at the time of reporting. A Pre-Feasibility Study is at a
lower confidence level than a Feasibility Study.

A Pre-Feasibility Study will consider the application and description of all Modifying Factors to
demonstrate economic viability of Measured and Indicated Mineral Resources to support declaration of
a Mineral Reserve. Inferred Mineral Resources must be excluded from demonstration of economic
viability in support of declaration of a Mineral Reserve. A Pre-Feasibility Study will identify the preferred
mining, processing, and infrastructure requirements and capacities, but may not have finalized these
matters. Assessments of environmental and socio-economic impacts and requirements will be well
advanced (refer to Table 1, Articles G and H). The Pre-Feasibility Study will highlight areas that require
further refinement within the final study stage.

50. A Feasibility Study is a comprehensive technical and economic study of the

selected development option for a mineral project that includes appropriately
detailed assessments of applicable Modifying Factors together with any other
relevant operational factors and detailed financial analysis that are necessary to
demonstrate at the time of reporting that extraction is reasonably justified
(economically mineable). The results of the study may reasonably serve as the
basis for a final decision by a proponent or financial institution to proceed with,
or finance, the development of the project. The confidence level of the study will
be higher than that of a Pre-Feasibility Study.

A Feasibility Study is of a higher degree of accuracy than a Pre-feasibility Study and would normally
contain mining, infrastructure, and process designs completed with sufficient rigor to serve as the basis
for an investment decision or to support project financing. The Feasibility Study will contain the

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 application and description of relevant criteria (as outlined in Tables 1 and 2) in a more detailed form or
with more certainty than the Pre-feasibility Study, and will address detailed mining schedules,
construction and production ramp up, and project execution plans.

Terms such as “Full, Final, Comprehensive, Bankable, Definitive” Feasibility Study are noted as being
equivalent to a Feasibility Study.

The Guide does not require that a Feasibility Study has been undertaken to convert Mineral Resources
to Mineral Reserves, but it does require that at least a Pre-feasibility Study will have determined that the
mining project is technically and economically feasible, and that relevant Modifying Factors have been
considered for such a conversion. However, there may be some projects for which the Competent
Person determines that a Feasibility Study, instead of a Pre-Feasibility Study, is required before the
Mineral Resources may be converted to Mineral Reserves due to uncertainties in the Modifying Factors.

Commodity Pricing and Marketing

51. Commodity prices and sales volume expectations used for the determination of
Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves should be based on forward-looking
estimates reflecting management’s reasonable and supportable short- and long-term
expectations as supported by all available evidence, which may include consensus
forecasts. The basis for the selected prices and sales volumes must be justified and
supported by appropriate documentation. The Competent Person must ascertain that
these prices and volumes are consistent with historical prices or with sales agreements
and marketing determinations.

52. For current mining operations, the price and volume profile used for Mineral
Resources and Mineral Reserve estimation can reflect current market conditions for
short-term forecasts, while trending with time upward or downward toward the long-
term price and volume estimates based on management’s expectations. For
undeveloped Mineral Reserves, management should use their long-term price and
volume expectations.

53. For commodities sold under existing contracts, Mineral Resources and Mineral
Reserves should be determined based on contract terms. For Mineral Reserves whose
production would extend beyond the quantities specified in existing contracts,
reasonable and supportable assumptions should be made to determine the likelihood
of contract renewal and prices applicable for the estimation and reporting of these
Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves.

54. To demonstrate the economic feasibility of a Mineral Reserve, the estimated prices,
combined with other engineering parameters and Modifying Factors, must be applied
to only Measured and Indicated Mineral Resources.

Mineral Reserves are the economically mineable part of a Measured or Indicated Mineral Resource;
hence, appropriate assessments must demonstrate at the time of reporting that extraction is reasonably

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 justified. This requires that assumptions are made concerning the price of the commodity or product
that will be sold when the mine is in production.

Mineral Reserves are estimated and published to supply information to investors concerning the value
of the deposit and the risk which may be associated with its development. Mineral Reserves are used
by management, in conjunction with Mineral Resources, for short-term, long-term and strategic
planning. They play a critical role in accounting, including impairment testing, fair value accounting,
calculation of depreciation, depletion and accumulated retirement obligation provision rates. To supply
investors with information which is consistent with management’s plans and financial reporting,
commodity prices used for the determination of Mineral Reserves should be based on forward-looking
estimates reflecting management’s reasonable expectations as supported by all available evidence.

Most commodities, whether sold using publicly quoted prices (e.g., base metals and precious metals) or
under long term contract (e.g., coal and iron ore), experience long-term price cycles. Price
expectations should reflect current prices as well as long-term trends. Overly optimistic or pessimistic
price expectations could result in significant over or underestimation of Mineral Reserves. It is the
responsibility of management and the Competent Person to determine whether the prices used for
Mineral Reserve estimation are reasonable and supportable, given all available information.

During periods of low prices, a mining company may choose to temporarily curtail operations and
conserve the asset until prices recover. When such actions are taken, this information must be publicly
disclosed. In such circumstances, previously published Mineral Reserves may not have to be written
off, provided, in the opinion of management and the Competent Person, higher future prices can be
reasonably and supportably assumed, and it can reasonably expected that operations will be resumed..

The documentation supporting management’s expectations should include: comparison of prices with
historical and current prices and forward curves, contracts and market considerations, currency
exchange rates where applicable, third party sources, and supplemental information.

55. Public disclosure of prices used for Mineral Reserve estimation is required except in
the case of exemptions discussed here. It is recognized that in some cases, such as
when a product is sold under long term contract, the terms of which must be kept
confidential, there can be valid commercial reasons for non-disclosure of prices.
There are circumstances where disclosure of long term price assumptions used for
business planning and Mineral Reserve reporting can be detrimental to the entity and
the investors, such as when bidding for sales contracts or property acquisitions. If
prices are not published, the reasons must be documented. Supporting documentation
may be treated as confidential but should be available for review by auditors or
regulators when required. Whether or not commodity prices used to estimate Mineral
Reserves are published, the overall methodology used to determine those prices
should be disclosed. Such disclosure should be in a form which helps investors
determine whether, in their own opinion, prices used represent reasonable views of
future prices.

Permitting and Legal Requirements

56. For a mineral deposit to be considered a Mineral Reserve, it is required that legally
enforceable mineral title sufficient to have access to the mineral rights for exploration,

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 development and extraction, is controlled by the reporting entity at the time of
determination. If the reporting entity is leasing or sub-leasing the mineral, the lease
or sub-lease should be from an entity which has control of the necessary mineral titles.
There must be no known material obstacles to mining, such as those which could
cause shut down of mines or processing plants, or failure to get permits or social
license to operate. There must be a reasonable expectation by the Competent Person,
often through reliance on legal and permitting experts that all permits, ancillary rights
(including water rights) and authorizations required for mining, and to the extent
applicable, processing and marketing, can be obtained in a timely fashion, and
maintained for ongoing operations.

The reporting entity must complete a review of all legal and permitting requirements and document the
results of this review. Local environmental laws and processes must be taken into account. To
demonstrate reasonable expectation that all permits, ancillary rights and authorizations can be obtained,
the reporting entity must show understanding of the procedures to be followed to obtain such permits,
ancillary rights and authorizations. Demonstrating earlier success in obtaining the necessary permits
can be used to document the likelihood of future success. If permits are required, but there is no
defined procedure to obtain such permits, reasonable expectation of success may be difficult to support.

Information that materially increases or decreases the risk that the necessary legal rights or permits will
be obtained must be publicly disclosed. It is recognized that the legal and permitting environment may
change over time and that such changes could have an impact on Mineral Reserve estimation. If it is
determined that obstacles arise or are eliminated, the Mineral Reserve estimates must be adjusted
accordingly.

It is recognized that some permits cannot be obtained until after a Mineral Reserve has been declared.
There might be sound business reasons why obtaining some permits should be postponed. It is also
recognized that waiting for all permits to be on hand could result in critical information not being
released to the investors in a timely fashion, and therefore it is recommended that disclosure of material
information occur prior to obtaining permits as appropriate.

Documentation should include a brief description of the title, claim, lease or option under which the
reporting entity has the right to hold or operate the property, indicating any conditions that the registrant
must meet in order to obtain or retain the property. Royalty terms and clawback rights of former claim
holders also must be disclosed. If held by leases or options, the expiration dates of such leases or
options should be stated. If extension of leases or options will be needed to mine the Mineral Reserves,
there should be reasonable expectation that such extension will be granted.

Information relating to this review of legal and permitting issues must be documented either in full or by
reference. The information may remain confidential to the reporting entity. However, when required, it
may be released to regulators or auditors on a confidential basis.

57. If the reporting entity has title to a mineral deposit that meets all the Mineral Reserve
criteria, and the reporting entity licenses, leases, or subleases the Mineral Reserves to
another entity for economic consideration, the Mineral Reserves that have been
licensed, leased, or subleased, must be reported by the reporting entity (the lessor) as
a subset of the entity’s total Mineral Reserves.

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 If the reporting entity has licensed, leased, or subleased Mineral Reserves from
another entity, the Mineral Reserves that have been licensed, leased, or subleased,
must be reported by the reporting entity (the lessee) as a subset of the entity’s total
Mineral Reserves.

This requirement for additional disclosure is particularly relevant to mineral holding companies whose
business is leasing mineral properties, acquiring royalty streams, or production sharing.

Environmental, Social and Health and Safety Considerations

58. Public reports should discuss environmental, social (sustainability), and health and
safety impacts that are expected during development, operation and after closure.
These impacts will affect employees, contractors, neighboring communities, and
customers. Past achievements should be used to engage all stakeholders and to plan
for continued benefits for all concerned parties.

The Competent Person should ensure the report discusses reasonably available information on
environmental, permitting, and social or community factors related to the project. Consideration should
be given to include, where relevant:

x a summary of the results of any environmental studies and a discussion of any known
environmental issues that could materially impact the issuer’s ability to extract the mineral
resources or mineral reserves,
x requirements and plans for waste and tailings disposal, site monitoring, and water
management both during operations and post mine closure,
x project permitting requirements, the status of any permit applications, and any known
requirements to post performance or reclamation bonds,
x a discussion of any potential social or community related requirements and plans for the
project and the status of any negotiations or agreements with local communities,
x a discussion of mine closure (remediation and reclamation) requirements and costs, and
x “Conflict Minerals” should be considered and addressed.

Mineralized Fill, Pillars, Low-Grade Mineralization, Stockpiles, Dumps

and Tailings
59. This clause of the Guide applies to the reporting of all potentially economic
mineralized material including mineralized fill, pillars, low-grade mineralization,
stockpiles, dumps, and tailings.

For the purposes of the Guide, mineralized stope fill and stockpiles of mineralized material can be
considered to be similar to in situ mineralization when reporting Mineral Resources and Mineral
Reserves. Consequently the Competent Person carrying out the assessment of the fill or stockpiles
must use the basis of classification outlined in the Guide. The Competent Person should make a
judgment about the mineability of fill, remnants and pillars.

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 Stockpiles are defined to include both surface and underground stockpiles, including broken ore in
stopes, and can include ore currently in the ore storage system. Stockpiles in the course of being
processed (including leaching), if reported and of material importance, should be reported separately
together with the basis for estimation. If some portion is currently sub-economic, but there is a
reasonable expectation that it will become economic, then this material may be classified as a Mineral
Resource. Such stockpile material may include old dumps and tailings storage facility material. If
technical and economic studies have demonstrated that economic extraction could reasonably be
justified under realistically assumed conditions, then the material may be classified as a Mineral
Reserve.

Mineralized remnants, shaft pillars and mining pillars which are potentially mineable and meet the
requirements of having reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction are in situ mineralization
and consequently are included in the Guide definitions of Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves.
Because processing recoveries for previously mined material (mineralized fill, stockpiles, dumps, and
tailings) are usually different from those expected from un-mined in situ material, the Competent Person
should make a judgment regarding the required direct sampling and test work to support processing
recoveries that can be expected from these types of materials.

For historic tailings, surface or underground stockpiles and waste dumps, production records may not
be available describing these materials in sufficient detail. In these cases, the contained grade(s) of the
material must be defined by additional sampling. In some cases it may be difficult to define the grade
adequately due to sampling issues. In such cases the Competent Person should use caution in
defining the estimated grade and the classification of this material. For clarity of understanding, it is
recommended that tonnage and grade estimates of such materials be itemized separately in Public
Reports if they are of material quantity.

The above guidelines apply equally to low-grade in situ mineralization, sometimes referred to
colloquially as “mineralized waste” or “marginal-grade material”, and often intended for stockpiling and
treatment towards the end of mine life. For clarity of understanding, it is recommended that tonnage
and grade estimates be itemized separately in Public Reports.

Exploration Results for Coal, Coal Resources and Coal Reserves

60. The clauses in this section of the Guide address matters that relate specifically to the
Public Reporting of Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves for coal. Coal
generally is sold on the basis of product specifications and market acceptance. Such
factors as quality and marketability are therefore important and should be considered
carefully before declaring Coal Resources or Coal Reserves. Unless otherwise stated,
all other clauses in this Guide, including Figure 1 and Tables 1 and 2, apply to
Exploration Results, Exploration Targets, Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves
for coal.

When reporting information and estimates for coal deposits, the key principles and purpose of the
Guide apply and should be borne in mind. The requirements for coal are generally similar to those for
other commodities with the replacement of terms such as ”mineral” by “coal” and “grade” by “quality”.
Because of coal-specific characteristics – including (i) geological continuity over large areas, (ii) the
strategic value of controlling long-term reserves, and (iii) product pricing highly dependent on deposit
location and coal quality – the most significant requirements which must be satisfied before a Coal

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 Resource or a Coal Reserve is declared are not necessarily the same for coal as they are for other
minerals.

61. The terms “Mineral Resource” and “Mineral Reserve”, and the subdivisions of these
terms as illustrated on Figure 1, apply also to coal reporting, but if preferred by the
reporting entity, the terms “Coal Resource” and “Coal Reserve” and the appropriate
subdivisions may be substituted.

When reporting Coal Reserves, a clear distinction must be made between reserves where mining
losses have been taken into account (sometimes described as “recoverable” or “run-of-mine”) and
saleable product where both mining and processing losses have been included (sometimes referred to
as marketable reserves). All reserves, by definition, include mining losses and dilution, and the use of
superfluous description is discouraged. In situ coal is, also by definition, a Coal Resource. For Coal
Resources, the Competent Person should comment on the expected dilution and mining recovery that
would occur during operations.

62. As for all minerals, it is the responsibility of the Competent Person to determine in
each particular situation which specific requirement must be satisfied before a Coal
Resource or a Coal Reserve can be declared. The Competent Person should
determine which evaluation criteria in Table 1 are applicable, which additional
evaluation criteria should be taken into account if any, and the materiality of such
criteria.

Many criteria listed in Table 1 which may be critical to the evaluation of other mineral deposits, such as
base metals or precious metals, will not apply to the evaluation of coal deposits. Such criteria as coal
quality, cost to markets including transportation cost, location and quality of competing coal reserves,
and ability to compete with such Coal Reserves to access the market, are important and should be
carefully considered before declaring a Coal Reserve.

Geological similarity between neighboring coal deposits can greatly simplify demonstration of a new
Coal Resource, as well as reduce the technical and economic study requirements needed to
demonstrate a Coal Reserve next to an operating mine. Geological similarity must be demonstrated by
means of drill holes, mapping or other deposit-specific geoscientific evidence to a suitable level of
confidence required to declare Measured and/or Indicated Resources. Mere inference of the continuity
of coal thickness and quality from an operating mine onto a neighboring block or property is not
sufficient to declare Measured and Indicated Resources and subsequently a Proven and Probable
Reserve.

Demonstration of geological similarity or analogy with an operating mine is usually not sufficient to
demonstrate technical and economic feasibility. Factors such as access to the deposit and permitting
constraints are likely to be project specific. It is the responsibility of the Competent Person to ascertain
that there is sufficient information to demonstrate geological similarity and to determine which Modifying
Factors must be taken into account to demonstrate technical and economic feasibility with a reasonable
level of confidence.

When a coal deposit is scheduled to be mined at a date some distance in the future, declaration of a
Coal Reserve implies reasonable expectation at the time of reporting that the necessary permits could
be obtained as needed.

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 Coal reserves may be held and reported by mineral property owners or managers for their strategic
asset value with the specific intent for future mining by themselves or others.

63. Coal Reserves should be reported as saleable product (washed coal) in addition to
run-of-mine coal, or as run-of-mine coal where this is the saleable product.

For coal deposits, it is common practice to report a saleable product rather than the “as mined” product,
which is traditionally regarded as the Mineral Reserve for most minerals. It is important that a clarifying
statement is included to ensure that the reader is fully informed as to what is being reported and the
reference point at which the sale occurs. Some coal deposits may be capable of yielding products
suitable for more than one application and/or specification. If considered material by the reporting entity,
such multiple products should be quantified and reported.

64. Coal may be exempt from price disclosure recommendations made in this Guide.

Coal is sold in a highly competitive national and international market. A credible market entry strategy
must be part of coal price assumptions, and commitments from prospective buyers on price, quantities,
and quality of product should support Coal Reserve statements. Price disclosure can be viewed as
price signaling and interpreted as anticompetitive. For business and legal reasons, disclosure of price
assumptions made when estimating Coal Resources and Coal Reserves may be detrimental to the
interest of the entity. Other requirements concerning pricing which are included in the Guide are
applicable to coal. This includes the requirement that prices be based on forward-looking estimates
reflecting management’s reasonable and supportable short- and long-term expectations, and that
justification for such prices be documented.

Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves for

Industrial Minerals
65. The clauses in this section of the Guide address matters that relate specifically to the
Public Reporting of industrial minerals, stone and aggregates of all forms. Industrial
minerals are sold as mineral products that must meet customer specifications and
volume demands. As a result, establishing the market for mineral products becomes
the first step in evaluating an industrial mineral property. Customer physical and
chemical specifications must be met for most industrial minerals. Specialty clays,
fillers and extenders may require additional health and safety testing, plant trials, and
consumer marketing tests. Such factors as quality and marketability are therefore very
important and should be carefully considered before declaring Mineral Reserves.
Unless otherwise stated, all other clauses in this Guide, including Figure 1 and
Tables 1 and 2, apply to Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Mineral
Reserves for industrial minerals.

When reporting Exploration Results or Mineral Resource and Mineral Reserve estimates for industrial
minerals, the key principles and purpose of the Guide apply and should be borne in mind. Chemical
analyses may not always be relevant, and other physical and chemical quality criteria may be more
applicable (e.g., volume percent mineral). If criteria such as deleterious minerals or physical properties
are of more relevance than the composition of the bulk mineral itself, then they should be reported
accordingly.

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 The factors underpinning the estimation of Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves for industrial
minerals are the same as those for other deposit types covered by the Guide. It may be necessary, in
preparing to report a Mineral Resource or Mineral Reserve, to take particular account of certain key
characteristics or qualities such as likely product specifications, proximity to markets, and present
access to market or ability to obtain access to market. Material aspects should be discussed in the
Public Report. The market for industrial minerals and specialty metals frequently has supply and
demand in a tight balance, and there are significant barriers to market entry. Reliability of continuous
supply and quality is of as much if not more importance to the buyer as price. A credible market entry
strategy must be part of any commodity price assumptions for mineral resources, and commitments
from prospective buyers on price, quantities, and quality of product should support mineral reserve
statements.

For some industrial minerals, it is common practice to report the saleable product rather than the “as-
mined” product, which is traditionally regarded as the Mineral Reserve for base and precious metals
and other minerals. It is important that, in all situations where the saleable product is reported, a
clarifying statement is included to ensure that the reader is fully informed as to what is being reported.

Some industrial mineral deposits may be capable of yielding products suitable for more than one
application and/or specification. If considered material by the reporting entity, such multiple products
should be quantified either separately or as a percentage of the bulk deposit.

66. With respect to industrial minerals, stone and aggregate, the Modifying Factors may
be significantly more critical than geoscientific knowledge in determining Mineral
Reserves. Such factors as quality, transportation, cost to markets, location and quality
of competing deposits and ability to compete with such deposits to access the market,
are important and should be carefully considered before declaring Mineral Resources
and Mineral Reserves.

67. As a general rule, a Mineral Reserve cannot be declared unless there are reasonable
expectations that all permits, ancillary rights and authorizations required for mining
can be obtained and a viable market identified. For some minerals such as sand,
gravel and aggregates, permitting requirements may be such that reasonable
expectations can only be defined by comparison with competing reserves. When a
deposit is scheduled to be mined at a date some distance in the future, declaration of a
Mineral Reserve implies reasonable expectation at the time of reporting that the
necessary markets and permits could be obtained when needed.

68. Industrial minerals may be exempt from price disclosure recommendations made in
the guide.

Some industrial minerals are sold in a highly competitive local, national and/or international market. For
business and legal reasons, disclosure of price assumptions may be detrimental to the interest of
shareholders and may not be advisable. Other requirements concerning pricing which are included in
the Guide are applicable to industrial minerals. This includes the requirement that prices be based on
forward-looking estimates reflecting management’s reasonable and supportable short- and long-term
expectations, and that justification for such prices be documented. For properties producing more than
one product, a combined product revenue stream should be used for economic evaluation.

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 Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves for
Diamonds
69. Clauses 69 to 73 of the Guide address matters that relate specifically to the Public
Reporting of Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves for
diamonds. Unless otherwise stated, Clauses 1 to 59 of this Guide (including Figure 1)
apply. Table 1, as part of the guidelines, should be considered when reporting
Exploration Results, Exploration Targets, Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves
for diamonds. Diamond deposits can be subdivided into (i) igneous-hosted deposits
(ii) marine and alluvial placers, and (iii) tailings and stockpiles. A combination of the
particulate nature of diamonds and generally low-grade nature of diamond deposits
present specific problems in sampling, estimation and development of such deposits,
which are discussed in the following sections and in Table 1. The points discussed in
the guidelines are not equally applicable to primary and secondary diamond deposits.
For example, the use of micro-diamonds for grade estimation is not relevant in the
placer environment.

For the purposes of Public Reporting, the requirements for diamonds have some similarity to those of
other commodities with the replacement of terms such as ‘mineral’ by ‘diamond’. The term grade refers
specifically to diamond content and should always be quoted in conjunction with a bottom cut-off for
diamond size expressed in mm or equivalent diamond sieve. Information on diamond value (related to
color, shape, clarity and size) should be quoted in conjunction with grade estimates at the same bottom
cut-off. A grade estimate may be disclosed in early stage sampling using macro diamond estimation to
give a global estimate of grade before an estimate of diamond value can be made.

Micro-diamonds typically are less than 1 mm in size and are recovered by total liberation methods
applied to small samples only. Total liberation generally refers to acidization or caustic fusion of
samples for micro-diamond recovery. Micro-diamond grade estimation may be used to support macro-
diamond estimation once a robust micro- to macro-diamond relationship has been established.

Diamond grade is generally quoted in carats per tonne (cpt), carats per hundred tonnes (cpht); or in the
case of offshore and some onshore alluvial deposits carats per m3, or the term “planar grade’ in carats
per m2 may be used.

As used in the Guide diamond value represents the estimated producer price in US dollars per carat at
a specified time for a parcel or a deposit. The term diamond price can also be used.

The term “quality” should not be substituted for “grade”, since in diamond deposits these have distinctly
separate meanings.

70. For Public Reports dealing with diamonds it is a requirement that any reported
valuation of a parcel of diamonds be accompanied by a statement verifying the source
of the valuation and that the accompanying value (price) estimate is based on a report
from a demonstrably reputable and qualified expert, with beyond the usual experience
of a Competent Person. The timing of the valuation must be stated, and it must be
clearly stated whether the reported estimated value (price) is actual or modeled and,
in the latter case, how the modeling was carried out and by whom. Reports of
diamonds recovered from sampling programs must provide material information

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 relating to the basis on which the sample was taken and the method of recovery of the
diamonds. The valuation of diamonds must state the bottom cut-off of the diamond
recovery process and if the diamond value includes all categories of diamonds
recovered above a bottom cut-off. The bottom cut-off should coincide with that used
to disclose diamond grade. Values should not be reported for parcels of micro-
diamonds.

There may be cases where valuation of macro-diamonds recovered from total liberation processes may
be useful to the Competent Person and may have been used in the estimation of a modeled diamond
value. If such valuations were to be disclosed then this disclosure must be done in the correct context
and carefully qualified so as not to be misleading.

In order to demonstrate that a resource has reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction,
some appreciation of the likely stone-size frequency distribution and size-value distribution is necessary,
however preliminary.

The stone size distribution and value of diamonds per sieve-size class are critical components in the
estimation of diamond value. At an early exploration stage, sampling and delineation drilling usually will
not provide the required information on diamond value, which relies initially on large diameter drilling.
As a project moves beyond the conceptual stage, conventional bulk sampling such as pitting, trenching
or exploratory underground development will be done. It is recognized, however, that even bulk
sampling will likely not recover sufficient diamonds to establish a representative diamond value, and
modeling will still be required.

Ideally the valuation parcel should be representative of size, shape, quality and color assortment of the
diamonds in each geological unit of the resource. This representivity is rarely achieved and in most
instances the diamond value used in a resource estimate is a "modeled value" which should be derived
by a qualified expert. The expert should provide evidence to demonstrate the geological representivity
of the value by for example, stating the proportion of carats attributed to each geological unit in the
resource and in the parcel being valued or modeled.

It is also important to qualify whether a parcel for which value is to be publicized, is “run-of-mine”, if any
selection has taken place, and if the parcel has been separated into different categories e.g. gem, near-
gem, industrial or by “selling mix”, prior to valuation.

71. Where Diamond Resource or Diamond Reserve grades are based on correlations
between the frequency of occurrence of micro-diamonds and of commercial-size
stones, this must be stated, the reliability of the procedure must be explained, and the
bottom cut-off sieve-size for micro-diamonds reported. Details of the laboratory
facilities used for the processing of samples and the method for recovery of micro-
diamonds should also be disclosed.

Diamond grade estimation using micro-diamond sampling would not be sufficient to

declare a Diamond Resource unless sufficient macro-diamonds were also recovered
to enable a robust estimate of diamond value and size frequency distribution.
However, in the case of a producing mine or advanced development property, where
Diamond Resources have been declared and sufficient macro-diamonds have been
recovered to allow estimation of diamond value, and a preliminary size-frequency
distribution can be modeled, it is permissible to extrapolate diamond values and size-

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 frequency distribution if geological homogeneity and continuity can be demonstrated.
The Competent Person must comment on the adequacy of the quantity of recovered
macro-diamonds to estimate diamond value.

Key issues in the micro-macro diamond grade modeling approach are the use of appropriate sampling
protocols to ensure that dilution in the sample is sufficiently understood. The relationship between the
micro- and macro-diamond portions of the total content curve (in situ size-frequency distribution) is
critically affected by country rock dilution, diamond liberation, and diamond damage. The relative
diamond recovery efficiencies of the sampling and subsequent mining and processing technologies
must be addressed. This requirement is particularly relevant for sampling and mining marine placer
deposits.

It is also important to understand that the diamond value and size-frequency distribution may change as
additional diamonds are recovered and added to the parcel used to estimate the value and size-
frequency distribution.

72. Diamond sampling does not provide a “total” assay as with many other mineral
commodities. Conventional macro-diamond sample processing will not liberate or
recover all the contained diamonds, and micro-diamond sample processing only
reports diamonds above a cut-off size which varies between laboratories. The relative
efficiencies of micro-diamond sampling and full-scale treatment and recovery
technologies must be considered, through granulometry and ore dressing studies, to
derive appropriate Modifying Factors in the estimation of Diamond Reserves from
Diamond Resources.

In the case of marine placers it is common practice, during the conversion of resources to reserves, to
apply mining recovery factors (based on analysis of the realized grades to estimated grades for the
types and combination of sampling and mining tools used, and for the type of footwall present in the
mined area).

73. Diamond resource classification is based on Clauses 33 to 38 and on the following

diamond-specific criteria:

An Inferred Diamond Resource would be declared when the diamond parcel (the recovered stones from
samples) is too small to be a reasonable representation of the full diamond assortment, Global grade
and value estimates may be permissible if supported by adjacent Indicated Resources.

An Indicated Diamond Resource would be declared when sufficient diamonds have been recovered so
that the shape, physical characteristics, grade and diamond value can be estimated with a reasonable
level of confidence.

A Measured Diamond Resource would be declared when sufficient diamonds have been recovered so
that the shape, physical characteristics, grade and diamond value can be estimated with a high level of
confidence. As a result of the complexity of Diamond Resource estimation, diamond deposits rarely
achieve Measured Resource (or Proven Reserve) status. Sampling and estimation of marine placer
deposits is particularly difficult and expensive, and thus even the assignment of Indicated status may
prove difficult.

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 TABLE 1. Checklist of Assessment Criteria

Evaluation of mineral projects involves judgment predicated on knowledge and experience. Such Mineral
Resource and Mineral Reserve estimates are more than arbitrary determinations; they seek to attach
confidence as a consequence of method and the data. The methods employed must be valid, tested, use
accepted definitions of terms and procedures, and best suited to the making of reliable estimates for the
project in question. Evaluation of mineral projects requires periodic examination and analysis of all new
and existing data. The dynamic nature of the valuation of mineral projects implies that a valid estimate
made at a given time may be significantly changed when new information becomes available. Evaluation
and supporting documentation should consider all the criteria listed below and such additional criteria that
may be viewed as significant. When considering the criteria outlined below, material items that are not
applied should be accompanied by clear explanation in the documentation as to why they have been
excluded or that the work is incomplete. It is the responsibility of the Competent Person to determine
which criteria listed below and which additional criteria should apply to the study of a particular project.
The relative importance of the criteria will vary with the particular project and the technical, economic and
legal conditions pertaining at the time of determination. Publicly reported information must be sufficient to
enable an intelligent layman or his professional advisor(s) to make a reasonable and balanced assessment of
the significance of this information. When and whether information should be released publicly is subject
to current laws and regulations in the relevant jurisdictions.

The assessment criteria for Mineral Resource would normally apply to Scoping Studies; the assessment
criteria for Mineral Reserve would normally apply to Pre-Feasibility and Feasibility Studies.

In some cases it will be appropriate for a Public Report to exclude some commercially sensitive
information. A decision to exclude commercially sensitive information would be a decision for the entity
issuing the Public Report, and such a decision should be made in accordance with any relevant regulations
in that jurisdiction. In cases where commercially sensitive information is excluded from a Public Report,
the report should provide summary information (for example, the methodology used to determine economic
assumptions where the numerical value of those assumptions are commercially sensitive) and context for
the purpose of informing investors or potential investors and their advisors.

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 Evaluation Criteria Exploration Results Mineral Resource Mineral Reserve
A. General
1. Purpose of report x Statement of entity for whom the x See Exploration Results. x See Exploration Results.
report was prepared, whether it was
intended as a full or partial
evaluation, what work was
conducted, what work remains to be
done.
x Report’s author and relationship to
reporting entity.

2. Project x Description of commodity, x See Exploration Results. x See Exploration Results.

Description magnitude of project, background,
and business arrangement.

3. Project Location x Description of location (country, x See Exploration Results. x See Exploration Results.
state or province, county, latitude
and longitude, etc.).
x A map showing location and access
should exist.

4. Property x Description of ownership of mineral x See Exploration Results. x See Exploration Results.
Ownership rights, surface rights, access rights,
leases, concessions, royalties,
agreements, and other
encumbrances and liabilities.
x Nature of reporting entity’s existing
rights or those still to be obtained to
prospect or mine, plus any
obligations to earn those rights and
time limits.
x Disclosure of back-in agreements or
rights and, to the extent known,
historic or current environmental

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 Evaluation Criteria Exploration Results Mineral Resource Mineral Reserve
liabilities.
x Discussion of relevant adjacent
properties.

5. Accessibility, x Topography, elevation, and flora x See Exploration Results. x See Exploration Results.
Climate, Local and fauna.
Resources, x Means to access the property.
Infrastructure and x Proximity of project to population
Physiography centers and restricted use areas.
x Climate and length of operating
season.
x Sufficiency of surface rights for
mining and processing.
x Availability and sources of power,
water, mining personnel, potential
tailings and waste storage areas,
heap leach and processing plant
sites.

6. Project History x Description of prior ownership and x See Exploration Results. x See Exploration Results.
ownership changes. x Comparison of historical production
x Exploration and/or production performance statistics to current and
history. planned operations, including the
x Significant historical Mineral reliability of these and how they
Resource and Mineral Reserve relate to the current estimates.
estimates.

7. Site Visits x Comment on any site visits and date x Comment on site visits and dates x See Mineral Resource.
undertaken by the Competent undertaken by the Competent Person x Multiple visits during Pre-Feasibility
Person and outcome of those visits. and outcome of those visits. and Feasibility Studies to view
x Reviews of surface sampling, x Visits during major drilling programs aspects of infrastructure layout sites,
geophysics and mapping programs. and metallurgical sample selection. road access, village meetings.
x If no visits were undertaken, state x Review logging, sampling, drill hole
why. locations.

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 Evaluation Criteria Exploration Results Mineral Resource Mineral Reserve

8. Units of Measure x Units of measure, currency, and x See Exploration Results. x See Exploration Results.
relevant exchange rates used should
be stated.

B. Project Data
1. Location x Maps and cross sections and other x See Exploration Results. x See Mineral Resource.
two- or three-dimensional x Particular attention should be given to x The location of samples and other
representation of results should drill-hole and other sample survey relevant features (property lines,
exist, showing location of samples, information including down-hole mine workings, etc.) should be well-
drill holes, exploration pits, surveys. known.
underground workings, geological x If the sample locations are not well
data, etc. known, the effect on the resource
x When evaluating drill hole results, estimates should be considered.
consideration should be given to x The location of drill-hole collars
depth to top and bottom of should be accurate, and the adequacy
mineralization, to total length and of the down-hole surveying technique
grade of intercepts, and to the should be reviewed and commented
accuracy of survey information on.
including down-hole surveys. x If more than one coordinate system is
in use on the project, the relationship
between the systems needs to be
established and verified.
x Changes in magnetic declination with
time should be accounted for and
documented.

2. Geology x Description of the nature and x See Exploration Results. x See Mineral Resource.
reliability of geological information x Particular attention should be given to
(rock types, structure, alteration, drill-hole logging and other sample
mineralization, and relation to information used in resource
known mineralized zones, etc.). evaluation.
x Description of the deposit type and x A description of the thoroughness
physical continuity of with which all significant lithologic,

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 Evaluation Criteria Exploration Results Mineral Resource Mineral Reserve
mineralization. stratigraphic, structural, mineralogical,
x Description of drill-hole logging and alteration, or other geological or
mapping procedures. geotechnical characteristics were
x Description of geophysical and recorded.
geochemical data, including x Significant data, or data that could
dimension, type, results and materially influence the estimated
implications. quantity and quality of the resource,
x Reliable geological maps and cross should be discussed.
sections of appropriate scales should
exist to support interpretations.
x Preliminary assessments or
observations of geotechnical and
hydro-geological conditions that can
impact mining and processing
assumptions.
3. Topography x General topographic map is x Topographic map in sufficient detail x Detailed topographic map.
sufficient. to support mine planning and x Aerial surveys must be checked with
conceptual infrastructure layout. ground controls and surveys,
particularly in areas of rugged
terrain, dense vegetation or high
altitude
4. Sampling
a. Method x Description of sample type and x See Exploration Results. x See Mineral Resource.
sample collection method (hand, x The quantity and quality of sample
grab, trench, channel, or chip information is critical to the reliability
sample; core hole, rotary hole, or of resource estimates and should be
reverse circulation; bulk sample, documented.
etc.). x Particular attention should be given to
x Discussion of sample quality, size, this information.
and representativeness (sample
recovery, high grading, selective
losses or contamination, and any
other factors that may have resulted
in sample biases, etc.).

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 Evaluation Criteria Exploration Results Mineral Resource Mineral Reserve
x QA/QC procedures adopted for
sample collection including core
cutting and splitting as required and
should be implemented early in
exploration of a mineral prospect.
x Discussion of whether duplicate
samples or alternative methods of
sampling were used to verify sample
quality.
x Description of indirect methods of
measurement (geophysical
methods), with attention given to
potential or actual errors or biases in
interpretation.

b. Preparation x Description of laboratory and x See Exploration Results. x See Mineral Resource.
method used for sample preparation, x Verification of the suitability of
sub-sampling and size reduction, sample preparation is required.
and likelihood of inadequate or non-
representative samples (improper
size reduction, contamination, etc.).
x Discussion of whether tests were
performed to verify the suitability of
sample preparation and the
magnitude of sample preparation
error.

c. Analysis x Identification of laboratory and x See Exploration Results. x See Mineral Resource.
analytical method (fire assay, AA x Verification of analytical techniques
assay, emission spectroscopy, etc.). and quality control programs are
x Discussion of laboratory required.
accreditation, precision and x Check sampling and assaying must
accuracy, including the use of have been performed by independent

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 Evaluation Criteria Exploration Results Mineral Resource Mineral Reserve
quality control programs (blanks, laboratories.
duplicates, certified or standard x Quantitative evaluation of QA/QC
reference materials), and submission data.
of samples to other laboratories for x Assaying of all payable and penalty
verification. elements; physical tests as required by
x Collection of baseline trace element, product specifications.
whole-rock analyses, and evaluation x Discussion of methods used to detect
for possible deleterious elements. the presence of deleterious elements
or minerals that will affect mining,
processing, environmental programs,
or worker safety.
d. Sample x Collection of independent samples x See Exploration Results. x See Exploration Results.
Verification (witness samples) under the
supervision of the Competent
Person.
x Can include channel samples, twin
holes, visual inspection, resampling
split core, etc.

e. Bulk Density x Generally based on preliminary test x Discussion of how the bulk density x See Mineral Resource.
work or benchmarking. was determined (assumed, measured, x The bulk density must account for
or estimated). void spaces (vugs, porosity, etc.) and
x If assumed, which assumptions were for differences between rock types,
made and on which basis. structural and alteration zones within
x If measured, by what method and how the deposit.
abundant and representative are the x Waste bulk densities should be well
bulk density data. defined.
x If estimated, what methodology was
used to estimate the density.
x Discussion of whether different bulk
densities were used in different parts
of the deposit and why.
x Bulk density should be stated as on a
dry or wet basis.

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 Evaluation Criteria Exploration Results Mineral Resource Mineral Reserve

f. Sample x Measures taken to ensure sample x See Exploration Results. x See Exploration Results.
Security security and chain of custody should
be documented.
x Retention of sample rejects, pulps
and remaining core.

g. Database x Measures taken to ensure data have x See Exploration Results. x See Mineral Resource.
Management not been corrupted by, for example, x Methods used to verify primary data
transcription or keying errors. and to validate the database should be
QA/QC and data validation described.
procedures used.
x Security of project data (backups).
Protocols for changing data in
database.

C. Interpretation
1. Geological x Description of genetic model and x See Exploration Results. x See Mineral Resource.
Interpretation and inferences made from this model. x Discussion of sufficiency of data
Model x Discussion of adequacy of data density to assure continuity of
density and reliability, and whether mineralization, geological boundaries,
the quality and quantity of and provide an adequate database for
information are sufficient to support the estimation procedure used.
statements made or inferred x Discussion of the extent to which the
concerning potential for significant interpretation is based on data or on
economic discovery. assumptions and whether
x Orientation of drill holes and other consideration was given to alternative
samples in relation to the geological interpretations or models.
structures and mineralization to x Geologic models of key attributes
ensure unbiased interpretation of (e.g. lithology, structure, alteration,
true widths. stratigraphy).
x If true widths are unknown, there
should be a clear statement to this
effect.

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 Evaluation Criteria Exploration Results Mineral Resource Mineral Reserve

2. Resource Model x Not required, but preliminary model x Detailed description of the method x See Mineral Resource.
may exist to assist in quantification and reasons used, and the assumptions
of potential tonnage and grade made, to estimate tonnages and grades
ranges. (section, polygon, inverse distance,
x Weight averaging techniques, grade geostatistical, or other method).
capping, and cut-off grades. x Description of how the geological
x Assumptions used for any reporting interpretation was used to develop
of metal equivalent values. domains and control the resource
x If possible, establish Exploration estimates.
Target ranges for grades and x Discussion of basis for using, or not
tonnages. using, grade cutting or capping.
x Compositing or data aggregation
methods used should be described.
x If a computer method was chosen,
description of programs and
parameters used.
x Geostatistical methods are extremely
varied and should be described in
detail.
x The method chosen should be
justified.
x The geostatistical parameters,
including the variogram, and their
compatibility with the geological
interpretation should be discussed.
x Experience gained in applying
geostatistics to similar deposits should
be taken into account.
x Description of methods used to verify
and validate models.
x Assumptions used for any reporting of
net smelter returns or metal equivalent
values.

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 Evaluation Criteria Exploration Results Mineral Resource Mineral Reserve

D. Resource and Reserve Classification

1. Criteria x Not applicable. x Description and justification of criteria x Description and justification of
used to classify the resource, including criteria used to classify the reserves,
relationship to cut-off grade and confirmation of resource
assumptions. classification assumptions with
x To classify a resource as Measured or respect to cut-off grades used in the
Indicated, there must be a reasonably production schedule.
high level of confidence with respect x Description of all Modifying Factors
to the quality of the information used used to demonstrate economic
to estimate this resource, as well as the viability of Measured and Indicated
interpretation of this information. Mineral Resources to support
x If Inferred Mineral Resources are used declaration of a Mineral Reserve.
in economic evaluations, this should x Inferred Mineral Resources must be
be disclosed. excluded from demonstration of
x Reconciliation with previous Mineral economic viability to support
Resource estimates. declaration of a Mineral Reserve
x A conceptual analysis to justify x Discussion of the level of confidence
reasonable prospects for eventual in the Modifying Factors.
economic extraction; Scoping Study x Uncertainty in Modifying factors
preferred. may reduce all or part of the Proven
Mineral Reserve to a Probable
Mineral Reserve.
x Reconciliation with previous Reserve
estimates.

2. Risks and x Opportunity expressed as x Discussion of uncertainty of x Determine work programs to upgrade
Opportunities Exploration Target ranges of geological boundary assumptions and Probable Mineral Reserves to Proven
tonnages and grades. their risk and opportunity for overall Mineral Reserves.
Mineral Resource estimates.
x Address uncertainties on the tonnage
and grade of production increments.
x Determine work programs to upgrade
classification or increase resources.

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 Evaluation Criteria Exploration Results Mineral Resource Mineral Reserve

E. Extraction
1. Mining
a. Method x Description of any Modifying x See Exploration Results. x Mining method(s), mine plans and
Factors that could have a significant x Discussion of mining method to be production schedules defined for the
impact on the project viability. used, and selective mining criteria life of the project.
assumed that supports the declared x Description and justification of
resource. mining method(s) to be used.
x Discussion of the dilution implicit in x Discussion of mining rate, equipment
the resource model. selected, ore control methods,
geotechnical and hydrogeological
considerations, staffing requirements,
health and safety of the workforce,
dilution, and recovery.
x For open-pit mines, discussion of pit
slopes, slope stability, and strip ratio.
x For underground mines, discussion
of mining method, rock mechanics
considerations, mine design
characteristics, and
ventilation/cooling requirements.
x Consideration of waste rock issues
related to impacts on surface and
ground water systems.

b. Costs x Generally not determined. x State basis for assumptions. x Description and justification of
x Currency, exchange rates and dates of capital and operating costs.
estimates. See Table 2. x All capital items identified.
x Detailed equipment list.
x Price quotes for all major equipment
items.
x Major components of operating costs
itemized and justified by functions

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 Evaluation Criteria Exploration Results Mineral Resource Mineral Reserve
and elements.
x Capital (including sustaining) and
operating budgets defined by year.
x See Table 2.

2. Processing
a. Method x Description of any factors that could x See Exploration Results. x Description and justification of
have a significant impact on mineral x Discussion of possible processing processing method(s) to be used,
processing and/or the project methods and any preliminary equipment, plant capacity and
viability. processing or metallurgical test work personnel requirements.
completed. x State whether the process method
x A full definition of the minerals, or at selected is well-tested or new
least the assays, to ensure that the technology.
process is suitable and that any x Detailed flow sheet and mass balance
contaminants / pollutants / possible based on comprehensive
by-products are recognized, and metallurgical program.
suitable process steps have been x Justification of estimated recovery
included in the flow sheet. (proportion of material sent to the
x Description, to the extent known, of processing plant that will be
the degree to which the test samples recovered) by geologic zone, whether
are representative of the various types based on historical information,
and styles of mineralization and the laboratory test, or pilot plant results.
mineral deposit as a whole. x Assumptions or allowances made for
x Discussion of whether the process deleterious elements or variability in
method is widely used and if the ore feed to the process.
uncommon or novel, then describe the x Known environmental and health and
risks and test work designed to safety risks associated with the flow
mitigate the risk. sheet, with those sections dealing
with hazardous materials or
operations covered in more detail.
x For mineral products that are defined
by specification, discussion of the
basis for the reserve estimate in
accordance with the appropriate

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 Evaluation Criteria Exploration Results Mineral Resource Mineral Reserve
mineralogy, testing, and processing
requirements to meet the
specification.

b. Costs x Generally not determined. x State basis for assumptions taking into x Description and justification of
account processing method on capital and operating costs.
extraction design and x All capital items identified.
rock/mineralogical character. x Detailed major equipment list.
x See Table 2. x Price quotes for all major equipment
items.
x Major components of operating costs
by functions and elements itemized
and justified.
x Capital and operating budgets
defined by year.
x See Table 2.

3. Recovery
a. Mining x Generally not determined. x State typical dilution and mining x Reported tonnages, grades and
recovery that would result from mineral contents must take into
application of Modifying Factors account mining dilution and mining
recovery.
x Description and justification of
mining dilution and mining recovery
is required.

b. Processing x Generally not determined. x Provide insight gained from x Discussion of whether the reported
preliminary testing and insight into tonnages and grades consist of
differences between laboratory and material in place or whether
commercial scales. processing recoveries are included.
x If in-place metal or quantity are
reported, information must be
supplied concerning expected
processing losses or recoveries.

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 Evaluation Criteria Exploration Results Mineral Resource Mineral Reserve
x Justification of processing recoveries
is required.

4. Cut-off Grade x Typically reported in terms of x Justification of the cut-off grade used x Description of methods used to
minimum true thickness and cut-off to report resources including but not calculate cut-off grades, including
grade criteria. limited to assumptions made for costs, but not limited to costs, prices,
prices, recoveries, by-product credits recoveries, and by-product credits if
if based on revenue, net smelter based on revenue, net smelter return.
return.
F. Supporting Infrastructure and General and Administrative
1. Facilities x See A.5. x See A.5. x Necessary facilities have been
x It is reasonable to assume that designed (which may include
necessary facilities could be built or processing plant, tailings dam,
accessed. leaching facilities, waste dumps, road
and/or rail accesses, ports, power
supply, pipelines, offices, housing,
security, etc.).
x Detailed map showing location of
facilities.
x Construction schedule developed.

2. Staffing x See A.5. x See A.5. x Detailed staffing plan.

x Safety plan. x Safety plan. x Training.
x Emergency evacuation plan. x Emergency evacuation plan. x Salary scale.
x Work schedule.
x Operating days.
x Safety plan.
x Emergency evacuation plan.

3. Supplies x Generally not determined. x Reasonable assumption that necessary x Necessary supplies have been
supplies can be obtained. identified (electricity, reagents, fuels,
etc.).
x Demonstration that supplies are

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 Evaluation Criteria Exploration Results Mineral Resource Mineral Reserve
available as needed.

4. Water Issues x Preliminary investigations to x Stated reasonable assumptions. x Water quantity and quality
support exploration activities. requirements specified and sources of
water identified.
x Dewatering requirements estimated
on the basis of hydrologic and
climatic studies.
x Water treatment and disposal, water
balance and management, and quality
control plans in place.

5. Costs x Generally not determined. x Stated reasonable assumptions. x Description and justification of
capital and operating costs.
x All capital items identified with
sufficient detail for costing.
x Construction schedule and capital
and operating budgets defined by
year.

G. Environmental x Description of environmental factors x Description of environmental factors x The necessary permits have been
Compliance and likely to prohibit the project that could have a significant impact on obtained, or there is reasonable basis
Reclamation proceeding, including contaminants the project feasibility and possible to believe that all permits required
in material to be disturbed and means of mitigation. for the project can be obtained in a
deleterious elements likely to occur x Progress of environmental, cultural, timely manner.
in products. and archeological baseline studies. x Description of yearly environmental
compliance methods and costs,
including reclamation, bonding, and
closure plan and costs.

H. Social License x Preliminary review with x Discussion of potential social or x Social management plan and
stakeholders in exploration and community related requirements and program, and community and other
project development areas. plans for the project and the status of stakeholder related requirements and
x Consideration of “Conflict negotiations or agreements with local agreements.

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 Evaluation Criteria Exploration Results Mineral Resource Mineral Reserve
Minerals” regulations. communities and other stakeholders. x Consideration of “Conflict Minerals”
x Sustainable development to support x Consideration of “Conflict Minerals” regulations.
exploration. regulations. x Sustainable development to support
x Formal contact with local x Sustainable development to support construction and operation.
inhabitants. advanced project drilling and x Training programs, local vendor
sampling. development plan.
x Training programs. x Evaluation of political risk and
mitigation.

I. Economic Viability
1. Product Value x Description of valuable and x See Exploration Results. x See Mineral Resource.
potentially valuable product(s) x Stated reasonable assumptions x Description of product to be sold.
including suitability of products to concerning likely product value. x Discussion of whether there exists a
market. x Potential markets and ability to enter market for the product, its impact on
x For minerals products where a the market. that market, and whether contracts
market is needed prior to beginning x Penalties likely incurred for for the sale of the product are in
exploration, a description of the contaminants and conversely, by- place or expected to be obtained.
customer specifications, testing, and product credits if estimated in x Demand, supply and inventories for
acceptance requirements. resource model or assumptions made the particular commodity,
if based on metallurgical testwork. consumption trends and factors likely
to affect supply and demand in the
future, resulting in commodity price
profiles.
x Demonstration that the price
assumptions are reasonable and
supportable.
x Justification of assumptions made
concerning production cost and value
of product at sale point.
x Transportation, marketing, down-
stream processing, and other costs or
losses should be considered.

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 Evaluation Criteria Exploration Results Mineral Resource Mineral Reserve
2. Cash Flow x Generally not applied. x Application of simple cash flow. x Detailed cash flow analysis for the
Analysis x Consideration of order of magnitude life of the project, including a
capital cost, operating costs and summary of taxes, royalties and
revenue to indicate reasonable government levies.
prospect of eventual economic x Sensitivity analysis and simulations
extraction. of risk related to grade, prices, capital
costs, and operating costs, and any
additional significant variables.
x Discount rate, internal rate of return,
payback period and other metrics.

3. Study Accuracies x Preliminary Studies often applied to x See Table 2 in reference to Scoping x See Table 2 in reference to Pre-
justify exploration targets. Studies that may be used to support a Feasibility and Feasibility Studies
Mineral Resource statement. that are used to support a Mineral
Reserve statement.

J. Risk and x Generally not applied. x Sufficient risk assessment completed x Project technical, social,
Opportunity x High-level risk and opportunities to confirm reasonable prospects of environmental and economic risk in
Analysis reviewed. eventual economic extraction. the form of a risk register describing
x Resource enhancement opportunities. likelihood of occurrence and cost.
x Description of actions which will be
taken to mitigate risk.
x No known significant risk of project
failure.
x Future options to enhance project
value.

K. Other x Description of any other significant x Description of any other material x While any other material information
Considerations and information that is likely to prevent information that could prevent or affecting the project should be
Recommendations or facilitate the economic viability facilitate the potential economic discussed, no material impediments
of the project. viability of the resource. to the profitable exploitation of the
x Identification of work or conditions x Identification of work or conditions property should remain.
required to establish a Mineral required to convert the Mineral x Material uncertainties about the
Resource. Resource to a Mineral Reserve. geology, extraction, processing,

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 Evaluation Criteria Exploration Results Mineral Resource Mineral Reserve
x Known information that significantly metallurgical, environmental,
reduces or increases the probability of infrastructure, marketing, social
economic feasibility should be license, and legal requirements have
reported. been mitigated or eliminated so that a
x Resource statements should be Competent Person, acting
reviewed annually. reasonably, can determine if all or
part of the Mineral Resource may be
converted to a Mineral Reserve at the
time of reporting.
x It is not required that all permits be
issued or that mining and processing
facilities have been constructed.
x However, there should be a
reasonable basis to believe that
permitting and construction of the
necessary facilities can be
accomplished in a timely manner.
x Reserve statements should be
reviewed annually.

L. Diamonds
1. Exploration x Reports of collection and analysis of x See Exploration Results. x See Exploration Results.
indicator minerals such as
chemically/physically distinctive
garnet, ilmenite, chrome spinel and
chrome diopside which distinguish
them as being sourced from
potentially diamondiferous rocks
should be prepared by a suitably
qualified and accredited laboratory.

2. Sample x Type of sample and purpose, e.g. x See Exploration Results. x See Exploration Results.
Collection core drilling for micro-diamond

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 Evaluation Criteria Exploration Results Mineral Resource Mineral Reserve
sampling and geology, large
diameter drilling to establish stones
per unit of volume, and grade or
bulk samples to establish diamond
value.
x Sample size, distribution and
representivity.

3. Sample Treatment x Type of facility, treatment rate, and x See Exploration Results. x See Exploration Results.
accreditation.
x Sample size reduction protocol.
x Bottom screen cut-size, top screen
cut-size and re-crush screen cut-
size.
x Processes (dense media separation,
magnetic separation, grease
recovery, X-ray sorting, hand-
sorting etc.).
x Process efficiency, tailings auditing,
spike recovery and granulometry
analysis.
x Sample head feed and tailings
particle granulometry.
x Percent concentrate and undersize
per sample.
x Sample density determination.
x Laboratory used and type of process
for micro diamond recovery (e.g.
caustic fusion or acidization).

4. Sample Grade x Sample grade in this section of x See Exploration Results. x See Exploration Results.
Table 1 is used in the context of
carats per units of mass, area or
volume.

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 Evaluation Criteria Exploration Results Mineral Resource Mineral Reserve
x The sample grade above the
specified lower cut-off sieve size
should be reported as carats per dry
metric ton and/or carats per 100 dry
metric tons.
x For placer deposits, sample grades
quoted in carats per m2 or carats per
m3 are acceptable.
x In the marine placer environment
reserve grades are reconciled on a
per m2 basis. Volume estimates are
inherently inaccurate and are used
primarily to assist with estimating
mining rates and costs.

5. Sample x Micro and macro diamond sample x See Exploration Results. x See Exploration Results.
Characteristics results per facies. x Bulk sampling results, global sample x Adjustments made to diamond
x The weight of diamonds may only grade per facies and local block size/weight distribution for sample
be omitted from the report when the estimates in the case of Indicated and plant performance versus
diamonds are considered too small Measured resources. performance on a commercial scale
to be of commercial significance. x Spatial structure analysis and grade (reserve Modifying Factors).
x The lower cut-off size should be distribution.
stated. x Stone size/weight and size/number
distribution.
x Effect on sample grade with change in
bottom cut-off screen size.

6. Grade Estimation x Generally not applied. x Grade estimation (including x See Mineral Resource.
geostatistical) and interpolation
techniques applied.
x Adjustments made to diamond
size/weight distribution for sample
plant performance and performance on
a commercial scale.

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 Evaluation Criteria Exploration Results Mineral Resource Mineral Reserve

7. Value (Price) x Generally not applied. x Accreditation of Valuer and date of x See Mineral Resource.
Estimation valuation.
x Details of parcel(s) sorted and valued,
number of stones, carats and
size/weight distribution using a
standard progression of sieve sizes for
each identified facies, geological unit
or domain.
x Value per sieve size.
x Estimation of value with size.
Assessment of diamond damage
(insignificant, moderate, severe).
x Value with change in bottom cut-off
size.
x Estimate of the uncertainty in the
value estimate due to parcel size and
comment on the spatial representivity
of the valuation parcel.
x Clarification as to whether a strict
bottom cut-off been applied or does
the modelled value include incidental
diamonds below the bottom cut-off?

8. Security and x Chain of custody. x Accredited process audit. x See Mineral Resource.
Integrity x Site security. x Whether samples were sealed after
excavation.
x Valuer location, escort, delivery,
cleaning losses, reconciliation with
recorded sample carats and number of
stones.
x Core samples washed prior to
treatment for micro diamonds.
x Audit samples treated at alternative

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 Evaluation Criteria Exploration Results Mineral Resource Mineral Reserve
facility.
x Results of tailings checks.
x Recovery of tracer monitors used in
sampling and treatment.
x Geophysical (logged) density and
particle density.
x Cross validation of sample weights,
wet and dry, with borehole volume
and density, moisture factor.

9. Classification x Not applicable. x Consider the elements of uncertainty x See Mineral Resource.
in estimates and develop classification
accordingly.
x Key elements to consider for resource
classification are the geology, drill-
hole and sample spacing/interval,
spatial representivity and accuracy of
estimates of volume, density, grade,
diamond value.

M. Qualification of Estimator(s)

1.Qualifications x Name and qualification of the x See Exploration Results. x See Exploration Results.
Competent Person preparing and
reviewing the report, and whether
the Competent Person is
independent with respect to the
entity or project that is the subject
of the report.
x Include description of at least five
years’ relevant experience in style
of mineralization and type of
deposit.

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 Evaluation Criteria Exploration Results Mineral Resource Mineral Reserve
x Include statement that the
Competent Person’s RPO has
jurisdiction over the Competent
Person’s actions with regard to the
mineral deposit being publicly
reported and the Competent Person
is subject to the code of ethics of
the RPO.

2.Reliance on other x Reliance on experts applies to x See Exploration Results. x See Exploration Results.
experts information in areas where the
experience of the Competent
Person is insufficient.

x Identification of:
- the source of the information
relied upon, including the date,
title, and author of any report,
opinion, or statement,
- the extent of reliance, and
- the portions of the Public
Report to which the reliance
applies.
-
N. References x References cited with author, date, x See Exploration Results. x See Exploration Results.
title and source.

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 TABLE 2. Study Accuracy Ranges for Capital and Operating Cost Estimates
Levels of effort required for components of Technical Studies and their attendant accuracy levels have been the subject of considerable debate and difference of
opinion within the mining community. The SME Guide has drawn on the 3rd Edition of the Mining Engineering Handbook (2011) to provide standards to be
used by the Competent Person in preparing Technical Studies. As used in the table, “historic” implies information that may be available and still relevant from
similar projects. The term “benchmark” could also be interchangeably used if current data from similar projects are used. In Technical Studies, the Competent
Person should provide the basis for capital and operating cost estimates and an assessment of the level of accuracy for at least the categories listed below.

Capital Cost Category Scoping Study Prefeasibility Study Feasibility Study

Basis of Estimate to include the following Order-of-magnitude, based Estimated from historic Detailed from engineering
areas: on historic data or factors or percentages and at 15% to 25% complete,
Civil/structural, architectural, piping/HVAC, factoring. Engineering vendor quotes based on estimated material take-off
electrical, instrumentation, construction labor, < 5% complete. material volumes. quantities, and multiple
construction labor productivity, material Engineering at 5-15% vendor quotations
volumes/amounts, material/equipment, complete.
pricing, infrastructure
Contractors Included in unit cost or as a Percentage of direct cost Written quotes from
percentage of total cost by area for contractors; contractor and
historic for subcontractors subcontractors
Engineering, procurement, and construction Percentage of estimated Percentage of detailed Calculated estimate from
management (EPCM) construction cost construction cost EPCM
Pricing FOB mine site, including FOB mine site, including FOB mine site, including
taxes and duties taxes and duties taxes and duties
Owner’s costs Historic estimate Estimate from experience, Estimate prepared from
factored from similar detailed zero-based budget
project
Environmental compliance Factored from historic Estimate from experience, Estimate prepared from
estimate factored from similar detailed zero-based budget
project for design engineering and
specific permit
requirements

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Escalation Not considered Based on entity’s current Based on cost area with
budget percentage risk
Accuracy Range + 50% + 25% + 15%
Contingency Range (Allowance for items not + 25% + 15% + 10% (actual to be
specified in scope that will be needed) determined based on risk
analysis)
Operating Cost Category Scoping Study Prefeasibility Study Feasibility Study
Basis Order-of- magnitude Quantified estimates with Describes the basis of the
estimate some factoring estimate; detailed from
zero-based budget;
minimal factoring
Operating quantities General Specific estimates with Detailed estimates
some factoring
Unit costs Based on historic data for Estimates for labor, power, Letter quotes from
factoring and consumables, some vendors; minimal factoring
factoring
Accuracy Range + 35% + 25% + 15%
Contingency Range (Allowance for items not + 25% + 15% + 10% (actual to be
specified in scope that will be needed) determined based on risk
analysis)
Modified from SME Mining Engineering Handbook, 3rd Edition, 2011, pages 300 and 301, Tables 5.1-1, 5.1-2 and 5.1-3.

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 APPENDIX A
List of Recognized Professional Organizations (RPOs)
This list is updated from time to time by the Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and
Exploration, Inc. Organizations which wish to be added to the list should contact the
SME at the following address:

Chairman, Resources and Reserves Committee

Society for Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration, Inc.
12999 E. Adam Aircraft Circle
Englewood, CO 80112
U.S.A.

Professional Organization Member Designation

Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration,
Registered Member
Inc. (SME)
American Institute of Professional Geologists Certified Professional Geologist
(AIPG)
Any state or territory in the United States of Licensed or Registered as a Professional
America Engineer
National Association of State Boards of Geology Licensed, Certified or Registered in:
(ASBOG) Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California,
Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois,
Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Minnesota,
Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New
Hampshire, North Carolina, Oregon,
Pennsylvania, Puerto Rico, South Carolina,
Texas, Utah, Virginia, Washington, Wisconsin or
Wyoming
Mining and Metallurgical Society of America Qualified Professional
(MMSA)
Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Fellow or Member
(AusIMM)
Australian Institute of Geoscientists (AIG) Fellow or Member
Engineering Council of South Africa (ECSA) Professional Engineer
South African Council for Professional and Professional Surveyor
Technical Surveyors (PLATO)
South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Fellow or Member
(SAIMM)
South African Council for Natural Scientific Professional Natural Scientist
Professions (SACNASP)
Geological Society of South Africa (GSSA) Member
European Federation of Geologists (EFG) European Geologist (EurGeol)
Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining (IOM3) Fellow or Professional Member

Institute of Geologists of Ireland (IGI) Professional Member

Geological Society of London (GSL) Chartered Geologist
Chilean Comision Minera (ChCM) Qualified Competent Person in the relevant subject
area
Appendix A - Page 1 of 2

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 Professional Association Member Designation
Any organization or association of engineers and/or Licensed, certified, registered or accepted by:
geoscientists given authority or recognition by Professional Engineers Ontario,
statute in a jurisdiction of Canada Association of Professional Engineers and
Geoscientists of British Columbia,
Association of Professional Engineers and
Geoscientists of Manitoba,
Association of Professional Geoscientists of
Ontario,
Association of Professional Engineers and
Geoscientists of Newfoundland,
Association of Professional Engineers, Geologists
and Geophysicists of the Northwest Territories,
Association of Professional Geoscientists of
Nova Scotia,
Association of Professional Engineers and
Geoscientists of New Brunswick,
Association of Professional Engineers and
Geoscientists of Saskatchewan,
Association of Professional Engineers, Geologists
and Geophysicists of Alberta,
Ordre des Géologues du Québec,
Ordre des Ingénieurs du Québec
Russian Society of Subsoil Use Experts (OERN) Expert class
Appendix A - Page 2 of 2

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