Alat Bahan
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Alat Bahan
Another molecule that has resonance structures is sulfur dioxide, SO2, shown
in Figure 13. Sulfur dioxide released into the atmosphere is partly responsible for acid
precipitation.The actual structure of SO2 is an average, or a resonance hybrid, of the
two structures. Although you draw the structures as if the bonds change places again
and again, the bonds do not in fact move back and forth. The actual bonding is a
mixture of the two extremes represented by each of the Lewis structures [13]
Although sulfur is not a very abundant element (it constitutes only about 0.06
percent of Earth’s crust by mass), it is readily available because it occurs commonly in
nature in the elemental form. The largest known reserves of sulfur are found in
sedimentary deposits. In addition, sulfur occurs widely in gypsum (CaSO4 ? 2H2O)
and various sulfi de minerals such as pyrite (FeS2) (Figure 21.14). Sulfur is also
present in natural gas as H2S, SO2, and other sulfur-containing compounds. Sulfur is
extracted from underground deposits by the Frasch† process, shown in Figure 21.15.
In this process, superheated water (liquid water heated to about 160°C under high
pressure to prevent it from boiling) is pumped down the outermost pipe to melt the
sulfur. Next, compressed air is forced down the innermost pipe. Liquid sulfur mixed
with air forms an emulsion that is less dense than water and therefore rises to the
surface as it is forced up the middle pipe. Sulfur produced in this manner, which
amounts to about 10 million tons per year, has a purity of about 99.5 percent [14].
Over 60% of Iranian natural gases are contaminated with hydrogen sulfide or
other sulfur compounds. Khangiran refinery which receives around 50 MMSCMD sour
gas with 3.35 mol% H2S as its GTU feed, produces around 45% of Iranian sulfur
production. Three of the four existing sulfur recovery units (SRU’s) are initially
installed more than 3 decades ago. Such relatively old Claus units with no tail gas
clean up facility have usually sulfur recovery efficiencies as low as 90%, due to the
low H2S content of the acid gas stream entering SRU process. Eliminating impurities
and contaminants such as carbon dioxide form SRU feed stream via proper acid gas
enrichment (AGE) process can effectively elevate the Claus combustion chamber
temperature and consequently increase the overall sulfur recovery efficiency of the
entire SRU process, to achieve more cleaner (SO2 free) air and higher purity product
(with brighter color).
Three different enrichment schemes are compared together and the most
effective and optimal scheme was selected based on their overall sulfur recovery
efficiencies. Coupled use of Aspen HYSYS and Promax software was employed to
simulate the entire GTU +enrichment section and SRU processes. It is shown that the
third scheme can successfully enrich H2S in the acid gas stream from its original
value of 0.335 (mole fraction) to more than 0.70. The optimal values of recycled acid
gas split ratio, recycled lean amine split ratio and enrichment tower pressure for this
scheme are found to be around 0.8, 0.14 and 60 psia, respectively.
To further reduce the sulfur dioxide emission of the entire refining process, two
scenarios of acid gas or air preheats are investigated when either of them is used
simultaneously with the third enrichment scheme. The maximum overall sulfur
recovery efficiency and highest combustion chamber temperature is slightly higher for
acid gas preheats but air preheat is more favorable because it is more benign. To the
best of our knowledge, optimization of the entire GTU +enrichment section and SRU
processes has not been addressed previously [15].
D. Methodes
1. Tools and Material
1.1. Tool
Start
Finish
Start
Finish
Finish
CuSO4 + gas H2
Finish
Start
Finish
Start
Finish
Start
Larutan berwarna
putih
Finish
E. Results and Discussion
1. Result
2. Disscusion
The experiment on modification of sulfur, conducted an experiment with doing
thermal reactions (with warming). At first treatment, sulfur was reacted by way of
heating it until it melts and is yellow. After that the sulphur silenced and observed
lines of crystals that are formed. In this experiment the sulphur is experiencing
changes in microscopic or macroscopic. Changes in microscopic look at the
change of form and color change from solid to liquid sulfur, then becomes solid
again with a different structure, i.e. forming crystals. In addition changes in
makrosokopik that can be seen is a change in the color of yellow sulfur egg.
If reviewed by microscopic approach, there is a change in the structural form of
sulfur on the first form of sulfur rombik (α) which is composed of molecules of S8.
The results of the evaporation of sulfur it will produce Crystalline octahedral. The
experiment rombik sulfur is sulfur powder when heated until it melts produces
fused form of α and β sulfur sulfur with temperature modification about 95, 6oC.
When the heating is stopped and silenced berlerang, in microscopic sulfur back in
its original structure, i.e. sulfur α (rombik) and formed the lines of crystals. Lines
formed at this exact same sulfur Crystals such as ice cubes, where the lines of
Crystals that form elongated and yellow. In General, the reaction that occurs in
this experiment are:
Sα Sβ
The next treatment step is done pretty much the same, that heats the sulfur.
This warming experiment performed until boiling sulfur and observe the changes
that occur. Based on observations, changes the color of the sulfur from yellow to
red brick. The sulfur has been boiling and then poured into the water and the
sulfur formed elastic, but immediately freezes. In General on this experiment
happened changes the structure of sulf ur are microscopic.
Figure 2
The sulfur has been simmering at the treatment above then enter into the beaker
containing water by means of boiling sulfur poured into the glass. These observations
generate sulfur Crystals shaped Crystal grains is yellow which does not mix with
water. The goal of the sulphur in the masukkannnya in a State of boiling into the
beaker containing water that is so that the molecules of sulfur did not have time to
form Crystals. Sulfur crystals that formed during this treatment such as plastic that are
burned. The crystals formed are usually on call with sulfur or sulphur-shaped plastic,
spiral chains. Sulfur sulfur is plastic that is formed when liquid is µ S is poured into
cold water. Consists of molecules such as chains and has a rubber-like quality when it
was first formed. But it subsequently became corrupted and may easily turn into sulfur
rombik.
Figure 3
The next treatment aims to observe and identify properties of sulfuric acid from
each observation. First treatment namely by reacting a copper with H2SO4
concentrations through a process of heating but not to boiling. Based on the results of
the observations made, the reaction is indicated by the presence of the color change
from red brick becomes murky. In this experiment concentrated sulfuric acid used is
strong pengoksida substance. Sulfuric acid reacts with most metals via single
displacement reactions that generate hydrogen gas and metal sulfate. Reactions with
Tin and copper require hot sulfuric acid and concentrated, and this reaction will
produce sulfur dioxide than hydrogen. This is because the concentrated sulfuric acid
have a role as an oxidizing agent. So when hot concentrated acid reacts with copper,
zinc and Tin would produce salt, water and sulfur dioxide. Reaction equation:
Figure 4
The next treatment that is putting pieces of filter paper that has been
moistened with a solution of K2Cr2O4 that has been pickled in the mouths of test tubes
containing copper heated and H2SO4. From the experiments that have been done are
obtained discolorations on the filter paper is white initially and then changed to blue.
The resulting blue color is caused by the formation of chromium (III) ion. Reaction
equation:
Cr2O72- + SO2 + H+ 2Cr3+ + SO42- + 5H2O
Figure 5
Figure 6
From the above it can be seen that the reaction H2SO4 outlines sucrose or separate
atoms of hydrogen and oxygen from sucrose. Concentrated sulfuric acid is a powerful
dehydrating substances. Dehydration is the discharge of water molecules of a material
drawn by an ingredient for example H2SO4. The presence of carbon produced from this
reaction can be viewed from the formation of the black color on the mix when added with
concentrated H2SO4.
Then the fourth treatment i.e. reacting acetic acid, sulfuric acid, alcohol and then done
warming up. Prior to warming, the walls of the tube was hot, this is due to the presence
of the reaction between sulfuric acid against acetic acid and alcohol. Then do the
heating that produces air bubbles. Rekasinya equations:
Based on the above reaction equations can note that the reaction is the reaction of
esterification, where alcohol was reacted with a carboxylic acid with an acid catalyst
generates the ester and water molecules. In this case it can also be seen that the
H2SO4 acted as a catalyst in the process of esterification. However, this reaction does
not appear any aroma essences as it should be. The distinctive smell of ester often
covered or distracted by the smell of a carboxylic acid.
The last treatment i.e. dissolve Na2SO3 in water and add some few drops BaCl.
According to the literature, these observations will produce colored deposits puth. The
reaction is formed as follows:
Book
[10] Silberberg, M. S. (2012). The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change.
[11] Actinides, L. (n.d.). No Title.
[12] Malloy, B. C., & Flores, C. (2005). Nteractive Tudent Dition. Teacher (Vol. 86).
Retrieved from http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/may252004/1355.pdf
[13] Wilcocks, L. P., & Management, I. (1993). About the authors (p. 1980).
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-7506-4821-9.50002-7
[14] Chang, R. (2010). Chemistry 10e. In Chemistry (pp. 1062–1084).
[15] Garmroodi Asil, A., Shahsavand, A., & Mirzaei, S. (2017). Maximization of sulfur
recovery efficiency via coupled modification of GTU and SRU processes.
Egyptian Journal of Petroleum, 26(3), 579–592.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2016.08.003