1 Sam Nadler
1 Sam Nadler
1 Sam Nadler
space
containing
morethanonepoint.Let 2X denote
thespace
of all nonempty
compact
subsets
of X, 2X being
metrized
bytheHausdorff
metric
Hd defined
as
follows:
ForanyK1,K2C2Xand anye> 0,let
Nd(e,Ki)= { x C X: d(x,z)• e forsomez • Ki }
for eachi = 1 and2, anddefineHd(K1,K2) by
Hd(K1,K2)= inf(e > 0: K1 C Nd(e,K2)andK2 C Nd(e,K1)}.
Thespace
C(X)isthesubspace
of 2X given
by
C(X)= {K • 2X:K isconnected}.
The spaces
2X and C(X) are calledhyperspaces
of X. For basicfactsabout
hyperspaces, see [ 5 ] and [ 11 ].
HS(X) = C(X)/F1(X)
with the quotient topology. The terminology "hyperspace suspension of X" comes
from the following considerations.Recall [4, 5.4, page 127] that the usual suspension
S(X) of X is homeomorphicto the quotient spaceCone(X)/B(X), where B(X) denotes
125
126 SAM B. NADLER, Jr.
the base of the cone over X. The hyperspace C(X) resembles the cone over X in that
C(X) has levels, given by Whitney maps •t: C(X)-• [0,1], and arcs (x)X from each
which it is known that C(X) is actually homeomorphic to the cone over X (see [10],
onto
[11, Chapter VIII], [14], and [15]), a homeomorphism h: C(X) • Cone(X) can
It is known that if X is a chainable continuum, then C(X) has the fixed •0oint
property [17, Theorem 3]. The purpose of this paper is to show that if X is a
chainable continuum, then HS(X) has the fixed point property [see (3.1)]. Our proof
will show that HS(X) is disk-like for any chainable continuum X [see (3.2)]. Hence,
(3.1) provides a new classof disk-like continua with the fixed point property - see the
froma space
Z1 intoa spaceZ2 issaidto beessential
provided
thatf isnothomotopic
to a constant
mapping.If A C Z1, thenthe symbolflA denotes
therestriction
of f to
A. Assuming
thatZ1 hasa metric/•1andthate > 0, themapping
f: Z 1-• Z2 issaidto
beane-map
with
respect
to/•1provided
thatthe/•
1-diameter
offfl(ffq))isless
than
e
for eachq • Z 1.
A continuum X is said to be chainable (or snake-like) provided that for each
e > 0, there exists an e-map from X onto the unit interval I = [0,1 ]. It is well known
and easy to prove that the definition just given is equivalent to the usual one in terms
of chains(in, for example, [ 1] or [7, page 224] ).
A continuum Y is said to have the fixed point property provided that every
mappingf from Y into Y hasa fixed point, i.e., a point y • Y suchthat f(y) = y.
LetR2 denote
theEuclidean
plane
andletS1andB2 bedefined
by:
A FIXED POINT THEOREM FOR HYPERSPACE SUSPENSIONS 127
S1={(Xl,X2)•R2'x•+x•=1),
B2=((Xl,X
2)• R2:x•+x22
•<1}.
A simpleclosedcurve[resp.,
a 2-cell]isanycontinuum whichishomeomorphictoS1
[resp.,
B2].If T isa 2-cell,
thenthemanifold boundary bToft ish'l(s1) where
h is
anygivenhomeomorphism fromT ontoB2. A continuum Z issaid
tobecontractible
withrespect
to S1 providedthatevery mapping
f: Z-->S1ishomotopic toaconstant
mapping [7, page 434]. A continuum Z is said to be disk-like provided that for each
e > 0, there exists an e-map from Z onto a 2-cell.
The result in [ 17, Theorem 3 ], mentioned here at the end of Section 1, is proved
by different methods in [6] and [16]. The key idea for the proofs in [6] and [16] is
the use of some consequencesof a generalresult due to Lokuciewski [9]. In our proof
of (3.1), we will use the form of Lokuciewski's result that was used in [ 6]:
withrespect
toS1.If,foreach
e> O,there
exists
ane-map
fe:Z->T,where
T isa
2-cell,
anda nonemptysubset
Aeoff-i(bT)
such
that
feiAe:Ae -> bT
is essential,then Z has the fixed point property.
In order to be able to use (2.1) in the proof of (3.1), we need to know that
HS(X)iscontractible
withrespect
to S1 whenever
X isa chainable
continuum.
We
have the following general result:
(2.2) THEOREM. For any continuum X, HS(X) is contractible with respect to
S1'
PROOF. Let X be a continuum. By [12, The6rem 3], C(X) has property (b),
equivalently
[18,page
226],C(X)iscontractible
withrespect
toS1. Hence,
letting
v: C(X) • HS(X)
denote the quotient map and noting that v is a monotone mapping, we have that
HS(X)iscontractible
withrespect
toS1by[7,Theorem
2(ii),page
434].Thisproves
(2.2).
f..ff[y]) = [f(y)]
o•([Y
1],[Y2]) --Hp(g([y
1]),g([Y2
] ))
for each[Yl ],[Y2] • Y/A. Sinceg is a homeomorphism,
o•is a metricfor Y/A such
that (Y/A,o0 is homeomorphic
to Y/A with the quotienttopology.Let e ) 0 andlet
f: Y--• Z be an e-mapwith respectto p suchthat f(A) = B. To showthat f..• is an
e-mapwithrespect toa,let[z]• Z/Bandlet[Yl],[Y2
] c ff•([z]).Wemust
show
thata([yl],[y2])< e.Bytheformulasfora,g,andHt>,thismeans wemust
show
that (1) and (2) hold:
One can easily construct examples to show that (2.3) would not necessarily
remain valid if the condition f(A) = B were replaced by the condition f(A) C B, e.g.:
Let Y = Z, let f: Y -4 Z be the identity map, let A be a proper subcontinuumof Y, and
let B = Z.
3. The main theorem. In this section we prove two results, the first of which is
PROOF. Let I = [0,1]. First we establish some notation and facts about HS(I)
leading to (1) below. Let
v: C(I) -4 HS(I)
Hence, to prove (3.1), it suffices by (1) and (2) to show that e-maps from HS(X) into
HS(I), of the type in (2.1), exist for each e > 0. Let e > 0. Since X is a chainable
continuum, there exists an e-map g from X onto I. Let
f: C(X) -4 C(I)
for eachK G C(X). Sinceg is an e-map,we haveby [6, 2.5] that f (='•) isane-map.
Thus,sincef mapsF1(X) ontoF1(I), wehaveby (2.3) that
f,.•: HS(X) • HS(I)
is an e-map [where we assumethat the metric for HS(X)is the metric o•of (2.3)]. By
Zorn's lemma, there exists M C C(X) such that f(M) = I and f(L) 4: I for any proper
subcontinuum
L of M. Letx1,x2 C M such
thatf((x 1}) = {0} andf({x2}) = ( 1}. By
[5, 2.3 and 2.6], there exist segments(for definition, see [5, page 24] )
Ol,O2:[0,1] * C(X)
suchthat oi(0)= (xi) andoi(1)= M for eachi= 1 and2. LetAi= oi([0,1]) foreach
i = 1 and2. Fromtheproperties
of M, Xl, x2, andsegments
[5, 2.1 and2.2], wehave
that
qo= v'(FI(X))CHS(X),
q1= u'(M)c HS(X).
It follows easily from (3) through (5) that
(8) L.•(v'(Ai))
= v(Fi)foreachi = 1 and2
andit followsfromthe definitions
of qo,ql, Po,andPl [also,recallthatf(M)= I]
that
REFERENCES
1. R.H. Bing,Snake-like
continua,
DukeMath.J., 18(1951),653-663.
2. J. H. Caseand R. E. Chamberlin,Characterizations
of tree-likecontinua,PacificJ. Math.,
10(1960), 73-84.
3. R. Duda,On the hyperspace
of subcontinua
of a finitegraph,I, Fund.Math.,62(1968),
265-286.
4. James
Dugundji,
Topology,
AllynandBacon,
Inc.,Boston,
Mass.,1966.
132 SAM B. NADLER, Jr.
Universityof Kentucky
Lexington,Kentucky40504 ReceivedMay 30, 1978