901 Middle Ear Analyzer: User Manual

901
Middle Ear Analyzer

User Manual
Doc no. 7-25-1800/11

Part no. 7-25-180
0459
Copyright notice
No part of this Manual or program may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form
or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written con-
sent of GN Otometrics A/S.
Copyright© 2011, GN Otometrics A/S

Printed in Denmark by GN Otometrics A/S, Denmark
All information, illustrations, and specifications in this manual are based on the latest product information
available at the time of publication. GN Otometrics A/S reserves the right to make changes at any time with-
out notice.
Version release date

8. September 2011
Technical support
Please contact your supplier.
FM template version: 01-02-2010

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 FEATURES OF THE ZODIAC 901 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 APPLICATIONS OF THE ZODIAC 901. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3 ABOUT THIS MANUAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.4 STANDARDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.5 SAFETY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.6 SERVICE AND REPAIR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2 INSTALLING THE ZODIAC 901 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

2.1 UNPACKING AND INSPECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2 STORAGE AND SHIPMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.3 INSTALLATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.4 CARE AND MAINTENANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.4.1 CLEANING THE PROBE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.5 FUSE REPLACEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3 GENERAL DESCRIPTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.1 GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.2 FRONT PANEL LAYOUT & CONTROLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.2.1 MANUAL MODE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.2.2 AUTO MODE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.2.3 SELECT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.2.4 ALT. SELECT AND SETUP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.2.5 OTHER FRONT PANEL CONTROLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.2.6 INDICATOR LAMPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.2.7 LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.3 START-UP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.4 MAIN MENU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.4.1 NEW PATIENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.4.2 IDENTIFICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.4.3 DAILY CALIBRATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.4.4 DEFAULT CONFIGURATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.4.5 EASY AND ADVANCED MODES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.5 HEADSET AND PROBE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.5.1 EARTIPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.5.2 USING THE HEADSET AND PROBE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4 MANUAL MODE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
4.1 TYMPANOMETRY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4.1.1 MANUAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
4.1.2 AUTO SWEEP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4.1.3 ETF-I, INTACT EARDRUM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.1.4 ETF-P, PERFORATED EARDRUM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
4.2 REFLEX TESTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
4.2.1 MANUAL REFLEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
4.2.2 SCREENING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
4.2.3 DECAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4.2.4 USER 1 / USER 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
4.2.5 MARKER FUNCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
4.3 THRESHOLD TESTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
4.3.1 THRESHOLD REFLEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
4.3.2 FAST SCREENING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
4.3.3 AIR CONDUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
5 SUPPLEMENTARY FUNCTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
5.1 ALT. SELECT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
5.1.1 ERASE DATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
5.1.2 SMOOTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
5.1.3 DATA TRANSMIT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
5.1.4 LEFT/RIGHT SHIFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
5.1.5 CONTRAST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
5.1.6 MARKER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
5.2 SETUP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
5.2.1 TYMPANOMETRY (INCL. ETF-I). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
5.2.2 REFLEX TESTING. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
5.2.3 THRESHOLD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
5.2.3.1 REFLEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
5.2.3.2 FAST SCREENING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
5.2.3.3 AIR CONDUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
5.3 PRINTER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
5.3.1 PAPER LOADING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
5.3.2 PRINTOUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
5.3.2.1 SCREEN DUMP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
5.3.2.2 PRINT DATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
5.3.2.3 PRINT ALL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
6 AUTO MODE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
6.1 MADSEN ELECTRONICS PRESET TEST MENU . . . . . . . . . . . 63
6.2 USER-PROGRAMMABLE TESTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
7 POWER-ON OPTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
7.1 USER TEST PROGRAMMING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
7.2 SYSTEM SETUP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
8 PRINCIPLES OF MIDDLE-EAR ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . 71

8.1 MECHANICAL IMPEDANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
8.2 MISMATCHING OF MECHANICAL IMPEDANCES . . . . . . . . 72
8.3 MATCHING OF MECHANICAL IMPEDANCES . . . . . . . . . . . 72
8.4 RESISTIVE LOSS OF VIBRATION ENERGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
8.5 THE STRUCTURE OF THE EAR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
8.6 THE EFFECT OF LOUD SOUNDS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
8.7 MEASURING ACOUSTIC IMPEDANCE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
8.8 TENSIONING OF THE EARDRUM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
8.9 THE PRINCIPLE OF TYMPANOMETRY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
8.10 PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
8.11 TYMPANOGRAM CHARACTERISTICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
9 DIAGNOSIS OF AUDITORY DISORDERS . . . . . . . . . . 81

9.1 DISORDERS AND THEIR SYMPTOMS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
9.1.1 MIDDLE-EAR FLUID AND EFFUSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
9.1.2 DISRUPTION OF THE OSSICULAR CHAIN . . . . . . . . . . . 81
9.1.3 OTOSCLEROSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
9.1.4 PERFORATED EARDRUM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
9.1.5 OCCLUDED EUSTACHIAN TUBE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
9.1.6 FLABBY TYMPANIC MEMBRANE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
9.1.7 IMPACTED CERUMEN (DRIED EAR WAX) . . . . . . . . . . . 82
9.1.8 PATULOUS EUSTACHIAN TUBE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
9.1.9 COCHLEAR HEARING LOSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
A APPENDIX: TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS . . . . . . . . . 83
B APPENDIX: ZODICON™ PARAMETERS . . . . . . . . . . . 85

GN Otometrics INTRODUCTION Chap. 1
ZODIAC 901 Middle-Ear Analyzer 1.1
FEATURES OF THE ZODIAC 901
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 FEATURES OF THE ZODIAC 901
With the ZODIAC 901 Middle-Ear Analyzer, Madsen Electronics have
produced a precision impedance measuring instrument which offers the
busy audiologist an unprecedented level of automation, timesaving and
versatility. The Limited Version of the ZODIAC 901 is described in an
Addendum located at the back of this manual.
· The unique multilingual Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) reduces the re- Liquid Crystal
quired measurement data instantly to graphical, analog and concise Display
numerical forms. The large, clear presentation of the data from each
test has been optimized for rapid diagnosis of patient condition.
· All function selection and pre-setting of parameters are controlled by a Multi-Choice Menus
combination of single-function pushbuttons, plus softkeys. The five
softkeys are used together with multi-choice menus displayed on the
LCD. All functions are driven by the software built into the instrument.
Thanks to this style of user interface, using the ZODIAC 901 can be
learnt quickly and easily. This interface eliminates drudgery from the
tasks of calibration and pre-test setting-up, and allows the instrument
to be configured for a very wide variety of tests.
· Tympanometry and reflex testing may be performed with pressure Analog Meter
and compliance indicated in real time as a graphic Cartesian display or Display Option
on analog meters, if preferred (see the display in Fig.1.1).
· The ZODIAC 901 is an intelligent instrument that can be taught which User-Programmable
tests to perform. Five Madsen Electronics Preset Tests plus the capabil- Tests
ity for four user-programmable test routines are built in, for optimal
operating efficiency. The ZODIAC 901 may also be operated entirely
manually or programmed for the user’s own combination of manual
and automatic operation. User-programmable tests enable the user to
select the default parameters of a particular test. The user can also select
a combination of tests to form a battery of preset tests.
· Intelligence in the ZODIAC 901 is not confined to its memory. If a Intelligent Response
measurement is interrupted by an air leak or acoustic interference, the To Interference
instrument not only erases the data for the aborted measurement, but
also keeps on re-trying the measurement from the beginning until it
completes it without interruption or until the operator intervenes.
· The ZODICON™ (Madsen Electronics Zodiac Configuration) pro- ZODICON™

gram enables your Madsen Electronics distributor to configure your Configuration
ZODIAC 901 to suit your own particular needs, thus customizing the Program
instrument into your “personal middle-ear analyzer”.
· User-programmable test routines and custom configuration changes Non-Volatile Memory

made using ZODICON™ are stored in non-volatile memory, and are
Operation Manual 1
INTRODUCTION Chap. 1 GN Otometrics
FEATURES OF THE ZODIAC 901 1.1 ZODIAC 901 Middle-Ear Analyzer
Fig.1.1
ZODIAC 901 Middle-Ear Analyzer
preserved when the mains power is switched off. The built-in clock and
calendar also continue without interruption.
Volatile Memory · The ZODIAC 901—Version 2.x—can perform up to 36 different meas-

urement curves on a patient (including both ears) and remember all the
results (in volatile memory) until a new patient is entered or the power
switched off. Version 3.x can perform/store 62 curves, and Version 4x
can perform/store 72 curves.
MateBaseI™ · Connected via its RS232C serial interface to a personal computer run-
Software ning the MateBaseI™ software supplied, the ZODIAC 901 can be used
to store patient records in the form of a computer database.
Hard Copy Output · The ZODIAC 901 can print out the contents of the current screen dis-
play, the results of the current test, or all the test results performed on
the current patient, on the instrument’s own built-in thermal printer
and/or an external printer connected via the ZODIAC 901’s Centronics
parallel port. Printouts can include the Madsen logo, time and date, the
patient’s I.D. data as well as the clinic’s name and address. It is espe-
cially beneficial to have the results of fast automatic screening with
tympanogram, reflex and all other relevant data printed out together.
Unique Probe & · For the ZODIAC 901 Middle-Ear Analyzer, Madsen Electronics have
Headset developed a unique lightweight probe that may either be worn com-
2 Operation Manual
APPLICATIONS OF THE ZODIAC 901
fortably on the headset for clinical testing, or used as a hand-held probe

for fast screening purposes. A smaller headband is available for testing
children.
· Colored lights on the probe indicate when a measurement is in prog- Remote indication
ress, and also give warning in the event of air leakage, instability in the
measured ear cavity volume, or measurement interruption owing to
air leakage.
· The start/stop button on the probe permits remote operation of the Remote Control
ZODIAC 901.
· Each probe supplied by Madsen Electronics has its calibration parame- Built-In Calibration
ters and serial number stored electronically in the probe, permitting Data
exchange of probe and/or cable without recalibration.
· The probe can be calibrated to both TDH39 and insert phone, and will Calibration For Both
automatically change from one set of phone calibration data to the Types Of Phone
other when one changes phone.
· The built-in Madsen Electronics 2 cc (2 ml) Precision Cavity enables the Precision Cavity
ZODIAC 901 to be calibrated on a daily basis to take account of baro-
metric pressure, altitude, etc. The cavity incorporates a built-in rubber
seal, enabling calibration to be performed without the use of a separate
eartip.
· Built-in Madsen Electronics’ Ear Simulator allows trouble-free training Ear Simulator
and checking of the capabilities of the ZODIAC 901.
· The comfortable, lightweight headset features a single integral cable Headset

with specially developed connectors, which carry both the electrical
signals and the air-line from the pump. The stainless steel spring band
and genuine leather headband enable the headset to be adjusted
quickly and easily for each patient. A smaller headset for children is
also available as an optional accessory. The standard TDH 39 earphone
supplied may easily be replaced by an optional insert phone or bone
conductor.
1.2 APPLICATIONS OF THE ZODIAC 901

The ZODIAC 901 is designed for acoustic impedance and static pressure
measurements on the ear canal. These measurements (by themselves, or
in combination with pure tone audiometry) enable a variety of middle
ear and other disorders to be diagnosed.
The measurement techniques embodied in the ZODIAC 901 have the ad-
vantage of being objective. Unlike pure tone audiometry, they depend
only on passive co-operation from the patient, not on the patient’s sub-
jective judgement. They can be performed more reliably than pure tone
audiometry measurements on children and other patients whose ability
to co-operate may be limited.
Operation Manual 3
APPLICATIONS OF THE ZODIAC 901 1.2 ZODIAC 901 Middle-Ear Analyzer
Unlike pure tone audiometers, the ZODIAC 901 can be used successfully
in environments which are not perfectly quiet, since its measuring cir-
cuits are immunized against external interference.
The ZODIAC 901 is intended for:
· Clinical tests on patients
· Screening of populations
The clinical tests which the ZODIAC 901 is designed to perform are:
· Manual/Auto Tympanometry
· Eustachian Tube Function
· Ipsi and Contra Manual Acoustic Reflex
· Ipsi and Contra Reflex Decay
· Acoustic Reflex Latency
· Pure tone audiometry (Air Conduction Threshold)
· Gellé’s Test
The screening tests are:
· Automatic Tympanometry
· Ipsi and Contra Acoustic Reflex
· Ipsi and Contra Fast Acoustic Reflex Threshold
· Pure tone audiometry (Air Conduction Threshold)
The ZODIAC 901 complies with the international standards for acoustic
impedance measurement referred to in its Specifications (Appendix 1).
4 Operation Manual
ZODIAC 901 Middle-Ear Analyzer ABOUT THIS MANUAL 1.3
1.3 ABOUT THIS MANUAL

Operation of the ZODIAC 901 Middle-Ear Analyzer is extremely easy Key Words In
and, consequently, easy to learn. This manual has therefore been de- Margins
signed for easy reference to specific questions or problems.
The margins contain corresponding “key words” to help you to quickly

find what you are looking for, and they are all listed under a subject in-
dex at the end of the manual.
All screen instructions are reproduced as far as possible as they appear Manual Conventions
on the screen, or are shown in “screen dumps” from ZODIAC 901. Push-
buttons on the instrument’s front panel are printed in the text in bold
script, and shown in the margin inside a box. For example:
Press Auto Test to access the User Test Menu. Auto Test
Note that default settings of various setup parameters, etc., specified in Default Settings
this manual, refer to those set at the factory—if your Middle-Ear Modified By
Analyzer differs, this is because the default settings have been changed ZODICON™
by your local distributor using ZODICON™.
Another feature of ZODIAC 901 is that test parameters for all tests may Setup Parameters
be changed at any time, except when a test is actually in progress. Since
only those parameters valid for any particular test are displayed in the
measurement setup sub-menu when Setup is pressed, the relevant pa-
rameters are listed in bold script at the end of the description of each test
mode.
If you have any questions or suggestions with regard to the ZODIAC

901 or this manual, please contact us at the following address:
GN Otometrics A/S,
9 Hoerskaetten
DK-2630 Taastrup, Denmark.
T: +45 45 75 55 55, F: +45 45 75 55 59
www.otometrics.com
1.4 STANDARDS
The ZODIAC 901 Middle-Ear Analyzer complies with the following
standards for audiometers:
EN 60645-1, -2
ANSI S3.6
EN 55022:1998
The ZODIAC 901 and this manual are CE-marked according to the
Medical Devices Directive 93/42/EEC.
Operation Manual 5
SAFETY 1.5 ZODIAC 901 Middle-Ear Analyzer
The ZODIAC 901 is marked with this symbol to indicate compliance with Type B
requirements of EN60601-1.
The device is marked with this symbol to indicate that it is electronic equipment covered
by the Directive 2002/96/EC on waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE).
In European countries the crossed-out wheeled-bin WEEE symbol reminds you that all
the electrical and electronic products, batteries, and accumulators must be taken to
separate collection at the end of their working life. This requirement applies in the
European Union. Do not dispose of these products as unsorted municipal waste.
You can return your device and accessories to Otometrics, or to any Otometrics supplier.
You can also contact your local authorities for advice on disposal.
1.5 SAFETY
This operation manual contains information and warnings which must be followed to
ensure the safe performance of the ZODIAC901. Local government rules and regulations,
if applicable, should also be followed at all times.
Special note should be made of the following:
ZODIAC 901 is marked with this symbol when it is important that the user refers to
associated warnings given in this manual.
Any PC connected to the ZODIAC 901 must comply with the requirements of IEC 950
“Safety of information technology equipment, including electrical business equipment”.
1.6 SERVICE AND REPAIR

Service and repair of electromedical equipment should only be carried out by the
equipment manufacturer or by authorized representatives. The manufacturer reserves the
right to disclaim all responsibility for the operating safety, reliability and performance of
equipment serviced or repaired by other parties.
6 Operation Manual
GN Otometrics INSTALLING THE ZODIAC 901 Chap. 2
ZODIAC 901 Middle-Ear Analyzer UNPACKING AND INSPECTION 2.1
2. INSTALLING THE ZODIAC 901

2.1 UNPACKING AND INSPECTION
The ZODIAC 901 is shipped in its own custom-made carton together Unpacking
with this Operation Manual, a Packing Specification and standard acces-
sories. Please do NOT dispose of this carton, in case the instrument
needs to be returned to your Madsen Electronics distributor for service
or repair.
If the shipping carton is visibly damaged, ask the carrier’s agent to be Inspection
present when the instrument is unpacked. If the instrument is damaged
or fails to operate, please notify the carrier and your Madsen Electronics
distributor immediately. The Madsen Electronics distributor will ar-
range for the repair or replacement of the instrument without waiting
for the claim against the carrier to be settled.
Please check that all accessories are complete and intact (referring to the
enclosed Packing Specification).
Note that the LCD is protected by a plastic cover, which may be Protective Cover
removed after unpacking the instrument. This cover should not be on LCD
discarded!
2.2 STORAGE AND SHIPMENT

To protect the instrument and accessories during storage or shipment al- Storage & Shipment
ways use the best packing available. If it is necessary to return the in-
strument to the Madsen Electronics distributor or to the factory for
repair, use the original shipping cartons and replace the protective cover
on the LCD.
Always store the ZODIAC 901 in a clean, dry environment and never
leave the power on when the instrument is in an enclosed container!
When shipping the ZODIAC 901, please remember the following:
1. Seal shipping container securely.
2. Mark container FRAGILE to ensure careful handling.
3. In any correspondence, please refer to the instrument by

model, serial number and software version.
Operation Manual 7
INSTALLING THE ZODIAC 901 Chap. 2 GN Otometrics
INSTALLATION 2.3 ZODIAC 901 Middle-Ear Analyzer
2.3 INSTALLATION
KEEP AWAY Site the instrument in a well-ventilated location away from all liquids
FROM LIQUIDS! and sources of heat.
Connections Connect the headset, and, if required, the optional external printer
and/or a personal computer (PC) to their respective connectors in the
Connection Panel located on the rear of the instrument (see Figs. 2.1 and
2.2).
PLEASE READ Before connecting the power cord, please make sure that the voltage
BEFORE from the electrical outlet matches the voltage shown on the identification
SWITCHING ON! label stuck over the power inlet.
CAUTION!
Operating at the wrong voltage may blow the fuses!
Mains/Line Plug one end of the power cord supplied into the power inlet on the
Connection back of the ZODIAC 901 and plug the other end directly into a three-
wire, protective ground, AC power outlet. If an extension cord is re-
quired, only use a cord with a three-prong connector.
On / Off Switch
200 - 240 V Data Interface Printer Headset

50 / 60 Hz
Power Inlet
Fig.2.1
ZODIAC 901 Connection Panel.
8 Operation Manual
ZODIAC 901 Middle-Ear Analyzer INSTALLATION 2.3
Fig.2.2
ZODIAC 901 Connections.
Operation Manual 9
CARE AND MAINTENANCE 2.4 ZODIAC 901 Middle-Ear Analyzer
2.4 CARE AND MAINTENANCE

Cleaning The ZODIAC 901 requires no preventive maintenance. However, it is
recommended that the following guidelines be observed.
The instrument should be kept clean and as free of dust as possible:
Display · Clean the LCD display periodically with an anti-static non-solvent solu-
tion using a soft lint-free cloth. Note that the display is laminated for
maximum readability and must therefore be treated with care.
Protective Cover The LCD can be protected against transport damage, i.e. scratching, by
means of the supplied protective plastic cover.
· Remove dust using a soft brush and take special care to dislodge any
accumulations of dirt on or around the pushbuttons on the front panel.
KEEP AWAY · To clean the cabinet and the front panel, use a soft, slightly damp cloth
FROM LIQUIDS! with a small amount of mild detergent on it. Do not allow any moisture
inside the instrument!
WARNING!
Chemical cleaning agents containing ammonia or alcohol will damage
the cabinet and display.
Dust Cover If your ZODIAC 901 has been supplied with the optional plastic dust
cover, you should keep the instrument covered at all times when it is not
in operational use.
CAUTION! However, the instrument should NOT be left switched on with the dust
cover in place, as this may cause severe overheating and damage to the
instrument. Avoid exposing the instrument to direct sunlight, and keep
it well-ventilated at all times to prevent overheating.
The headset is in constant contact with your patients so care should be

taken to ensure that it is kept clean, especially the earphone. Just wipe it
regularly with a moist cloth.
2.4.1 CLEANING THE PROBE
Please refer to §3.5.1 for further details.
Eartips · The rubber eartips supplied with the instrument, and available as op-
tional accessories, are disposable. However, they may be washed an
unspecified number of times in a commercial dishwasher before losing
their elasticity.
10 Operation Manual
ZODIAC 901 Middle-Ear Analyzer FUSE REPLACEMENT 2.5
· There are no special requirements for disposal of the rubber eartips. Disposal
· The probe tip must be frequently checked for cerumen (ear wax)—even Probe Tip
a partial blockage will affect the accuracy of your measurements. Ce-
rumen may be removed by means of the supplied metal pin (cleaning
wire)—see below.
Do NOT attempt to clean any of the tubes in the probe tip without
first removing the attached plastic tubes as described below.
1. First detach the probe tip from the 3 plastic tubes. Procedure For
Cleaning Probe Tip
2. Use the supplied metal pin (cleaning wire) to push out cerumen from
each metal tube in the probe tip.
3. Re-attach the 3 plastic tubes to the probe tip.
2.5 FUSE REPLACEMENT
TO REPLACE A FUSE OR TO CHANGE VOLTAGE: Voltage Select/ Fuse

Replacement
WARNING!
Before replacing a fuse or changing voltage, first switch off
instrument and disconnect from mains power supply!
1. Switch off the instrument and disconnect from mains.
2. Remove the two Phillips screws at the back of the top panel.
3. Tilt the top panel forwards and remove.
4. The voltage selector is located next to the power switch (see Fig. 2.3 on Voltage Select
next page). 115 V or 230 V may be selected.
5. Two identical fuses are located beside the voltage selector (see Fig. 2.3). The Fuse Replacement
current of the fuses varies according to the voltage, see below:
Component Voltage Fuses Type Dimensions
F301/F302 115 V 400 mA Slow Blow 5 x 20 mm

F301/F302 230 V 200 mA Slow Blow 5 x 20 mm
Operation Manual 11
FUSE REPLACEMENT 2.5 ZODIAC 901 Middle-Ear Analyzer
230V
Fig.2.3
Voltage Selector & Fuses Inside ZODIAC 901.
12 Operation Manual
GN Otometrics GENERAL DESCRIPTION Chap. 3
ZODIAC 901 Middle-Ear Analyzer GENERAL 3.1
3. GENERAL DESCRIPTION
3.1 GENERAL
Unlike most other impedance audiometers, ZODIAC 901 has no
switches for selecting fundamental parameters nor potentiometers for
calibration of inputs, probe, liquid crystal display (LCD), etc. Instead,
parameters are selected by using pushbuttons on the front panel in com-
bination with the display, while the conventional potentiometers have
been replaced by electronic level controls which are also operated by
means of pushbuttons and display.
ZODIAC 901 may be operated manually or automatically: in Manual Manual Mode

Mode, either Tymp., Reflex or Threshold is selected, and the instrument
is then set up by means of the pushbuttons under the display.
In Auto Mode, the various test combinations and parameters are prepro- Auto Mode
grammed (both by Madsen Electronics and the user), and may be se-
lected by pressing Auto Test and then the corresponding softkey under
the display.
Note that toggling the Auto Test button accesses the Madsen Preset Auto Test
Test Menu and the User Test Menu, respectively.
Madsen Preset Tests may not be altered, but the User Tests may be pro-
grammed to suit individual requirements (see §7.1).
3.2 FRONT PANEL LAYOUT & CONTROLS

On the front panel there is a Rotary Knob for manual pump control,
stimulus level contol, and for setting up parameters, and a Tone Switch
(interrupter) for administering stimuli, starting reflex tests and for enter-
ing identification data.
There are a total of 17 pushbuttons with the following functions (please

refer to Fig.3.1 below).
· Five softkeys, whose functions are identified in the lower sector of each
menu displayed
· Four “hard” keys for selecting the Main Menu and the three Manual
Test Modes
· Three keys for Auto Mode
· Three keys for accessing the Alt. Select Menu, the context-sensitive
Setup Menu, and the Printer Menu
· Keys for Air Release and Extended Range
Operation Manual 13
GENERAL DESCRIPTION Chap. 3 GN Otometrics
FRONT PANEL LAYOUT & CONTROLS 3.2 ZODIAC 901 Middle-Ear Analyzer
Fig.3.1
There are five indicator lamps showing Stimulus, Extended Range,

Power, Status, and Leak.
In Advanced Mode, ZODIAC 901 has six principal menus which can be
accessed by pressing the following pushbuttons: Main Menu, Tymp.,
Reflex and Threshold in the Manual Mode and Auto Test. The printout
submenu can be accessed from the Printer pushbutton.
These menus may be accessed from any point in the instrument’s opera-
tion, enabling the operator to move quickly from one part of the program
to another (typically after pressing a maximum of two buttons).
14 Operation Manual
ZODIAC 901 Middle-Ear Analyzer FRONT PANEL LAYOUT & CONTROLS 3.2
The front panel has been laid out for optimal ergonomic efficiency, with
the different functions separated by boxes according to function.
The front panel control functions and indications are classified and de-
scribed in detail in the following sub-sections.
3.2.1 MANUAL MODE
Pressing Main Menu displays the Main Menu. This is used to perform Main Menu
the following functions (see §3.4):
· Erase the current patient data and advance the patient counter ready
for a new patient
· Enter identification details for patient and operator
· Perform daily calibration
· Restore default settings to cancel changes made using Measurement

Setup or Auto Test sequences
· Select Easy Mode or Advanced Mode, which determine the facilities

available from the other Manual Mode pushkeys
In Easy Mode, intermediate menus are omitted, thus speeding access to

the following measurement screens:
Pressing Tymp. displays the Tymp. Automatic Sweep* screen in Easy Tymp.
Mode, or the Tymp. sub-menu, allowing additionally selection of Tymp.
Manual Sweep and Eustachian Tube Function Tests (ETF-I and ETF-P),
in Advanced Mode. See §.
Pressing Reflex displays the Reflex Manual* screen in Easy Mode, or the Reflex
Reflex sub-menu, allowing additionally selection of Reflex Screening, Re-
flex Decay, User 1 and User 2, in Advanced Mode. See §4.2.
Pressing Threshold displays the Threshold Reflex* screen in Easy Mode, Threshold
or the Threshold sub-menu, allowing additionally selection of Fast
Screening and Air Conduction, in Advanced Mode. See §4.3.
*These are the factory default test modes. Choice of test in Easy Mode ZODICON™
may be altered by means of ZODICON™.
3.2.2 AUTO MODE
Toggling the Auto Test pushbutton displays, alternately, the Madsen Auto Test
Electronics Preset Test or User Test Menu. See §6.1 and §6.2, respec-
tively. When a user test is being programmed, pressing Auto Test is
used to terminate the program sequence. See §7.1. Auto Test is used to
execute test sequences.
Operation Manual 15
Escape Escape is used to terminate a pre-programmed test. See §7.1.
Continue This pushkey has two functions (as indicated on the front panel): when
running a pre-programmed auto test containing one or more pauses,
pressing Continue is used to resume the running of the program after it
has paused (see §6.2 and §7.1). When the program pauses, the screen
will display “Standby” and beep to show that it is waiting for a re-
sponse.
Standby is used to insert a pause into a user test when required, while it
is being programmed (see §7.1).
3.2.3 SELECT
Softkeys 1 to 5 The functions of Softkey 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 are determined at any time en-
tirely by whichever menu which is displayed on the LCD. Every menu
contains five panels, each of which identifies the current function of the
key below it. In some menus, not every key has a function assigned to it.
3.2.4 ALT. SELECT AND SETUP
Alt. Select The Alt. Select pushbutton accesses L/R (shift from left to right ear, or
vice versa), plus the following other functions, at any time except when
a test is in progress: Erase Data (but only if there is data to be erased),
Tymp Smooth (not applicable in versions of the ZODIAC 901 lower than
3.x), Reflex Marker, Data Xmit (Transmit), and Contrast (for adjusting
the display’s contrast using the Rotary Knob). Press Alt. Select again to
return to the function currently selected (except where this happens
automatically). See §5.1.
L/R Ear Shift NOTE: To select the alternate ear,

press Alt. Select and then Softkey 4.
Setup The Setup pushbutton offers different sub-menus depending on which

function or mode you are in at any given time. For example, if you are
making a Reflex Decay measurement, pressing Setup will access the Re-
flex Decay Setup sub-menu, enabling you to alter the following Reflex
Decay parameters: attenuation step; optional use of a selection of meas-
urement levels relative to the stored level of Reflex Threshold (THL)
which has previously been measured; Y-axis scaling; Y-axis origin posi-
tion. Selecting More changes the sub-menu choices to: optional use of a
measurement pressure level a selected interval above or below Middle-
Ear Pressure (MEP), and Leak Detect on or off (Version 4.x). Press Setup
again to return to the function currently selected. See §5.2.
Setup is also used for the ZODIAC 901 System Setup, which is one of
the power-on options. This facility enables a large number of measure-
ment parameters to be pre-set as required. The key is held down while
the power is switched on. See §7.2.
16 Operation Manual
ZODIAC 901 Middle-Ear Analyzer FRONT PANEL LAYOUT & CONTROLS 3.2
3.2.5 OTHER FRONT PANEL CONTROLS
The Rotary Knob is used: to select the characters for operator and pa- Rotary Knob
tient identification (§3.4.2); to adjust pump pressure (§4.1.1, §4.1.49.1.4,
§4.2.1, §4.2.3, §4.3.1, §4.3.2); to vary Sound Pressure Level (§4.2.1, §4.2.3,
§4.3.1, §4.3.2, §4.3.3); to move the marker (§5.1.6); to adjust display con-
trast (§5.1.5, §7.2); and to set beeper level, time and date (§7.2). It may
also be used to adjust any other test parameter with more than two pos-
sible values: hold the corresponding Softkey down and turn the Rotary
Knob in either direction as required.
The Tone Switch is used: to key in the characters for operator and pa- Tone Switch
tient identification (§3.4.2); to start reflex test measurements (§4.2.2,
§4.2.3, §4.2.4, §4.3.1, §4.3.2); and to present stimuli for reflex testing
(§4.2.1) and for air conduction testing (§4.3.3).
Pressing the Printer key displays the Printer sub-menu, which occupies Printer
only the five panels at the bottom of the screen, leaving any test results
visible. This allows selection of the internal printer (if fitted) or external
printer (if connected), and disabling of printout, which overrides prepro-
grammed printout in the Auto tests; control of the paper in the internal
printer; screen dump, which includes the relevant sub-menu; printout of
the data for the current test (including data not shown on the test screen,
but specified in the Measurement Setup, e.g. pump speed); and printout
of all data, including test results, for the current patient, together with
the Madsen Electronics’ logo and, if it has been programmed, the clinic’s
or audiologist’s custom header. See §5.3.
Pressing the Air Release key provides a means of rapidly relieving the Air Release
pressure in the ear canal of a patient who experiences sudden distress
during a test. Note that, for patient safety, this key is connected directly
to the air release valve, making it independent of the microprocessor.
The Air Release key also returns the pump to the middle position.
In Tymp Mode, the normal range of pump pressures for middle-ear test- Ext. Range
ing is from –400 daPa to +200 daPa. Pressing the Ext. Range button tog-
gles between the normal range and an extended range from –600 daPa to
+400 daPa. The Ext. Range lamp lights red when the extended range is
selected. In Reflex Mode, when extended range is selected, the maxi-
mum Sound Pressure Level of the stimulus available in Reflex and
Threshold tests is also increased, from 100 dB to 115 dB in Ipsi, and from
100 dB to 120 dB in Contra.
Operation Manual 17
3.2.6 INDICATOR LAMPS
Stimulus The Stimulus lamp lights green while a stimulus is being presented.
Ext. Range The Ext. Range lamp lights red when the extended pump-pressure
range of –600 daPa to +400 daPa or the extended sound pressure range
are selected.
Power The Power lamp lights green when the ZODIAC 901 is switched on.
Status The Status lamp lights steadily green when a measurement is in prog-
ress. It flashes green if the ZODIAC 901 is waiting to make a measure-
ment when no cavity is detected. It lights red when a measurement has
been interrupted by a leak, a noise or the pump reaching the end posi-
tion. This lamp is duplicated on the probe.
Leak The Leak lamp lights yellow if the seal between the eartip (also called
the “probe tip” or “probe cuff”) and the ear canal is not airtight. This
lamp is duplicated on the probe.
3.2.7 LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY
Liquid Crystal The Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) can show both textual and graphical
Display information about the functions of the ZODIAC 901 and the results of
tests. It can display tympanograms and other Cartesian graphs during
measurement. For Tympanometry and Reflex measurements, the dis-
play can also emulate accurately the panels of a pair of moving-coil me-
ters (see, for example, Fig.4.3 and Fig.4.4). Each test mode and
supplementary function has its own screen display layout, which has
been optimized to convey information relevant to the function.
Contrast The contrast of the LCD may be altered using Alt. Select (§5.1.5) or in
System Setup (§7.2). This value is saved to NOVRAM, i.e. the LCD will
have the new value next time the instrument is powered on.
Menu Every display layout, however, contains a lower sector consisting of a

menu with five panels. Each panel shows the function of the Softkey im-
mediately below it. At the top of each menu in the centre is a descriptive
title such as “Operation” which identifies the current operating mode.
The operating modes are: Select, Operation, New Patient?, Erase Data?,
Select Default Configuration, Alt. Select, Setup, Printer, and Marker.
Main Display The second line of the (main) upper part of every display layout also
contains a descriptive title with several components, as follows:
Mode: [Activity] Ear [Earphone]
18 Operation Manual
ZODIAC 901 Middle-Ear Analyzer START-UP 3.3
The Modes are: Main Menu, Identification, Daily Calibration, Tymp., Re-
flex, Threshold, User Test Menu, Program Mode, Real Time Clock Setup.
The Activities are: Manual, Sweep, Eustachian Tube Function (ETF-I,

ETF-P), Screening, Decay, Reflex, Fast Screening (FastSCR), Air Conduc-
tion (AirCond).
The Ear is identified as Left or Right, and, in tests where it is relevant,

additionally as CONTRA or IPSI. In tests which make use of an Ear-
phone, this will also be identified if it is connected and Contra is selected,
e.g.: “TDH39”. If Contra is selected and either an insert phone or noth-
ing is plugged in, it will indicated “insert”.
In all tests where the ear canal may be pressurized or depressurized via Pump capacity
the probe by the use of the ZODIAC 901’s built-in pump, a horizontal
scale appears at the top of the display during and immediately after
changes in the static pressure. The purpose of this is to show graphically
how much of the pump’s capacity is required at any instant.
In all tympanometric tests, the Volume (Vol.) of the ear canal is meas- Volume
ured, computed and shown continuously in milliliters (ml) in one corner
of the main sector of the display.
3.3 START-UP
WARNING! ATTENTION!
To avoid damage to the probe’s electronics, NEVER connect or

disconnect the probe while the instrument is powered on!
1. Connect the headset via its cable to the rear panel. Connect Headset!
2. Plug the AC cable into the power inlet on the rear panel and then Connect AC Cable
connect the analyzer to a power source.
3. Switch on the ZODIAC 901 by depressing the power switch (located on Power-On
the left of the rear panel).
4. The power LED illuminates and the screen displays “Memory test” for a Software Version
couple of seconds, and then which version of the software is installed
and the date and time of calibration while the instrument runs an
automatic self-test. The lowest line of the display indicates the status of
the test and error messages, if any.
5. The power-up process takes about a minute, during which time the Automatic Self-Test
pump is run (audible click and hum), probe data is loaded, and the
system memory and the calibration memory are checked. In addition,
analog and electrical circuits are checked and optimized.
Operation Manual 19
MAIN MENU 3.4 ZODIAC 901 Middle-Ear Analyzer
Main Menu 6. When this process has been completed, the Main Menu is loaded and
you are ready to enter your I.D. together with the I.D. of your first
patient of the day (see §3.4). NO WARM-UP TIME IS REQUIRED.
Remember to Connect NOTE: If the headset has not been connected, the analyzer will not
Headset! continue and the following message will be displayed:
Headset not connected!
Error Messages If the self-test fails or displays a specific error, make a note of the error
message, call your Madsen Electronics distributor right away and report
exactly what was displayed (remember to state serial no. and software
version).
TM
To Bypass Daily If the ZODIAC 901 has been programmed to do so by the ZODICON
Calibration software, it may give a warning that it has not been calibrated suffi-
ciently recently. If it has been programmed to perform Daily Calibration
automatically during power-up, it may give a message requesting that
the probe be inserted into the Precision Cavity. In either case, you may
proceed by pressing Main Menu.
3.4 MAIN MENU
Main Menu Following power-on, or after selecting Main Menu, the screen shown in
Fig.3.2 is displayed, indicating which ear has been selected, time, date,
operator I.D., patient number or I.D., and a sub-menu.
Fig.3.2
TM
The default ear (left or right) may be set using the ZODICON software,
and may be different from that shown in the illustration. The format of
the date may also differ from that shown if it has been modified using
TM
ZODICON . The time and/or date setting may be altered using ZO-
DIAC 901 System Setup (see §7.2).
The following functions may be accessed from the Main Menu:
20 Operation Manual
ZODIAC 901 Middle-Ear Analyzer MAIN MENU 3.4
· Data from last patient tested may be erased by pressing Softkey 1 to se- Softkey 1
lect New Patient.
· Selecting “I.D.” by pressing Softkey 2 enables both operator and pa- Softkey 2
tient identification to be entered.
· Daily Calibration may be performed by pressing Softkey 3. Softkey 3
· Softkey 4 enables you to “Select Default Configuration”, thus restoring Softkey 4

the default configuration (which may have been modified using ZODI-
CONTM software), and removing any changes made using Setup (§5.2).
· Softkey 5 may be used to toggle between Easy Mode and Advanced Softkey 5
Mode. This facility is used to configure the use of three of the Manual
Mode keys to suit the application. In Easy Mode, the three keys select
three measurement functions directly. Pressing the Tymp. key accesses
Automatic Sweep*, the Reflex key accesses Manual Reflex*, and the
Threshold key accesses Reflex Threshold*. In Advanced Mode, press-
ing any of these keys displays a related sub-menu which invites a
further selection of tests (see §3.4.5).
These facilities are described more fully in the following sub-sections.
*These are the factory default test modes. Choice of test in Easy Mode ZODICON™
may be altered by means of ZODICONÔ.
3.4.1 NEW PATIENT
ZODIAC 901 has a built-in automatic patient counter indicated by a Patient Counter
number opposite the item “Patient” in the Main Menu display. Each
time the instrument is powered on, the patient counter is reset at 1. If
preferred, the patient may be identified by name or healthcare number
(see Identification below). However, each time you finish testing a pa-
tient and wish to start a new patient, press Main Menu to enter the
Main Menu, press Softkey 1, New Pt. to display the “New Patient?”
sub-menu, and press Softkey 1 again to confirm your choice.
Note that the display indicates the next number on the patient counter,
which you may then change to an alphanumeric entry, if desired, by re-
turning to the Main Menu (press Main Menu) and pressing Softkey 2 to
select I.D.
NOTE! Selecting New Patient WARNING!

erases all data on previous patient!
The selection of New Patient must be confirmed because all the data Previous Patient
concerning the last patient is automatically erased from the instrument’s Data Erased!
memory whenever you confirm selection! If a mistake has been made,
pressing Softkey 2 from the “New Patient?” sub-menu prevents the data
from being erased.
Operation Manual 21
3.4.2 IDENTIFICATION
Patient I.D. Entry Entry of patient and operator identification data is enabled from the
Main Menu (Press the Main Menu key).
WARNING! NOTE! Changing Patient I.D.

erases all data on previous patient!
Softkey 2 · Press Softkey 2, I.D., and the Identification menu, shown in Fig.3.3, ap-
pears (without name and number)
Fig.3.3
Softkey 1 · Press Softkey 1, Erase Line, to clear any previous data on selected line.
Softkey 3 · Pressing Softkey 3, Select Line, toggles between Operator and Patient.
Rotary Knob To enter I.D. data, press Softkey 3 if necessary to select the required line,
turn the Rotary Knob until you find the desired character, and press the
Tone Switch to enter the character. Pressing the Cursor arrow buttons
(Softkeys 4 and 5) moves the cursor to the right or left on each line
(max. 21 characters). If you make a mistake, return to the incorrect char-
acter(s) by means of the Cursor arrow buttons and overwrite the incor-
rect character(s).
The following characters are available: hyphen, 0-9, space, A-Z.
To Exit Identification Return to the Main Menu by pressing Main Menu.

Sub-menu
22 Operation Manual
ZODIAC 901 Middle-Ear Analyzer MAIN MENU 3.4
3.4.3 DAILY CALIBRATION
Your ZODIAC 901 is delivered to you fully calibrated, and should be re- Annual
calibrated annually by suitably qualified personnel, using the appropri- Recalibration
ate equipment. Your instrument may have been configured by means of
ZODICON™ to remind you when this period has expired.
Your ZODIAC 901 is dispatched from the factory in Denmark together Test Report
with a Test Report (Calibration Certificate). The Test Report specifies
which transducers have been calibrated (i.e. those which have been sup-
plied together with the instrument), according to which standards, and
what equipment was used for calibration. Results are listed for each
transducer at all standard frequencies.
In general, the instrument is calibrated in dB SPL or dB HL using the

stated reference equivalent thresholds; dB HL are related to sound pres-
sure levels, db SPL = dB re 20 mPA. (1 cc = 1 ml).
Note that calibration has only been performed on the supplied trans-
ducers! If you wish to use any other transducer for testing with the
ZODIAC 901, please contact your local Madsen distributor first.
However, since the weather and barometric pressure vary from day to
day, the probe measuring system should be calibrated on a daily basis in
order to achieve the greatest possible measurement accuracy.
With the ZODIAC 901, this procedure is very quick and easy to perform Softkey 3
(maximum 15 seconds); just press Softkey 3 from the Main Menu to ac-
cess the screen shown in Fig.3.4:
Fig.3.4
If provision for calibration with a second Precision Cavity having a dif- Softkey 1
ferent volume from the default has been programmed using ZODI-
CON™, Softkey 1 may be used to toggle between the two cavities. The
volume of the cavity selected is shown in the small box on the left of the
display.
Insert the probe into the 2.0 cc (= 2.0 ml) Madsen Electronics Precision Softkey 2
Cavity located in the left side of the ZODIAC 901’s cabinet. (Do not in-
sert it into the Madsen Electronics Ear Simulator.) Press Softkey 2 (or
the Start/Stop Button on the Probe) to start the calibration. The Status
lamps on the Front Panel and the Probe light steadily green during cali-
Operation Manual 23
bration. After a few seconds, an X appears under the cavity volume in

the box on the left of the display, indicating that the procedure has been
completed. If the Status lamps flash green slowly, check that the Probe
is not blocked with cerumen (wax), or has not been inserted into the Ear
Simulator by mistake.
Softkey 5 To re-calibrate without powering off the instrument, press Softkey 5 to erase
the existing calibration and repeat the procedure described above.
3.4.4 DEFAULT CONFIGURATION
Softkey 4 Pressing Softkey 4 invokes a menu called “Select Default Configura-

tion”. This allows changes made using Setup (see §5.2) to be cancelled,
in favour of the default. Press Softkey 1, “Yes”, to do this. (Note that
your default configuration may have been programmed using ZODI-
CON™ software.) If cancelling changes which have been made using
Setup is not what is required, press Softkey 2, “No”.
3.4.5 EASY AND ADVANCED MODES
In Manual Mode, tympanometry, reflex and threshold testing are accessed

by pressing the appropriate pushbutton on the left of the front panel. How-
ever, the screen that appears in either one of these three test modes de-
pends on whether Advanced or Easy Mode has first been selected in the
Main Menu. This selection is stored in NOVRAM, i.e. the instrument will
power on with the last selection active.
In Advanced Mode In Advanced Mode, an intermediate sub-menu appears at the bottom of

the screen offering you the following choices (for an example, see the Re-
flex sub-menu illustrated in Fig.3.5).
Tymp.: Manual Sweep, Auto Sweep, ETF-I ,ETF-P

Reflex: Manual, Screening, Decay, User 1, User 2
Threshold: Reflex, Fast Screening, Air Conduction
Fig.3.5
24 Operation Manual
ZODIAC 901 Middle-Ear Analyzer HEADSET AND PROBE 3.5
In Easy Mode, these sub-menus are omitted and instead the following test Easy Mode
modes are entered ready for immediate testing (unless the selection has
been previously modified using the ZODICON™ software):
Tymp.: Automatic Sweep

Reflex: Reflex Manual
Threshold: Reflex Threshold
3.5 HEADSET AND PROBE

One of the unique features of the ZODIAC 901 Middle-Ear Analyzer is
the novel headset with detachable probe and integrated cable, which
permits patients to be tested with or without headset depending on
whether they are being screened or subjected to a clinical examination.
The probe assembly consists of 3 parts: the probe itself on to which the
eartip is mounted, the transducer or probe handle and 3 small plastic
tubes connecting the probe and transducer.
Fig.3.6 illustrates the headset with probe attached. The headset may be
adjusted to suit the geometry of the patient’s head by sliding the buckles
which fasten the leather strap to the headset up or down the stainless
steel spring band.
The pushbutton on the transducer duplicates the function of Softkey 2 Remote Control From
Fig.3.6
Probe and Headset
in the measurement modes which have a start/stop function, i.e., as a Probe

start/stop button. The two LED’s indicate duplicate the functions of the
Status and Leak LED’s on the top right of the front panel. The Status
lamp lights steadily green when a measurement is in progress. It flashes
green if the ZODIAC 901 is waiting to make a measurement when no
cavity is detected. It lights red when a measurement has been inter-
rupted by a leak.
Operation Manual 25
HEADSET AND PROBE 3.5 ZODIAC 901 Middle-Ear Analyzer
Calibration Data In It should be stressed that the calibration data for the probe are located in
Probe the transducer itself and are loaded from the probe into the instrument’s
memory immediately after power-on (“Loading from headset...”).
Probe Replacement This means that any replacement of probe assembly does not require
any lengthy calibration procedure, but simply a power-on after the new
transducer has been connected. The probe assembly may easily be de-
tached from the instrument by detaching the connector from the rear
panel.
Avoid Detaching However, the practise of repeatedly detaching the transducer from the
Transducer From cable is not recommended since this could affect the integrity of the air
Cable! pressure system.
WARNING!
ZODIAC 901 must be powered off BEFORE disconnecting either
transducer or transducer cable.
3.5.1 EARTIPS
Eartips The ZODIAC 901 is supplied with a set of different sized soft plastic ear-
tips (also called “probe tips” or “probe cuffs”) which fit over the end of
the probe and permit an airtight seal in the patient’s ear canal.
Sanitization Of Each tip should be used on only one patient, and then sanitized by
Eartips washing in warm soapy water. Eartips should then be rinsed and al-
lowed to dry before reuse. Each tip has a limited life and should be dis-
carded once it becomes difficult to achieve a reliable seal.
Probe tips from other manufacturers may fit the ZODIAC 901 probe, but
they have not been tested by Madsen Electronics and we therefore can-
not make any recommendation regarding their use.
3.5.2 USING THE HEADSET AND PROBE
The ZODIAC 901 probe is designed to provide the user with a choice of
three ways in which it may be supported in use:
· The transducer may be mounted on the headset. Dimples on opposite

sides of the transducer engage in a pair of lugs on the saddle- shaped
clip on top of the headset. The transducer cable should be pressed into
the clip provided for it on top of the headset. The miniature jack plug
connecting the TDH 39 earphone may be plugged into the socket on the
side of the transducer. The probe itself is connected to the transducer
by three fine plastic flexible tubes. If the probe is attached to the trans-
ducer, slide the small slotted cover in the end of the transducer
upwards, and gently pull the probe out. Take care not to pull the tubes.
26 Operation Manual
ZODIAC 901 Middle-Ear Analyzer HEADSET AND PROBE 3.5
· The transducer may be held in the hand and used to guide the probe
into the patient’s ear canal. This is most practical for fast screening of
patients, as the transducer must be supported all the time. If the probe
is not fixed to the transducer, slide the small slotted cover in the end of
the transducer upwards, position the probe so that the flexible-tube at-
tachments lie snugly in the recess in the bottom of the transducer, and
gently push the probe backwards into the transducer until resistance is
felt. Slide the slotted cover back to lock the probe in position.
· The transducer may be held in the hand while the probe, connected to
the transducer only by the flexible tubes, is inserted (with an eartip)
into the patient’s ear.
CAUTION! CAUTION!
On no account should the integrity of the three plastic tubes be
violated.
Before inserting the probe into the patient’s ear, make a careful inspec- Inspection Of The
tion of the ear to identify any possible problems. If necessary, brush the Patient’s Ear
patient’s hair away from the ear to gain a clear view. Gently pull the ear-
lobe (pinna) back and press the tragus forwards towards the face to in-
spect the part of the ear canal which will be in contact with the eartip.
Excessive ear wax will interfere with the measurement and block the
probe channels. Other foreign objects and dirt could have similar unde-
sirable consequences. Remove them. Sores, cuts or warts could lead to
patient distress during measurement. Signs of blood or pus could indi-
cate infection.
Excessive growth of hair around the ear canal may make an airtight seal
impossible. The Leak lamp on the probe will light if this problem occurs
during an automatic measurement. It may be possible to cure a leak with
a smear of petroleum jelly, but too much of this is likely to block the
probe channels.
Choose an eartip of a suitable size and insert the probe into the narrower end
of the eartip first. When inserting the probe and eartip into the ear canal, pull
the earlobe back to straighten the ear canal, and at the same time ask the pa-
tient to open the jaw, as this will have the effect of widening the ear canal.
Rotate the probe and eartip during insertion, as this will facilitate entry and
reduce patient discomfort.
Although tymp. and reflex measurements made using the ZODIAC 901
are less vulnerable to errors resulting from unwanted noise than pure-
tone audiometry measurements, it is nevertheless important that the pa-
tient keep quiet during a measurement. This is especially important dur-
ing reflex measurements, where small changes in compliance are
measured in real time. If the transducer is being held in the hand, keep it
still and avoid adjusting the eartip while a measurement is in progress,
to prevent microphony. Noisy office machinery in the room should be
switched off, and conversations terminated. A patient with a cold may
usefully be invited to clear his throat and blow his nose before the meas-
urement begins (whereafter the patient must equalize pressure prior to
Operation Manual 27
HEADSET AND PROBE 3.5 ZODIAC 901 Middle-Ear Analyzer
measurement). If unexpected noises occur during a measurement, repeat

the measurement when the interruption has ceased.
Before making a tymp. measurement, tell the patient reassuringly to ex-

pect a change of pressure in the ear, and tell him about the probe tone.
Before measuring reflex, warn the patient about the sudden onset of the
stimulus.
Remember To Change When starting to test the patient’s other ear, remember to register the
Ear On ZODIAC change-over on the ZODIAC 901, otherwise the data for the first ear will
901! be overwritten. The ear to be tested may be selected as follows:
1. Press Alt. Select.
Softkey 4 2. Press Softkey 4 to toggle between left and right.
The ear selected (Left or Right) is displayed in the uppermost line of the
Main Menu and every other menu associated with a measurement.
Fig.3.7
28 Operation Manual
GN Otometrics MANUAL MODE Chap. 4
4. MANUAL MODE
ZODIAC 901 features three dedicated pushbuttons, Tymp., Reflex and
Threshold, enabling the user to access any of the corresponding three
test modes from any other function or part of the instrument.
From any test in Manual Mode, you may press Setup to access the Setup
Measurement Setup sub-menu, thus enabling you to change whichever
test parameters are valid at that given time. The relevant parameters are
listed after the description of each test given below.
NOTE: The Setup pushbutton is inactive while a test is in progress, i.e. Setup Inactive
nothing will happen if this button is pressed during a test. During Test!
Pressing one of the three Manual Mode pushbuttons accesses a sub-

menu when Advanced Mode has been selected from the Main Menu,
enabling the user to select the desired test. This Chapter describes how
to perform each of the range of tests available from these menus.
If it is required to erase the current test data, smooth a tymp. curve (Car- Alt. Select
tesian graph, not available with Version 2.x of the ZODIAC 901), access
the marker function, transmit data to an external computer, register a
change of ear, or adjust the contrast of the Liquid Crystal Display, press
Alt. Select at any time except while a measurement is in progress (see
§5.1).
The ZODIAC 901 Middle-Ear Analyzer incorporates a pump which is Air Release
used to apply a small static pressure or depression to the patient’s ear
canal. Although this pressure is no more than would be experienced by
ducking one’s head just below the surface of the water in a bath, it may
occasionally be sufficient to cause unexpected distress to a patient with
an ear disorder. The pressure may be relieved promptly by pressing the
Air Release button, which automatically resets the pump position.
Most of the parameters used in the following tests which can be set by
pressing a Softkey repeatedly can also conveniently be adjusted by
holding the same Softkey down and turning the Rotary Knob in either
direction.
Operation Manual 29
MANUAL MODE Chap. 4 GN Otometrics
TYMPANOMETRY 4.1 ZODIAC 901 Middle-Ear Analyzer
4.1 TYMPANOMETRY
Tympanometry is the measurement of the variation of the compliance (or
immittance) of the eardrum and the ossicular chain by means of con-
trolled changes in static pressure. A graphic plot of these parameters is
called a tympanogram. The ZODIAC 901 can be used to perform manual
tympanometry and generate tympanograms directly, for display on the
screen and printing out on paper (see §5.3).
Among the disorders which can be indicated or confirmed by tym-

panometry using the ZODIAC 901 are: ossicular discontinuity; otoscle-
rosis (rigidity in the ossicular chain); flaccid (hyper-mobile) eardrum
due to aging; perforated eardrum; obstruction of the ear canal; middle-
ear fluid; dried ear-wax; Eustachian Tube dysfunction.
Tymp. In Advanced Mode, the screen shown in Fig.4.1 will be displayed when
Tymp. is pressed.
Fig.4.1
Tymp. Sub-menu displayed

when Tymp. Is selected in
Advanced Mode
If Easy Mode has been selected, pressing Tymp. will display the Auto
Sweep screen illustrated in Fig.4.5 (unless this has been altered using the
ZODICON™ software). In Advanced Mode, the following operation
modes may be selected from the Tymp. Menu: Manual, Auto Sweep, and
ETF (Eustachian Tube Function test, perforated eardrum). Version 3.x of
the ZODIAC 901 includes another ETF test, Intact (Eardrum), which is not
included in Version 2.x, and is used to test the Eustachian Tube Function in
patients where the eardrum is intact.
If the default has been altered using the ZODICON™ software, the follow-
ing Tymp. defaults may differ from the settings shown in the illustrations:
compliance scaling, absolute volume scaling, sweep pump speed, sweep
measurement direction, manual measure direction, leak detect, minimum
sweep pressure, and maximum sweep pressure.
Version 4.x Only From Version 4.x of the ZODIAC 901 (including the Limited Version), a
Middle-Ear Pressure (MEP) marker has been implemented in Tymp
Auto Sweep and ETF-I testing. Softkeys 4 and 5 no longer are used for
moving the pump, but for moving the marker instead. When moving the
MEP marker, the current values for MEP, SC, Gradient and TW are dis-
played in real time on the left of the screen. An asterisk appears to the
right of the MEP value to indicate that the marker has been moved.
30 Operation Manual
ZODIAC 901 Middle-Ear Analyzer TYMPANOMETRY 4.1
4.1.1 MANUAL
This test permits the user to operate the instrument manually. Both Manual
Compliance and Volume tympanograms may be generated. Pressure
may be altered and volume adjusted to zero at any point in the test.
Press Main Menu and use Softkey 5 to select Advanced Mode (unless Softkey 1
TM
this requirement has been changed using the ZODICON software).
Press Tymp. and then Softkey 1 to access the screen shown in Fig.4.2.
Fig.4.2
Tymp. sub-menu displayed when

Tymp. is selected in Advanced
ModeTymp. Manual before
measurement
“Vol.” shows the cavity volume measured at the pressure shown in the
center panel. “ECV” = Ear Canal Volume. “Comp.” = Compliance, i.e.,
the volume change relative to the ECV. Thus Vol. = ECV + Comp. ECV
is shown only when Comp. is selected. The vertical scales are in millili-
ters; 1 ml = 1 cc.
NOTE: The Tymp. screens of software versions lower than 3.x do not Software Version 3.x
include fields displaying calculated values for: MEP, SC, Grad., TW and Higher Only
nor Dir.
After a satisfactory Tymp. measurement has been made, and Comp. is

selected, a screen similar to that shown in Fig.4.3, containing the meas-
ured tympanogram, will be seen.
Fig.4.3
Tymp. Manual after

measurement
Operation Manual 31
Softkey 1 Users who find it more informative to perform tympanometry using

analog meters instead of the graphic display of a tympanogram can
press Softkey 1, and a screen similar to the one shown in Fig.4.4 below
will appear.
Fig.4.4
Tymp. Manual analog meter

display
Softkey 1 Note that pressing Softkey 1 again after completion of the tymp. meas-
urement will return you to the graphic display and show you the tym-
panogram you have just made using the analog meters.
Softkey 2 Press Softkey 2 to record the ECV and display a Compliance tympano-
gram instead of a Volume tympanogram. The measured values of ECV
and Compliance at the current pump pressure are shown on the upper
left of the graphic display. The ECV (and thus the y-axis origin on the
Compliance tympanogram) may be reset at any value of pump pressure
by toggling Softkey 2 back to “Volume”.
Softkey 3 Softkey 3 has no effect during this measurement. The current pump
pressure is displayed in the window above it.
Rotary Knob The pump pressure may be set by turning the Rotary Knob. A scale will
appear temporarily at the top of the display to indicate the pump position
graphically. This shows what proportion of the pump’s capacity is used to
obtain the static pressure used for the measurement.
Softkeys 4&5 The pump pressure may also be reduced or increased by pressing Soft-
key 4 or Softkey 5, respectively. The Status lamp will light while this is
being done. Holding either key down causes the pressure to change con-
tinuously in the direction of the arrow shown in the window above the
key.
Air Release To restore the static pressure to zero quickly, press Air Release, which
automatically resets the pump position.
L/R Shift Before testing the patient’s other ear, remember to register the change-
over on the ZODIAC 901, otherwise the data for the first ear will be
overwritten. Press Alt. Select and then Softkey 4.
Ext. Range Note that the pressure range of –400 to +200 daPa may be expanded to
–600 to +400 daPa by pressing Ext. Range.
32 Operation Manual
Setup parameters available in Manual Tymp. Mode are: Setup Parameters
Measuring Direction: positive/negative, pos., or neg.

Y-axis Scaling (Compliance): Auto, 0.3 ml, 0.6 ml, 0.9 ml, 1.5 ml,
3.0 ml, 4.5 ml.
Averaging: On/Off (not Version 2.x)
The Alt. Select pushkey allows you to use the Smooth feature to opti- Alt. Select
mize the curves (see Fig.4.10 and refer to §4.1.35.1.2 for further details re
this function). Just press Softkey 2 from the Alt. Select sub-menu.
4.1.2 AUTO SWEEP
In this test, a sweep is automatically performed and a Compliance tym- Auto Sweep
panogram generated when a volume is detected (until a volume is de-
tected, the green Status lights on the front panel and probe will flash). In
effect, this enables you when testing children to initiate the test even
prior to inserting the probe into the patient’s ear.
If there is a leak before the sweep starts, the Leak lights on the front Leak
panel and probe will light yellow. Before proceeding, ensure that you
are using the right size eartip, and try pulling down the ear lobe while at
the same time rotating the eartip in the ear canal. Meanwhile the ana-
lyzer will continue to attempt a sweep until the pump reaches the end
position whereupon the Status lamp lights red until the pump is reset.
Then the instrument will continue the procedure automatically. If Leak
Detect has been disabled (Version 4.x only), the analyzer stops after one Leak Detect On/Off
sweep (see Setup, §5.2.1).
It is worth noting that in Version 3.x and later, a leak encountered after Version 3.x Only
the sweep begins provokes a beep and the Leak lights go yellow. If Gra-
dient and TW can be calculated on the basis of the interrupted sweep,
the test is halted and the relevant data displayed. If not, the analyzer will
repeat the test as described above.
Press Tymp. and then Softkey 2 to access the screen shown in Fig.4.5. Softkey 2
Press Softkey 2 again (or the Start/Stop Button on the Probe) to start the
test.
During the sweep, a scale at the top of the display indicates the current Pump Pressure
pump position graphically, i.e., what proportion of the pump’s capacity
is used to obtain the static pressure used for the measurement. Both the
pressure range and the direction of the sweep are selectable under Meas-
urement Setup (see page 35). Pump speed is also selectable and includes
the function AFAP (As Fast As Possible—please refer to page 36 for fur-
ther details).
When the sweep is completed, the computed values for Ear Canal Vol-
ume (ECV), Middle Ear Pressure (MEP), Static Compliance at MEP (SC),
Gradient (Grad) and Tympanogram Width (TW) are shown on the left-
Operation Manual 33
Fig.4.5
Tymp. Sweep before

measurement
hand side of the display (see Fig.4.6). If MEP can be calculated, the
pump pressure will now be set at that pressure.
Fig.4.6
Tymp. Sweep after measurement
Definitions of ECV, ECV is recorded at the start of the sweep, i.e. with the maximum pres-
MEP, SC, Grad, TW sure when the sweep is in the negative direction, or the minimum pres-
sure when positive sweep has been selected using Setup. MEP is the
pump pressure at the peak of the tympanogram, i.e. when the pressures
on both surfaces of the eardrum are equal. The Gradient is calculated as
follows: static compliance minus the compliance where width = 100
daPa, divided by static compliance [SC – C (width=100daPa) ¸ SC. TW is
the pressure difference between the two points on the curve at which the
compliance is half the peak compliance.
Version 4.x Only The MEP marker appears automatically, and is located at the peak of the
sweep, i.e. at 0 daP. In cases where it is difficult to carry out a normal
sweep and obtain compliance data, e.g. with difficult or unsettled pa-
tients, you can manually move the marker in either direction by means
of Softkeys 4 and 5, and read out the computed values on the left of the
display. Note that an asterisk appears to the right of the MEP value if the
marker has been moved.
Air Release To restore the static pressure to zero quickly, press Air Release, which
automatically resets the pump position.
CAUTION! Where the patient is already experiencing pain or discomfort, caution

should be exercised in selecting pressure range and pump speed,
particularly in the positive pressure direction.
34 Operation Manual
In such cases it is better to use Measurement Setup to increase the Min.

Pressure and/or reduce the Max. Pressure. Alternatively, change the air
pressure manually (§4.1.1).
When starting to test the patient’s other ear, remember to register the L/R Shift
change-over on the ZODIAC 901, otherwise the data for the first ear will
be overwritten. To change to the other ear, press Alt. Select and then
Softkey 4.
Note that the pressure range of –400 to +200 daPa (the factory default) Ext. Range
may be expanded to –600 to +400 daPa by pressing Ext. Range.
Users who find it more informative to perform tympanometry using Softkey 1

analog meters instead of the graphic display of a tympanogram can
press Softkey 1, and a screen similar to the one shown in Fig.4.7 below
will appear.
Fig.4.7
Tymp. Sweep analog meter

display
Note that pressing Softkey 1 again after completion of the tymp. meas- Softkey 1
urement will return you to the graphic display and show you the tym-
panogram you have just made using the analog meters.
The Alt. Select pushkey allows you to use the Smooth feature to opti- Alt. Select
mize the curves (see Fig.4.10 below and refer to §4.1.35.1.2 for further de-
tails re this function). Just press Softkey 2 from the Alt. Select sub-menu.
Setup parameters available in Auto Tymp. Mode (see also §5.2.1) are: Setup Parameters
Pump Speed: 50 daPa/S (decaPascals per sec), 100 daPa/S, 200

daPa/S, 400 daP/S, AFAP (AS FAST AS POSSIBLE)
Y-axis Scaling (Compliance): Auto, 0.3 ml, 0.6 ml, 0.9 ml, 1.5 ml,
3.0 ml, 4.5 ml.
Min. Pressure (daPa): –100, –150, –200, –250, –300, –350, –400,
–450, –500, –550, –600.
Max. Pressure (daPa): 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400.
Measuring Direction: positive, or negative.
Leak Detect: On/Off.
Operation Manual 35
AFAP When AFAP is selected, the maximum rate of change of pressure varies
from 400 daPa/S before and after the peak to 200 daPa/S during the
peak. The sweep speed is reduced automatically when the measured pa-
rameter is changing rapidly with pressure, and speeded up automati-
cally when the measured parameter is not changing rapidly with
pressure. This advanced feature enables the ZODIAC 901 to complete
the measurement in the minimum time consistent with achieving the
specified accuracy.
NOTE Note that when AFAP is selected, the measurement sweep stops as
soon as a tymp. is detected, thus further abbreviating the duration of
the measurement.
Using Setup to reduce the Pressure range can also be beneficial in mini-
mizing the measuring time by eliminating the flat, uninformative parts
of the healthy tympanogram.
4.1.3 ETF-I, INTACT EARDRUM
The Eustachian Tube connects the middle ear to the throat, but is nor-
mally sealed except during swallowing. Its purpose is to prevent a static
pressure differential from building up across the eardrum.
This test is similar to Tymp. Sweep, but provides for a second sweep to
be made without erasing the data from the first. The values of Ear Canal
Volume (ECV) and Middle Ear Pressure (MEP) from both tests are re-
corded, and after the second test the difference between the latter, MEPd
(= MEP2 minus MEP1), is also computed and displayed (please see
MEP Marker Fig.4.8). The MEP marker implemented in Version 4.x, enables the
(Version 4.x Only) marker for the second sweep to be moved in either direction displaying
computed values for MEP2 and MEPd.
Fig.4.8
Intact Eardrum, Eustachian Tube

Function
The procedure for using the test is to get the patient to try to create an
over-pressure in the middle ear by closing the mouth, holding the nose,
blowing to create the over-pressure in the throat, and swallowing to
open the Eustachian Tube. The patient can then relax while the first
sweep is made. Then the patient drinks a glass of water, relieving the
over-pressure if the Eustachian Tube Function is normal. The second
sweep will then reveal a negative MEP (please see example in Fig.4.9).
36 Operation Manual
Fig.4.10
Intact Eardrum, Example of

Normal Eustachian Tube
Function
A closed Eustachian Tube will exhibit the same, positive MEP in both
sweeps. A patulous (spread) Eustachian Tube will exhibit an MEP close
to zero for both sweeps, and probably a pair of broad, irregular tym-
panograms as well.
This test is not included in Version 2.x of the ZODIAC 901.
The Intact Eardrum test is included on the Tymp. intermediate menu. Softkey 4
Press Tymp. to obtain this menu, and then press Softkey 4 to access the
Intact display. The menu functions and Setup parameters are in other re-
spects similar to Tymp. Sweep (§4.1.2).
Measurement Setup parameters available for the Intact Eardrum test are
the same as for Tymp. Auto Sweep (page 35).
The Alt. Select pushkey allows you to use the Smooth facility to opti- Alt. Select
mize the curves (see Fig.4.10 below and refer to §4.1.35.1.2 for further de-
tails re this function). Just press Softkey 2 from the Alt. Select sub-menu.
Fig.4.9
As in Fig.4.11 above, but after

using the Smooth facility
4.1.4 ETF-P, PERFORATED EARDRUM
In Advanced Mode, the Eustachian Tube Function (ETF-P) test may be

performed to test the functioning of the Eustachian Tube in the presence
of a perforated eardrum, for example in cases where a pressure differen-
tial has been relieved by surgical perforation of the eardrum.
Operation Manual 37
Softkey 5 ETF-P is included on the Tymp. intermediate menu. Press Tymp. to ob-
tain this menu, and then press Softkey 5 to access the ETF-P display
(Fig.4.11).
TM
If the default settings have been altered using the ZODICON software,
the scale of the x-axis baseline may differ from the 45 s illustrated, and
the y-axis may be Pos. only or Neg. only, instead of Pos. and Neg. as
shown in Fig.4.11.
Fig.4.11
Eustachian Tube Function,

Perforated Eardrum
Softkey 4 Use Softkey 4 or Softkey 5 to decrease or increase the pump pressure,

respectively. The Status lamp will light while this is being done.
While using the pump, a scale at the top of the display indicates the cur-
rent pump position graphically, i.e., what proportion of the pump’s ca-
pacity is used to obtain the static pressure used for the measurement.
Rotary Knob Alternatively, turn the Rotary Knob. The pump position scale will ap-
pear temporarily at the top of the display to indicate the pump position
graphically.
Softkey 2 Press Softkey 2 (or the Start/Stop Button on the Probe) to start the test.
Y-Axis The screen displays the pressure in the ear canal over a 45-second time-
base. The patient should be instructed to swallow at regular intervals
during the measurement period, if necessary with the help of a glass of
water.
Softkey 1 Negative, positive or positive/negative y-axis may be selected by means

of Softkey 1.
Ext. Range Note that the pressure range of ±200 daPa may be expanded to ±400
daPa by pressing Ext. Range.
“Staircase” Curve Each time the patient swallows, a perforated eardrum and a healthy
Eustachian Tube will result in a fall in pressure indicated on the display,
creating a so-called “staircase” curve after a number of swallows (illus-
trated in Fig.4.12). This is because the pressure in the ear canal is re-
lieved gradually, via the perforation and the Eustachian Tube. Neither a
blocked Eustachian Tube nor an intact eardrum allow relief from the
38 Operation Manual
ZODIAC 901 Middle-Ear Analyzer REFLEX TESTING 4.2
artificially-created pressure differential, and this will be indicated by the

absence of a “staircase”.
Fig.4.13
Eustachian Tube Function,

Perforated Eardrum
Steady pressure, on the other hand, indicates a blockage in the Eusta- Impaired Eustachian
chian Tube. Impaired Eustachian Tube function will be indicated by re- Tube Function
duced pressure drops.
Softkey 4.
4.2 REFLEX TESTING

“Reflex testing” in audiology refers to the Stapedius Reflex, a mechanism
which automatically tensions both eardrums after the onset of particularly
loud sounds, in order to prevent overload and possible damage to the hear-
ing mechanism. The ZODIAC 901 allows a very wide range of measure-
ments of patients’ Reflexes to be performed by applying a controlled
acoustic stimulus and measuring the change in acoustic impedance which
will be observed if the ear is healthy.
The change in Compliance which results from the functioning of the re-
flex mechanism is very small, and will be further diminished if the ear-
drum is tensioned by a static pressure differential between the ear canal
and the middle ear. If there is any doubt about whether the Middle-Ear
Pressure is close to atmospheric pressure, this should be checked first of
all by means of a tymp. measurement. The Setup facility for reflex and
threshold testing allows the ZODIAC 901 to set the static pressure in the
ear canal automatically to a level related to a previously measured value
of Middle Ear Pressure.
In automatic reflex testing, the Status lamp on the front panel flashes
green until a compliance is detected, whereupon it lights steady green.
The Stimulus lamp then lights during the application of the stimulus. If
there is too much noise, the Status lamp lights red and
Operation Manual 39
REFLEX TESTING 4.2 ZODIAC 901 Middle-Ear Analyzer
the Leak lamp lights yellow: the measurement is then automatically re-
peated. If a small leak is detected, the Leak lamp lights yellow and the
measurement continues. However, if a leak greater than 20 daPa is de-
Leak Detect On/Off tected, the measurement will be repeated. (In Version 4.x, this repeated
sweep can be disabled if Leak Detect under Setup is Off).
Reflex If Advanced Mode has been selected, pressing Reflex displays the
screen shown in Fig.4.14.
Fig.4.14
Reflex sub-menu obtained when

Reflex is selected in Advanced
Mode
User 1 / User 2 The following operation modes may be selected from the Reflex Menu:
Manual, Screening, Decay, User 1 and User 2. Screening is used to test a
succession of patients rapidly, to identify those whose reflex reveal
middle-ear disorders. The Reflex Decay test is used to examine patients
whose Stapedius muscle is unable to maintain a response to sustained
loud sounds. User 1 and User 2 are special versions of Reflex Decay tests,
in which many of the measurement parameters may be pre-programmed
to suit the requirements of the user.
If Easy Mode has been selected, pressing Reflex displays the Manual Re-
flex screen illustrated in Fig.4.15 (unless this has been altered using the
TM
ZODICON software).
If the default has been modified using the ZODICONTM software, the fol-
lowing default settings may differ from those shown in the Reflex
screens illustrated or referred to in the explanations: y-axis scaling and
origin position, Pressure Control (MEP), attenuator increment, use of
threshold level in decay, Reflex fast/slow mode, threshold level incre-
ment, threshold fast screening maximum measure, and use of pump in
threshold air conduction.
Two markers (fixed cursors) may be applied to all reflex records. For a
description of the marker function, see §4.2.5.
4.2.1 MANUAL REFLEX
Softkey 1 Press Reflex, and then Softkey 1 if Advanced Mode has been selected,
to access the Manual Reflex screen for manual testing (Fig.4.15). The
manual test mode permits the duration of the stimulus presentation to
be manually controlled via the Tone Switch.
40 Operation Manual
In Version 4.x, a new feature has been added as default called “Multi Multi Curves
Curves”; this function can be (de)selected by pressing Setup, More and
then Softkey 1. In addition, the default duration (x-axis) has been ex-
tended to 24 seconds. Multiple reflexes can be obtained at different lev-
els for each frequency, and each reflex curve can be individually erased
by means of the Marker Function (§5.1.6).
If the default has been modified using the ZODICON™ software, the fol-
lowing default settings may differ from those indicated in this section:
stimulus frequency and level, choice of ear, graph/meter, Ipsi/Contra, x-
axis scale, pre-stimulus delay time, and post-stimulus display time.
The test is started by pressing the Tone Switch, and terminated by re- Tone Switch
leasing it. When performing “Multi Curves”, a stimulus is presented
each time you press and hold down the Tone Switch.
Press Softkey 1 to set the desired stimulus type (500, 1000, 2000, 4000 Hz Softkey 1
tone or White Noise—note that White Noise is only available if Contra
has already been selected).
Multi Curves: Note that all reflexes made at each frequency are retained
in memory until a new patient is selected!
Softkey 2 changes the display from graphic to analog meter format. Softkey 2
Softkey 3 increases the stimulus Sound Pressure Level, in increments of Softkey 3

5 dB (increments of 1, 2 and 10 dB are available via Setup); alternatively,
use the Rotary Knob to increase or reduce SPL (HL). Range of 50 to 100
dB SPL (HL) may be extended by pressing the Ext. Range button to 115
dB (120 dB in Contra).
Softkey 4 allows the selection of either Ipsi or Contra. Softkey 4
Pressing Softkey 5 displays the pump position graphically at the top of Softkey 5
the screen and, when Softkey 5 is held down, the Rotary Knob may be
used to adjust the pressure. In analog meter format, the right-hand me-
ter displays Volume instead of Compliance while Softkey 5 is held
down.
Fig.4.15
Reflex Manual
Operation Manual 41
The second line of the display shows the type and level of stimulus used
in the test recorded in the curve.
L/R Shift When starting to test the patient’s other ear, remember to register the
Softkey 4.
Setup Parameters Setup parameters available in Manual Reflex Mode (see also §5.2.2) are:
Stimulus Step: 1, 2, 5 or 10 dB
Y-axis scaling: Auto, 75, 150, 225, 300, 375 ml
Speed: slow or fast
Y-Axis: Auto, negative, positive, positive/negative
Multi Curves
4.2.2 SCREENING
Leak If there is a leak during the measurement, the Leak lights on the front
panel and the probe LED will light yellow. Before proceeding, ensure
that you are using the right size eartip, and try pulling down the ear
lobe while at the same time rotating the eartip in the ear canal. The in-
strument will continue the procedure automatically unless a leak of
more than 18 daPa is encountered. The Status LED will light red and
you will hear a beep. If Leak Detect has been disabled (Version 4.x only),
Leak Detect On/Off the Leak lights on the front panel but the analyzer will continue until the
end of the measurement, assuming that a volume is present (see Setup,
§5.2.1).
Version 3.x and Later It is worth noting that in Version 3.x and later, a leak encountered after the
measurement begins provokes a beep and the Leak lights go yellow.
Softkey 2 Ensure that you are in Advanced Mode: press Main Menu and use Soft-
key 5 to select Advanced Mode (unless this requirement has been
TM
changed using the ZODICON software). Press Reflex to display the
Reflex Menu. Press Softkey 2 from the Reflex Menu to select Reflex
Screening.
Select stimulus frequency and intensity, Ipsi or Contra, as desired.
Press Softkey 2 (or the Start key on the Probe) to start the test. Two re-
flex measurements will be made one after the other (baseline 0.5 sec,
stimulus 2 sec, and baseline 0.5 sec, unless these have been modified us-
TM
ing the ZODICON software). The Stimulus lamp on the front panel
will light while the stimulus is being applied. The Status lamp will light
throughout the measurement period.
Tone Switch Alternatively, press the Tone Switch to start the test and only one reflex
measurement will be made. If required, change frequency or intensity
and press the Tone Switch again; another reflex measurement will be
made.
42 Operation Manual
After the measurements, the screen will look like the one shown in
Fig.4.16.
Fig.4.16
Reflex Screening
The Softkeys and the Ext. Range button function just as described above Softkey 2
in §4.2.1, with the exception of Softkey 2, which is used for starting and
stopping the test—there is no meter display in this operation mode. The
test may also be started by the pushbutton on the probe.
Softkey 4.
Setup parameters available in Screening Reflex Mode (see also §5.2.2) Setup Parameters
are:
Stimulus SPL (HL) increment: 1, 2, 5 or 10 dB

Y-Axis: scaling: Auto, 75, 150, 225, 300, 375 ml
Speed: slow or fast
Use Middle Ear Pressure: on or off*
Leak Detect On/Off.
*In Version 3.x and later, this function is called Press.C. (Pressure Con-
trol) and is extended to: Manual, Auto, MEP +0, +5, +10, +15, +20, +25,
–25, –20, –15, –10, –5 daPa.
4.2.3 DECAY
A weak Stapedius Muscle is unable to sustain tension in the eardrum Decay

during the prolonged application of a sound loud enough to provoke
Reflex. This test measures a reflex on a 12-second time scale (baseline 1
sec, stimulus 10 sec, and 1 second of recovery time, unless these have
TM
been modified using the ZODICON software) and can be used to rec-
ord the decay caused by a weakening Stapedius Muscle.
Operation Manual 43
Curve For Each In Version 3.x and later, this test has been expanded so that the curve for
Frequency each frequency measured (Ipsi and Contra, for both ears) may be stored
and subsequently printed out.
Press Main Menu and use Softkey 5 to select Advanced Mode (unless
TM
this requirement has been changed using the ZODICON software).
Press Reflex to display the Reflex Menu.
Softkey 3 Press Softkey 3 from the Reflex Menu to select Decay, and then press
Softkey 2, or the Tone Switch, or the start button on the probe, to start
the test. The screen shown in Fig.4.17 will be displayed (the curve in this
illustration is typical of a normal ear).
Fig.4.17
Reflex Decay
Softkey 1 Press Softkey 1 to set the desired stimulus type (500, 1000, 2000, 4000 Hz
or White Noise—note that White Noise is only available if Contra has al-
ready been selected.
Softkey 2 Softkey 2 starts or stops the test.
Softkey 3 Softkey 3 increases the intensity in increments of 5 dB (increments of 1,

2 and 10 dB are available via Setup); alternatively, use the Rotary Knob
to increase or reduce stimulus intensity.
Ext. Range The intensity range of 50 to 105 dB may be extended by pressing the
Ext.Range button to 115 dB (or to 120 dB in Contra).
Softkey 4 Softkey 4 allows the selection of either Ipsi or Contra.
Softkey 5 Pressing Softkey 5 displays the pump position graphically at the top of
the screen and enables you to adjust the pressure with the Rotary Knob
as long as Softkey 5 is kept pressed. When Softkey 5 is released, the
pump-position scale disappears and the Rotary Knob reverts to control-
ling intensity. Note that, if the MEP function has been selected in Meas-
urement Setup, the pressure will be automatically changed by the
selected level before the reflex measurement is started.
44 Operation Manual
Softkey 4.
Setup parameters available in Reflex Decay Mode (see also §5.2.2): Setup Parameters
Stimulus increment: 1, 2, 5 or 10 dB
Use Threshold: 0, 5, 10, 15 or 20 dB above, or off
–25, –20, –15, –10, –5 daPa.
4.2.4 USER 1 / USER 2
These tests can be programmed from an external PC via the instrument’s User 1 / User 2
RS-232C data interface and with the help of Madsen’s ZODICON™ con-
figuration program (see also §6.2). ZODICON™ may be used to custom-
ize the ZODIAC 901 for individual preferences. Please refer any inquiry
about these facilities to your local distributor. The User 1 and User 2
tests are similar to Reflex Screening, except that there is only one reflex
measurement made, and each test allows the x-axis duration, pre-
stimulation delay, stimulus duration, and post-stimulation record dura-
tion, to be separately pre-programmed.
4.2.5 MARKER FUNCTION
All reflex and reflex threshold testing modes have a marker function for Acoustic Reflex
the purpose of accurately measuring the duration and degree of an elic- Latency
ited reflex. The marker function may be used to measure Acoustic Reflex
Latency, which is the delay of the onset of the reflex from the instant
when the stimulus is initiated. This function also enables the deletion of
a single curve (also when multiple reflex curves have been obtained at Delete Curves in
different levels in Manual Reflex, each reflex curve can be individually Manual Reflex
erased—see §5.1.6).
The marker is accessed by pressing the Alt. Select button from any re- Softkey 2
flex test mode, and then Softkey 2 to activate the Marker Mode.
Pressing Softkey 2 then toggles between Track, Marker 1 and Marker 2, Softkey 2
where Track means that both markers move simultaneously. The screen
in Fig.4.18 shows Marker 1 and Marker 2 set. The markers are moved by
turning the rotary knob.
When the Marker Mode is selected, the following data is displayed be-
tween the graphics and the sub-menu lines:
Operation Manual 45
THRESHOLD TESTING 4.3 ZODIAC 901 Middle-Ear Analyzer
T1: time elapsed from measuring start for Marker 1.

Fig.4.1
R1: size of reflex in microliters for Marker 1.

dT: difference in elapsed time between the markers in 1/100ths sec.

dR: difference in size of reflex between the two markers in ml.
Softkey 4 Softkey 4 enables you to move the marker from the first curve to other
reflex curves in all reflex modes where there are more than one.
Softkey 1 Softkey 1 (Erase Curve) enables you to erase any individual curve: first
select curve by using Softkey 4 and the marker, then press Softkey 1 to
erase curve. In Manual Reflex, if you have made multiple curves, select
curve(s) by placing Marker 1 to the left of the curve(s) you want to erase,
and Marker 2 to the right of the curve(s). Then press Softkey 1 (Erase
Curve).
Softkey 5 In all reflex modes with the exception of Fast Screening, Softkey 5 en-
ables you to select whether the marker(s) will be included on the print-
out or not.
4.3 THRESHOLD TESTING
Threshold If Advanced Mode has been selected, pressing Threshold displays the
screen shown on the next page in Fig.4.19.
The following operation modes may be selected from the Threshold

Menu: Reflex Threshold, Fast Screening and Air Conduction. If Easy
Mode has been selected, pressing Threshold displays the Threshold Fast
Screening test illustrated in Fig. 4.20 (unless programmed otherwise by
means of ZODICON™).
TM
If the factory default settings have been modified using the ZODICON
software, the following defaults may differ from those indicated below:
threshold level increment, threshold fast screening maximum number of
46 Operation Manual
ZODIAC 901 Middle-Ear Analyzer THRESHOLD TESTING 4.3
measurements, x-axis, pre-stimulation delay, stimulation duration, and

post-stimulation delay.
Fig.4.19
Threshold sub-menu displayed

when Threshold is selected in
Advanced Mode
The Threshold Detect Delta Volume and Threshold Detection Time (du- Threshold Detection
ration of delta compliance after the onset of a stimulus) are set at the fac-
tory to 20 ml and 500 msec, respectively. Smaller changes in volume, or
changes occurring after this time, will be registered as N/R (No Reflex).
These measurement parameters may also be altered using the ZODI-
CON™ software.
In Version 3.x and later, threshold detection may also be programmed to

only accept negative reflexes, by means of ZODICON™. Two markers
(fixed cursors) may be applied to all reflex threshold records. For a de-
scription of the marker function, see §4.2.5.
4.3.1 THRESHOLD REFLEX
This test mode permits automatic Threshold Reflex search at six different Reflex
levels. Once a reflex has been found, the test stops. It may be continued
manually (i.e., a further test at a higher or lower level may be made), by
pressing the Tone Switch. If Additional Threshold has been selected under Add. Threshold
Setup (§5.2.3), one additional measurement will automatically be run (at the (Version 4.x)
same level, or +5 dB, or +10 dB). Data from all stimulus frequencies (500,
1000, 2000, 4000Hz, White Noise, if Contra has already been selected) is
memorized.
Press Threshold, or Softkey 1 from the Threshold Menu if Advanced Softkey 1

Mode has been selected, to access the screen shown in Fig.4.20. Note
that, in Easy Mode, pressing Threshold might access one of the other
Threshold measurement modes if the instrument has been programmed
by means of the ZODICON™ software.
Press Softkey 1 to set the desired stimulus (500, 1000, 2000, 4000 Hz or Softkey 1
White Noise—note that White Noise is only available if Contra has al-
ready been selected.
Softkey 2 starts or stops the test. The pushkey on the probe may also be Softkey 2
used to do this.
Operation Manual 47
Tone Switch Alternatively, press the Tone Switch to start the test and only one curve
will be made. If required, change frequency or intensity and press the
Tone Switch again; another curve will be made.
Fig.4.20
Threshold Reflex
Softkey 3 Softkey 3 increases the Sound Pressure Level in increments of 5 dB (in-

crements of 1, 2 and 10 dB are available via Setup); alternatively, use the
Rotary Knob to increase or reduce intensity level.
Ext. Range Range of 50 to 105 dB may be extended by pressing the Ext. Range but-
ton to 115 dB (120 dB in Contra).
the screen and enables you to adjust the pressure with the Rotary Knob
as long as Softkey 5 is kept pressed. The graphic scale shows how much
of the pump capacity is used to obtain the pressure shown. When Soft-
key 5 is released, the scale is removed and turning the Rotary Knob re-
verts to controlling intensity. Note that, if the MEP function has been
selected in Measurement Setup, the pressure will be automatically
changed by the selected level before the reflex measurement is started.
Softkey 4.
Setup Parameters Setup parameters available in Reflex Threshold Mode (see also §5.2.3.1)
are:
TH Step: 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, –20, –10, –5, –2, –1 dB
Add. Threshold: None, 0, 5, 10 dB
48 Operation Manual
–25, –20, –15, –10, –5 daPa.
4.3.2 FAST SCREENING
This test mode permits automatic reflex threshold search at up to 16 dif- Reflex
ferent levels. Data from all stimulus frequencies (500, 1000, 2000 and
4000 Hz tone, plus White Noise if Contra has already been selected) is
memorized and displayed in tabular form on the right of the screen. The
display is organized very differently from that used for Threshold Reflex
TM
(see §4.3.1). If the default has been modified using ZODICON soft-
ware, the x-axis, pre-stimulation delay, stimulation time and post-
stimulation delay may be different from those indicated.
NOTE that it is not possible to export any graphic data from this test NOTE
mode, i.e. only measured threshold values may be printed out or
transmitted via the data interface.
Press Main Menu and use Softkey 5 to select Advanced Mode. Press Softkey 2
Threshold to display the Threshold Menu. Press Softkey 2 from the
Threshold Menu to access the screen shown in Fig.4.21.
Fig.4.21
Threshold Fast Screening
Note that, when Contra is selected, the type of phone is displayed as Contra
well as White Noise stimulus, if selected.
Press Softkey 1 to set the desired stimulus type. Press it repeatedly, or Softkey 1
keep it pressed and turn the Rotary Knob left or right. The stimuli avail-
able are: tone at 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz, plus White Noise if Contra
has been selected.
Softkey 2 starts or stops the test. The pushkey on the probe may also be Softkey 2
used to do this. The ZODIAC 901 will conduct three tests automatically
using the elected stimulus at 70 dB, 80 dB and 90 dB in turn. If it finds a
reflex, it will show its threshold level in the panel in the right-hand part
of the display, and stop further testing. If not, it will display NR (= No
Reflex). The number of tests conducted in turn, the step size from each
step to the next, etc., may be changed using Setup. The tests may be re-
peated with each of the available stimuli in turn.
Operation Manual 49
Tone Switch Alternatively, press the Tone Switch to start the test and only one reflex
measurement will be made. If required, change frequency or intensity
and press the Tone Switch again; another reflex measurement will be
made.
Softkey 3 Softkey 3 increases the Sound Pressure Level in increments of 5 dB (in-

crements of 1, 2 and 10 dB are available via Setup); alternatively, use the
Rotary Knob to increase or reduce intensity level.
Ext. Range The range of 50 to 105 dB may be extended by pressing the Ext. Range
button to 115 dB in Ipsi and to 120 dB in Contra.
the screen and allows you to adjust the pressure with the Rotary Knob
as long as Softkey 5 is kept pressed. The graphic scale shows how much
of the pump capacity is used to obtain the pressure shown. When Soft-
key 5 is released, the scale is removed and turning the Rotary Knob re-
verts to controlling intensity. Note that, if the MEP function has been
selected in Measurement Setup, the pressure will be automatically
changed by the selected level before the reflex measurement is started.
The ear canal pressure may also be set to be automatically equal to the
previously measured value of Middle Ear Pressure (MEP), using Setup
(§5.2.3.2).
Softkey 4.
Setup Parameters Setup parameters available in Fast Screening Threshold Mode (see also
§5.2.3.2) are:
TH Step: 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, –20, –10, –5, –2, –1 dB
Max. no. of Measurements: 1 to 16
–25, –20, –15, –10, –5 daPa.
50 Operation Manual
4.3.3 AIR CONDUCTION
This test mode enables the operator to use TDH 39 contra headphones Air Conduction
for determining air conduction thresholds. It also allows a bone- Thresholds
conductor to be used for performing Gellé’s test, to investigate the mo-
bility of the ossicles, and especially of the stapes.
Press Main Menu and use Softkey 5 to select Advanced Mode. Press Softkey 3
Threshold to display the Threshold Menu. Press Softkey 3 from the
Threshold Menu to access the screen shown in Fig.4.22.
Fig.4.22
Air ConductionThreshold before

measurement
Press the Tone Switch to present the stimulus. Tone Switch
The threshold values may be plotted on an audiogram on the dis- Softkeys 1 / 3

play—just select frequency using Softkey 1 and Sound Pressure Level in
dB using Softkey 3 or the Rotary Knob.
The range 0–100 dB may be extended by pressing the Ext. Range button Ext. Range
to 120 dB.
Press Softkey 2 to plot each threshold on the audiogram. Any values Softkey 2
may be entered; Fig.4.23 shows an example.
Fig.4.23
Air ConductionThreshold after

measurement
Softkey 4.
Operation Manual 51
Setup Parameters Setup parameters available in the Air Conduction Threshold Mode (see
also §5.2.3.3) are:
Intensity Level increment: 1, 2, 5 or 10 dB

Pump: on or off
Pump On If the pump is on, pump pressure can be increased or decreased manu-
ally by holding down Softkey 5 and turning the rotary knob to the left
or right. Pressure in daPa can be read out from the display.
When the pump is enabled, the pressure range is changed to extended

range (-600 daPa to +400 daPa).
Gellé’s test The Air Conduction Threshold mode may also be used to perform
Gellé’s test, using the probe to apply a static pressure or depression to
the ear canal (in Air Conduction Threshold mode there is no probe tone).
Remember to disconnect the TDH 39 headphone from the miniature jack
in the side of the probe, if connected.
An audiometer is required to perform audiometry with bone conduc-

tion.
Apply the bone conductor to the patient at the mastoid. Record the pati-
ent’s audiogram several times with different pump pressures. Lack of
variation of threshold between the different audiograms indicates a
probable fixation of the stapes.
52 Operation Manual
GN Otometrics SUPPLEMENTARY FUNCTIONS Chap. 5
ZODIAC 901 Middle-Ear Analyzer ALT. SELECT 5.1
5. SUPPLEMENTARY FUNCTIONS
5.1 ALT. SELECT
As described previously (§3.2.4), the Alt. Select pushbutton offers an ad- Additional Sub-Menu
ditional sub-menu, which appears on the display in place of the sub-
menu of whichever test mode is operational at the time.
The Alt. Select pushbutton accesses the following functions at any time Alt. Select
(except when a test is in progress): Erase Data, Smooth (not Version 2.x
of the ZODIAC 901), Marker, Data Xmit, L/R (shift from one ear to the
other), Contrast (for adjusting the display’s contrast). Afterwards, press
Alt. Select again to return to the function currently selected.
5.1.1 ERASE DATA
This function appears on the display only if there are any data for your
patient in the current test.
Only data for the current ear and the current test are erased (e.g. a tym- Softkey 1
panogram). In Reflex Decay and Reflex Threshold, all measured curves
in that test for the current ear in either Ipsi or Contra (not both) are
erased.
Note that you are given an opportunity to change your mind after press-
ing Softkey 1 the first time (Erase Data: Yes, No?).
Please refer to Erase Curve in the Marker Function.
5.1.2 SMOOTH
The Smooth facility may be used to electronically clean up tympano- Softkey 2

grams and any other Cartesian graphs recorded for the current patient
in the event of irregularities caused by, for example, a fidgety child or a
patulous Eustachian Tube. The facility is not included in earlier versions
of the ZODIAC 901.
This facility is only available in the following test modes: Manual Tymp.,
Auto Tymp. Sweep, and ETF-I.
5.1.3 DATA TRANSMIT
ZODIAC 901 is supplied with an RS-232C data interface as standard.

However, it should be noted that data transfer, in fact any form of com-
munication with a PC, is possible only if your PC has been
Operation Manual 53
SUPPLEMENTARY FUNCTIONS Chap. 5 GN Otometrics
5.1
ALT. SELECT ZODIAC 901 Middle-Ear Analyzer
installed with suitable software. For this purpose, Madsen Electronics

supplies the MateBaseI™ dedicated software for the transfer and storage
of audiological test results and patient data (supplied as standard with
Zodi-Link for NOAH the ZODIAC 901 and MIDIMATE 622). Zodi-Link™ software is also
available for transferring data to NOAH™.
DataXmit implements an internal flag which can be read by an external

application program and data transfer can then be executed.
5.1.4 LEFT/RIGHT SHIFT
Softkey 4 Pressing Softkey 4, L/R, switches from one ear to the other—all data on
the other ear are already stored in memory.
5.1.5 CONTRAST
To Adjust Contrast The contrast on ZODIAC’s Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) may be ad-
justed, either from Setup (see §7.2) or from the Alt. Select Menu.
After accessing the Alt. Select Menu, note that there is a number dis-
played on the lower line, under the word “Contrast”.
Softkey 5 Hold down Softkey 5 and turn the Rotary Knob—turning it clockwise
increases the number and the contrast, while turning it anti-clockwise
reduces the number and the contrast.
Adjust the contrast according to personal preference or lighting condi-

tions.
Your contrast adjustment is stored in the instrument’s non-volatile

memory, which means that it will retain this setting after power-off, and
until the next adjustment.
5.1.6 MARKER
In the different test modes, the marker function is available for accu-
rately reading out test data. Typically, the marker(s) are moved by
means of pressing one of the softkeys, or by pressing Alt. Select and us-
ing the Rotary Knob. In tympanometry, Tymp Sweep and ETF-I modes
have a marker function for automatic indication of MEP (Version 4.x
only).
All reflex and reflex threshold testing modes have a marker function for
the purpose of accurately measuring the duration and degree of an elic-
ited reflex. The marker function may be used to measure Acoustic Reflex
Latency, which is the delay of the onset of the reflex from the instant
when the stimulus is initiated. This function also enables the deletion of
a single curve.
54 Operation Manual
ZODIAC 901 Middle-Ear Analyzer ALT. SELECT 5.1
From Version 4.x of the ZODIAC 901 (including the Limited Version), a Version 4.x Only!
Middle-Ear Pressure (MEP) marker has been implemented in Tymp
Auto Sweep and ETF-I testing. Softkeys 4 and 5 no longer are used for Tympanometry and
moving the pump, but for moving the marker instead. When moving the ETF-I
MEP marker, the current values for MEP, SC, Gradient and TW are dis-
played in real time on the left of the screen. An asterisk appears to the
right of the MEP value to indicate that the marker has been moved.
The MEP marker appears automatically, and is located at the peak of the Auto Tymp Sweep
sweep, i.e. at 0 daP. In cases where it is difficult to carry out a normal
sweep and obtain compliance data, e.g. with difficult or unsettled pa-
tients, you can manually move the marker in either direction by means
of Softkeys 4 and 5, and read out the computed values on the left of the
display. Note that an asterisk appears to the right of the MEP value if the
marker has been moved.
In the Eustachian Tube Function test for intact eardrum, a second sweep ETF-I
is made without erasing the data from the first. The values of Ear Canal
Volume (ECV) and Middle Ear Pressure (MEP) from both tests are re-
corded, and after the second test the difference between the latter, MEPd
(= MEP2 minus MEP1), is also computed and displayed. The MEP
marker implemented in Version 4.x, enables the marker for the second MEP Marker
sweep to be moved in either direction displaying computed values for
MEP2 and MEPd. Softkeys 4 and 5 are used for moving the marker to
the left or right.
Reflex and reflex threshold testing:
The marker is accessed by pressing the Alt. Select button from any re- Softkey 2
flex test mode, and then Softkey 2 to activate the Marker Mode.
Pressing Softkey 2 then toggles between Track, Marker 1 and Marker 2, Softkey 2
where Track means that both markers move simultaneously. The screen
in Fig. 5.1 shows Marker 1 and Marker 2 set.
Fig.5.1
Reflex Screening with Marker
The markers are moved by turning the rotary knob.
When the Marker Mode is selected, the following data is displayed be-
tween the graphics and the sub-menu lines:
Operation Manual 55
SETUP5.2 ZODIAC 901 Middle-Ear Analyzer


dT: difference in elapsed time between the two markers in 1/100ths sec.
dR: difference in size of reflex between the two markers in ml.
Softkey 4 Softkey 4 enables you to move the marker from the first curve to other
reflex curves in all reflex modes where there are more than one.
Softkey 1 Softkey 1 (Erase Curve) enables you to erase any individual curve: first
select curve by using Softkey 4 and the marker, then press Softkey 1 to
erase curve.
Softkey 5 In all reflex modes with the exception of Fast Screening, Softkey 5 en-
ables you to select whether the marker(s) will be included on the print-
out or not.
5.2 SETUP
Two Kinds Of Setup ZODIAC 901 has two kinds of setup: one mode for altering test parame-
ters (Measurement Setup), which may be entered by means of the Setup
pushbutton in the center of the front panel, and one mode (System
Setup) for basic instrument functions such as language and clock, which
may only be entered by pressing Setup when powering on (please refer
to §7.2).
Version 4.x Only! From Version 4.x, additional setup choices have been added to some
sub-menus with the result that Softkey 5, More, may be used to access
these functions.
Setup As previously stated on page 29, the Setup sub-menus may be accessed
from any function or test mode enabling the user to alter many of the
test parameters as desired.
Simply press Setup to access the appropriate setup sub-menu.
Note that Setup may be accessed only from a test mode, and then not
during an actual measurement!
From Tymp. Sweep, for example, the Setup sub-menu can be seen in the
display illustrated in Fig.5.2.
56 Operation Manual
ZODIAC 901 Middle-Ear Analyzer SETUP 5.2
Fig.5.2
Tymp. Sweep Setup
Test parameters that may be altered vary according to which test mode To Exit Setup
is currently selected: e.g., there is no provision for changing pump speed
in reflex measurements, nor for adjusting the y-axis in tympanome-
try—only relevant parameters may be changed.
Setup may be exited simply by pressing the Setup pushbutton again.
In Tymp Auto Sweep and ETF-I modes, selecting More changes the sub- Setup, More (Version
menu choices to: optional use of a measurement pressure level a selected 4.x Only)
interval above or below Middle-Ear Pressure (MEP), and Leak Detect on
or off (Version 4.x). Press Setup again to return to the function currently
selected.
In Reflex testing, Setup, More enables the addition of Leak Detect on or

off (Version 4.x).
Here follows an overview of the parameters that may be altered in tym-

panometry, reflex and threshold test modes. To change any test parame-
ter in Setup, press the corresponding Softkey repeatedly until the
required choice is shown in the panel above it. Alternatively, hold the
corresponding Softkey down and turn the Rotary Knob (in either direc-
tion).
5.2.1 TYMPANOMETRY (INCL. ETF-I)
Pump Speed: The settings available are: 50, 100, 200, 400 daPa/sec Pump Speed
and AFAP (as fast as possible).
This parameter is not available in Manual Tymp.
Y-axis Scaling The following settings are available: 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.5, Scaling
(Compliance): 3.0, 4.5 ml or Auto. In Auto, the minimum possible
scaling for the measured curve is automatically
selected.
Averaging: On/Off (Manual Tymp. only). Averaging
Min. Pres., Minimum Pressure: –100, –150, –200, –250, –300, –350, Min. Pressure, Max.
Max. Pres.: –400, –450, –500, –550, –600 daPa. Pressure
Maximum Pressure: 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400
daPa.
Operation Manual 57
SETUP5.2 ZODIAC 901 Middle-Ear Analyzer
This last function is not applicable for Manual Tymp.

and may be over-ridden by Ext. Range.
Measurement Measurement You may select between negative or positive (and

Direction Direction: positive/negative in Manual Tymp.).
Leak Detect On/Off Leak Detect: On or Off
NOTE NOTE: These Setup parameters do not apply to the ETF Perforated
Eardrum test.
5.2.2 REFLEX TESTING
Stimulus SPL Stimulus SPL The following settings are available: 1, 2, 5, 10 dB.
Increments Increments:
Scaling Y-axis Scaling Together with the Y-axis parameter, it is possible to

(Compliance): select numerous different reflex threshold
configurations. Here, it is possible to select 75, 150,
225, 300, 375 ml of volume, or Auto.
If Auto is selected, the instrument will automatically
select the volume which displays the measured curve
in the greatest detail.
Sweep Speed Speed: Display filter speed may be selected as fast or slow:
the latter setting gives less noise but is less accurate
when measuring reflex latency.
Y–Axis Y–Axis: It is possible to select between Pos(itive), Neg(ative),

Pos/Neg and Auto.
select whichever Y–axis displays the measured curve
Use MEP Use MEP Selects whether automatic adjustment of MEP

(Press.C.): (middle-ear pressure) is on or off. In Version 3.x,
Pressure Control includes: Manual, Auto, MEP+5,
+10, +15, +20, +25, –25, —20, –15, –10, –5 daPa. When
Auto is selected, an automatic offset to MEP is
calculated on the basis of Gradient and TW.
Threshold Level Use THL: In the setup for reflex decay, pressing Softkey 2
enables you to select THL (Threshold Level) Off or to
present stimulus at a level of 0, 5, 10, 15 or 20 dB above
the previously found reflex threshold at any given
frequency.
If you have measured reflex thresholds using both

Reflex Threshold and Fast Screening, the value found
58 Operation Manual
ZODIAC 901 Middle-Ear Analyzer SETUP 5.2
in the former will be automatically used by Reflex

Decay.
Multi Curves: In Manual Reflex, select multiple curves or single Version 4.x Only
curve.
5.2.3 THRESHOLD
5.2.3.1 REFLEX
Stimulus The following settings are available: 1, 2, 5, 10 dB Stimulus Increments

Increments: (Attenuation Steps).
Y-axis Scaling: Together with the Y-axis parameter, it is possible to Scaling

select numerous different reflex threshold
configurations. Here, it is possible to select 75, 150,
225, 300, 375 ml of volume, or Auto.
select the volume which displays the measured
curve in the greatest detail.
Threshold Step: The following settings are available: 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, –1, Threshold Step
–2, –5, –10, –20 dB
Y–Axis: it is possible to select between Pos(itive), Neg(ative), Y–Axis

Pos/Neg and Auto.
select whichever Y–axis displays the measured
curve in the greatest detail.
Use MEP Selects whether automatic adjustment of MEP Use MEP

(Press.C.): (middle-ear pressure) is on or off. In Version 3.x and
later, Pressure Control includes: Manual, Auto,
MEP+5, +10, +15, +20, +25, –25, —20, –15, –10, –5
daPa. When Auto is selected, an automatic offset to
MEP is calculated on the basis of Gradient and TW.
Leak Detect: On or Off Leak Detect On/Off
Add. Threshold:
None, 0, 5, 10 dB Add. Threshold
Operation Manual 59
5.3
PRINTER ZODIAC 901 Middle-Ear Analyzer
5.2.3.2 FAST SCREENING
Stimulus Increments Stimulus The following settings are available: 1, 2, 5, 10 dB.

Increments:
Threshold Step Threshold Step: The following settings are available: 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, –1,
–2, –5, –10, –20 dB
MaxMeas MaxMeas: Selects the maximum number of measurements per

frequency from 1 to 16.
Y–Axis Y–Axis: it is possible to select between Pos(itive), Neg(ative),

Pos/Neg and Auto.
select whichever Y–axis displays the measured curve
Use MEP Use MEP Selects whether automatic adjustment of MEP

(Press.C.): (middle-ear pressure) is on or off. In Version 3.x,
Pressure Control includes: Manual, Auto, MEP+5,
+10, +15, +20, +25, –25, —20, –15, –10, –5 daPa. When
Auto is selected, an automatic offset to MEP is
calculated on the basis of Gradient and TW.
Leak Detect On/Off Leak Detect: On or Off
5.2.3.3 AIR CONDUCTION
Stimulus Increments Stimulus The following settings are available: 1, 2, 5, 10 dB.

Increments:
Pump On or Off Pump: Switches pump on or off (see Gellé’s Test, 4.3.3).
5.3 PRINTER
External Printer The ZODIAC 901 Middle-Ear Analyzer is equipped with a thermal
printer as standard—it may, however, be supplied without the built-in
printer. Whether you have a built-in printer or not, your ZODIAC 901
has a parallel port on its rear panel for connection to an external printer.
Default installed in ZODIAC 901 is the HP generic Laserjet printer
driver which can be used together with any printer where PCL may be
selected. A Centronics cable for connection to a printer may be supplied
as an optional accessory. Other drivers for external printer may be de-
fined by means of ZODICON™, e.g. Epson FX, HP Deskjet 500 and IBM
Proprinter.
MIDIMATE 622 In addition, ZODIAC 901 may be connected via the RS232C Data Inter-
face serial port to the MIDIMATE 622 Audiometer, to allow the MIDI-
MATE 622 to print out audiograms on ZODIAC 901’s built-in printer or,
60 Operation Manual
ZODIAC 901 Middle-Ear Analyzer PRINTER 5.3
via ZODIAC 901, on an external printer. Please refer to the MIDIMATE

622 Operation Manual for full details.
Pressing Softkey 4 from the Printer Sub-Menu selects whether printer out- Softkey 4
put from ZODIAC goes to an external or to the internal printer.
Pressing Printer displays a screen with the current test (in the screen dis- Printer
played in , a tympanogram) and the Printer Sub-Menu (the option
shown here for Softkey 4 is only available for instruments with built-in
printer). §5.3.2 below describes the different options available from the
Printer Sub-Menu in detail.
Fig.5.3
Tymp. Sweep Printer menu
5.3.1 PAPER LOADING
Access the printer menu by pressing Printer. Printer
Select internal printer by pressing Softkey 4 so that paper feed is en- Softkey 4
abled.
Using a pair of scissors, cut the leading edge of the paper roll at the right
corner so that the leading edge makes a diagonal.
Insert the paper roll into the printer compartment.
With the leading edge at the bottom of the roll, insert the pointed edge Softkey 5
into the left-hand corner of the slot inside the printer compartment and
press Softkey 5 for paper feed. The paper will now feed through the
printer mechanism and emerge through the slot in the ZODIAC’s lid.
Put the cover provided for it over the printer compartment. You are now
ready to print.
Operation Manual 61
5.3
PRINTER ZODIAC 901 Middle-Ear Analyzer
5.3.2 PRINTOUT
Four different kinds of printout may be made: screen dump, print data
on screen only, print all data, or print all new data. “All data” means all
data available for both ears, and for all tests made for that patient.
Printer From Version 4.x, printout may be interrupted. To stop printout when in
progress, press and hold down the Printer pushbutton until Cancel ap-
pears over Softkey 4.
Softkey 4 Press Softkey 4 until printout stops.
5.3.2.1 SCREEN DUMP
Softkey 1 Pressing Softkey 1, Screen Dump, prints ALL data and test results
shown on the screen, including the operation commands, etc., in the bot-
tom two lines of the display.
5.3.2.2 PRINT DATA
Softkey 2 Pressing Softkey 2, Print Data, only the data and test results for that test
are printed out, plus setup parameters not shown on the screen. This
means that, in Reflex Decay and Reflex Threshold, all curves for all fre-
quencies are printed out.
For convenience, this choice of printout is distinguished visually from

the Screen Dump by the presence of a frame printed around the test title
and ear selection (left or right). If there is no test data to print out, the
panel offering this function is blank, and Softkey 2 has no effect.
5.3.2.3 PRINT ALL
Softkey 3 Pressing Softkey 3, Print All, not only prints out all test data, for both
ears, for the current patient, but also the Madsen Electronics header to-
gether with your own, if it has been entered via the ZODICON™ con-
figuration program. The sequence of tests in the printout may also be
defined by means of ZODICON™.
Version 4.x Only Pressing Softkey 3, Print All, displays a new sub-menu offerring you the
choice between printing out all data, as described in the previous para-
graph, or printing out only new data, i.e. data gathered from measure-
ments made since the last Print All.
62 Operation Manual
GN Otometrics AUTO MODE Chap. 6
MADSEN ELECTRONICS PRESET TEST MENU
6. AUTO MODE
The ZODIAC 901 not only has the capability for manual and automatic Programmable User
middle-ear testing but also has the unique capacity to run a sequence of Tests
tests, set up for the operator’s own convenience and according to
his/her preferences (see User Test Programming in §7.1). Up to four of
these sequences may be programmed and they may also include pauses,
printouts, in fact anything that you can do in Manual Mode!
In addition, the instrument leaves the factory with five Madsen Electron- ME Preset Tests
ics Preset tests, which may not be altered.
The ZODIAC 901 can be user-programmed so that all the measurements Remote Control of
required are remotely controlled from the Stop/Start pushbutton on the ZODIAC 901
Probe, without the need to touch the front panel controls. This feature
may be used to speed up the screening of large numbers of patients.
The top line of the LCD will display “AUTOMATIC MODE” when the Continue
ZODIAC 901 is in Auto Mode, regardless of the function it is perform-
ing. Whenever it also displays “STANDBY”, it is waiting to give the user
time to perform some action before pressing Continue to proceed with
the current test.
To interrupt a test sequence in Auto Mode, stop test if one is in progress Escape
(Softkey 2), and press Escape.
6.1 MADSEN ELECTRONICS PRESET TEST MENU
Pressing Auto Test accesses one of two parallel menus, the ME Preset Auto Test
Test Menu or User Test Menu. Press Auto Test again to select the other
test menu, and to toggle between these two menus.
The ME Preset Test Menu enables the operator to start any of the five
automatic factory defined tests listed below by pressing the correspond-
ing Softkey.
These tests are defined by Madsen Electronics and programmed at the

factory—there is no provision for the user to alter them. Each of them in-
cludes provision to change the patient I.D. and the ear at the start of the
test. Each Madsen Electronics Preset Test performs a Print All when the
last measurement is complete.
“Screen” performs a Tymp. Sweep test and then an Ipsi Reflex Screening Softkey 1
test (1000 Hz, 95 dB HL), followed by printout (Print All).
Operation Manual 63
AUTO MODE Chap. 6 GN Otometrics
USER-PROGRAMMABLE TESTS 6.2 ZODIAC 901 Middle-Ear Analyzer
Softkey 2 “T&R” performs a Tymp. Sweep and then Reflex Threshold, Ipsi, with
500 Hz, 1000 Hz, 2000 Hz and 4000 Hz stimuli in turn, followed by
printout (Print All).
Softkey 3 “T&Decay” performs a Tymp. Sweep, Reflex Threshold, Ipsi, at 1000 Hz,
followed by Ipsi Reflex Decay at 1000 Hz (Level: +10 dB) and finally
Softkey 4 “T&Fscr. Ipsi” performs a Tymp. Sweep and Ipsi Reflex Threshold Fast
Screening, at 500 Hz, 1000 Hz, 2000 Hz and 4000 Hz, followed by print-
out (Print All).
Softkey 5 “T&Fscr. Contra” performs a Tymp. Sweep and Contra Reflex Threshold
Fast Screening, at 500 Hz, 1000 Hz, 2000 Hz and 4000 Hz, followed by
Madsen Electronics reserves the right to alter the contents and definition
of these Preset Tests at any time without notice.
6.2 USER-PROGRAMMABLE TESTS

ZODIAC 901 is supplied with four user-programmable tests, User 1,
User 2, User 3 and User 4. These tests may be uploaded to a PC or down-
loaded from a PC by means of ZODICON™.
User-Programmable By user-programmable or user tests, we mean that the user can select the
Tests default parameters of a particular test; the user can also select a combi-
nation of tests to form a battery of preset tests. The user-programmable
tests may be configured as a power-up option (see §7.1).
Auto Test Toggle Auto Test to enter the User Test Menu. The bottom line of the
display will contain the names of any User Tests which have been pro-
grammed, otherwise there will only be dashes.
64 Operation Manual
GN Otometrics POWER-ON OPTIONS Chap. 7
ZODIAC 901 Middle-Ear Analyzer USER TEST PROGRAMMING 7.1
7. POWER-ON OPTIONS
Two of the function keys, Auto Test and Setup, may be used to initiate
extra facilities. This is achieved by holding down the chosen function
key while powering the instrument on. These facilities are used, if re-
quired, not during patient testing, but in the course of preparations for
testing, and this method of access protects the user against their acciden-
tal alteration or misuse.There are two different facilities that may be ac-
cessed in this way¾User Test Programming, and ZODIAC 901 System
Setup. User Test Programs and changes made to parameters using Sys-
tem Setup will be preserved in the non-volatile memory of the ZODIAC
901 when the power is switched off, and will remain in effect unless al-
tered again subsequently using the Power-On facility.
7.1 USER TEST PROGRAMMING
The purpose of the User Test Programming Mode is to permit the user Auto test
to program his own tests (Tests 1–4 in the User Test Menu accessed from
Auto Test).
By user-programmable or user tests, we mean that the user can select the User-Programmable
default parameters of a particular test; the user can also select a combi- Tests Defined
nation of tests to form a battery of preset tests.
To enter User Test Programming Mode, switch off the instrument and Auto Test
power it on again with Auto Test held down. Keep it held down until
the message “Programming Mode Enabled” appears on the display;
then release it.
The ZODIAC 901 carries out the normal self-test procedure. When this has Auto Test
finished, the Main Menu appears. To continue with user programming,
press Auto Test again. The User Test Menu screen shown in Fig.7.1 ap-
pears (here Test 1 has previously been saved as PEN).
Fig.7.1
User Test Menu: Programming

Mode Enabled
Operation Manual 65
POWER-ON OPTIONS Chap. 7 GN Otometrics
USER TEST PROGRAMMING 7.1 ZODIAC 901 Middle-Ear Analyzer
Softkey 5 Press Softkey 5 to start programming to enter the Program Menu,

Fig.7.2. The top line of this menu indicates how many steps are avail-
able.
Fig.7.2
Program Mode Select menu

before programming
Softkeys 1 to 4 Press Softkey 1, 2, 3 or 4 to select the test you wish to program. It is then
possible to define a test by simply operating the instrument in the nor-
mal way—ZODIAC 901 will memorize all your key entries and settings.
The number of program steps for which the current test has memory
available will be displayed at the top of the screen, and will be reduced
by 1 each time a further program step is added—see Fig.7.3).
Fig.7.3
Program Mode Select menu

during programming
Continue Use Continue to insert pauses in your test sequence for inspecting
curves, altering Setup parameters or operating the instrument manually.
The beeper sounds each time Continue is pressed. It will also sound
each time a pause is encountered when the program is run.
Auto Test After entering the last step in the User Test Programming sequence,
press Auto Test to return to the Program Menu.
Softkey 5 Press Softkey 5 to end programming. This displays the Program Mode
Operation screen shown in Fig.7.5, which allows you to enter a name for
the test you have just programmed.
66 Operation Manual
ZODIAC 901 Middle-Ear Analyzer USER TEST PROGRAMMING 7.1
Fig.7.5
Program Mode: Entering name of

test
Erase the previous name by means of Softkey 1, and enter the new pro- Softkey 1
gram name in the same way as for operator and patient I.D. (described
in §3.4.2).
Press Auto Test again to save the new test program. You are asked to Auto Test
confirm that you really wish to save it (thus overwriting the old
one)—Fig.7.4.
Fig.7.4
Program Mode Save

Confirmation menu
Press Softkey 1 to save and you are returned to the first screen in the Softkey 1
programming sequence (see Fig.7.1).
Press any key to exit this screen and enter the desired test mode. To Exit
Whenever the test which has been programmed is subsequently ac-

cessed, exactly the same sequence will be repeated, and your Setup set-
tings restored (“Automatic Mode” and status will be displayed at the
top of the screen).
If you have programmed a break or pause into your test sequence, you
will hear a beep when the break is reached and “STANDBY” will appear
in the top line.
To continue, press Continue. Continue
To interrupt or exit a test sequence, first press Softkey 2 (Stop) if a test is Escape
running, and then Escape.
Operation Manual 67
USER TEST PROGRAMMING 7.1 ZODIAC 901 Middle-Ear Analyzer
An example of a simple program sequence is given below (in Advanced

Mode). This sequence performs an automatic tymp. sweep on each ear
in turn, with A.F.A.P. pump speed and auto scaling, prints the two tym-
panograms out, and advances the patient counter. One pause is in-
cluded, to allow the operator to insert the probe into the patient’s other
ear. Execute the following keystrokes from the Program Mode Select
menu, see Fig.7.2:
Softkey 1 (Test1)
Tymp.
Softkey 2 (Sweep)
Setup
Softkey 1 (Pump Speed: A.F.A.P)
Softkey 3 (Scaling: 4.5 ml)
Softkey 3 (Scaling: Auto)
Setup
Softkey 2 (Start)
Standby
Alt. Select
Softkey 4 (L/R)
Softkey 2 (Start)
Printer
Softkey 3 (Print All)
Alt. Select
Softkey 4 (L/R)
Main Menu
Softkey 1 (New Pt.)
Softkey 1 (Yes)
Auto Test
Softkey 5 (End Program)
Enter Test Name (use rotary switch)
Auto Test
Softkey 1 (save user test)
Power instrument off (to disable programming mode)
Auto Test Now power instrument on again, press Auto Test and Softkey 1 to start
your own User Test.
Use Default Config. NOTE: Since existing test parameters are included in your User Test, we
suggest that you return the instrument to its default configuration
immediately after starting to program User Tests—Main Menu, Softkey
4 (Default Config.), Softkey 1.
68 Operation Manual
ZODIAC 901 Middle-Ear Analyzer SYSTEM SETUP 7.2
7.2 SYSTEM SETUP
Changes made to parameters using System Setup will be preserved in Setup

the non-volatile memory of the ZODIAC 901 when the power is
switched off, and will remain in effect unless altered again subsequently
using the System Setup facility. To enter this mode, switch off the instru-
ment, and power it on again with Setup held down. Keep it held down
until the screen shown in Fig.7.6, System Setup, appears.
Fig.7.6
ZODIAC 901 System Setup

menu
Pressing Softkey 1 scrolls through the languages available for the text Softkey 1
on the Liquid Crystal Display and printouts. Alternatively, hold Softkey
1 down and turn the Rotary Knob clockwise or anticlockwise. Earlier
versions of the ZODIAC 901 allow a choice of English, Italian, Spanish
and German. Version 2.03 and higher also include French.
Hold down Softkey 2 and turn the Rotary Knob to adjust the sound Softkey 2
level of the beeper.
Hold down Softkey 3 and turn the Rotary Knob to adjust the contrast. Softkey 3
Press Softkey 4 to scroll through the different baud rates (300, 600, 1200, Softkey 4
2400, 4800, 9600)—the baud rate determines the speed of data transfer
wnen communicating with an external computer. Alternatively, hold
down Softkey 4 and turn the Rotary Knob clockwise or anticlockwise.
IMPORTANT! The baud rate must be set to the correct value (9600 Selecting Baud Rate
baud) when communicating with MIDIMATE 622 or MateBaseI. for External
Communications
Operation Manual 69
SYSTEM SETUP 7.2 ZODIAC 901 Middle-Ear Analyzer
Softkey 5 Press Softkey 5 to access the screen shown in Fig.7.7.
Fig.7.7
Real-Time Clock Setup menu
Softkey 1 · Press Softkey 1 to select 12 or 24 hour time format.
Softkey 3 · Pressing Softkey 3, Select, toggles between Time and Date (as can be
seen from the cursor to the left of the words Time and Date in the dis-
play).
Softkeys 4/5 · The smaller cursor indicates the unit of time to be altered. Use arrow
controls (Softkeys 4/5) to select desired unit.
Tone Switch · Turn the Rotary Knob to change unit (the Tone Switch may also be
used here to select unit).
The date goes up to Dec-31-2190! Note that the Date Format (date-
Month-Year is the factory default) can be changed by means of ZODI-
CON™.
Setup Press Setup to return to the previous display, and Setup again to exit.
The ZODIAC 901 then goes through the normal self-test procedure.
70 Operation Manual
GN Otometrics PRINCIPLES OF MIDDLE-EAR ANALYSIS Chap. 8
ZODIAC 901 Middle-Ear Analyzer MECHANICAL IMPEDANCE 8.1
8. PRINCIPLES OF MIDDLE-EAR ANALYSIS

The ZODIAC 901 Middle-Ear Analyzer is designed for screening and
clinical diagnosis of audiological patients using objective measurement
methods.
The ZODIAC 901 measures the mechanical impedance of the ear, a pro-
cess known as tympanometry. In contrast to audiometry, mechanical im-
pedance measurements are not influenced by the patient’s conscious
response to the measurement stimulus.
The real-time measurement capability of the ZODIAC 901 enables it to

perform dynamic tests of the patient’s reflex, threshold and Eustachian
Tube Function.
The following explanation of tympanometry is included in order to pro-

vide the user of the ZODIAC 901 with sufficient understanding of the
physics and physiology of middle-ear measurement to enable him or her
to make the most effective use of this advanced and versatile instrument.
8.1 MECHANICAL IMPEDANCE

Sound is a particular case of mechanical vibration at frequencies within Sound and vibration
the audible range, namely more than about 20 Hz and less than about 20
000 Hz. Mechanical vibration comprises a backwards-and-forwards mo-
tion about a mean position. This motion takes place in the substance
transmitting the vibration—no vibration can be transmitted in a vac-
uum.
The backwards-and-forwards motion is characterized by changes in vi-

bration pressure p which are proportional to the vibration velocity c of
the motion (except at very large amplitudes where the substance may
become nonlinear).
p= cZ
The constant of proportionality, Z, is known as the mechanical imped- Mechanical

ance. It is a characteristic of the substance or structure which is subject to impedance
the vibration. Stiff, dense substances such as bone have relatively high
mechanical impedances, since a large pressure is required to produce a
small deflection (or motion). Air has a relatively low mechanical imped-
ance, since it is neither stiff nor dense, and a small pressure results in a
relatively large deflection.
In the special case of audible vibrations, the term “acoustic impedance” Acoustic impedance
is used instead of “mechanical impedance”.
Operation Manual 71
PRINCIPLES OF MIDDLE-EAR ANALYSIS Chap. 8 GN Otometrics
MISMATCHING OF MECHANICAL IMPEDANCES 8.2 ZODIAC 901 Middle-Ear Analyzer
The reciprocal of Z is the mechanical, or acoustical, admittance. The term

“acoustic immitance” is used collectively to refer to either of these pa-
rameters.
Measurement of changes in the acoustic impedance of the ear forms the

basis for tympanometry.
8.2 MISMATCHING OF MECHANICAL IMPEDANCES

During the transmission of a mechanical vibration through a homogene-
ous medium or along a homogeneous transmission line, the ratio of vi-
bration pressure to vibration velocity is equal to the characteristic
mechanical impedance of the transmission medium.
Mismatching of If the vibration encounters an inhomogeneity in its passage, i.e., a region

impedances where the mechanical impedance changes from one value to another,
then, in general, a part of the energy in the vibration will be reflected
back towards the source, and only a proportion of the energy will con-
tinue in the direction of the original wave, past the inhomogeneity. The
impedances are said to be mismatched.
In a system whose purpose is to transmit vibrational energy, such as the

ear, this is a functional disadvantage, since some of the energy fails to ar-
rive at its intended destination. An inhomogeneity in this kind of system
is most likely to arise at a boundary between adjoining components of
the system.
8.3 MATCHING OF MECHANICAL IMPEDANCES

Matching of The ear collects as much as possible of the acoustic energy arriving at the
impedances ear-lobe by means of two natural mechanisms which minimize reflec-
tions.
· The structure of the outer ear is such as to effect a continuous transition

from the relatively low mechanical impedance of the open air to the in-
termediate impedance of the eardrum.
· The middle ear incorporates a mechanical broad-band impedance

transformer. A broad-band transformer is a device whose structure is
such that it presents differing impedances at its input and output.
8.4 RESISTIVE LOSS OF VIBRATION ENERGY

Resistive loss of Resistive loss occurs when a mechanical vibration or sound wave passes
vibration energy through a material which is subject to hysteresis, and part of the energy
is absorbed into the material, and thereby converted into heat.
72 Operation Manual
ZODIAC 901 Middle-Ear Analyzer THE STRUCTURE OF THE EAR 8.5
Hysteresis is a common feature of practical compliant materials. It is Hysteresis

characterized by a difference in the deflection resulting from the applica-
tion of a given pressure, depending upon whether the pressure is in-
creasing or decreasing.
Although resistive loss results in a reduction of the amplitude of a

wanted vibration, it can also be beneficial in systems such as the human
ear. It can dampen the effects of resonances and standing waves. It can
also play its part in achieving matching of mechanical impedance.
Hysteresis in the eardrum may be observable in tympanometry if two

different tympanograms are produced from the same ear measured un-
der conditions which are identical except for the sweep direction. How-
ever, this effect could also be caused by too great a pump speed.
8.5 THE STRUCTURE OF THE EAR

The ear comprises the parts of the body which convert sound waves into Structure of the Ear
impulses in the human body’s central nervous system.
The ear is a highly developed organ, capable not only of detecting, but
also of analyzing, weak sounds containing very small amounts of en-
ergy. These capabilities are possible because the construction of the ear
is such as to minimize the loss of energy incurred by a sound wave in its
passage through the ear.
Losses can occur as a result of reflection and absorption of the energy in

the sound wave, as discussed above.
Both of these kinds of losses can be pathologically increased by defects

of the inner ear. Much of the construction of the healthy ear owes its
form to the need to provide an impedance transformation from the low
impedance of free space to the relatively high impedance of the inner
ear.
Each ear consists of three main constituents—an outer ear, a middle ear,
and an inner ear (Fig.8.1).
The outer ear comprises the visible external ear (pinna), plus the audi- Outer Ear
tory canal (ear canal, meatus), which is terminated by a delicate mem-
brane, the eardrum (tympanum). The outer ear serves to protect the
eardrum from damage and provide a continuous impedance transfor-
mation from free space to the middle ear. The air in the outer ear is con-
nected to the atmosphere. The bone behind the ear is called the mastoid.
Operation Manual 73
THE EFFECT OF LOUD SOUNDS 8.6 ZODIAC 901 Middle-Ear Analyzer
Fig.8.1
Section through the ear
Middle Ear The middle ear is an air-filled cavity (the tympanic cavity) connected to
the throat, and thence to the atmosphere, by a fine channel, the Eusta-
chian Tube, which serves to prevent the build-up of a pressure differen-
tial across the ear-drum. The healthy Eustachian Tube is normally
obstructed except during swallowing.
Auditory Ossicular In the middle-ear cavity is a structure of three tiny bones—hammer (mal-
Chain leus), anvil (incus) and stirrup (stapes)—called the auditory ossicular
chain, which links the ear-drum to another membrane, the oval window
(fenestra vestibulii ovalis). Among the attachments between the auditory
ossicular chain and the walls of the middle ear is a tendon connecting
the stirrup to a tiny muscle, the stapedius muscle. The hammer is also
subject to the action of a muscle, the tensor tympani. When either or both
of these two muscles contract, the ear-drum to becomes tensioned, and
the impedance of the system will be increased.
Inner Ear The oval window is the component by which sound waves enter the in-
ner ear, in the form of mechanical vibrations. The inner ear (labyrinth) is
filled with fluid, and consists of the cochlea, which converts the vibra-
tions into nerve impulses, and the semi-circular canals, which form part
of the body’s balancing mechanism.
The auditory ossicular chain serves as a broad-band impedance-

matching transformer.
8.6 THE EFFECT OF LOUD SOUNDS

The normal condition of the ear-drum is that of a highly compliant
membrane which has only a small influence on the impedance presented
to acoustic waves travelling through the outer ear. The main constituent
74 Operation Manual
ZODIAC 901 Middle-Ear Analyzer MEASURING ACOUSTIC IMPEDANCE 8.7
of this impedance is the impedance presented by the oval window, as

transformed by the hammer, anvil and stirrup. It is because of this that
impedance measurements taken at the entrance to the outer ear can sup-
ply detailed information on conditions in the middle and inner ear.
The arrival of very loud sounds in the middle ear would result in over-
loading of the mechanisms of the ear. This would cause distortion and
reduce the effectiveness of the sense of hearing. If the loudness were ex-
cessive, permanent damage could occur.
When the central nervous system perceives a rise in sound level in either Stapedius reflex
ear, it issues an instruction to the tensor tympani and stapedius muscles in
both ears to contract. Contraction of these muscles results in a tensioning
of the ear-drum. The tense ear-drum presents a higher impedance to the
outer ear, and consequently most of the energy in the loud sound is re-
flected back the way it came.
This mechanism is part of the body’s reflex system. It is known as the

auditory, or stapedius, reflex. It serves as a form of automatic volume
control. Its speed and effectiveness may be determined by applying a
loud sound to the ear and measuring the timing of the change in the me-
chanical impedance of the outer ear.
8.7 MEASURING ACOUSTIC IMPEDANCE

If air is injected into a cavity, the pressure inside the cavity will increase. Acoustic impedance
Provided the temperature does not change, and the cavity walls are
rigid, the relationship between the volume V and the pressure P will
conform to Boyle’s Law:
P =k/ V
where k is constant. Differentiating the right-hand expression gives:
dP/dV = k log V
i.e.,
dP = dV P V log V
This relationship tells us that the change in pressure resulting from the
injection of a small, known volume of air dV will depend not only on dV,
but also on the initial pressure P and the volume V of the cavity. Since
dV and P are known, measuring dP would enable V log V, and hence V,
to be calculated.
The practical and convenient way to make this measurement is to use a

calibrated electroacoustic transducer to inject a sound wave into the cav-
ity. The resulting value of dP can be measured using a calibrated micro-
phone connected to the cavity.
Operation Manual 75
TENSIONING OF THE EARDRUM 8.8 ZODIAC 901 Middle-Ear Analyzer
Frequency for It is important to perform this measurement at a frequency which is not

tympanometry too high, with the undesirable result that the changing pressure in the
cavity would cease to be the same everywhere in the cavity. This is an
expression of the requirement that the wavelength of the chosen fre-
quency should be much longer than the largest dimension of the cavity.
For mechanical or acoustic impedance measurements on the ear, the fre-
quency to be used has been standardized at 226 Hz.
The expression P V log V is related to the mechanical impedance of the

outer ear cavity, but is not equal to it. This is because it relates the acous-
tic pressure to the change in volume, not to the acoustic velocity. The ve-
locity is a function not only of the change in volume, but also of the
frequency. However, at a fixed frequency there will be a one-to-one cor-
respondence between the mechanical impedance and the volume of the
cavity. Tympanometry is concerned with measuring, not the absolute
value of the mechanical impedance, but changes in its value.
8.8 TENSIONING OF THE EARDRUM

As explained above, the impedance of the healthy ear under normal con-
ditions will be determined not only by the volume of the outer ear, but
also by the impedance of the inner ear as transformed by the auditory
ossicular chain and presented at the eardrum.
The deflection of the eardrum in response to acoustic vibrations is very

small, and its behaviour is normally linear. That is to say, its mechanical
impedance is independent of the sound pressure level. Its deflection is
proportional to the sound pressure.
Nonlinearity of the However, for changes in pressure which are significantly greater than
eardrum those produced by the normal range of sounds, the deflection of the ear-
drum is non-linear. Its impedance is no longer independent of the ap-
plied pressure. The greater the pressure (or depression), the stiffer it
becomes.
If the ear-drum becomes tensioned for any reason, most of the acoustic
energy arriving at it will be reflected, and the mechanical impedance
measured will be determined predominantly by the volume of the outer
ear alone.
The nonlinearity of the eardrum is what makes tympanometry possible.
Tensioning the Tensioning of the ear-drum may be achieved by applying a positive or

eardrum negative standing air pressure to the outer ear. The inner ear normally
remains at (or close to) atmospheric pressure provided the ear is healthy,
i.e., the Eustachian Tube is functioning correctly. The term “tympanome-
try” is commonly understood to mean the measurement of mechanical
impedance while varying the static (standing) pressure in the outer ear.
The resulting mechanical impedance characteristic (the tymapanogram)
is a very effective indicator of conditions of disorder in the middle ear.
76 Operation Manual
ZODIAC 901 Middle-Ear Analyzer THE PRINCIPLE OF TYMPANOMETRY 8.9
The static pressure or depression typically required to tension the ear-

drum sufficiently to reflect half of the sound power impinging on it is
300 Pa, i.e., 0.3% of atmospheric pressure. This may be compared with
the RMS (root means square) sound pressure of the threshold of pain,
which is around 100 Pa (at the entrance to the ear canal).
Notice that a static pressure of this magnitude will not cause any pain or
discomfort in the healthy ear, unlike an acoustic pressure of the same
magnitude.
The ear-drum may also be tensioned by the application of a loud sound Audiological reflex
to either ear, resulting in the contraction of the middle-ear muscles of
both ears. The term “audiological reflex”, or simply “reflex”, is com-
monly taken to refer to the measurement of mechanical impedance dur-
ing the application and removal of a loud sound, either to the same ear
(“ipsi”), or to the other ear (“contra”). This phenomenon may be ob-
served and measured at a sound pressure level considerably below the
threshold of pain.
8.9 THE PRINCIPLE OF TYMPANOMETRY

The method used by the ZODIAC 901 for measuring the impedance of Acoustic-flow
the ear canal is sometimes referred to as acoustic-flow tympanometry. tympanometry
The entry to the ear canal is sealed using a suitably dimensioned eartip,
and a probe inserted through the eartip. The probe contains three fine
air channels. One is connected to a pump which can raise or depress the
static pressure in the ear canal. A second carries a source of sound of
known amplitude, referred to as the probe tone. The third gives access to
a calibrated measuring microphone, which is used to measure the result-
ing sound level in the ear canal.
The amplitude of the sound needed to produce a given measured sound Reflection of sound at
level in the ear canal will be proportional to the volume of the canal. The the eardrum
ZODIAC 901 uses this principle to calculate the volume. If the eardrum
has been tensioned, giving it a large impedance mismatch, so that it re-
flects most of the sound energy arriving at it, the calculated volume will
be that of the outer ear alone. However, if the eardrum is functioning
normally, so that most of the sound energy arriving at it is transmitted
onwards to the inner ear, the calculated volume will be considerably
greater. Intermediate states of the eardrum will result in intermediate
calculated volumes.
Operation Manual 77
PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS 8.10 ZODIAC 901 Middle-Ear Analyzer
Cartesian Tympanometry is the measurement of the change in the ear canal vol-
tympanometry ume resulting from the tensioning of the eardrum by the application of
varying pressure in the ear canal. A tympanogram is a Cartesian graphi-
cal representation of this measurement.
Reflex tympanometry Reflex tympanometry is the measurement of the change in the ear canal
volume (the “Delta” volume) resulting from the tensioning of the ear-
drum by muscles acting on the ossicular chain following the application
of an external acoustic stimulus. The results are plotted on a Cartesian
graph with time along the x-axis.
The difference between the tympanometric graphs generated from

measurements on healthy ears, and those obtained in cases of hearing
disorders, allow reliable diagnosis to be made of the nature of the disor-
ders. The real-time computing power of the ZODIAC 901 enables these
informative graphs to be generated quickly, repeatedly and accurately.
8.10 PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS

Calibration for The volume of air measured using acoustic-flow tympanometry can be
tympanometry expected to be influenced by such variable factors as barometric pres-
sure. The ZODIAC 901 provides for the elimination of the influence of
these factors by means of an automatic daily calibration procedure, us-
ing a Madsen Electronics Precision Cavity with a known volume of 2.0
cc (2.0 ml).
Because the absolute values of acoustic impedance are influenced by

barometric pressure and other variable factors, practical tympanometry
concentrates on relative volume measurements, which are used as ana-
logs of impedance.
Ordinary The probe tone used to measure the ear canal volume in the ZODIAC
environment for 901 is a 226 Hz tone, which is the frequency prescribed by the Standards
tympanometry CEI/IEC 1027:1991 and ANSI S3.39-1987. The electronic circuitry used to
measure the sound level in the ear cavity incorporates a highly selective
filter, which attenuates sound energy at other frequencies than 226 Hz.
This enables accurate measurements to be taken in ordinary environ-
ments without the use of a special quiet room. It enables the ear canal
volume to be measured continuously during the application of an acous-
tic reflex stimulus, which can be at a much higher level than the 85 dB
SPL used for the 226 Hz probe tone.
78 Operation Manual
ZODIAC 901 Middle-Ear Analyzer TYMPANOGRAM CHARACTERISTICS 8.11
8.11 TYMPANOGRAM CHARACTERISTICS

A tympanogram has a number of characteristics which are often used
for comparison and diagnosis by audiologists, and can be computed
automatically by the ZODIAC 901.
A volume tympanogram is a graph showing the measured volume as a Volume

function of pressure. The measured volume will at no point be less than tympanogram
the volume of the ear canal alone (ear canal volume, ECV). It is therefore
more instructive to generate a “compliance tympanogram”, in which the
origin has been moved up the y-axis to lie level with the flat part of the
curve. The (measured) volume is related to the compliance and the ECV
as follows:
volume = ECV + compliance
The name “compliance” requires some elucidation. The audiologist is in- Compliance
terested in using the tympanogram to determine the compliance of the tympanogram
eardrum. Compliance is conventionally expressed as a displacement di-
vided by a pressure. However, any transmission of sound by the ear-
drum is equivalent to an enlargement of the volume of the ear canal.
What is actually measured is this equivalent change in volume, which is
a useful representation of compliance for diagnostic purposes.
The eardrum will be most compliant when the static pressures on oppo- Middle Ear Pressure
site surfaces of the eardrum are equal or only slightly different. The peak
(maximum) of the tympanogram occurs at this pressure, which may dif-
fer from atmospheric pressure, depending on conditions in the middle
ear. The difference between the pressure at which the peak occurs and
atmospheric pressure is therefore referred to as the Middle Ear Pressure
(MEP). This pressure is computed and recorded by the ZODIAC 901
when it performs a tympanogram sweep, and can be used automatically
for subsequent reflex tests on the same patient.
The maximum increase in measured volume, i.e., the height of the peak Static Compliance
on a tympanogram, is the compliance at Middle Ear Pressure. This is
known as the Static Compliance (SC). The SC is computed and recorded
by the ZODIAC 901 when it performs a tympanogram sweep.
For comparing tympanometric data between patients or between

healthy ears and ears subject to disorder, it is helpful to have data which
express the shape of the tympanogram rather than its absolute dimen-
sions. After performing a tympanogram sweep, the ZODIAC 901 com-
putes and records two such parameters.
The Gradient (Grad) is the value of compliance at which the width of the Gradient
“hump” of the tympanogram is 100 daPa, divided by the Static Compli-
ance.
Operation Manual 79
PRINCIPLES OF MIDDLE-EAR ANALYSISChap. 8 GN Otometrics
TYMPANOGRAM CHARACTERISTICS 8.11 ZODIAC 901 Middle-Ear Analyzer
Tympanogram Width The Tympanogram Width (TW) is the pressure difference between the
two points on the curve at which the compliance is half the Static Com-
pliance.
80 Operation Manual
GN Otometrics DIAGNOSIS OF AUDITORY DISORDERS Chap. 9
ZODIAC 901 Middle-Ear Analyzer DISORDERS AND THEIR SYMPTOMS 9.1
9. DIAGNOSIS OF AUDITORY DISORDERS

9.1 DISORDERS AND THEIR SYMPTOMS
9.1.1 MIDDLE-EAR FLUID AND EFFUSION
Serous otitis is a disease which can lead to a build-up of fluid and a re-
duced pressure in the middle ear. The resulting middle ear dysfunction
with fluid effusion in the middle ear space produces a very shallow tym-
panogram with a reduced static compliance and a reduced gradient.
Only in a small proportion of cases is a peaked tympanogram produced.
The pressure reduction results in a tympanogram shifted to the left. Ipsi-
lateral acoustic reflex is often absent.
9.1.2 DISRUPTION OF THE OSSICULAR CHAIN
If there is a discontinuity in the ossicular chain, the impedance of the

cochlea and oval window will have little or no influence on the imped-
ance of the eardrum. Disruption of the ossicular chain results in a very
tall tympanogram with increased static compliance and increased gradi-
ent, or, in some cases, multiple “humps”.
If an ipsilateral reflex is detected, then the disruption is likely to be

downstream of the hammer. Otherwise, the reflex may be absent.
9.1.3 OTOSCLEROSIS
Otosclerosis and relative fixation of the footplate of the stapes tend to re-
sult in reduced static compliance (0.2 to 0.4), reduced gradient, and in-
creased tympanogram width. Reflex may be reduced or absent.
9.1.4 PERFORATED EARDRUM
The eardrum may be perforated as a result of trauma or because it has

atrophied. The tympanogram will be almost completely flat.
9.1.5 OCCLUDED EUSTACHIAN TUBE
If the Eustachian Tube is occluded (blocked), or fails to open regularly

(dysfunction), the pressure in the middle ear will usually become less
than atmospheric pressure. The effect will be to shift the tympanogram
to the left. The reflex is normally unaffected. If the eardrum is not perfo-
rated, this condition may be investigated using the Intact Eardrum test
Operation Manual 81
DIAGNOSIS OF AUDITORY DISORDERS Chap. 9 GN Otometrics
DISORDERS AND THEIR SYMPTOMS 9.1 ZODIAC 901 Middle-Ear Analyzer
available in Tymp. Advanced Mode (not Version 2.x of the ZODIAC

901).
9.1.6 FLABBY TYMPANIC MEMBRANE
A flabby (flaccid) tympanic membrane may be due to aging, healed per-

forations, or surgery. It will result in a static compliance which is greater
than normal. Reflexes are usually absent.
9.1.7 IMPACTED CERUMEN (DRIED EAR WAX)
Excessive production of earwax will reduce the Ear Canal Volume, and
may completely obstruct the ear canal. In this case the tympanogram
will exhibit an absence of a peak.
9.1.8 PATULOUS EUSTACHIAN TUBE
A patulous (spread) Eustachian Tube will not close, with the result that
the patient’s breathing interferes with hearing. The static compliance
will be normal but the tympanogram will be broadened (abnormally
large tympanogram width) and may exhibit irregularities because of in-
terference from the patient’s breathing. If the eardrum is not perforated,
this condition may be investigated using the Intact Eardrum test avail-
able in Tymp. Advanced Mode (not Version 2.x of the ZODIAC 901).
9.1.9 COCHLEAR HEARING LOSS
Cochlear and retrocochlear hearing loss will be characterized by in-

creased reflex thresholds and increased air conduction thresholds. The
tympanogram should not be affected.
82 Operation Manual
GN Otometrics A APPENDIX: TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
A. APPENDIX: TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS

Standards
Audiometric Headset: ISO 389, ANSI S3.6
Impedance: IEC 1027, ANSI S3.39
Patient Safety: EN 60601-1, class I, type B
Compliance Measuring System

Probe Tone: 226 Hz at 85 dB SPL
Total Range: 0.1 ml to 8.0 ml
Reflex Ranges: 0 to 75 ml
0 to 150 ml
0 to 225 ml
0 to 300 ml
0 to 375 ml
Auto scaling and definition of positive,
negative or both types of axis
Display Range
Tympanogram: 0 to 1.5 ml
0 to 3.0 ml
0 to 4.5 ml
Air Pressure System

Range: Normal:+200 to -400 daPa
Extended:+400 to -600 daPa
Accuracy: ± 10% or ± 10 daPa (whichever is greater)
Air Pump: Plunger type; stepper motor, digitally controlled.
Speeds:
as fast as possible (AFAP)
400 daPa/sec
200 daPa/sec
100 daPa/sec
50 daPa/sec
Manual speed control
Air Release: Mechanical safety release valve set to
+600 and -800 daPa
Manual & automatic air release
Acoustic Reflex
Contralateral Pure tones: 0.5, 1, 2, 4 kHz
Stimulation: Frequency Accuracy ± 0.5%
White Noise
Step size: 1, 2, 5, 10 dB
Normal range: 50-100 dB HL
Extended range: 50-120 dB HL
Operation Manual 83
A APPENDIX: TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS GN Otometrics
Ipsilateral Pure tones: 0.5, 1, 2, 4 kHz
Stimulation: Frequency Accuracy ± 0.5%
Step size: 1, 2, 5, 10 dB
Range at 0.5, 1, 2 kHz: 50-115 dB HL
Range at 4 kHz: 50-90 dB HL
Audiometric Mode
Frequency Accuracy: ± 0.5%
Pure Tones: 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 kHz
Step Size: 1, 2, 5, 10 dB
Normal Range: 0-100 dB HL
Extended Range: 0-120 dB HL
Display Graphic supertwist LCD with backlighting, 256 lines x 128 dots
White text/graphics on blue background
Built-in Printer
Paper Type: Thermal
Paper Width: 112 mm, 4.5"
External Printer Any conventional Centronics printer (inkjet, laser, etc.) may be
connected via parallel port. The HP Deskjet 500 generic series is
the standard driver (HP 510, 520, etc.,)
RS232C Measuring results, setup and I.D. data, etc., may be communi-
Data Interface cated to and from ZODIAC 901 via this port
Power Supply AC 50/60 Hz

100-120 V ± 10% or 200-240 V ± 10%
Power Consumption Approx. 50 VA
Dimensions 370 x 385 x 120 mm (W x D x H)

14.8" x 15.4" x 4.8"
Weight
Net Weight 7.6 kg
Miscellaneous Built-in beeper and clock/calendar; sockets for 2 cc cavity and

ear simulator in cabinet.
Also available without built-in printer.
84 Operation Manual
GN Otometrics B APPENDIX: ZODICON™ PARAMETERS
B. APPENDIX: ZODICON™ PARAMETERS

The ZODICON™ software, running on a PC, allows each of the ZO-
DIAC 901 parameters below to be set to any of the corresponding set-
tings listed. Each of the following lists of settings begins with the factory
default setting.
Institution’s Name:
Line #1: Up to 20 characters
Line #2: Up to 40 characters
General System Parameters:

Default Ear: Left, Right
Default Transducer: IPSI, CONTRA
Default IPSI Freq.: 1000, 2000, 4000, 500 Hz
Default IPSI Level: 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 50, 55, 60, 65 dB
Default CONTRA Freq.: 1000, 2000, 4000 Hz, White N., 500 Hz
Default CONTRA Level: 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 50, 55, 60, 65 dB
Default Air Cond. Freq.: 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 6000, 8000, 250, 500 Hz
Default Air Cond. Level: 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90,
95, 100, 105 dB
Default Meter Mode: Off, On
Default Printer: Internal, External, None
Calibration Period Warning: Off, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20,
21, 22, 23, 24 month
Date Format: Date-Month-Year, Date-Year-Month, Month-Date-Year, Month-
Year-Date, Year-Month-Date, Year-Date-Month
Daily Calibration:
Power-up in Daily Calibration: No, Yes
Cavity #1: 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, 1.0 cc
Cavity #2: None, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0 cc
Easy Mode HOT Keys:

Tymp Key –> Tymp Sweep
Tymp ETF-I
Tymp ETF-P
Tymp Manual
Reflex Key –> Reflex Manual
Reflex Screening
Reflex Decay
Reflex User1
Reflex User2
Threshold Key –> Threshold Reflex
Threshold FastSCR
Threshold Air Cond.
Internal Printer
Controller Type: IF4113, Madsen
Operation Manual 85
B APPENDIX: ZODICON™ PARAMETERS GN Otometrics
Print-All Sequence
External Printout Specification:

Page Size: 11, 12 inch
Left Margin: 5 ... 40 spaces, Off, 1 ... 4 spaces
Double Size Printout: No, Yes
Tymp Default Setup:

Compliance Scaling: 3.0, 4.5 mL, Auto, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.5 mL
Abs. Volume Scaling: 9.0, 3.0, 4.5 mL, 6.0, 7.5 mL
Sweep Pump Speed: 400 daPa/Sec, AFAP, 50, 100, 200 daPa/Sec
Sweep Measure Dir.: Neg, Pos
Manual Measure Dir.: Pos/Neg, Neg, Pos
Manual Average: Off, On
Min. Sweep Pressure: –400, –350, –300, –250, –200, –150, –100, –600, –550, –500, –450
daPa
Max. Sweep Pressure: 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 100, 150 daPa
Leak detect: Yes, No
ETF Default Parameters:

ETF Y-Axis: Pos/Neg, Neg, Pos
ETF X-Axis: 45, 46, ... 98, 99, 10, 11, ... 43, 44 Sec
Reflex And Threshold Default Setup:

Scaling: 150, 225, 300, 375 mL, Auto, 75 mL
Y-Axis: Pos/Neg, Auto, Neg, Pos
Pressure Control: Manual, Auto, MEP +5, +10, +15, +20, +25, –25, –20, –15, –10, –5
Att. Incr.: 5, 10, 1, 2 dB
Leak detect: Yes, No
Manual Reflex: Multi Curves, Single Curve
Use Threshold Level in Decay: Off, +0, +5, +10, +15, +20 dB
Reflex Fast/Slow Mode: Fast, Slow
TH Level Incr.: 10, 20, –20, –10, –5, –2, –1, 1, 2, 5 dB
TH FastSCR Max. Meas.: 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 1, 2
Add. Threshold Search Off, 0, 5, 10 dB
Use Pump in TH AirCond.: No, Yes
Threshold Detection Criteria:

TH Detect Delta Volume: 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 10,
15 mL
TH Detection Time: 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 100, 200, 300, 400 mSec
TH Detection Dir: Neg., Pos./Neg.
Reflex Manual Timing:

X-Axis: 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 2, 3 Sec
PreTime: 0.5, 0.6, ... 3.4, 3.5, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 Sec
PostTime: 0.5, 0.6, ... 3.8, 3.9, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 Sec
Reflex Screening Timing:

X-Axis: 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 Sec
PreTime: 0.5, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 Sec
StimTime: 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 0, 0.1, ... 1.9 Sec
PostTime: 0.5, 0.6, ... 2.8, 2.9, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 Sec
86 Operation Manual
GN Otometrics B APPENDIX: ZODICON™ PARAMETERS
Reflex Decay:
Timing:
X-Axis: 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 Sec
PreTime: 1.0, 1.1, ... 2.0, 0.1, 0.2, ... 0.9 Sec
StimTime: 10.0, 10.1, ... 11.7, 11.8, 0.0, 0.1, ... 9.8, 9.9 Sec
PostTime: 1.0, 1.1, ... 12.7, 12.8, 0.1, 0.2, ... 0.8, 0.9 Sec
Speed: Slow, Fast
Reflex User1 Timing:

X-Axis: 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 Sec
PreTime: 0.5, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 Sec
StimTime: 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 0, 0.1, ... 1.8, 1.9 Sec
PostTime: 0.5, 0.6, ... 2.8, 2.9, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 Sec
Reflex User2 Timing:

X-Axis: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 Sec
PreTime: 0.5, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 Sec
StimTime: 5.0, 0.0, 0.1, ... 4.8, 4.9 Sec
PostTime: 0.5, 0.6, ... 3.3, 3.4, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 Sec
Threshold Reflex Timing:

X-Axis: 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 Sec
PreTime: 0.5, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 Sec
StimTime: 1.5, 0.0, 0.1, ... 1.3, 1.4 Sec
PostTime: 1.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9 Sec
Threshold FastSCR Timing:

X-Axis: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 Sec
PreTime: 0.3, 0.1, 0.2 Sec
StimTime: 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 0, 0.1, ... 1.0, 1.1 Sec
PostTime: 0.5, 0.6, ... 1.8, 1.9, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 Sec
Operation Manual 87
B APPENDIX: ZODICON™ PARAMETERS GN Otometrics
This page has been intentionally left blank!
88 Operation Manual
SUBJECT INDEX
A CE-Mark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Cerumen
AC cable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 See Impacted cerumen
Acoustic impedance Cleaning of ZODIAC 901 . . . . . . . . . 10
See Impedance Clinical tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Acoustic Reflex Cochlea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
See Reflex Cochlear hearing loss . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Acoustic Reflex Latency Compliance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1, 27
See Reflex Latency Computer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29, 69
Add. Threshold . . . . . . . . . . . . 48,59 See also Personal Computer
Admittance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Configuration Program
Advanced Mode . . . . . . . . 15, 21, 24, 29 See ZODICONTM
AFAP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Connection Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Setup. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Connections, ZODIAC 901 . . . . . . . . . 8
Air Conduction Threshold . . . . . . . . 51 Continue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 66
Air Conduction Threshold . 4, 15, 17, 19, 24, 51 Contra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 19, 49
Air Release . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17, 29 Contrast of LCD, to adjust . . . . 16–18, 29, 54
Alt. Select . . . . . . . . . . 16, 18, 28–29, 53 Controls, front panel . . . . . . . . . 13–18
Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Cuff, probe
Analog Meter Display. . . . . . . . . . 1, 18 See Eartip
Anvil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Cursor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Applications of ZODIAC 901 . . . . . . . 3–4
Auditory ossicular chain D
See Ossicular chain
Auditory reflex Daily Calibration
See Reflex, Stapedius See Calibration
Auto Mode . . . . . . . . . . . 13, 15, 63–64 Data Erase
Auto Sweep See Erase Data
See Tympanometry, Auto Sweep Data Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Auto Test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13–15 Data Transmit . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 53–54
to interrupt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Date . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Automatic Sweep Decay
See Tympanometry, Auto Sweep See Reflex Decay
Automatic tympanometry Default configuration . . . . . . . 1, 15, 18, 21
See Tympanometry, Auto sweep Delta Volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47, 78
Averaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33, 57 Diagnosis of auditory disorders . . . . . 81–82
Disruption of the ossicular chain . . . . . 81
B Distress to patient . . . . . . . . . . . 27, 29
Dried ear wax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Barometric pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Dust Cover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Baud Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Beeper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 E
Bone conductor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Boyle's Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Ear
canal . . . . . . . . . . . 18–19, 26–27, 29
C canal, structure . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
disorder, distress to patient . . . . . . . 29
Calibration . . . . . . . . 1, 15, 19, 21, 23, 25 problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Daily, during power-up. . . . . . . . . 20 Simulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 23
data, in probe . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 25 Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Warning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 wax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Calibration data . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 wax, dried . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Care & Maintenance of ZODIAC 901 . . . . 10 Ear, to change
Cartesian graphs . . . . . . . . . . 1, 18, 53 See L/R ear selection
smoothing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Eardrum, tensioning . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Operation Manual 89
Earphone Immunization against interference . . . . . . 4
See TDH 39 Earphone Impacted cerumen . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Eartip26 Impedance . . . . . . . . . . . . 1, 3–4, 71
Eartip 18, 27 Matching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Sanitization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 measuring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Easy Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . 15, 21, 24 Mismatching . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Effusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Incus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Erase Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46, 56 Indicator lamps . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Erase data . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 18, 29, 53 Inner ear, structure . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Erase Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Insert phone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Error Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Escape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 63 Inspection of Patient's Ear . . . . . . . . . 27
ETF Inspection, ZODIAC 901, on delivery. . . . . 7
See Eustachian Tube Function Installation of ZODIAC 901 . . . . . . . . 8–9
ETF-I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Instruction manual conventions . . . . . . . 5
Eustachian Tube Intact Eardrum Test. . . . . . . . . . . . 36
occluded . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Interference. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1, 4
patulous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–6
Eustachian Tube Function . . . 4, 15, 19, 24, 36 Ipsi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 19
Perforated eardrum . . . . . . . . . . 37
Eustachian Tube, structure . . . . . . . . . 74 K
Ext. Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Ext. Range lamp . . . . . . . . . . . 14, 18 Key Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Extended Range . . . . . . . . . . 32, 35, 38
External Printer . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 L
F L/R ear selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

L/R ear selection . . . 16, 19, 21, 24, 28–29, 54
Fast Screening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Labyrinth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
See Reflex Threshold, Fast Screening Lamps, indicator . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Features of the ZODIAC 901 . . . . . . . 1–2 Latency, Acoustic Reflex
Fenestra vestibulii ovalis . . . . . . . . . . 74 See Reflex Latency
Flabby tympanic membrane . . . . . . . . 82 LCD
Front panel layout. . . . . . . . . . . 13–18 See Liquid Crystal Display
Fuse replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Leak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1, 33, 42
Fuses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Leak Detect . . . . . . . . . 33, 40, 42, 58–60
Leak Detect On/Off . . . . 35, 40, 43, 45, 48, 50
G Leak lamp . . . . . . . . . . . 14, 18, 25, 27
Line Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Gellé's test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 52 Liquid Crystal Display . . . . . . 1, 17–18, 29
Cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
H See also Contrast
Logo, on printout. . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Hammer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Loud sounds, effect . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Hard-copy output . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Header, Printout . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 M
Headset . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 19–20, 25–28
Hearing disorders, diagnosis . . . . . . 81–82 Madsen Electronics Ear Simulator
Hearing loss, cochlear . . . . . . . . . . 82 See Ear Simulator
Hysteresis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Madsen Electronics Precision Cavity
See Precision Cavity
I Madsen Electronics Preset Tests
See Preset Tests
Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Main Display
Identification details . . . . . . . 15, 17, 19–24 See Liquid Crystal Display
entry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Main Menu . . . . . . . . 13–15, 19–24, 28–29
Identification menu . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Mains Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Immittance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Malleus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
90 Operation Manual
Manual Acoustic Reflex Packing Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
See Reflex Paper Feed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Manual conventions Paper Loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
See Instruction manual conventions Patient Counter . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Manual Mode . . . . . 13–15, 19, 21, 24, 29–52 Patient data
Manual Reflex See Identification details
See Reflex, Manual Patient I.D.
Manual sweep See Identification details
See Tympanometry, manual sweep Patulous Eustachian Tube . . . . . . . . . 82
Manual tympanometry PC
See Tympanometry, Manual sweep See Personal Computer
Marker . . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 18, 45, 54 Perforated eardrum
Mastoid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Matching of Impedances . . . . . . . . . 72 test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
MateBaseITM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Personal Computer . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
TM
MateBaseI software. . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Petroleum jelly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
MaxMeas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Pinna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27, 73
ME Preset Tests Power cord
See Preset Tests See AC cable
Measurement Direction . . . . . . . . . . 58 Power lamp . . . . . . . . . . . . 14, 18–19
Meatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Power-On . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19, 25
Mechanical Impedance options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65–70
See Impedance Pre-programmed tests . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Memory, non-volatile . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Precision Cavity. . . . . . . . . . . 3, 20, 23
Memory, volatile . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Preset Tests . . . . . . . . . . . 1, 13, 15, 63
Menus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1, 18 Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
MEP Marker . . . . . . . . . . 30, 34, 36, 55 Print All. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Microphony . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Print Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Middle ear, structure . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Printer . . . . . . . . . . 2, 14, 17–18, 60–62
Middle-ear analysis, principles . . . . . 71–80 Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Middle-ear fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Printer, external . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
MIDIMATE 622 Audiometer . . . . . . . . 60 Printout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Mismatching of impedances . . . . . . . . 72 Probe . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 18, 23, 25–28
Moving-coil meter Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
See Analog Meter Display replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Multi Curves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Probe calibration data
See Calibration data
N See Calibration data, in probe
Probe cuff
New Patient . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18, 21 See Eartip
NOAH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Probe tip
Non-volatile memory . . . . . . . . . . . 2 See Eartip
Nonlinearity of the eardrum . . . . . . . . 76 Program Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Program, Configuration
O See ZodiconTM
Programmable User tests
Occluded Eustachian Tube . . . . . . . . 81 See User-Programmable Tests
Operation of ZODIAC 901 . . . . . . . . . 18 Programming
Ossicular chain to end . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
disruption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 to start . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Ossicular chain, auditory . . . . . . . . . 74 Pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
impedance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Otosclerosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 on/off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Outer ear, structure . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 power-on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Oval window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
P Pump Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Pure tone audiometry . . . . . . . . . 3–4, 27
Operation Manual 91
R parameters . . . 33, 35, 42–43, 45, 48, 50, 52
restoring default . . . . . . . . . 15, 21, 24
Real Time Clock . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 stimulus SPL increments . . . . . . . . 60
Reflex Setup, System
activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 See System Setup
Advanced Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Shipment of ZODIAC 901 . . . . . . . . . 7
Decay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Siting of ZODIAC 901 . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Decay . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15, 19, 24 Smooth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 29, 53
Decay, clinical tests . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Softkeys 1 to 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 18
Easy Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Latency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 45 See also MATEBASEITM; ZodiconTM
manual . . . . . . . . . . . 15, 21, 24, 29 Software Version . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
manual clinical tests. . . . . . . . . . . 4 Software, configuration
Manual Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 See ZODICONTM
menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Sound and vibration . . . . . . . . . . . 71
mode. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Sound Pressure Level . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Need for quiet. . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Specifications, Technical
presentation of measurement results . . . . 1 See Technical Specifications
scaling, Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 SPL
Screening. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 See Sound Pressure Level
Screening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Staircase Curve. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
screening tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Standards, International . . . . . . . . . . 4
Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Standby . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
SPL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Stapedius
Stapedius, description . . . . . . . . . . 75 muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
stimulus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 See also Reflex
Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39–45 Stapes 74
Threshold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Start-Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Threshold . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21, 24 Start/Stop Button . . . . . . . . . . . 23, 25
Threshold, Fast Screening . . . . . . . 49 Status lamp . . . . . . . . . . 14, 18, 23, 25
Threshold, fast screening . . . . 4, 15, 19, 24 Stimulus
Threshold, Setup . . . . . . . . . . . 59 lamp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14, 18
warn patient . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 SPL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Reflex, manual. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 SPL Increments, Setup. . . . . . . . 58, 60
Remote control. . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 25 Tone Switch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Remote indication . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 warn patient . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Resistive loss of energy . . . . . . . . . . 72 Stimulus
Rotary Knob . . . . . . . . . . 13, 17, 22, 29 SPL increments, Setup . . . . . . . . . 59
RS-232C interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Stirrup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Storage of ZODIAC 901 . . . . . . . . . . 7
S Structure of the ear. . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Supplementary functions . . . . . . . . 53–62
Safety 6 Sweep
Screen dump . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17, 62 See Tympanometry, Auto sweep
Screening . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 19, 24 Symptoms of hearing disorders . . . . . 81–82
See also Reflex System Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18, 20
Select . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 18
Select Default Configuration . . . . . . . . 18 T
Select Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Self-Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 TDH 39 earphone . . . . . . . . . . 3, 19, 26
Semi-circular canals . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Technical Specifications . . . . . . . . 83–84
Service and Repair. . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Technical Specifications. . . . . . . . . . . 4
Setup 56–59 Tensor tympani . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 16, 29 Test Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
exit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Threshold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29, 46
inactive during testing . . . . . . . . . 29 Advanced Mode . . . . . . . . . . 21, 24
Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18–19 Easy Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
92 Operation Manual
Manual Mode . . . . . . . . . . . 13, 24 Programmable . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 User-Programmable Tests . . . . . . . . 1, 64
mode. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 User-Programmable Tests, Defined . . . . . 65
pushbutton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Reflex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 V
Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
step, Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59–60 Version 3.x . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33, 42
Stimulus SPL . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Version 4.x . . . . . . . . 33–34, 36, 40–42, 55
Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46–52 Version, Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Threshold, Air Conduction Vibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
See Air Conduction Threshold Volatile memory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Voltage
Tip, probe Operating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
See Eartip Select . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Tone Switch . . . . . . . . . . 13, 17, 22, 51 Volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Tragus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Transmit Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 X
See Data Transmit
Tympanic cavity . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Xmit
Tympanogram See Data Transmit
Liquid Crystal Display . . . . . . . . . 18
Tympanometry . . . . . . . . . . . . 30–38 Y
Tympanometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Advanced Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Y-axis
Analog Meter Display . . . . . . . . . 18 Range, Reflex . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Auto Sweep . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Range, Threshold . . . . . . . . . . 59–60
Auto Sweep . . . . . . . . 4, 15, 19, 21, 24 Scaling, Reflex . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Auto Sweep speed, Setup . . . . . . . . 58 Scaling, Threshold . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Auto Sweep, Setup. . . . . . . . . . . 56 Scaling, Tympanometry . . . . . . . . . 57
Ear canal volume . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Easy Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Z
Manual Mode . . . . . . . 13, 15, 21, 29–30
Manual Sweep . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 ZODIAC 901 Setup
Manual sweep . . . . . . . . . . 4, 15, 24 See System Setup
Manual sweep, setup . . . . . . . . . . 57 ZODICON . . 1–2, 5, 20–21, 23–24, 45, 60, 85-88
menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Zodi-Link . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
mode. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Reflex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Scaling, Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Setup. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Warn patient . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Tympanum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Unpacking the ZODIAC 901 . . . . . . . . 7

Use MEP
Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59–60
Use MEP, Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
User 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15, 24, 45
User 1 & User 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
User 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15, 24, 45
User interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
User Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13, 19, 64
Programming. . . . . . . . . . . . 65–68
User Tests
Operation Manual 93
94 Operation Manual

901 Middle Ear Analyzer: User Manual

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901

Middle Ear Analyzer

Doc no. 7-25-1800/11

Copyright© 2011, GN Otometrics A/S

Version release date

FM template version: 01-02-2010

2 INSTALLING THE ZODIAC 901 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

8 PRINCIPLES OF MIDDLE-EAR ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . 71

9 DIAGNOSIS OF AUDITORY DISORDERS . . . . . . . . . . 81

A APPENDIX: TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS . . . . . . . . . 83

B APPENDIX: ZODICON™ PARAMETERS . . . . . . . . . . . 85

· The ZODICON™ (Madsen Electronics Zodiac Configuration) pro- ZODICON™

· User-programmable test routines and custom configuration changes Non-Volatile Memory

ZODIAC 901 Middle-Ear Analyzer

Volatile Memory · The ZODIAC 901—Version 2.x—can perform up to 36 different meas-

fortably on the headset for clinical testing, or used as a hand-held probe

· The comfortable, lightweight headset features a single integral cable Headset

1.2 APPLICATIONS OF THE ZODIAC 901

The ZODIAC 901 is intended for:

· Clinical tests on patients

· Eustachian Tube Function

· Ipsi and Contra Manual Acoustic Reflex

· Ipsi and Contra Reflex Decay

· Acoustic Reflex Latency

· Pure tone audiometry (Air Conduction Threshold)

The screening tests are:

· Ipsi and Contra Acoustic Reflex

· Ipsi and Contra Fast Acoustic Reflex Threshold

· Pure tone audiometry (Air Conduction Threshold)

1.3 ABOUT THIS MANUAL

The margins contain corresponding “key words” to help you to quickly

If you have any questions or suggestions with regard to the ZODIAC

Special note should be made of the following:

1.6 SERVICE AND REPAIR

2. INSTALLING THE ZODIAC 901

2.2 STORAGE AND SHIPMENT

When shipping the ZODIAC 901, please remember the following:

1. Seal shipping container securely.

2. Mark container FRAGILE to ensure careful handling.

3. In any correspondence, please refer to the instrument by

200 - 240 V Data Interface Printer Headset

ZODIAC 901 Connection Panel.

ZODIAC 901 Connections.

2.4 CARE AND MAINTENANCE

The instrument should be kept clean and as free of dust as possible:

The headset is in constant contact with your patients so care should be

2.4.1 CLEANING THE PROBE

Please refer to §3.5.1 for further details.

3. Re-attach the 3 plastic tubes to the probe tip.

2.5 FUSE REPLACEMENT

TO REPLACE A FUSE OR TO CHANGE VOLTAGE: Voltage Select/ Fuse

1. Switch off the instrument and disconnect from mains.

3. Tilt the top panel forwards and remove.

Component Voltage Fuses Type Dimensions

F301/F302 115 V 400 mA Slow Blow 5 x 20 mm

Voltage Selector & Fuses Inside ZODIAC 901.

ZODIAC 901 may be operated manually or automatically: in Manual Manual Mode

3.2 FRONT PANEL LAYOUT & CONTROLS

There are a total of 17 pushbuttons with the following functions (please