Experiment 5 - FLUIDS
Experiment 5 - FLUIDS
Experiment 5 - FLUIDS
Objective:
The activity aims to determine the specific gravity of fluid using Archimedes Principle.
Discussion:
Buoyancy is an upward force exerted by a fluid that opposes the weight of an immersed object. In
a column of fluid, pressure increases with depth as a result of the weight of the overlying fluid. Thus a
column of fluid, or an object submerged in the fluid, experiences greater pressure at the bottom of the
column than at the top. This difference in pressure results in a net force that tends to accelerate an object
upwards. The magnitude of that force is proportional to the difference in the pressure between the top and
the bottom of the column, and (as explained by Archimedes' principle) is also equivalent to the weight of the
fluid that would otherwise occupy the column, i.e. the displaced fluid.
For this reason, an object whose density is greater than that of the fluid in which it is submerged
tends to sink. If the object is either less dense than the liquid or is shaped appropriately (as in a boat), the
force can keep the object afloat. This can occur only in a reference frame which either has a gravitational
field or is accelerating due to a force other than gravity defining a "downward" direction (that is, a non-
inertial reference frame). In a situation of fluid statics, the net upward buoyancy force is equal to the
magnitude of the weight of fluid displaced by the body.
Operation of the hydrometer is based on “Archimedes Principle” that a solid suspended in a fluid
will be buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the submerged part of the suspended
solid. Thus, the lower the density of the substance, the farther the hydrometer will sink.
𝐹𝑏 = 𝛾𝑓 𝑉𝑠
Where,
Fb = Buoyant Force
Vs = Volume submerged
Graduated Cylinder
Hydrometer
Liquids
1. Procedure:
Water 1
Vinegar 0.9
Oil 0.8
3. Observation:
In this experiment, we were able to know the uses and the importance of the hydrometer in getting the specific
gravity for a certain liquid. While we are performing our experiment, we observed that using the hydrometer
we can easily get the specific gravity of the fluids inside the graduated cylinder and prove that different liquids
has different specific gravity.
4. Analysis:
|1.0−1.0|
%𝐸𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = × 100 = 𝟎%
1.0
|1.125−1.14|
%𝐸𝑆𝑜𝑦 𝑆𝑎𝑢𝑐𝑒 = × 100 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟐 %
1.14
|1.006−0.9|
%𝐸𝑉𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑟 = × 100 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟕𝟖%
0.9
|0.9250−0.8|
%𝐸𝑂𝑖𝑙 = × 100 = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟔𝟑 %
0.8
The sources for these errors are the human error, error in the apparatus and the apparatus
that has been almost cleaned. The human error is a source of error because the equipment is not
digital and we need to use our eyes in order for us to get the specific gravity of the fluids. The almost
cleaned apparatus is a source of error because when the next liquid will be used and poured in the
graduated cylinder we couldn’t remove the water or fluids in time.
5. Conclusion:
After this experiment, we came to a conclusion that a solid suspended in a fluid will be
buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by a submerged part of the suspended
solid based on Archimedes’ Principle. We conclude that we were able to use and know that
hydrometer is one of the major tools used in getting the specific gravity of a certain fluids.
Assessment (Rubric for Laboratory Performance):
1 2 3
I. Laboratory Skills
Manipulative Members do not demonstrate Members always demonstrate
Members occasionally
needed skills. demonstrate needed skills. needed skills.
Skills
Members occasionally
Members do not demonstrate Members always demonstrate
Process Skills demonstrate targeted process
targeted process skills. targeted process skills.
skills.
Ability to do
Members require occasional Members do not need to be
independent Members require supervision by
the teacher. supervision by the teacher. supervised by the teacher.
work
1. A rectangular solid piece of wood 30 cm2 and 5 cm thick floats in water to a depth of 3.25 cm. How heavy an
object must be placed on the wood (s=0.50) in such a way that it will just be submerged?
Finding the weight of an object:
𝑉𝑠𝑢𝑏 𝑊
𝑆=𝑉 𝛾=
𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑉
𝑉𝑠𝑢𝑏 KN W
0.50 = 𝐾𝑁 4.905 =
9.81 3 m3 (0.030)(0.050)
𝑚
2. The specific gravity of rock used as concrete aggregate is often desirable to know. If a rock weighed 6.50 N
in the air and 3.80 N submerged in water, what would be the specific gravity of the rock?
𝑊𝑎𝑖𝑟 − 𝑊𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝐵𝐹 𝑉 = 2.752 × 10−4 𝑚3
𝐵𝐹 = 6.5 − 3.80 𝑊
𝛾𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑘 = (𝑆𝑝. 𝐺𝑟)(𝛾𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 ) =
𝑉
𝐵𝐹 = 2.7 𝑁
6.5 𝑁
(𝑆𝑝. 𝐺𝑟)(9810𝑁) =
𝐵𝐹 = 𝛾𝑉 2.752 × 10−4 𝑚3
2.7 = (9.81)(1000)(𝑉) 𝑺𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒇𝒊𝒄 𝑮𝒓𝒂𝒗𝒊𝒕𝒚 = 𝟐. 𝟒𝟏
3. A piece of wood weighs 17.80 N in air and a piece of metal weighs 14.80 N in water. Together the two weighs
13.35 N in water. What is the specific gravity of the wood?
𝑊𝑤𝑜𝑜𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 17.80 𝑁 𝐵𝐹 = 𝛾𝑉
No, the buoyant force does not change with depth. The reason is that the buoyant force is
in fact due to the difference in pressure above and below an object. The bottom of the object i.e. the
part which is at a greater depth, will also feel a greater pressure, and so the difference in pressure
causes an upward force on the object called the buoyant force. But this difference in pressure never
changes, because the size of the object does not change.
TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES
983 AURORA BOULEVARD CUBAO, QUEZON CITY
CE 402
FLUID MECHANICS
Experiment # 5
SUBMITTED BY:
Garcia, Louie
Gonzales, Kennedy
Gonzales, Wilmar
Guyala, Reynard
Reyes, John Paul
SUBMITTED TO: