Basic construction of a DC Machine:

A dc generator is an electrical machine which converts mechanical energy into direct

current electricity. This energy conversion is based on the principle of production of
dynamically induced emf. This article outlines basic construction and working of a DC
generator.
Note: A DC generator can be used as a DC motor without any constructional changes
and vice versa is also possible. Thus, a DC generator or a DC motor can be broadly termed as
a DC machine. These basic constructional details are also valid for the construction of a DC
motor. Hence, let's call this point as construction of a DC machine instead of just

'construction of a dc generator'.

The above figure shows constructional details of a simple 4-pole DC machine. A DC

machine consists of two basic parts; stator and rotor. Basic constructional parts of a DC
machine are described below.

1. Yoke: The outer frame of a dc machine is called as yoke. It is made up of cast iron or
steel. It not only provides mechanical strength to the whole assembly but also carries
the magnetic flux produced by the field winding.
2. Poles and pole shoes: Poles are joined to the yoke with the help of bolts or welding.
They carry field winding and pole shoes are fastened to them. Pole shoes serve two
purposes; (i) they support field coils and (ii) spread out the flux in air gap uniformly.
3. Field winding: They are usually made of copper. Field coils are former wound and
placed on each pole and are connected in series. They are wound in such a way that,
when energized, they form alternate North and South poles.
 Armature core (rotor)

4. Armature core: Armature core is the rotor of a dc machine. It is cylindrical in shape

with slots to carry armature winding. The armature is built up of thin laminated
circular steel disks for reducing eddy current losses. It may be provided with air ducts
for the axial air flow for cooling purposes. Armature is keyed to the shaft.
5. Armature winding: It is usually a former wound copper coil which rests in armature
slots. The armature conductors are insulated from each other and also from the
armature core. Armature winding can be wound by one of the two methods; lap
winding or wave winding. Double layer lap or wave windings are generally used. A
double layer winding means that each armature slot will carry two different coils.
6. Commutator and brushes: Physical connection to the armature winding is made
through a commutator-brush arrangement. The function of a commutator, in a dc
generator, is to collect the current generated in armature conductors. Whereas, in case
of a dc motor, commutator helps in providing current to the armature conductors. A
commutator consists of a set of copper segments which are insulated from each other.
The number of segments is equal to the number of armature coils. Each segment is
connected to an armature coil and the commutator is keyed to the shaft. Brushes are
usually made from carbon or graphite. They rest on commutator segments and slide
on the segments when the commutator rotates keeping the physical contact to collect
or supply the current.

Commutator
Operation of a D.C generator
Action on Commutator

.
Types of DC Generator – Separately
Excited and Self Excited
The DC generator converts the electrical power into electrical power. The magnetic flux in a
DC machine is produced by the field coils carrying current. The circulating current in the
field windings produces a magnetic flux, and the phenomenon is known as Excitation. DC
Generator is classified according to the methods of their field excitation.

By excitation, the DC Generators are classified as Separately excited DC Generators and

Self-excited DC Generators. There is also Permanent magnet type DC generators. The self-
excited DC Generators are further classified as Shunt wound DC generators; Series wound
DC generators and Compound wound DC generators. The Compound Wound DC
generators are further divided as long shunt wound DC generators, and short shunt wound
DC generators.

The field pole of the DC generator are stationary, and the armature conductor rotates. The
voltage generated in the armature conductor is of alternating nature, and this voltage is
converted into the direct voltage at the brushes with the help of the commutator.

Contents:

o Permanent Magnet Type DC Generator

o Separately Excited DC Generator
o Self Excited DC Generator
o Shunt Wound Generator
o Series Wound Generator
o Compound Wound Generator

The detailed description of the various types of generators is explained below.

Permanent Magnet type DC Generator

In this type of DC generator, there is no field winding is placed around the poles. The field
produced by the poles of these machines remains constant. Although these machines are very
compact but are used only in small sizes like dynamos in motorcycles, etc. The main
disadvantage of these machines is that the flux produced by the magnets deteriorates with the
passage of time which changes the characteristics of the machine.

Separately Excited DC Generator

A DC generators whose field winding or coil is energised by a separate or external DC source

is called a separately excited DC Generator. The flux produced by the poles depends upon the
field current with the unsaturated region of magnetic material of the poles. i.e. flux is directly
proportional to the field current. But in the saturated region, the flux remains constant.
The figure of self-excited DC Generator is shown below.

Separately Excited DC Generator

Here,

Ia = IL where Ia is the armature current and IL is the line current.

Terminal voltage is given as

If the contact brush drop is known, then the equation (1) is written as

The power developed is given by the equation shown below.

Power output is given by the equation (4) shown above.

Self Excited DC Generator

Self-excited DC Generator is a device, in which the current to the field winding is supplied
by the generator itself. In self-excited DC generator, the field coils mat be connected in
parallel with the armature in the series, or it may be connected partly in series and partly in
parallel with the armature windings.

The self-excited DC Generator is further classified as

Shunt Wound Generator

In a shunt wound generator, the field winding is connected across the armature winding
forming a parallel or shunt circuit. Therefore, full terminal voltage is applied across it. A very
small field current Ish, flows through it because this winding has many turns of fine wire
having very high resistance Rsh of the order of 100 ohms.

The connection diagram of shunt wound generator is shown below.

Shunt Wound DC Generator

Shunt field current is given as

Where Rsh is the shunt field winding resistance.

The current field Ish is practically constant at all loads. Therefore, the DC shunt machine is
considered to be a constant flux machine.

Armature current is given as

Terminal voltage is given by the equation shown below.

If the brush contact drop is included, the equation of the terminal voltage becomes

Series Wound Generator

A series-wound generator the field coils are connected in series with the armature winding.
The series field winding carries the armature current. The series field winding consists of a
few turns of wire of thick wire of larger cross-sectional area and having low resistance
usually of the order of less than 1 ohm because the armature current has a very large value.

Its convectional diagram is shown below.

Series Wound DC Generator

Series field current is given as

Rse is known as the series field winding resistance.

Terminal voltage is given as

If the brush contact drop is included, the terminal voltage equation is written as
The flux developed by the series field winding is directly proportional to the current flowing
through it. But it is only true before magnetic saturation after the saturation flux becomes
constant even if the current flowing through it is increased.

Compound Wound Generator

In a compound-wound generator, there are two field windings. One is connected in series,
and another is connected in parallel with the armature windings. There are two types of
compound-wound generator.

 Long shunt compound-wound generator

 Short shunt compound-wound generator

In a Compound Wound Generator, there are two sets of the field winding on each pole.
One of them is connected in series having few turns of thick wire, and the other is connected
in parallel having many turns of fine wire with the armature windings. In other words, the
generator which has both shunt and series fields is called the compound wound generators.

If the magnetic flux produced by the series winding assists the flux produced by the shunt
winding, then the machine is said to be cumulative compounded. If the series field flux
opposes the shunt field flux, then the machine is called the differentially compounded.

It is connected in two ways. One is a long shunt compound generator, and another is a short
shunt compound generator. If the shunt field is connected in parallel with the armature alone
then the machine is called the short compound generator. In long shunt compound generator,
the shunt field is connected in series with the armature. The two types of generators are
discussed below in details.

Contents:

 Long Shunt Compound Generator

 Short Shunt Compound Generator

Long Shunt Compound Wound Generator

In a long shunt wound generator, the shunt field winding is parallel with both armature and
series field winding. The connection diagram of long shunt wound generator is shown below.
Long Shunt Compound Wound Generator

Shunt field current is given as

Series field current is given as

Terminal voltage is given as

If the brush contact drop is included, the terminal voltage equation is written as
Short Shunt Compound Wound Generator
In a Short Shunt Compound Wound Generator, the shunt field winding is connected in
parallel with the armature winding only. The connection diagram of short shunt wound
generator is shown below.

Short Shunt Compound Wound Generator

Series field current is given as

Shunt field current is given as

Terminal voltage is given as

If the brush contact drop is included, the terminal voltage equation is written as

In this type of DC generator, the field is produced by the shunt as well as series winding. The
shunt field is stronger than the series field. If the magnetic flux produced by the series
winding assists the flux produced by the shunt field winding, the generator is said to be
Cumulatively Compound Wound generator.

If the series field flux opposes the shunt field flux, the generator is said to be Differentially
Compounded.
Types of DC Motor
A Direct Current Motor, DC is named according to the connection of the field winding with
the armature. Mainly there are two types of DC Motors. First, one is Separately Excited DC
Motor and Self-excited DC Motor. The self-excited motors are further classified as Shunt
wound or shunt motor, Series wound or series motor and Compound wound or compound
motor.

The dc motor converts the electrical power into mechanical power is known as dc motor. The
construction of the dc motor and generator are same. But the dc motor has the wide range of
speed and good speed regulation which in electric traction.The working principle of the dc
motor is based on the principle that the current carrying conductor is placed in the magnetic
field and a mechanical force experience by it.

The DC motor is generally used in the location where require protective enclosure, for
example, drip-proof, the fireproof, etc. according to the requirements. The detailed
description of the various types of the motor is given below.

Contents:

 Separately Excited DC Motor

 Self Excited DC Motor
 Shunt Wound Motor
 Series Wound Motor
 Compound Wound Motor

Separately Excited DC Motor

As the name signifies, the field coils or field windings are energised by a separate DC source
as shown in the circuit diagram shown below.
Separately Excited DC Motor

Self Excited DC Motor

As the name implies self-excited, hence, in this type of motor, the current in the windings is
supplied by the machine or motor itself. Self-excited DC Motor is further divided into shunt
wound, and series wound motor. They are explained below in detail.

Shunt Wound Motor

This is the most common types of DC Motor. Here the field winding is connected in parallel
with the armature as shown in the figure below.

Shunt Wound DC Motor

The current, voltage and power equations for a shunt motor are written as follows.

By applying KCL at the junction A in the above figure.

The sum of the incoming currents at A = Sum of the outgoing currents at A.

Where,

I is the input line current

Ia is the armature current
Ish is the shunt field current

Equation (1) is the current equation.

The voltage equations are written by using Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL) for the field
winding circuit.

For armature winding circuit the equation will be given as

The power equation is given as

Power input = mechanical power developed + losses in the armature + loss in the field.

Multiplying equation (3) by Ia we get the following equations.

Where,

VIa is the electrical power supplied to the armature of the motor.

Series Wound Motor

In the series motor, the field winding is connected in series with the armature winding. The
connection diagram is shown below.

Series Wound Motor

By applying the KCL in the above figure

Where,

Ise is the series field current

The voltage equation can be obtained by applying KVL in the above figure

The power equation is obtained by multiplying equation (8) by I we get

Power input = mechanical power developed + losses in the armature + losses in the field

Comparing the equation (9) and (10), we will get the equation shown below.

Compound Wound Motor

A DC Motor having both shunt and series field windings is called a Compound Motor. The
connection diagram of the compound motor is shown below.

Compound Motor

The compound motor is further subdivided as Cumulative Compound Motor and

Differential Compound Motor. In cumulative compound motor the flux produced by both
the windings is in the same direction, i.e.
In differential compound motor, the flux produced by the series field windings is opposite to
the flux produced by the shunt field winding, i.e.

The positive and negative sign indicates that direction of the flux produced in the field
windings.
UNIT-I
1. (a) State and explain Kirchhoff’s Laws with example. [7M]
(b) Derive star-delta and delta- star Transformation for Equal resistances [7M]
(OR)
2. (a) Define Dynamically Induced E.M.F and derive expression for it. [7 M]
(b) A coil having an inductance 60mH is carrying a current of 60A. Calculate the Selfinduced
EMF in the coil. When the current in the coil reversed in 30milliseconds. [7M]

UNIT-II
3. (a) Derive the EMF equation of DC generator [7M]
(b) A series motor drives a load at 1500 r.p.m and takes a current of 20A when the supply
voltage is250V if the total resistance of the motor is 1.5 ohms and the iron, friction and
windage losses amount to 400W. Determine the efficiency of the motor. [7M]
(OR)
4. (a) Derive the Torque equation of DC motor. [7M]
(b) A shunt generator supplies a load of 7.5KW at 200V, Calculate the generated emf if
armature resistance is 0.6Ω and field resistance of 80Ω. [7M]

UNIT-III
5. (a) Explain the operation of Transformer under NO-LOAD with phasor diagram. [7M]
(b) An ideal 25KVA Transformer has 500 turns on primary and 40 turns on the secondary
winding. The primary winding is connected to 3000 V, 50Hz supply. Calculate (i) Primary
and secondary currents (ii) Secondary EMF (iii) Maximum flux. [7M]
(OR)
6. (a) Derive the EMF equation of a single phase transformer. [7M]
141
(b) A 25-kVA transformer has 500 turns on the primary and 50 turns on the secondary
winding. The primary is connected to 3000-V, 50-Hz supply. Find the full-load primary and
secondary currents, the secondary e.m.f. and the maximum flux in the core. Neglect leakage
drops and no-load primary current [7M]
UNIT-IV
7 (a) Explain the Slip - Torque Characteristics of Three phase Induction Motor. [7M]
(b) A 3-Phase Induction Motor is Running at 5% slip. The Output is 36.75KW and Total
Mechanical losses are 1.5KW. Estimate the copper losses in the rotor. If the stator losses are
4KW, estimate the efficiency of the Motor. [7M]
(OR)
8. (a) Define Slip and Rotor Frequency in Detail. [7M]
(b) The Power Input to 3-φ Induction motor is 55Kw.Total stator losses Equal to 2.2Kw.Find
(i) Rotor copper loss (ii) Mechanical Power developed if the motor is running at a speed of
720rpm at 50Hz supply with 4poles. [7M]
UNIT-V
9. (a) Derive the EMF equation of Alternator [7M]
(b) Obtain the Voltage Regulation of Alternator by SYNCHRONOUS IMPEDENCE
METHOD. [7M]
(OR)
10. (a) Explain the operation of PMMC with neat sketches [7M]
(b) Explain Deflecting, controlling and damping Torques with neat sketches [7M]
[B17 EE 1203]