Induction Course for new M&E Engineers

19 – 21 May 2014

Plumbing and Sanitary

Ir. M. Saravanan
Director
Jurutera Perunding Inspirasi Sdn Bhd
Cold Water Plumbing Design
Rules and Regulations Governing Cold Water Plumbing
Systems

• Water supply rules (Section 16 Cawangan Bekalan Air,

JKR)
• Local Authority Requirements & (SPAN)
• British Standards 6700:1987
• Plumbing Engineering Services Design Guide (U.K.)
• ASPE ( American Society of Plumbing Engineers)
• CP310: 1965 – Water Supply
Functions of Various Firms and Organisations in
Cold Water Design and Installations

• Owner
• Architect
• Consultants
• Civil & Structural Consultant (C/S)
• Mechanical and Electrical Consultant (M/E)
• Contractor
• Authority
Plumbing Cold Water Terminology

• Absolute Pressure
• Black Pipes
• Cavitation
• Erosion
• Water hammer
• Flow pressure
• Potable water
• Fixture Units ( Loading Units)
Computation of water demand for various types of building

Three methods of consumption estimate normally practised

are:

(a)Based on local water work authority requirements that

are normally applied to housing estates, flats, hotel (a
copy enclosed for your reference).

(b)Based on rule 224 (Uniform water supply rules).

(c)Based on actual recording of daily water consumption.

This method is applied to hospitals expressed in terms of
gallons per bed.
Tank sizing method and types of tank available in the market

• The total storage capacity of the suction and the storage cisterns (elevated
tank) should not be less than that required for one day’s use. Further the
suction cistern should not hold more than 1/3 the quantity of water for one
day’s use nor should the cisterns contain less than quantity required for one
hour pumping without inflow into the cisterns. Generally the suction tanks
contain 1/3 of the total water demand and the elevated tanks contain 2/3
of the total water demand

• Effective tank height = Nominal tank height - Free board - minimum height
above bottom of tank.
*Free board = clearance above top water level inside the cisterns
 Types of tank Remarks

Pressed steel 1.The most commonly used tanks provided the required space to install the tanks is
galvanised tank available.
2.The tank need to be maintained in terms of frequent checking and tightening of bolts
to ensure free of leak.
3.The life span is estimated at 10 years.
4.The cheapest tank to install.
5.Not recommended for domestic water storage

R.C. (reinforced 1.These tanks are constructed mostly in basements and recommended when space is
concrete tank) the constrain and odd space available for the water tanks.
2.The life span is estimated to be very long and no maintenance required.
3.The cost is higher than pressed steel galvanised tanks.

FRP (fibre reinforced 1.These tanks are popular now and vastly being used due to longer life span estimated
plastic) tanks at 20 years and minimal corrosion at bolted joints.
2.The cost is higher compared to the tanks mentioned above.

Poly tanks 1.These are the moulded tanks and available in standard sizes.
2.The cost is the cheapest compared to the types of tank mentioned above.
Introduction of various cold water system for
building

• Upfeed System

• Pneumatic Direct Water System

• Downfeed System (Gravity Feed

System, Elevated Water Tank
System)
Sizing of Cold Water Supply Pipe

• In designing cold water supply installations, an assessment must be made

of the probable maximum water flow. In most buildings it seldom
happens that the total number of appliances installed are ever in use at the
same time and therefore, for economic reasons, it is usual for a system to
be designed for a peak usage which is less than the possible maximum
usage. The probable demand will depend upon the type of sanitary
appliances, the type of building in which they are installed, and the
frequency of usage.

• The Plumbing Institute has devised a method of assessing the

probable maximum demand based upon the theory of probability. With this
method, loading unit (fixture unit) rating has been devised for each
type of sanitary appliance based on its rate of water delivery, the time the
taps are open during usage and simultaneous demand for particular type of
appliance.
Table 7 gives the rates of flow, pipe size, loading units, minimum pressure

Appliances Rate of flow Pipe size Loading units Minimum pressure

(LPM/GPM) (inch) (psig)

W.C flushing 6.8/1.5 0.5 2 5

Wash basin tap 9.0/2.0 0.5 1.5 – 3.0 8

Basin spray tap 2.3/0.5 0.5 1.5 8

Bath tap (20mm) 18.1/4.0 0.75 10 5

Bath tap (25mm) 36.4/8.0 1 10 12

Shower (nozzle) 9.0 (2.0) 2 3 12

Sink tap (0.5) 11.4/2.5 0.5 3-5 10

Sink tap (0.75) 18.1/4.0 0.75 3-5 10

Sink tap (1.0) 36.4/8.0 1 3-5 10

Flush valve 123/27.0 1 10 14.5

Project : Example 3 Sheet : 16.01
1 2 3 4 5 6 7= 8 9= 10 11 = 12 13
5+6 7x8 9 + 10

Point No. Desig Dia. Actual Equivalent Effectiv HL HL in HL in Total Availabl Residual Remarks
to of n flow inches length pipe e per effectiv valves, HL feet e head head
Point loadi rates feet length length feet e taps, feet feet
ng G.P.M feet feet length meters &
units feet feet
AB 9.5 8.5 1 1/4 14 4 x 3.0 + 33.5 0.03 1.21 1 2.21 12.0 9.79 4E, 1T,
1 x 7.5 6 1SV
BC 5.5 6 3/4 6 1 x 4.75 10.5 0.3 3.15 - 3.15 9.79 6.64 1T
CCI 1.5 2 1/2 0.75 2 x 1.5 3.75 0.14 0.53 2.4 + 1.7 4.63 5.89 1.26 2E, 1SV.
1TAP,
WB
CD 4 4 3/4 8 2 x 1.75 11.5 0.14 1.61 2.5 4.11 5.64 1.53 25, 1TAP,
BT
BE 4 2.5 3/4 22 1 x 1.75 28.25 0.05 1.64 - 1.64 9.79 8.15 1E, 1T
+ 8
1 x 4.5
EEI 2 1.5 1/2 4.5 2 x 1.5 7.5 0.09 0.68 1.5 + 0.7 2.88 3.65 0.77 2E, 1SV,
1BV,
HWC
EF 2 1 1/2 3 2 x 1.5 6 0.04 0.24 2.5 2.74 8.15 5.41 2E, 1TAP,
WCT
Booster pumps (transfer pump)

Pumps should be sized to deliver the quantity of water required for one day’s use in:
Office building 6 – 8 hours
Residential building 8 – 12 hours

Hydro-pneumatic pumps
The pump flowrate shall be equal to or greater than the estimated maximum demand of the
system. The discharge head of the pump is equal to the maximum pressure of the tank (P2).
P2 = KP1 where K is the pressure ratio and P1 is the
maximum pressure of the tank.
and

P1 = static head of hydraulically furthest appliance + pressure drop

in piping + pressure required at appliance.

K = 1.5 (optimum value).

Pumps and accessories

The most commonly used centrifugal pumps are

as follows:

• End suction centrifugal pump

• Vertical multi stage pump
• Horizontal split casing pump
• Vertical split casing pump

The performance curve is the easiest and most satisfactory way to show
graphically the relationship between head, capacity, horse power etc., of
any pump.
Plumbing Cold-Water Materials

• Copper tubing
B.S. 2871 Part 1 (Table X) or ASTM B88 (American Standard).
• Stainless Steel Pipe
• Poly Steel
• Mild Steel Cement Line ( M.S.C.L)
• Ductile Iron
• ABS Class 15,12,10
• HDPE PN 12.5 , PN 10
• PPR
• PB
• PE
Plumbing valves

• Gate valve
• Globe valve
• Butterfly valve
• Ball valve
• Check valve
• Stop Cock ( Angle Valve)
 Quiz 1
A 10 storey office building with canteen has a net
floor area of 8000m2.Determine the following

• 1. Total Storage required per-day usage

• 2. Suction tank capacity and size ( based on
FRP tank)
• 3. Domestic Tank capacity and Size( Based on
FRP tank)
• 4. Booster Pump flow rate based on 4 hours
pumping
Standard Applicable for Plumbing Sanitary Design

Code of practice for

Sanitary pipe work BS 5572: 1978. ( British Standard)
Unit Sanitary DBKL
Sanitary Department MPSJ
 Plumbing Sanitary Terminology
Soil Pipe
Waste Pipe
Anti siphonage Pipe
Cleaning Eye
Floor trap
Floor Waste
Gully Trap
Inspection Chamber
Waste Fitment
Sewage
Sewerage
Soil Fitment
Manhole
 Sanitary Discharge System

Ventilated System (Figure 1)

Ventilated Stack System (Figure 2)

Single Stack System (Figure 3 & 4)

Two-Pipe System (Figure 5)

Types of appliance Size of Types of appliance Size of trap,
trap, mm
mm

Wash basin 32 Drinking fountain 32

Bidet 32 Bar well 32
Sink 40 Hotel or restaurant 40
Bath 40 Kitchen sink 40
Shower bath tray 40 Urinal (bowl) 40
Wash tub 50 Urinal (stall, 1 to 6) 65
Food-waste disposal 40 Food-waste disposal 50
unit unit(industrial 50
(domestic) type)
Sanitary towel
macerator
 Sizing of Sanitary Drainage and Vent Pipes
Owing to the terminal velocities which are attained in vertical
pipes, there is a practical limit to the capacity of a given stack. In
order to reduce hydraulic and pneumatic disturbances to a
minimum, most authorities recommend as an upper limit stack
loading of about a quarter full. This degree of loading provides
room for an air core to flow freely down the stack during
fluctuating discharges.

Discharge Units
In practice, sanitary plumbing system incorporate many different
kinds of sanitary appliances which may be connected to the same
discharge pipe or drain. Under these conditions it is more
convenient to use a system of related unit values which have been
determined mathematically to make it easier to design these
mixed systems. These unit values which are assigned to each
appliance are called discharged units.
Table 2. Maximum capacities of stacks flowing quarter full.

Stack dia. Stack capacity, Discharge units

mm litre/sec

50 1.10 70
63 2.00 175
75 3.25 375
90 5.00 700
100 7.10 1200
125 12.30 2800
150 20.60 6000
Table 3. Discharge unit values and flow rates for common appliances.
Frequency of use, min Discharge units
Types of appliance
WC (9 listres) 20 7
Wash basin 10 14
Spray tap basin* 5 28
Bath 20 1
Shower 10 3
Washing machine 5 6
(automatic)  Add 0.0.6 litre/s per tap 
Sink 75 (domestic) 7
Urinal (per person) 30 (commercial and congested 18
One group consisting of – Add 0.1 litre/s per spray 
one WC, one bath, 250 4
one or two basins 20 6
and one sink 10 14
5 27
20+ (commercial and congested) 0.3
 14

* Some proportion of the total may be assumed to be in

simultaneous operation if considered appropriate.
+ Frequency of flushing of automatic flushing cistern.
NOTE : Unless otherwise stated, the frequencies given above represent the following:
20 min corresponds to peak domestic use
10 min corresponds to peak commercial use
5 min corresponds to congested use in public toilets, schools, etc.
Table 6. General guide for the sizes of ventilating pipes and stacks.

Size of branch ventilating pipe or

Size of branch discharge pipe or stack
discharge stack D
Smaller than 75 mm /3 D (25 mm min.)
2

75 mm and above ½D
 Sanitary and Ventilation Pipes Materials

cast iron
lead
copper
galvanized steel
MUPVC (Modified Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride
HDPE (High Density Polyethylene)
PP (Polypropylene
UPVC (Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride)
 Procedure for sizing grease interceptors
Table 10
Determine the cubic content of the fixture by A sink 48” by 24” wide by 12” deep
Step 1 multiplying length x width x depth. Cubic content 48 x 24 x 12 = 13,824 cubic
in.
Step 2 Determine the capacity in gallons. Contents in gals. 13,824 = 59.8 gals
1 gal. = 231 cubic inches. 231
Step 3 Determine actual drainage load. Actual Drainage Load .75 x 59.8 gals. =
The fixture is usually filled to about 75% of 44.9 gals.
capacity with waste water. The items
being washed displace about 25% of
the fixture content. Actual drainage
load = 75% of fixture capacity.
Step 4 Determine the flow rate and the drainage Calculate flow rate for 1 minute period
period. In general, good practices Flow Rate 44.9 gals. = 44.9 GPM
dictate a one minute drainage period, 1 min.
however where conditions permit, a 2 For 2 minutes period
minute period is acceptable. Drainage Flow Rate 44.9 gals. = 22.5 GPM
period is the actual time required to 2 min.
completely empty the fixture.
Flow Rate = Actual Drainage Load
--- Drainage Period
Step 5 Select the Inceptor which corresponds to For 1 minute period
the flow rate calculated. Note – select 44.9 GPM requires a Fig. 8050
larger size when flow rate falls For 2 minute period
between two sizes listed. If flow rate is 22.5 GPM requires a Fig. 8025
above 50 GPM, select a larger all
steel Interceptor from page 8.07, Fig.
8400 series.
As a general rule it is good practice to size the Interceptor so that it’s rated capacity is never less than
40% of the fixture capacity in gallons. In the example above, the actual fixture capacity is 59.8 gals.
and 40% of this would be 23.9 gals. or a Fig. 8025. It is readily seen that a drainage period other
than one or two minutes can be used. If conditions justify, any period between one and two
minutes is satisfactory. However, we do not recommend a period longer than 2 minutes. Using the
40% rule of thumb gives a drainage period of 17/8 minutes.
 Quiz 2

• Determine the total discharge units and diameter of discharge pipe required
to carry the discharges from 25 storey office building. Each floor has one
male and female toilets. Each female toilet has 3wc,5wb, 2 showers and
each male toilet has 3wc,3wb,3urinal and 2 showers.

• Determine the invert level(IL) and the required depth(D) of manhole no:2
(MH 2) . The horizontal distance between the manholes is 25 meters and
the fall of 150mm dia VCP is 1in 80 from manhole no:1(MH 1)

MH 1 MH 2
GL =80.0 GL=80.6
IL =79.4 IL =
D = 0.6 D =