The document discusses different classification systems for adhesives including by structure, curing method, and origin. It classifies adhesives as thermosetting, thermoplastic, or elastomeric based on their molecular structure. Adhesives are also classified as one-part or two-part based on the curing method. Synthetic and natural adhesives are classified by their origin. Examples are provided for each classification type.
The document discusses different classification systems for adhesives including by structure, curing method, and origin. It classifies adhesives as thermosetting, thermoplastic, or elastomeric based on their molecular structure. Adhesives are also classified as one-part or two-part based on the curing method. Synthetic and natural adhesives are classified by their origin. Examples are provided for each classification type.
The document discusses different classification systems for adhesives including by structure, curing method, and origin. It classifies adhesives as thermosetting, thermoplastic, or elastomeric based on their molecular structure. Adhesives are also classified as one-part or two-part based on the curing method. Synthetic and natural adhesives are classified by their origin. Examples are provided for each classification type.
The document discusses different classification systems for adhesives including by structure, curing method, and origin. It classifies adhesives as thermosetting, thermoplastic, or elastomeric based on their molecular structure. Adhesives are also classified as one-part or two-part based on the curing method. Synthetic and natural adhesives are classified by their origin. Examples are provided for each classification type.
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Classification of adhesives
Dr. Dmitri Kopeliovich
Adhesives are classified by different classification systems:
General classification of adhesives (classification by structure)
Classification of adhesives by curing method Classification of adhesives by origin
Properties of some adhesives
General classification of adhesives
Thermosetting adhesives
Thermosets molecules are cross-linked by strong covalent intermolecular bonds, forming
one giant molecule. Cross-linking is irreversible therefore thermosets can not be reprocessed (re-melt). Cross-linking is achieved in curing process initiated by heat, chemical agents, radiation or evaporation of Solvents. Curing results in sharp increase of strength, elasticity and stability of thermosets. Most of thermosetting adhesives are based on epoxies, polyesters, polyimides and phenolics.
Thermoplastic adhesives
Thermoplastics are Polymers, which soften (become pliable and plastic) and melt when heated. No new cross-links form (no chemical curing) when a thermoplastic cools and harden. Thermoplastics may be reprocessed many times by heating or applying a solvent. Molecules of most of thermoplastics combine long polymer chains alternating with monomer units. Polyamides, cyanoacrylates, polyacrylates, polyvinyl acetate (PVA) are typical thermoplastic adhesives.
Elastomeric adhesives
Elastomers are polymers possessing high elasticity - may be reversibly stretched at high degree. Elastomers consists of long lightly cross-linked molecules. Elastomers are set (strengthened) by thermal curing or solvent evaporation. Curing results in increase of cross- linking of the molecules. Typical elastomeric adhesives are based on natural rubbers, silicones, acrylonitride butadiene (nitrile), neoprene, Butyl, polyurethane, styrene-butadiene.
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Classification of adhesives by curing method
One-part adhesives o Heat activated curing adhesives. Adhesives of this type (epoxies, urethanes, polyimides) consist of a ready mixture of two components. o Light/UV activated curing adhesives (acrylics, cyanoacrylates, urethanes). Light activated adhesives are cured under a visible or UV light of appropriate wave length. Adhesives of this type usually contain photoinitiators enhancing curing reaction. o Moisture activated curing adhesives (RTV silicones, cyanoacrylates, urethanes). These adhesives are cured when react with a moisture present on the substrate surface or in the air. o Anaerobics - acrylic-based adhesives cured between metallic substrates, surfaces of which are deprived of oxygen. o Pressure sensitive adhesives (PSA). Adhesives of this type do not cure. Adhesive bonding forms as a result of a pressure applied to the substrates. The adhesion strength is determined by the pressure applied to the substrates. Typical example of pressure sensitive adhesive is self-stick tape. Two-part adhesives (epoxies, urethane, acrylics, silicones). A two-part adhesive is cured when its two (or more) components are mixed. The components react chemically forming cross-links of the polymer molecules.
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Classification of adhesives by origin
Synthetic adhesives. Typical synthetic adhesives are epoxies, polyurethanes,
cyanoacrylates, polyimides, silicones, acrylics, polyamides, cyanoacrylates, polyacrylates, polyvinyl acetate (PVA), nitrile, neoprene. Natural adhesives (glues) o Animal glue. Animal glue is prepared by boiling animal bones and connective tissues containing protein. o Casein. Casein is made of skimmed milk. The main component of casein is protein contained in cow milk. o Fish glue. Fish glue is made of fish skin containing protein (collagen). o Vegetable-based glues (tapioca paste, soybean glue, starch glue) - aqueous dextrine-based glues. o Natural rubber (latex) glue. Natural rubber glues are prepared from water- based latex emulsion of plant origin.
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Properties of some adhesives
(Materials Data)
Adhesive bonding (introduction)
Dr. Dmitri Kopeliovich
Adhesive bonding is a process of joining two or more solid parts with an adhesive substance. Advantages of adhesive bonding Disadvantages of adhesive bonding Stages of adhesive bonding Applications of adhesive bonding
Advantages of adhesive bonding
Ability to join dissimilar materials;
Fast and cheap joining technique; Provides design convenience and flexibility; Sealing properties (adhesive fills gaps and voids); Provides thin and invisible joint; Joints may be electrically/thermally conductive or insulating; Eliminates Galvanic corrosion; Good vibration damping properties; Uniform distribution of mechanical stress over the joint; Good Fatigue resistance.
Long mixing and curing time may be required; Importance of right joint design; Difficult disassembly of joined parts; Necessity to fixture (hold together) the joined parts during curing; Service temperature and environment limitation; Low creep strength; Changing properties during service.
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Stages of adhesive bonding
1. Assembly and joint design. Proper design provides minimal peel and cleavage stresses. Tension, compression and shear stresses may be increased. 2. Adhesive selection. Selection of a proper adhesive is based on the substrate material, service temperature and environment, requirements to the bonding strength, flexibility and durability. 3. Surface preparation. The substrate surfaces should be cleaned from dirt and oils, and then abraded. Clean and roughened surfaces provide good wetting of the adhesive, which results in strong adhesion. 4. Applying and spreading a proper amount of the selected adhesive over the substrate surface. The operation is performed either manually or by means of dispensing devices. 5. Assembly of the parts to be joined. 6. Clamping the parts in a fixture at a controlled pressure. 7. Curing. In the curing process the adhesive molecules are cross-linked forming a strong adhesive joint. Curing method depends on the adhesive type. to top
Applications of adhesive bonding
Construction; Electronics; Telecommunications; Automotive industry; Furniture manufacture and other woodworks; Medical devices; Surgery (Bonding of tissues and bones); Textile industry; Package materials (stickers, stick tapes).
