International Journal of English and Education 275

ISSN: 2278-4012, Volume:7, Issue:4, October 2018

HOW CAN I PREPARE AN IDEAL LESSON-PLAN?

Wagdi Rashad Ali Bin-Hady1 (Corspondance author)
Assistant Professor in English,
Hadhramout University, Yemen

Adnan Saeed Thabet Abdulsafi2

Assistant Professor in English,
Aden University, Yemen

Abstract:

Preparing a lesson plan is one of the most challenging issues that novice teachers and students
at their college levels face when they are asked to write a lesson plan (Bin-Hady, 2018). As a
response to many of the students and teachers, the researchers try to set some solutions and
guidance which can be even at limited level help such novice teachers and activate or sharpen
skillful teachers. This paper provides novice teachers and students with theoretical and practical
information about lesson-planning. It briefly defines lesson plan, explains its importance and
sets the essential elements for a lesson plan. The second part of the paper focuses on the
practical solution for writing lesson-plans. The researchers prepared different plans which focus
on the four language skills and language areas. Such skill and areas are important to be
concentrated on for enhancing learners in their language ability or using language
communicatively. The researchers used Crescent English Course for Yemen (CECFY) as the
content of this study because CECFY is the coursebook used to teach English at the Yemeni
context.

Key Words: lesson plan, teaching objectives, warming up, techniques and procedures,
assessments.

Introduction

Many queries have been continuously asking regarding lesson-plans, i.e. how and why to
prepare lesson-plans? What are the essential elements of a good lesson plan? What language
skills and areas should a teacher focus on his plan? And can you suggest us resources which can
help us to understand ideal lesson-planning?

Before talking about the questions set preciously, for preparing lesson plans, the teacher
should read the teaching materials for the lesson: pupils' book, (PB) workbook (WB) teachers'
book (TB) and listen to the cassette if it is connected with that lesson. Next, it is the time now for
the teacher to determine what the pupils will learn from that specific lesson, (teaching
objectives). Such objectives are written at the top of TB however, they are little bit general. The

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teacher needs to specify them clearly. After reading the teaching materials and determining the
teaching objectives, it is the time for asking ourselves which teaching techniques and procedures
are applicable to achieve our teaching objectives. Then the teacher may think about hooking
pupils' previous knowledge to the new lesson (warming up activity). Finally, to check up the
achievement of the teaching objectives, the teacher assesses his performance after each activity
or task given to the pupils. Every step should be timed and set on the lesson plan.

Review the literature

However any novice teachers' training program must support trainees with enough practices
about how to prepare lesson plans, when novice teachers start writing their own plans, they
become confused (John, 2006). Planning is an important step which reminds the teacher what to
do in the class and gives students confident about their teacher (Harmer, 2001). Studies focused
on the problems that novice teachers encounter at their planning or applying the plan steps
during their classroom teaching (Dickson, Riddlebarger, Stringer, Tennant, & Kennetz, 2014) .
Nevertheless, it has been viewed that changing from novice teacher to an experienced one
depends on many criteria and needs long time adaptation (Berliner, 2001). In the Arabic context,
a study which has been conducted in the Emaciates context found that novice teachers not only
encounter difficulties in the classroom management but also in the implication of lesson planning
(Dickson et al., 2014). Another study conducted on the Yemeni graduated students on their
fourth Year at their B.A program found that novice teachers face many linguistic difficulties as
well as encounter many problems in the planning and applying the lesson steps according to the
allowed time (Bin-Hady, 2018). Thus, the current study aims at helping the novice teachers with
the basic elements of plan and how to apply them according to the given time.

What is a lesson plan?

A lesson plan is a schedule that tells the teachers what to do in a specific time to specific
group of learners about specific lesson. It is also defined as "the road map or framework used to
plan and conduct every class from first meeting to final exam. In addition, lesson plans ensure
you have created a logical, systematic learning process essential to making sure your students
achieve the most learning in the least time.'' (Faculty Training and Development, 2006: 3). It is
also viewed as "an extremely useful tool, that serves as a combination guide, resource, and
historical document reflecting our teaching philosophy, student population, textbooks, and most
importantly, our goals for our students." (Jensen, 2002: 403). Thus, a lesson plan helps a teacher
to shift from one step to another smoothly and keeps the pupils focused and encouraged to
concentrate on the steps of a lesson.

Why preparing lesson-plans?

Preparing lesson-plans organizes the time of the classroom and helps teachers to achieve
their lessons efficiently with the given time. O’Neill et al., (2011) suggest that "Good lesson

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planning results in efficient use of classroom time. Students respond to a well-organized lesson
where no time is wasted, and the teacher’s job is thus made less difficult." (p.12).The importance
of planning lessons can be summarized as:

1. Helps teachers to think through what learners will achieve in the lesson.
2. Provides a framework for organizing ideas, methodology, materials etc.
3. Helps teachers to know where they are going and how they are going to get there.
4. Helps make the lesson coherent.
5. Avoids over-domination of coursebooks.
6. Demonstrates to learners that teacher knows what s/he is doing.
7. Being prepared boosts teacher confidence.
8. Helps to identify any problems or difficulties which may arise during the lesson.
9. Helps teachers to adapt to different classes.
10. Developmental – a learning document for teachers to reflect on after the lesson.
11. Helps to identify the kinds of activities and materials to include to achieve aims.
12. A plan can link the lesson explicitly to syllabus objectives. (British Council, 2008 :4).

Before planning any daily lesson the teacher should:

1. Read the lesson notes and the lesson materials and listen to the Cassette Section where
relevant.
2. Think about the stated learning objectives and consider whether the recommended
procedure will achieve this aim. If necessary, amend the procedure to suit the particular
needs of your pupils.
3. Think about any difficulties your pupils may have and decide how you can best present
the materials so as to deal with these.If the procedure advises asking questions and
provides one or two examples, prepare other suitable questions and write them in your
plan
4. Estimate the time needed for each stage of your lesson. If you want to set homework,
prepare it now.
5. Make sure that your plan allows adequate time for pupil to pupil interaction.
6. Make sure also that there is a variety of activities in the lesson. The general pattern of a
lesson should be:
A short teacher-led introduction

B pupil activities

C short teacher-led conclusion. (O’Neill et al., 2011: 12-13).

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The essential elements of good lesson-plans

An ideal lesson plan should contain at least four essential parts: teaching objectives,
warming up activity, techniques and procedures that can be used to achieve the teaching
objectives, and assessment to check whether the followed techniques and procedures have
achieved the teaching objectives or not.

Teaching objectives

A good teacher should know what s/he is going to teach their students. Thus, setting the
teaching objectives for the lesson implicitly is essential for good teaching and ideal lesson-plan
writing. To set the teaching objectives, teachers should read the teaching materials properly
before planning. Including reading pupils' book, workbook and teacher's guide for the specific
step that s/he is going to teach to students. It is advised that the teacher to utter or write the
objectives to his students before starting the lesson, therefore, students' focus will be directed on
the objectives not on something inessential. For example a teacher may say: "today we are going
to learn new words used to describe animals' covering" (Crescent 6 unit1 step 1) so, by the end of
this class, you should be able to:

 Memorize the new words used to describe animal covering;

 Utter the new learnt words correctly and figure them up when the teacher say them;
 Using the newly learnt words to describe the animals' coverings in complete sentences
both spoken and written.

|Obviously teaching objectives differ from one lesson to another and from teaching one
language skills to another or even the same language skill has different teaching objectives. For
example a reading lesson may focus on reading for gest, another for details, a third for reading
comprehension, and forth for enjoyment, etc. Some lessons may focus on two or three from the
above types of readings but not all.
Similarly, a lesson may focus on more than one language skills. It may focus on listening
and reading; reading and speaking, or reading and writing etc. Hence, teachers should be aware
of that by setting their objectives to include more than one language skills.

Finally, the four language skills (listening, speaking, reading and writing) LSRW cannot
be taught in isolation. They need to be introduced with language areas. Language areas are the
linguistic underlying system that the language is built up from, like vocabulary, pronunciation
and grammar. Thus, such language areas should be considered when writing the teaching
objectives in the lesson-plans. The teaching objectives in the template plans have not been
modified and mentioned as they have been in the teacher's book. The task of modifying them is
given to the teachers to reform them as they like.

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Warming up activity

Warming up activity is the kind of activities which aim to prepare the learners and insert
them into the lesson. Any good lesson-plan should give time to call students' attention to the
lesson being taught. According to Dixon (2016) warming up activity is "a little activity ...[which]
activates background knowledge, intrigues students, and gives students access to all that they
know.'' (n.p). It is not wise for the teachers to insert directly in the new lesson without preparing
the students to take part in the lesson. Good teachers usually make use of their students'
background information to introduce the new lesson and make such knowledge as a corner-stone
that the new lesson depends on. However warming up activities are of good importance, the
teachers should not lose his time on them. It is suggested for a 45 minutes lesson, the warming
up should not be given more than 5 minutes.

Techniques and procedures

Different teachers use various teaching techniques to teach the same point in a certain
lesson. As mentioned previously a good teacher should specify his teaching objectives and warm
up his pupils to participate effectively in the lesson steps. Thus, techniques and procedures are
the teaching ways that teachers use to perform a certain activity. For reading a teacher may use
guiding questions as signs to help pupils while reading a text. Similarity in listening, a teacher
may prepare the pre-listening task by setting some questions that direct the pupils to what they
are going to listen to. In speaking, a teacher may set an information gap activity or role play
between learners and activing pupils to take role in them.

On the language area, a teacher may write on the board some vocabulary and introduce
them to the class. Therefore, pupils are going to practice their pronunciation and using them in
full sentences. Finally, grammar can be set whether deductively or inductively and later on the
teacher should instruct pupils to actualize the learnt rule in real use of language. Different
activities for the four language skills and language areas will be clarified in the next steps.

Assessment

A good teacher should check the efficiency of their teaching by asking questions about
what they have taught to their pupils. Nunan (2015) defines assessment as "[t]ools, techniques,
and procedures for determining what learners know and can do in relation to a particular
knowledge domain.'' (p. 183). A teacher can do the assessment by transferring the teaching
objectives into questions and check whether the pupils can answer them or not. Teachers should
not expect that the teaching objectives to be achieved a hundred percent. However, the higher the
percentage, the more efficient are the teaching techniques. Teachers can amend their teaching
techniques day by day till they get the high percentage in assessment and they can write down
any problem that encounters and hampers them from achieving their objectives.

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Methodology

The study uses context analysis for a coursebook named: Crescent Course for Yemen 6. A course
book which is taught for the third year of Yemeni secondary school students. The analysis
focuses on the four language skills, i.e., listening, speaking, reading and writing. It also applies
on lessons which focuses on vocabulary, and pronunciation. Each lesson plan has essential
elements which are: lesson objectives, warming up activities, techniques and procedures to be
followed by the teachers and finally the assessment.

Language skills and areas to be focused on in lesson-plans

Listening

Listening skill is presented in Crescent English course for Yemen to develop learners'
skills in pronunciation, accumulating general meaning of the text and picking up specific
information (O’Neill et al., 2011: 14) . Thus, focusing on the different kinds of listening can
develop learners' overall competence in listening. Listening skill is best taught by brining
authentic materials that belong of learners' high interest. Teaching listening can be planned as:

Table :1

Lesson plan for listening

Lesson title: Crescent 6: Language skill: Language area:

Unit: 1, Step: 7 listening Pronunciation/grammar
PB 6/7 CS4
Objectives Time
1 Listen for gist and detail 45m
Warming up
I warm up my pupils by telling them that they are going to hear a conversation between
2 two men who have a problem. I don’t give them any further information, since they have 5
to answer questions about the general situation after they listen to the tape.

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Techniques and Procedures

Review
I play the cassette section step four once straight through. Then I have my pupils answer
the questions in Work Book (WB), step 1.7A. Again, I play the cassette again and let
them check their answers.
I also request my pupils to read the questions in WB1.7B before listening to the cassette 10
again. They will then know exactly what information they are looking for. I also play
the cassette once or twice and then have my pupils answer the questions. Furthermore, I
draw a rough map on the board and have pupils come to the front of the class and mark
their answers on the map. Whenever there are disagreements, I have pupils tell me
which phrase or sentence gave them the answer.
Presentation of New Material
I have my pupils try WB1.7C with a partner first. I monitor their work and help where
necessary. I have some of the pupils with the best descriptions come to the front and tell
the rest of the class.
I make sure that pupils understand exactly what they have to do here. Then I have them
perform the role play in pairs. If space permits, I tell them sit back so that they are not
3 15
looking at each other. Pupil B in each pair should have the map and try to discover
where his / her partner is. I usually give pupils a chance to play both parts in the role
play and monitor their work, helping if necessary. I avoid correcting too much, as the
focus in this activity is on fluency. I also make a note of common mistakes and deal with
them once the role play has finished.
Pronunciation
At this step I focus on the pronunciation of new vocabulary by listing them on the board
5
and let my pupils listen to them while I play the cassette and then let them use the coral
repetition to train them on the pronunciation.
Grammar
I explain to my pupils the new structures and vocabulary used in description and give
5
them some examples. Later on, I request them to use the new structure in describing real
things.
Closing
(activity such as game, music, flashcards, or video)
Still in their pairs, I have pupils play the guessing game in WB1.7E. If necessary, I
model the game first by describing a scene that is familiar to the pupils and having them 5
guess the place I am describing.
4 Assessment
Assessment is usually done after each activity or task.
(O’Neill, Snow, & Peacock, 1999: 35-36).

Speaking

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Crescent English course for Yemen is also aimed to develop learners' ability to use the
English in real situations. That can be done by growing up their confident and providing them
with vocabulary and structures which can be used to develop their language functions, i.e., using
the language appropriately according to the situation (O’Neill et al., 2011:15).

Table :2

Lesson plan for speaking

Lesson title: Crescent 6: Language Language areas:

Unit:1, Step:6 skill Vocabulary /grammar
PB5 WB5/6 Speaking
1 Objective Time
Describe a scene 45m
Warm up activity
2 Teacher elicits from pupils as many words as possible to describe the weather. List
them on the board. Then have pupils look out of the window and try to describe what 5
they can see.
Review
Have pupils match the descriptions of the weather on PB5 to the pictures and then 10
write the appropriate numbers in the boxes in WB1.6A1
Presentation of vocabulary -a scene
Elicit from the class what they can see in the picture. Present new words without
reference to the numbers. Say, for example, There is a desert, it is behind the 15
mountain. Either individually or in pairs, have pupils work to match the eight
pictures in the PB to the words. They should write their answers in WB1.6A2
Vocabulary development
Have pupils complete WB1.6B. Confirm the answers before moving on to the next
activity. 5
3 Grammar
Get the pupils to describe what they can see in pairs using ''There is / are''. Encourage 5
them to add details. For example, There is a river between two hills. When they have
finished, elicit complete descriptions from individuals
Closing
Pupils fill in the blanks with words from the box. When they have finished, have
them compare their answers with a partner. Encourage them to discuss any 5
differences. Finally, go round the class asking pupils to read out one sentence each.

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4 Assessment
Assessment is usually done after each task or activity.

Reading
However reading is taught in all schools, it is usually done by using grammar translation
method, i.e., reading a text and translate it into Arabic. A good teacher should train their pupils
on all the different kind of readings: Reading for gist, reading for specific information, or reading
for comprehension.

Table :3

Lesson plan for reading

Lesson title: Crescent:6. Language skill Language areas:

Unusual animal PB3/ WB4 Reading Pronunciation/grammar
Objectives Time
1 Read for gist, detail, and vocabulary. 45m
Warm up
Teacher uses the pictures and title to introduce the topic. Then, I have pupils
read the instructions, elicit possible answers, I do not confirm any answers yet.
2 Teacher encourages and motivates pupils for the new reading lesson entitled
(Unusual animal). Teacher also urges them to see the pictures in their text 5
books and ask them what they can see in the pictures. Why such animal is
unusual? Where does it live? Etc.
Review
I give my pupils five minutes to read the article. I encourage them to skip over
words that they do not know for the time being - they will have an opportunity
for detailed reading when doing the Workbook activities. Whenever the time is 10
over, I ask the questions to the class as a whole and encourage discussion if
there are any disagreements for five minutes.
Presentation of New Material
Teachers explains the new vocabulary that students could not understand by
3 listing them on the board, (title, divided, part of, male, female, whereas,
15
intense, unlike, back (= part of body), coat (of an animal), well-known, Arabia).
Pronunciation

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Teacher focuses on the pronunciation of the new words and the pronunciation
of new structures (comparison and contrast) (like, as well as, however, etc.) 5
week form and stress form.
Grammar
Teacher explains the usage of comparison and contrast conjunctions like, (as
5
well as, however, etc.) and encourage the class to use the structures in
communicative practice.

Closing
(activity such as game, music, flashcards, or video)
5
I model the game by describing an animal to the class. They should guess
which animal I am describing. Then have pupils do the same with their partner.
4 Assessment
Assessment is usually done after each task or activity.

Writing

However, Crescent English course for Yemen aims to develop learners in writing reports,
writing skill is hardly taught to pupils. Writing skill depends largely on other skills like reading
and listening (O’Neill et al., 1999: 21). It is also used to check pupils' knowledge in vocabulary
and grammar.

Table: 4

Lesson plan for writing

Lesson title: Crescent 6: Language skills: Language areas:

Armenia- 7, December Unit:2, Step:11 Writing grammar
1988 PB16 WB26/27
Objective Time
1 Prepare to write a news report. 45m

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Warm up
Teacher encourages pupils telling them to describe what the piece of information is
about.
2 Teacher can also ask them have they heard about hurricane and in what countries
such natural disaster erupt. And what is the measurement used to tell the destroy- 5
strength of such disaster.
Review
Have pupils spend some time reviewing PB14, the article about a hurricane hitting
10
Central America. They should also look at their answers to WB2.7A.
3 Grammar
Teacher asks pupils to check the tenses used in the news report. This activity will
help them to use similar tense in the next step during their writing for report.
5
Presentation of New Material

Teacher motives pupils to answer the WB2.12B activities about the reports on the
5
earthquake in the previous PB16.
Write a new report
Teacher encourages pupils work individually to write their report. While they are
15
doing this, the teacher moves around and help where necessary.
Closing
If time permits, the teacher tells some of the better ones read out their reports to the
5
class.
4 Assessment
Assessment is usually done after each task or activity.

Language areas

So far, the four language skills are discussed and given template plans. Language areas
are the system of language or what is called by Chomsky as linguistic competence. They are
grammar, phonology and vocabulary. All the language areas are also mentioned in the lesson
plans during our explanation for the four language skills. As it has been reported that
pronunciation is neglected during the teaching at Yemeni secondary school (Bin-Hady, 2016),
the researchers set a plan for teaching pronunciation to easify for novice teachers the difficulty
they find in teaching pronunciation.

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Table: 5

Lesson plan for pronunciation

Lesson title: Crescent: 6. Language skill Language areas:

Unit:2, step:9 Pronunciation/grammar
WB22-23
Objective Time
1 To practice questions with correct intonation. Speak freely. 45m
Warm up
I warm up my pupils by working through the notes about pronunciation. I
5
have them practice the examples in the notes for Yes/No questions and
2 make up some Wh- questions to see if they can get the correct intonation.
Review
I ask individual pupils to try the six practice questions in WB2.9A. When a
pupil has the correct intonation, I repeat it myself and have the whole class
3 10
repeat it after me.
Presentation of New Material
I make sure that my pupils understand what they have to do in activity B.
15
Then I, let them work on it individually before confirming their answers.
B Again, I ask individual pupils to say the questions. When a pupil has the
correct intonation, I repeat it myself and have the whole class repeat it after
me.

Pronunciation
I play the audio material and let me class repeat after the tape recorder to
5
enhance their pronunciation and get good training about English intonation,
Where patterns associating intonation and grammar are predictable, I
highlight these to my students. I see these as starting-points, rather than
rules.
Some examples are:
• Wh-word questions: falling intonation

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• Yes/No questions: rising

• Statements: falling
• Question-Tags: 'chat' - falling; 'check' - rising
• Lists: rising, rising, rising, falling
Closing - 5 minutes (activity such as game, music, flashcards, or video)
A. I give pupils some time to prepare appropriate questions for the
interview they have to conduct. Then I put them into pairs and have them
interview their partners. They should write the answers in their WBs. I 5
make sure that every pupil has a chance to ask and answer the questions.
B. I ask pupils to provide some information about their partner and his / her
family.Teacher explains the new grammar rules and encourages the class to
use the new structure in communicative practice.

4 Assessment
Assessment is usually done after each task or activity.

Conclusion

This paper tries to answer some of the various questions that novice teachers or students
at fourth year level face at Yemen colleges of education. Such questions are: what is a lesson
plan? Why should I prepare a lesson plan? How can I prepare a lesson plan? What are the
essential elements of lesson plans? The researchers gave practical answer to the above mentioned
questions. Moreover, the paper actualizes such answer by planning lessons from Crescent
English Course for Yemen 6. Such planning can be used as a sign to help novice teachers and as
a guide which can help teachers to teach Teaching School Text subject which is usually taught at
Yemen College at third year in the B.A program.

Teachers are advised to use this guide and apply it to many lessons in CERY. The more
that students applied planning the better they can internalize the skills of planning and the better
they teach at their schools.

References:

Berliner, D. C. (2001). Learning about and learning from expert teachers. International Journal
of Educational Research, 35, 463–482.

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Bin-Hady, W. R. A. (2016). Communicative Competence in Teaching English at Secondary

Schools: A Critical Investigation In Yaff’ae District of Yemen. GRIN Verlag.

Bin-Hady, W. R. A. (2018). A Study of Novice Teachers’ Challenges at their Practical Teaching

Phase. International Journal on Language, Research and Education Studies, 2(3), 333-345.
http://jurnal.uinsu.ac.id/index.php/ijlres/article/view/1725/1559

British Council. (2008). Module 2 – Lesson plan components. The United Kingdom’s
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Dickson, M., Riddlebarger, J., Stringer, P., Tennant, L., & Kennetz, K. (2014). Challenges faced
by Emirati novice teachers. Near and Middle Eastern Journal of Research in Education, 4,
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language (pp. 403–407).

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language (pp. 403–407).

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O’Neill, T., Snow, P., & O’Neil, H. (2011). English Course For Yemen: Teacher’s Book 4.
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Appendix:

1 Objectives

Warming up

2 5
Techniques and Procedures

. 10
A Review

B Presentation of New Material 10

C Language area1 5

D Language area 2 5

Closing 5

4 Assessment 5

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