Dirasat, Engineering Sciences, Volume 32, No.

1, 2005

Contractors’ Actual Contribution During Projects’ Implementation:

Jordanian Construction Sector

Jamal M. Assbeihat*

ABSTRACT

Many problems of construction industry are related to contractors. A question about how they actually deal with
the awarded projects is raised in this paper. It aims at investigating the level of the contractors' contribution by
their own facilities to works' execution, use of equipment, and project management, as the main fields of their
responsibility for projects’ implementation. Results show that dependence on others in all main responsibilities
is higher than the acceptable levels. According to the contractor's grade and specialty, a higher level of
dependence has been observed in using equipment with lower significant differences, while project management
and works’ execution show lower levels of dependence with higher significant differences in contribution
percentages. It has been mentioned, that this situation appears for seeking low priced approaches for project
implementation as a result of the current bidding system. The high level of dependence on others is expected to
be a suitable atmosphere for the contractors’ problems with the projects’ implementation. There is a need for
decreasing the level of dependence, as one of the approaches for competition and successful project
implementation.
KEYWORDS: Jordanian contractors; construction management; project implementation; contractor's
contribution; contractor's responsibilities.

INTRODUCTION atmosphere of the Jordanian contractor's work, the

conditions and the actual way of dealing with his
Construction industry is one of the largest production responsibilities. Because of that, a question about the
activities in Jordan. It occupies a fundamental position in contractor's actual contribution in the main fields of his
the national economy. As well as in the most developing responsibility is raised in this paper. It aims at
countries, this sector requires many efforts to face many investigating the levels of the contractors' contribution by
problems, related to the contracting system and their own facilities to works' execution, use of equipment,
construction project implementation. As one of the main and project management, as the main fields of their
problems, the construction sector must be adequately responsibility for the projects’ implementation. This will
prepared in the field of project management to cope with be studied according to the contractors' formal
the increasing development and complexity of classification by grades and specialty in order to find any
construction projects and activities. significant differences in their contribution. Contractors
The problems of delays, increasing cost, poor quality, of first, second and third grades, specialized in buildings,
are usually raised. Unfortunately, among all the roads, and other specialties (electromechanical works,
participants in the construction industry, the contractor sewage and water, etc…) are addressed in this paper.
appears as one of the main factors, causing these
problems. First of all, there is a need to understand the Background and Literature Review:
The implementation of construction projects is facing
* Faculty of Engineering Technology, Al-Balqa Applied many serious problems in the construction industry sector
University, Amman, Jordan, Received on 13/10/2003 and of Jordan. The results of these problems usually appear in
Accepted for Publication on 3/2/2005. terms of time, cost and quality (Jordanian Contracting

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Contractors’Actual ... Jamal M. Assbeihat

Sector Development Symposium, 1996). partnerships with their subcontractors to improve their
Many requirements concerning contractors' licensing, overall performance.
registration, classification and responsibilities for project All the discussed conclusions, related to problems of
implementation are included in the Law of Public Works the management of construction industry focus on the
(1986), the Construction Contractors Law (1987) and the contractor as one of the main reasons. However, it can be
Regulations for Contractors' Classification (2000). These misleading for many reasons. Firstly, the authors didn’t
laws allow them, without limitations, to subcontract with take into account the ability of contractors to meet their
others in any related field for project implementation, main responsibilities. Secondly, most of the analyses did
even with contractors with lower grades in the same not cover the causes for which the contractor is
specialty. responsible, mainly in the fields of management,
At the same time, they include a serious attention in technology and implementation. Thirdly, no attention had
respect to quality, time and cost, which are generally been paid to the contractor's self-evaluation. It should be
known as the main criteria of the successful execution of expected that, the viewpoint of clients and consulting
construction projects. On the other hand, the Jordanian engineers could play a serious role in the ranking of
contractor is dealing with an awarding strategy, which causes concerning the contractors. Fourthly, the authors
allows the contract to be awarded to the lowest bidder for conducted their studies considering all contractors as one
the majority of public works. In its annual report (1999), group, regardless their classification by grades and
the Jordanian Construction Contractors Association has specialties.
criticized the awarding system as a cause of delay and It is understood, that working with construction
poor quality. projects requires the efforts of many dealers in all the
Many efforts of researchers aim at finding and stages of implementation. Besides the client and the
examining the factors or reasons of unsuccessful project consultant engineer, the construction contractor needs
implementation according to the criteria of time, cost and other external efforts, which should be limited to: supply,
quality. The interesting ones for the purpose of this paper transportation, rental of special machines and equipment,
are those, which are pointed to the contractor's and executing special or unique works. But it is not
responsibilities through the project implementation. The understood that the contractor increases his dependence
contractor's responsibilities have been mentioned in many by subcontracting with others in the fields of his main
studies and efforts concerning the causes of delay and responsibility like rental of standard machines and
increasing costs. The categories of delay in construction equipment, management firms and offices, teams and
projects are determined by Yates (1993), where other contractors.
responsibilities like equipment, management and There is a need to explore the contractor's actual
subcontractors are included as categories. In Ogunlana contribution level within his responsibility for the project
and Promkuntong (1996), one of the three layers of the implementation.
construction industry problems is represented by the The main responsibilities to be carried out by the
problems caused by incompetence of contractors. The contractor's own organization include: hiring teams
poor contract management is determined as one of the specialized in his specialty field for work execution,
most important factors of delay and cost overrun in owning the needed standard machines and equipment,
Mansfield (1994). Assaf, Al-Khalil and Al-Hazmi (1995) and managing the project. They are briefly determined
found that some of the most important causes are the below:
conflicts in work schedules of subcontractors, slow - Works’ Execution: those fields of construction
decision making and inadequate labor skills. Among the works which are expected to meet the specialty of the
highly ranked factors of delay are the inadequate main contractor, and must be implemented by his own
contractor experience, labor productivity, site forces. But the contractor engages work teams in line
management, slow decision making, construction with his specialty, according to which he had been
methods, improper planning and subcontracting, labor registered and classified and on the basis on which he
and equipment , see (Odeh and Battaineh, 2002). The was awarded the bidding. Sometimes, he subcontracts
contractors are advised by Xiao and Proverbs (2003) to even with lower-graded contractors in the same specialty.
focus on maintaining stable workforce and establishing - Equipment: The standard equipment (widely and

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Dirasat, Engineering Sciences, Volume 32, No. 1, 2005

multiple used machines and equipment), which must be at population consists of 393 contractors. 139 of them are
least owned by the contractor. But leasing equipment, classified in the first, 94 in the second and 160 in the
even standard equipment, is widely used as it can third grade (A special issue of Al-Bina', 2000).
improve a contractor's working capital position by Using stratified random sampling, a sample of 150
avoiding having his funds tied up in fixed assets (Grant, contractors (about 38% of the population) have been
Ireson and Leaverton, 1990). targeted. In the proportion of the total number, this
- Project Management: To organize and manage the sample included 55, 40, and 55 contractors in the first,
whole project using the modern approaches and tools of second and third grades, respectively.
planning, scheduling and control of project operations The questionnaire was pilot- tested and revised. After
(Burke, 2003; Meredith, 1995; Harris, 1997). that, the selected 150 contractors' firms were approached,
and their representatives (at least the main engineer in the
Data Collection and Analysis firm) were met and asked to fill out the questionnaire.
In order to analyze the main contractor's contribution This direct personal interview approach was resorted to in
in the awarded projects, a questionnaire was generated to order to ensure that the firm representative expresses the
measure the percentages of his dependence on others in firm's opinion, to avoid any misinterpretation of the
the fields of executing the main works, equipment, and questions, and to increase the rate of response. A total of
management. Some personal interviews with top 135 contractors replied (with response rate of 90%).
administrative levels in many firms have facilitated the Some firms refused to fill the questionnaire at all, due to
preparing and constructing process of the questionnaire. their policy of not giving information. Others, especially
The strategy followed during the preparation of the contractors of the third grade did not fill it due to their
questionnaire took into account avoiding any questions poor documentation, weak data base and/or unstable
that might be misinterpreted, reducing the number of facilities. Table (1) shows the details.
questions, addressing the questions in a simple and direct All the items concerning the first and second parts of
Arabic language, sorting the questions in a logical the questionnaire have been filled out by all the
manner, and expressing most of the questions in such a respondents. All the received data have been taken into
form that makes the answers definite. consideration. Relevant descriptive analyses were
The questionnaire has been designed to cover the conducted on the received data (Table 2). This table
following three parts: shows that the highest level of the contractors'
The first one includes general information to identify dependence is related to the use of equipment. Main
the contractor in terms of his grade and specialty. The contractors rent 38.4% of the standard machines and
second part (the main one) is to give the average equipment for project implementation.
percentages of dependence of the contractor in each of Table (3) summarizes the distribution of contractors
the mentioned three responsibilities, using the experience by grade and specialization.
of not less than three implemented projects. The third part The collected data is stratified to show the average
is open and depends on the contractor's willingness and percentages of budget allocated for equipment,
initiatives. The contractor has been asked to give his management, and works’ execution. Contribution
evaluation, expressed in percent, about the level of percentages are stratified according to grade and specialty
dependence to be considered as high (not acceptable), and of the contractors. Each (3 X 3) contingency tables (4, 5,
to give at least one main reason of depending on others in and 6) is tested using Chi-square to test if there are any
each of these three responsibilities. significant differences in contribution percentages based
The population of the study is the officially registered on grade and/or specialization of the contractors.
and classified Jordanian Contractors of first, second and The expected value for each group is calculated and
third grades. Selecting such a population can help to tabulated in Tables (7, 8, and 9) for equipment,
guarantee a high level of trust, extensiveness and management, and works’ execution, respectively. Then,
confidence of the received data. The contractors in these the Chi-square value is calculated and compared to the
grades are almost of stable abilities, have good critical Chi-square value (15.51) at a confidence level of
documentation tools and are usually called for tender to 95%.
implement public and large private projects. This The results, as summarized in Table (10), show that

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Contractors’Actual ... Jamal M. Assbeihat

there are significant differences in contribution figured by 61% of the contractors. On the other hand,
percentages based on grade and specialization of the many of the owners and consultant engineers prefer a
contractors for the fields of equipment, management, and specialized firm to establish the schedules and plans for
implementation. However, equipment shows the smallest the projects. Such a reason was mentioned by 22% of the
significant differences across groups; whereas contractors. It is important to mention here that seeking a
management and implementation show higher significant cheap help for some managerial questions from
differences across groups. specialized project management firms, does not mean that
As there are no norms found by the author, according the solution takes all the unique elements of the particular
to which the actual levels of dependence may be firm for the particular project into consideration.
evaluated and compared, a question about the acceptable
level of dependence has been raised in the third part of Conclusions
the questionnaire to be suggested by the contractors
themselves. Unfortunately, only 72% of the sample The Jordanian contractor is figured as one of the
members have given full comments. Nevertheless, it is important factors of many problems of the construction
interesting to mention their evaluations in general. The industry, especially in project implementation. Questions
received data show that, regardless their grade and about how he is dealing with the awarded projects are
specialty, this group of Jordanian contractors decided raised in this paper. It aims at investigating the levels of
that, the average percent of the highest acceptable the contractors' contribution by their own facilities to
dependence level is 20% in using standard equipment, works' execution, use of equipment, and project
20% in the field of project management, and 25% in the management, as the main fields of their responsibility for
works’ execution. Comparing the actual averages with the project's implementation.
these levels, it is almost fair to say that the Jordanian A questionnaire has been designed and administered
contractors exceeded the mentioned acceptable levels of to a sample of 150 contractors. The collected data from
dependence in all their main responsibilities. 135 respondents have been analyzed.
Concerning the reasons of the high level of A higher than acceptable level of dependence on
dependence, most of them (85%) pointed that the others is found in all main fields of the contractors'
Jordanian contractor is dealing with an awarding strategy responsibilities.
based on General Contract Method, which allows the Significant differences have been found in the
contract to be awarded to the lowest bidder for the contribution percentages based on grade and
majority of public works (Hinze, 2001). Such conditions specialization of the contractors for using standard
of the contracting practice may push the contractors to machines and equipment, project management, and
seek low - priced approaches for project implementation. works’ execution. However, equipment shows the
The simplest approach is to subcontract with others for smallest significant differences across groups; whereas
the jobs needed for project implementation, including the management and construction works implementation
jobs of the contractor’s main specialty. show higher significant differences across groups.
Furthermore, the limited number of awarded projects All the reasons of dependence are explained in terms
makes hiring specialized teams on a fixed basis not of lower priced contributions. The contracting system,
reasonable and not profitable. On the other hand, most of according to which the contract is awarded to the lowest
these teams are not Jordanian workers, which means low bidder is pushing the contractor to seek low- priced
daily salary with no need for medical and social approaches for project implementation. Subcontracting
insurance. Concerning the machines and equipment, the with lower-graded contractors, with management firms,
very high ownership cost is figured as a common reason. and with equipment owners may lead to low cost, but
This reason is mentioned by 97% of the contractors. also to the main reasons of construction management
Dealing with specialized construction management problems. The low contribution of the main contractor
firms is mentioned to be more suitable for contractors. may lead to weak linkage, weak organization and weak
Establishing a construction management unit in the firm execution, then to more problems with quality, cost and
needs specialists, special teams and equipment. It needs time which are generally known as the main criteria of
continuous development. It costs more. This reason was the successful execution of construction projects.

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Dirasat, Engineering Sciences, Volume 32, No. 1, 2005

It is important to recommend to decrease the level of studying the construction management problems, related
dependence on others in the contractor's main with contractors and projects’ implementation. Further
responsibilities by using other contracting methods and studies should be conducted to investigate more
enhancing contractors’ cooperations. construction sector problems.
The results may be taken into consideration when

Table 1. The response profile of the contractors.

Classification by grade
Sum Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3
Population 393 139 94 160
Sent 150 55 40 55
Sample rate 38% 40% 42% 34%
Received 135 55 36 44
Rate of response 90% 100% 90% 80%

Table 2: Data descriptive analyses of contractors’ contributions (%).

Equipment Management Work execution

Average % 38.4% 23.5% 36.5%
St. dev. 19.2 20.31 19.81
Confidence 4.95 7.81 4.96

Table 3: Contractors’ classification by grade and specialization.

Grade\Specialization b r o Total
1 35 7 13 55
2 22 9 5 36
3 29 8 7 44
Total 86 24 25 135
(b-buildings; r- roads and highways; o- other works).

Table 4: Average contractors' contribution (%) for equipment.

Grade / Specialization b r o
1 40.6 28.9 39.4
2 43.8 26.1 42.7
3 51.2 54.3 49.5

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Contractors’Actual ... Jamal M. Assbeihat

Table 5: Average contractors' contribution (%) for management.

Grade/Specialization b r o
1 18.7 8.1 7.2
2 31.9 33.7 48.6
3 27.3 29.4 15.4

Table 6: Average contractors' contribution (%) for work execution.

Grade/Specialization b r e
1 26.9 29.4 9.3
2 61.4 21.4 33.1
3 30.4 25.3 42.6

Table 7: Average contractors' contribution (%) for equipment (expected).

Grade/Specialization b r o
1 42.3 35 32.1
2 45.1 32.4 40.3
3 50.9 40.3 43.7

Table 8: Average contractors' contribution (%) for management (expected).

Grade/Specialization b r o
1 19.4 20.6 21.6
2 32 35.4 28
3 25.4 27.6 18.1

Table 9: Average contractors' contribution (%) for work execution (expected).

Grade/Specialization b r o
1 31.4 22.4 25.7
2 32.5 18.5 24.1
3 46.1 34.1 32.6

Table 10: Chi-square values for contractors' contribution (%).

Contribution % Chi-square value

Equipment 21.51
Management 77.94
Work execution 71.6

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Dirasat, Engineering Sciences, Volume 32, No. 1, 2005

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Mansfield, N.R., Ugwu O.and Doran, T. 1994. Causes of Delay Analysis. Journal of Construction Engineering
Delay and Cost Overruns in Nigerian Construction and Management, ASCE, 119 (2): 226¯244.

:‫ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭل ﻓﻲ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬

‫ﻗﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻹﻨﺸﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻨﻲ‬

*‫ﺠﻤﺎل ﺍﺼﺒﻴﺤﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻤﻠﺨـﺹ‬
‫ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﺅل ﺤﻭل ﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺘﻌﺎﻤل‬،‫ﺘﺘﻌﺩﺩ ﺃﺴﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻜل ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺯﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻟﻴﻥ ﺒﻤﺴﺅﻭﻟﻴﺎﺘﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺸﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬
‫ ﻓﻘﺩ ﻫﺩﻓﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺭﻱ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻲ ﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻟﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﻴﻥ‬،‫ ﻟﺫﺍ‬.‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭل ﻓﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬
،‫ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺇﻨﺠﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁﺎﺕ‬،‫ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺎﺘﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺘﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻭﻁﺔ ﺒﻬﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻡ‬
‫ ﻟﻘﺩ ﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﻜل ﻤﻬﺎﻤﻪ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬.‫ﻭﺍﻤﺘﻼﻙ ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﻨﺸﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ‬
‫ ﻓﻘﺩ ﻟﻭﺤﻅ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ‬،‫ ﻭﺒﺎﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭل ﻭﺘﺨﺼﺼﻪ‬.‫ﺘﻔﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺒﻭل‬
‫ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﻥ ﻟﻭﺤﻅﺕ ﻓﺭﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎل‬،‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﻨﺸﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﻓﺭﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ‬
‫ ﻟﻘﺩ ﺃﺸﻴﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻭﻀﻊ ﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻋﻥ ﻤﺩﺍﺨل ﺫﺍﺕ ﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﻤﺘﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﻭﻜﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ‬.‫ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ‬
.‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻁﺎﺀﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻭﻴﺘﻭﻗﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻭﻁﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻟﻴﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﺸﻜﻴل ﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻤﺸﻜﻼﺕ‬
.‫ ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﻘﻠﻴل ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻜﺄﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﺎﻓﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺠﺢ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ‬.‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭل ﻓﻲ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻴﻊ‬
‫ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺀﺍﺕ؛ ﺇﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻄﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ؛ ﻣﺴﺎﻫﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻝ؛ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬،‫ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻟﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻧﻴﻮﻥ‬:‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ‬
.‫ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﻭﻝ‬

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‫ ﻭﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﻗﺒﻭﻟـﻪ‬،2003/10/13 ‫ ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﺴﺘﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ‬.‫ ﺍﻻﺭﺩﻥ‬،‫ ﻋﻤﺎﻥ‬،‫ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ‬،‫* ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ‬
.2005/2/3

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