Human Reproduction Class 12 Notes Biology - MyCBSEguide - CBSE Papers & NCERT Solutions
Human Reproduction Class 12 Notes Biology - MyCBSEguide - CBSE Papers & NCERT Solutions
Human Reproduction Class 12 Notes Biology - MyCBSEguide - CBSE Papers & NCERT Solutions
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CBSE Guide Human Reproduction class 12 Notes Biology
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12 Biology notes Chapter 3 Human Reproduction
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CBSE Class 12 Biology
Revision Notes
CHAPTER‑03
Human Reproduction class 12 Notes Biology
Humans are sexually reproducing and viviparous. The reproductive events in humans include formation of gametes
(gametogenesis), i.e., sperms in males and ovum in females, transfer of sperms into the female genital tract
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(insemination) and fusion of male and female gametes (fertilisation) leading to formation of zygote. This is followed by
formation and development of blastocyst and its attachment to the uterine wall (implantation), embryonic development
(gestation) and delivery of the baby (parturition)
The Male Reproductive System: It consists of:
a) Primary sex organs i.e. a pair of testes suspended in a scrotum.
b) Secondary sex organs i.e. a pair of ducts each differentiated into rete testis, vasa efferentia, epididymis and vas
deferens ,ejaculatory duct and the associated glands
c) External genitalia
The testes are situated outside the abdominal cavity in a pouch called scrotum, which help in maintaining the low
temperature of testes necessary for spermatogenesis.
Each testes has about 250 testicular lobules and each lobule contain highly coiled seminiferous tubules in which
sperms are produced. Each seminiferous tubules is lined by two types of cells, spermatogonia ( male germ cell)
and Sertoli cells.
Leydig cells or interstitial cells present around the seminiferous tubules synthesize and secrete androgen
hormone.
Ejaculatory duct store and transport the sperm from testes to outside through urethra which originate from
urinary bladder and extend through penis to its external opening urethral meatus.
The penis is male external genitalia. The enlarged end of penis is called the glans penis is covered by a loose fold
of skin called foreskin.
Male accessary glands include paired seminal vesicles, prostrate and paired bulbourethral glands. Secretion
of these glands forms the seminal plasma which contains fructose, calcium and enzymes. The secretion of
bulbourethral glands also helps in lubrication of the penis.
The Female Reproductive System: It consists of :
a)The primary sex organ that is a pair of ovaries
b)Secondary sex organs‑ the duct system consisting of a pair of fallopian tube , a uterus , cervix and vagina
c)External genitalia
d)Mammary glands
Ovaries are primary female sex organ that produce the female gamete and several steroid hormones. Each ovary
is covered by thin epithelium which encloses the ovarian stroma, which is divided into a peripheral cortex and an
inner medulla.
Fallopian tube extends from periphery of ovary to the uterus. The part closer to ovary is a funnel shaped structure
called infundibulum having finger like projection called fimbriae.
Infundibulum leads to ampulla and join with uterus with isthmus. Uterus is pear shaped structure also called
womb.
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Uterus open vagina through a narrow cervix. The cavity of cervix (cervical canal) along with vagina forms the
birth canal.
Human male ejaculates about 200‑300 million sperms during a coitus. The seminal plasma along with the sperms
constitutes the semen. The function of male sex secondary ducts and glands are maintained by androgen hormones.
Oogenesis : The process of formation of mature female gametes is called oogenesis. It started during embryonic
development stage when millions of ogonia (gamete mother cells) are formed in each fetal ovary.
The gametes mother cells start division and enter into prophase‑I of meiotic division and get temporally arrested
at that stage called primary oocytes.
Each primary oocyteget surrounded by a layer of granulosa cell than it is called the primary follicle.
At puberty, about 60,000‑ 80,000 primary follicles are left in each ovary.
Primary follicle gets surrounded by more layers of granulosa cells called secondary follicle that transform into
tertiary follicle that contain fluid filled cavity called antrum.
The tertiary follicles further changes into the mature follicle called Graafian follicle, which rapture to release
secondary oocytes (ovum) from the ovary by the process of ovulation.
Menstrual cycle: The reproductive cycles in female primates is called menstrual cycle. It start at puberty and is called
menarche.
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