Guidance For Industry: Q11 Development and Manufacture of Drug Substances

Guidance for Industry
Q11 Development and
Manufacture of Drug
Substances
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Food and Drug Administration
Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER)
Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER)
November 2012
ICH
Guidance for Industry
Q11 Development and
Manufacture of Drug
Substances
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U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER)
Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER)
November 2012
ICH
Contains Nonbinding Recommendations
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. INTRODUCTION (1)....................................................................................................... 1
II. SCOPE (2).......................................................................................................................... 2
III. MANUFACTURING PROCESS DEVELOPMENT (3) .............................................. 2
A. General Principles (3.1) ................................................................................................................. 2
1. Drug Substance Quality Link to Drug Product (3.1.1).................................................................... 2
2. Process Development Tools (3.1.2) ................................................................................................. 3
3. Approaches to Development (3.1.3)................................................................................................. 3
4. Drug Substance Critical Quality Attributes (3.1.4) ......................................................................... 4
5. Linking Material Attributes and Process Parameters to Drug Substance CQAs (3.1.5)................. 5
6. Design Space (3.1.6) ........................................................................................................................ 6
B. Submission of Manufacturing Process Development Information (3.2) ................................... 7
1. Overall Process Development Summary (3.2.1).............................................................................. 7
2. Drug Substance CQAs (3.2.2).......................................................................................................... 8
3. Manufacturing Process History (3.2.3) ........................................................................................... 8
4. Manufacturing Development Studies (3.2.4) ................................................................................... 8
IV. DESCRIPTION OF MANUFACTURING PROCESS AND PROCESS
CONTROLS (4) ................................................................................................................ 9
V. SELECTION OF STARTING MATERIALS AND SOURCE MATERIALS (5) ..... 9
A. General Principles (5.1) ................................................................................................................. 9
1. Selection of Starting Materials for Synthetic Drug Substances (5.1.1) ........................................... 9
2. Selection of Starting Materials for Semi-synthetic Drug Substances (5.1.2)................................. 11
3. Selection of Source and Starting Materials for Biotechnological/Biological Drug Substances
(5.1.3)............................................................................................................................................. 11
B. Submission of Information for Starting Material or Source Materials (5.2) ......................... 11
1. Justification of Starting Material Selection for Synthetic Drug Substances (5.2.1) ...................... 11
2. Justification of Starting Material Selection for Semi-synthetic Drug Substances (5.2.2).............. 12
3. Qualification of Source or Starting Materials for Biotechnological/Biological Drug Substances
(5.2.3)............................................................................................................................................. 13
VI. CONTROL STRATEGY (6).......................................................................................... 13
A. General Principles (6.1) ............................................................................................................... 13
1. Approaches to Developing a Control Strategy (6.1.l) ................................................................... 13
2. Consideration in Developing a Control Strategy (6.1.2)............................................................... 14
B. Submission of Control Strategy Information (6.2) ................................................................... 14
VII. PROCESS VALIDATION/EVALUATION (7) ........................................................... 15
A. General Principles (7.1) ............................................................................................................... 15
B. Principles Specific to Biotechnological/Biological Drug Substance (7.2) ................................ 15
VIII. SUBMISSION OF MANUFACTURING PROCESS DEVELOPMENT AND
RELATED INFORMATION IN CTD FORMAT (8) ................................................. 16
A. Quality Risk Management and Process Development (8.1) ..................................................... 16
B. Critical Quality Attributes (CQAs) (8.2) ................................................................................... 17
C. Design Space (8.3) ........................................................................................................................ 17
D. Control Strategy (8.4) .................................................................................................................. 17
IX. LIFECYCLE MANAGEMENT (9) .............................................................................. 17
X. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES (10) ............................................................................. 18
A. Example 1: Linking Material Attributes and Process Parameters to Drug Substance CQAs
– Chemical Entity (10.1) .............................................................................................................. 19
B. Example 2: Use of Quality Risk Management to Support Lifecycle Management of Process
Parameters (10.2) ......................................................................................................................... 22
C. Example 3: Presentation of a Design Space for a Biotechnological Drug Substance Unit
Operation (10.3) ........................................................................................................................... 24
D. Example 4: Selecting an Appropriate Starting Material (10.4).............................................. 26
E. Example 5: Summary of Control Elements for Select CQAs (10.5)....................................... 27
XI. GLOSSARY (11)............................................................................................................. 32
Guidance for Industry1
Q11 Development and Manufacture of Drug Substances
This guidance represents the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA’s) current thinking on this topic. It
does not create or confer any rights for or on any person and does not operate to bind FDA or the public.
You can use an alternative approach if the approach satisfies the requirements of the applicable statutes
and regulations. If you want to discuss an alternative approach, contact the FDA staff responsible for
implementing this guidance. If you cannot identify the appropriate FDA staff, call the appropriate
number listed on the title page of this guidance.
I. INTRODUCTION (1)2
This guidance describes approaches to developing and understanding the manufacturing process
of the drug substance, and also provides guidance on what information should be provided in
Module 3 of the Common Technical Document (CTD) sections 3.2.S.2.2 – 3.2.S.2.6 (see the
ICH guidance M4Q: The CTD – Quality3 (ICH M4Q)). It addresses aspects of development and
manufacture that pertain to drug substance, including the presence of steps designed to reduce
impurities. In addition, this guidance provides further clarification on the principles and
concepts described in the ICH guidances, Q8 Pharmaceutical Development (ICH Q8), Q9
Quality Risk Management (ICH Q9), and Q10 Pharmaceutical Quality System (ICH Q10), as
they pertain to the development and manufacture of drug substance.
A company can choose to follow different approaches in developing a drug substance. For the
purpose of this guidance, the terms traditional and enhanced are used to differentiate two
possible approaches. In a traditional approach, set points and operating ranges for process
parameters are defined and the drug substance control strategy is typically based on
demonstration of process reproducibility and testing to meet established acceptance criteria. In
1
This guidance was developed within the Q11 Expert Working Group of the International Conference on
Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) and has been
subject to consultation by the regulatory parties, in accordance with the ICH process. This document has been
endorsed by the ICH Steering Committee at Step 4 of the ICH process, April 2012. At Step 4 of the process, the
final draft is recommended for adoption to the regulatory bodies of the European Union, Japan, and the United
States.
2
Arabic numbers reflect the organizational breakdown of the document endorsed by the ICH Steering Committee at
Step 4 of the ICH process, April 2012.
3
The guidances referenced in this document are available on the FDA Drugs guidance Web page at
http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Guidances/default.htm. We update
guidances periodically. To make sure you have the most recent version of a guidance, check the FDA Drugs
guidance Web page or CBER guidance Web page at
http://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/default.htm.
an enhanced approach, risk management and scientific knowledge are used more extensively to
identify and understand process parameters and unit operations that have an impact on critical
quality attributes (CQAs) and develop appropriate control strategies applicable over the lifecycle
of the drug substance, which might include the establishment of design space(s). As discussed in
ICH Q8 for drug product, a greater understanding of the drug substance and its manufacturing
process can create the basis for more flexible regulatory approaches. The degree of regulatory
flexibility is generally predicated on the level of relevant scientific knowledge provided in the
application for marketing authorization.
Traditional and enhanced approaches are not mutually exclusive. A company can use either a
traditional approach or an enhanced approach to drug substance development, or a combination
of both.
FDA's guidance documents, including this guidance, do not establish legally enforceable
responsibilities. Instead, guidances describe the Agency's current thinking on a topic and should
be viewed only as recommendations, unless specific regulatory or statutory requirements are
cited. The use of the word should in Agency guidances means that something is suggested or
recommended, but not required.
II. SCOPE (2)
This guidance is applicable to drug substances as defined in the Scope sections of the ICH
guidances, Q6A Specifications: Test Procedures and Acceptance Criteria for New Drug
Substances and New Drug Products: Chemical Substances (ICH Q6A)
and Q6B Specifications: Test Procedures and Acceptance Criteria for
Biotechnological/Biological Products (ICH Q6B), but might also be appropriate for other types
of products following consultation with the appropriate regulatory authorities. It is particularly
relevant to the preparation and organization of the contents of sections 3.2.S.2.2 – 3.2.S.2.6 of
Module 3 of the Common Technical Document (ICH M4Q). The guidance does not apply to
contents of submissions during the clinical research stages of drug development. Nevertheless,
the development principles presented in this guidance are important to consider during the
investigational stages.
Regional requirements for postapproval changes are not covered by this guidance.
III. MANUFACTURING PROCESS DEVELOPMENT (3)
A. General Principles (3.1)
The goal of manufacturing process development for the drug substance is to establish a
commercial manufacturing process capable of consistently producing drug substance of the
intended quality.
1. Drug Substance Quality Link to Drug Product (3.1.1)
The intended quality of the drug substance should be determined through consideration of its use
in the drug product as well as from knowledge and understanding of its physical, chemical,
biological, and microbiological properties or characteristics, which can influence the
development of the drug product (e.g., the solubility of the drug substance can affect the choice
of dosage form). The Quality Target Product Profile (QTPP), potential CQAs of the drug
product (as defined in ICH Q8) and previous experience from related products can help identify
potential CQAs of the drug substance. Knowledge and understanding of the CQAs can evolve
during the course of development.
2. Process Development Tools (3.1.2)
Quality Risk Management (QRM, as described in ICH Q9) can be used in a variety of activities,
including assessing options for the design of the manufacturing process, assessing quality
attributes and manufacturing process parameters, and increasing the assurance of routinely
producing batches of the intended quality. Risk assessments can be carried out early in the
development process and repeated as greater knowledge and understanding become available.
Either formal or informal risk management tools, such as recognized tools or internal procedures,
can be used.
Knowledge management (as described in ICH Q10) can also facilitate manufacturing process
development. In this context, potential sources of information can include prior knowledge and
development studies. Prior knowledge can include established biological, chemical, and
engineering principles; technical literature; and applied manufacturing experience. Data derived
from relevant prior knowledge, including platform manufacturing (see glossary), can be
leveraged to support development of the commercial process and expedite scientific
understanding.
3. Approaches to Development (3.1.3)
ICH Q8 recognizes that “Strategies for product development vary from company to company
and from product to product. The approach to, and extent of, development can also vary and
should be outlined in the submission.” These concepts apply equally to the development of the
drug substance manufacturing process. An applicant can choose either a traditional approach or
an enhanced approach to drug substance development, or a combination of both.
Manufacturing process development should include, at a minimum, the following elements:
 Identifying potential CQAs associated with the drug substance so that those
characteristics having an impact on drug product quality can be studied and controlled
 Defining an appropriate manufacturing process
 Defining a control strategy to ensure process performance and drug substance quality
An enhanced approach to manufacturing process development would additionally include the

following elements:
 A systematic approach to evaluating, understanding, and refining the manufacturing

process, including:
o Identifying (through e.g., prior knowledge, experimentation, and risk assessment)

the material attributes (e.g., of raw materials, starting materials, reagents, solvents,
process aids, intermediates) and process parameters that can have an effect on drug
substance CQAs; and
o Determining the functional relationships that link material attributes and process
parameters to drug substance CQAs.
 Using the enhanced approach in combination with QRM to establish an appropriate

control strategy, which can, for example, include a proposal for a design space(s).
The increased knowledge and understanding obtained from taking an enhanced approach could
facilitate continual improvement and innovation throughout the product lifecycle (see ICH Q10).
4. Drug Substance Critical Quality Attributes (3.1.4)
A CQA is a physical, chemical, biological, or microbiological property or characteristic that

should be within an appropriate limit, range, or distribution to ensure the desired product quality.
Potential drug substance CQAs are used to guide process development. The list of potential
CQAs can be modified as drug substance knowledge and process understanding increase.
Drug substance CQAs typically include those properties or characteristics that affect identity,
purity, biological activity, and stability. When physical properties are important with respect to
drug product manufacture or performance, these can be designated as CQAs. In the case of
biotechnological/biological products, most of the CQAs of the drug product are associated with
the drug substance and thus are a direct result of the design of the drug substance or its
manufacturing process.
Impurities are an important class of potential drug substance CQAs because of their potential
impact on drug product safety. For chemical entities, impurities can include organic impurities
(including potentially mutagenic impurities), inorganic impurities (e.g., metal residues) and
residual solvents (see the ICH guidances, Q3A Impurities in New Drug Substances (ICH Q3A)
and Q3C Impurities: Residual Solvents (ICH Q3C)). For biotechnological/biological products,
impurities can be process-related or product-related (see ICH Q6B). Process-related impurities
include cell substrate-derived impurities (e.g., Host Cell Proteins and DNA), cell culture-derived
impurities (e.g., media components), and downstream-derived impurities (e.g., column
leachables). Determining CQAs for biotechnological/biological products should also include
consideration of contaminants, as defined in ICH Q6B, including all adventitiously introduced
materials not intended to be part of the manufacturing process (e.g., adventitious viral, bacterial,
or mycoplasma contamination).
The identification of CQAs for complex products can be challenging.

Biotechnological/biological products, for example, typically possess such a large number of
quality attributes that it might not be possible to fully evaluate the impact on safety and efficacy
of each one. Risk assessments can be performed to rank or prioritize quality attributes. Prior
knowledge can be used at the beginning of development, and assessments can be iteratively
updated with development data (including data from nonclinical and clinical studies) during the
lifecycle. Knowledge regarding mechanism of action and biological characterization, such as
studies evaluating structure-function relationships, can contribute to the assessment of risk for
some product attributes.
5. Linking Material Attributes and Process Parameters to Drug Substance CQAs

(3.1.5)
The manufacturing process development program should identify which material attributes (e.g.,
of raw materials, starting materials, reagents, solvents, process aids, intermediates) and process
parameters should be controlled. Risk assessment can help identify the material attributes and
process parameters with the potential for having an effect on drug substance CQAs. Those
material attributes and process parameters that are found to be important to drug substance
quality should be addressed by the control strategy.
The risk assessment used to help define the elements of the control strategy that pertain to
materials upstream from the drug substance can include an assessment of manufacturing process
capability, attribute detectability, and severity of impact as they relate to drug substance quality.
For example, when assessing the link between an impurity in a raw material or intermediate and
drug substance CQAs, the ability of the drug substance manufacturing process to remove that
impurity or its derivatives should be considered in the assessment. The risk related to impurities
can usually be controlled by specifications for raw material/intermediates and/or robust
purification capability in downstream steps. The risk assessment can also identify CQAs for
which there are inherent limitations in detectability in the drug substance (e.g., viral safety). In
these cases, such CQAs should be controlled at an appropriate point upstream in the process.
For chemical entity development, a major focus is knowledge and control of impurities. It is
important to understand the formation, fate (whether the impurity reacts and changes its chemical
structure), and purge (whether the impurity is removed by, for example, crystallization,
extraction), as well as their relationship to the resulting impurities that end up in the drug
substance as CQAs. The process should be evaluated to establish appropriate controls for
impurities as they progress through multiple process operations.
Using a traditional approach, material specifications and process parameter ranges can be based
primarily on batch process history and univariate experiments. An enhanced approach can lead
to a more thorough understanding of the relationship of material attributes and process
parameters to CQAs and the effect of interactions. Example 1 illustrates the development of
process parameters using prior knowledge and chemistry-first principles (see section X.A (10.1)
of this guidance).
Risk assessment can be used during development to identify those parts of the manufacturing
process likely to have an impact on potential CQAs. Further risk assessments can be used to
focus development work on areas for which better understanding of the link between process and
quality is needed. Using an enhanced approach, the determination of appropriate material
specifications and process parameter ranges could follow a sequence such as the one shown
below:
 Identify potential sources of process variability.
 Identify the material attributes and process parameters likely to have the greatest
impact on drug substance quality. This can be based on prior knowledge and risk
assessment tools.
 Design and conduct studies (e.g., mechanistic and/or kinetic evaluations, multivariate
design of experiments, simulations, modelling) to identify and confirm the links and
relationships of material attributes and process parameters to drug substance CQAs.
 Analyze and assess the data to establish appropriate ranges, including establishment of
a design space if desired.
Small-scale models can be developed and used to support process development studies. The
development of a model should account for scale effects and be representative of the proposed
commercial process. A scientifically justified model can enable a prediction of quality, and can
be used to support the extrapolation of operating conditions across multiple scales and
equipment.
6. Design Space (3.1.6)
Design Space is the multidimensional combination and interaction of input variables (e.g.,
material attributes) and process parameters that have been demonstrated to provide assurance of
quality. Working within the design space is not considered as a change. Movement out of the
design space is considered to be a change and would normally initiate a regulatory postapproval
change process. Design space is proposed by the applicant and is subject to regulatory
assessment and approval (ICH Q8).
The considerations for design space addressed in ICH Q8 for an enhanced approach to the
development of the drug product are applicable to drug substance. The ability to accurately
assess the significance and effect of the variability of material attributes and process parameters
on drug substance CQAs, and hence the limits of a design space, depends on the extent of
process and product understanding.
Design space can be developed based on a combination of prior knowledge, first principles,
and/or empirical understanding of the process. Models (e.g., qualitative, quantitative) can be
used to support design spaces across multiple scales and equipment.
A design space might be determined per unit operation (e.g. reaction, crystallization, distillation,
purification), or a combination of selected unit operations. The unit operations included in such
a design space should generally be selected based on their impact on CQAs and do not
necessarily need to be sequential. The linkages between process steps should be evaluated so
that, for example, the cumulative generation and removal of impurities is controlled. A design
space that spans multiple unit operations can provide more operational flexibility.
The development and approval of a design space for some biotechnological/biological drug
substances can be challenging due to factors including process variability and drug substance
complexity (e.g., post-translational modifications). These factors can affect residual risk (e.g.,
potential for unexpected changes to CQAs based on uncertainties related to scale sensitivity) that
remains after approval of the Design Space. Depending on the level of residual risk, it may be
appropriate for an applicant to provide proposals on how movements within a Design Space will
be managed postapproval. These proposals should indicate how process knowledge, control
strategy, and characterization methods can be deployed to assess product quality following
movement within the approved design space.
B. Submission of Manufacturing Process Development Information (3.2)
The information provided on the development of the drug substance manufacturing process
(primarily in section 3.2.S.2.6 of the application) should identify significant changes during
process development; link relevant drug substance batches with the developmental stage of the
manufacturing process used to prepare them; and explain how prior knowledge, risk assessments,
and other studies (e.g., experimental, modelling, simulations) were used to establish important
aspects of the manufacturing process and control strategy. Process development information
should be logically organized and easy to understand. Manufacturers can present process
development information in a number of different ways, but some specific recommendations are
provided below for consideration.
1. Overall Process Development Summary (3.2.1)
It is recommended that the manufacturing process development section begin with a narrative
summary that describes important milestones in the development of the process and explains
how they are linked to assuring that the intended quality of the drug substance is achieved. The
following should be included in the summary:
 List of drug substance CQAs
 Brief description of the stages in the evolution of the manufacturing process and
relevant changes to the control strategy
 Brief description of the material attributes and process parameters identified as having
an impact on drug substance CQAs
 Brief description of the development of any design spaces
Following the Overall Process Development Summary, the manufacturing process development
section should include more comprehensive information, as recommended below.
2. Drug Substance CQAs (3.2.2)
The CQAs of the drug substance should be listed, and the rationale for designating these
properties or characteristics as CQAs should be provided. In some cases, it might be appropriate
to explain why other properties or characteristics that might be considered potential CQAs are
not included in the list of CQAs. Links or references should be provided to information
submitted elsewhere in the submission (e.g., 3.2.S.3.1, Elucidation of Structure and other
Characteristics) that supports the designation of these properties or characteristics as CQAs.
Some discussion of drug substance CQAs as they relate to drug product CQAs can be
appropriate in the pharmaceutical development section of the application (e.g., 3.2.P.2.1,
Components of the Drug Product).
3. Manufacturing Process History (3.2.3)
A description and discussion should be provided of significant changes made to the

manufacturing process or site of manufacture of drug substance batches used in support of the
marketing application (e.g., those used in nonclinical or clinical studies or stability studies in
support of a marketing authorization) and, if available, production-scale batches. The
description should usually follow a chronological sequence ending with the proposed
commercial process. Batch information (batch size or scale, site and date of manufacture, route
and process used, and intended purpose (e.g., in a specified toxicology or clinical study)) and
supporting data from comparative analytical testing on relevant drug substance batches should be
provided or referenced (e.g., batch analyses section 3.2.S.4.4).
For biotechnological/biological drug substances, the reason for each significant change should be
explained, together with an assessment of its potential to have an impact on the quality of the
drug substance (and/or intermediate, if appropriate). The manufacturing process history section
should include a discussion of comparability during development as described in the ICH
guidance Q5E Comparability of Biotechnological/Biological Products Subject to Changes in
Their Manufacturing Process (ICH Q5E). A discussion of the data, including a justification for
selection of the tests and assessment of results, should be included. Testing used to assess the
impact of manufacturing changes on the drug substance and the corresponding drug product can
also include nonclinical and clinical studies. Cross-reference to the location of these studies in
other modules of the submission should be included.
4. Manufacturing Development Studies (3.2.4)
The studies and risk assessments used to establish important aspects of the commercial
manufacturing process and control strategy cited in the application should be listed (e.g., in
tabular form). The purpose or end use of each cited study or risk assessment should be provided.
Each cited study or risk assessment should be summarized with a level of detail sufficient to
convey an understanding of the purpose of the study, the data collected, how it was analyzed, the
conclusions reached, and the impact of the study on the manufacturing process or further
development of the manufacturing process. The particular parameters and ranges studied should
be described and discussed in relation to the proposed operating conditions or design space for
the commercial manufacturing process (as described in 3.2.S.2.2). The risk assessment tools and
study results on which a design space is based should be adequately described. Example 2
shows a possible communication tool for presenting a risk ranking for parameters evaluated
during development of a design space (see section X.B (10.2) of this guidance). Where
development refers to specific prior knowledge, the relevant information and data should be
provided and, where appropriate, the relevance to the particular drug substance should be
justified.
Small-scale models used to support development of the commercial manufacturing process

should be described.
IV. DESCRIPTION OF MANUFACTURING PROCESS AND PROCESS

CONTROLS (4)
The description of the drug substance manufacturing process represents the applicant’s
commitment for the manufacture of the drug substance. Information should be provided to
adequately describe the manufacturing process and process controls (see ICH M4Q (3.2.S.2.2)).
The description of the manufacturing process should be provided in the form of a flow diagram
and sequential procedural narrative. The in-process controls for each step or stage of the process
should be indicated in the description. Scaling factors should be included for manufacturing
steps intended to span multiple operational scales when the process step is scale dependent. Any
design spaces in the manufacturing process should be included as part of the manufacturing
process description. Example 3 gives an example of the presentation of a design space for a
biotechnological product (see section X.C (10.3) of this guidance).
Many biotechnological/biological products have complex upstream processes and use splitting
and pooling to create a drug substance batch. An explanation of how batches of drug substance
are defined by the manufacturer (e.g., splitting and pooling of harvests or intermediates) should
be provided. Details of batch size or scale and batch numbering should be included.
V. SELECTION OF STARTING MATERIALS AND SOURCE MATERIALS (5)
1. Selection of Starting Materials for Synthetic Drug Substances (5.1.1)
The following general principles should be considered in determining where the drug substance
manufacturing process begins (i.e., in selecting starting materials).
 In general, changes in material attributes or operating conditions that occur near the
beginning of the manufacturing process have lower potential to have an impact on the
quality of the drug substance.
o The relationship between risk and number of steps from the end of the
manufacturing process is the result of two factors, one concerning the physical
properties of the drug substance and the other concerning the formation, fate, and
purge of impurities. The physical properties of a drug substance are determined
during the final crystallization step and subsequent operations (e.g., milling,
micronizing), all of which occur at the end of the manufacturing process.
Impurities introduced or created early in the manufacturing process typically have
more opportunities to be removed in purification operations (e.g., washing,
crystallization of isolated intermediates) than impurities generated late in the
manufacturing process, and are therefore less likely to be carried into the drug
substance. However, in some cases (e.g., when peptides or oligonucleotides are
synthesized on a solid support), there is a more limited relationship between risk
and number of steps from the end of the manufacturing process.
 Regulatory authorities assess whether the controls on the drug substance and drug
substance manufacturing process can be considered adequate, including whether there
are appropriate controls for impurities. To conduct this assessment, enough of the
drug substance manufacturing process should be described in the application for
regulatory authorities to understand how impurities are formed in the process; how
changes in the process could affect the formation, fate, and purge of impurities; and
why the proposed control strategy is suitable for the drug substance manufacturing
process. This will typically include a description of multiple chemical transformation
steps.
 Manufacturing steps that have an impact on the impurity profile of the drug substance
should normally be included in the manufacturing process described in section
3.2.S.2.2 of the application.
 Each branch of a convergent drug substance manufacturing process begins with one or
more starting materials. The Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) provisions
described in the ICH guidance Q7 Good Manufacturing Practice Guidance for Active
Pharmaceutical Ingredients (ICH Q7) apply to each branch beginning with the first
use of a starting material. Performing manufacturing steps under GMP together with
an appropriate control strategy provides assurance of quality of the drug substance.
 A starting material should be a substance of defined chemical properties and structure.

Non-isolated intermediates are usually not considered appropriate starting materials.
10
 A starting material is incorporated as a significant structural fragment into the

structure of the drug substance. Significant structural fragment in this context is
intended to distinguish starting materials from reagents, solvents, or other raw
materials. Commonly available chemicals used to create salts, esters, or other simple
derivatives should be considered reagents.
All the general principles above should be considered in selecting Starting Material(s), rather
than strictly applying each general principle in isolation (see Example 4 in section X.D (10.4) of
this guidance).
2. Selection of Starting Materials for Semi-synthetic Drug Substances (5.1.2)
For purposes of this guidance, a semi-synthetic drug substance is one in which the structural
constituents have been introduced by a combination of chemical synthesis and elements of
biological origin (e.g., obtained from fermentation or by extraction from botanical material). In
some cases, it might be appropriate for the applicant to describe the manufacturing process
starting from the source material (microorganism or botanical material). However, if it can be
demonstrated that one of the isolated intermediates in the synthetic process complies with the
principles outlined above for the selection of starting materials for synthetic drug substances, that
isolated intermediate can be proposed as the starting material. The applicant should specifically
evaluate whether it is possible to analytically characterize the proposed starting material,
including its impurity profile, and whether the fermentation or botanical material and extraction
process have an impact on the impurity profile of the drug substance. Risks from microbial and
other contamination should also be addressed.
3. Selection of Source and Starting Materials for Biotechnological/Biological Drug

Substances (5.1.3)
Cell banks are the starting point for manufacture of biotechnological drug substances and some
biological drug substances. In some regions, these are referred to as source materials – in others,
starting materials. Guidance is contained in the ICH guidances, Q5A Viral Safety Evaluation of
Biotechnology Products Derived From Cell Lines of Human or Animal Origin (ICH Q5A), Q5B
Quality of Biotechnological Products: Analysis of the Expression Construct in Cells Used for
Production of r-DNA Derived Protein Products (ICH Q5B), and Q5D Quality of
Biotechnological/Biological Products: Derivation and Characterization of Cell Substrates Used
for Production of Biotechnological/Biological Products (ICH Q5D).
B. Submission of Information for Starting Material or Source Materials (5.2)
Applicants should identify all proposed starting materials or source materials and provide
appropriate specifications. Proposed starting materials for synthetic and semi-synthetic drug
substances should be justified.
1. Justification of Starting Material Selection for Synthetic Drug Substances (5.2.1)
11
The applicant should provide a justification for how each proposed starting material is
appropriate in light of the general principles for the selection of starting materials outlined above
in section V.A.1 (5.1.1). This can include information on:
 The ability of analytical procedures to detect impurities in the starting material;
 The fate and purge of those impurities and their derivatives in subsequent processing
steps; and
 How the proposed specification for each starting material will contribute to the control
strategy.
The applicant should provide, as part of the justification, a flow diagram outlining the current
synthetic route(s) for the manufacture of the drug substance, with the proposed starting materials
clearly indicated. Changes to the starting material specification and to the synthetic route from
the starting material to final drug substance are subject to regional, postapproval change
requirements. In addition, regional requirements concerning starting material suppliers might
also be applicable.
An applicant generally need not justify the use of a commercially available chemical as a starting
material. A commercially available chemical is usually one that is sold as a commodity in a
preexisting, non-pharmaceutical market in addition to its proposed use as starting material.
Chemicals produced by custom syntheses are not considered to be commercially available. If a
chemical from a custom synthesis is proposed as a starting material, it should be justified in
accordance with the general principles for the selection of starting materials outlined above in
section V.A.1 (5.1.1).
In some instances, additional purification steps by the drug substance manufacturer might be
called for to ensure the consistent quality of a commercially available starting material. In these
instances, the additional purification steps should be included as part of the description of the
drug substance manufacturing process. Specifications should normally be provided for both
incoming and purified starting material.
2. Justification of Starting Material Selection for Semi-synthetic Drug Substances

(5.2.2)
If an isolated intermediate is proposed as the starting material for a semi-synthetic drug

substance, the applicant should provide a justification that explains how the proposed starting
material complies with the general principles for the selection of starting materials outlined
above in section V.A.1 (5.1.1). Otherwise, the applicant should describe the manufacturing
process starting from the microorganism or botanical material, as appropriate, and these
materials should be qualified.
12
3. Qualification of Source or Starting Materials for Biotechnological/Biological

Drug Substances (5.2.3)
Guidance is contained in ICH Q5A, ICH Q5B, and ICH Q5D.
VI. CONTROL STRATEGY (6)
A control strategy is a planned set of controls, derived from current product and process
understanding, that assures process performance and product quality (ICH Q10). Every drug
substance manufacturing process, whether developed through a traditional or an enhanced
approach (or some combination thereof), has an associated control strategy.
A control strategy can include, but is not limited to, the following:
 Controls on material attributes (including, e.g., raw materials, starting materials,

intermediates, reagents, primary packaging materials for the drug substance)
 Controls implicit in the design of the manufacturing process (e.g., sequence of

purification steps (Biotechnological/Biological drug substances), or order of addition
of reagents (Chemical entities))
 In-process controls (including in-process tests and process parameters)
 Controls on drug substance (e.g., release testing)
1. Approaches to Developing a Control Strategy (6.1.l)
A control strategy can be developed through a combination of approaches, using the traditional
approach for some CQAs, steps, or unit operations, and a more enhanced approach for others.
In a traditional approach to developing a manufacturing process and control strategy, set points
and operating ranges are typically set narrowly based on the observed data to ensure consistency
of manufacture. More emphasis is placed on assessment of CQAs at the stage of the drug
substance (i.e., end-product testing). The traditional approach provides limited flexibility in the
operating ranges to address variability (e.g., in raw materials).
An enhanced approach to manufacturing process development generates better process and

product understanding than the traditional approach, so sources of variability can be identified in
a more systematic way. This allows for the development of more meaningful and efficient
parametric, attribute, and procedural controls. The control strategy might be developed through
several iterations as the level of process understanding increases during the product lifecycle. A
control strategy based on an enhanced approach can provide for flexibility in the operating
ranges for process parameters to address variability (e.g., in raw materials).
13
2. Consideration in Developing a Control Strategy (6.1.2)
A control strategy should ensure that each drug substance CQA is within the appropriate range,
limit, or distribution to assure drug substance quality. The drug substance specification is one
part of a total control strategy and not all CQAs need to be included in the drug substance
specification. CQAs can (1) be included on the specification and confirmed through testing the
final drug substance, (2) be included on the specification and confirmed through upstream
controls (e.g., as in Real Time Release Testing (RTRT)), or (3) not be included on the
specification but ensured through upstream controls. Examples of upstream controls can
include:
 in process testing;
 use of measurements of process parameters and/or in process material attributes that

are predictive of a drug substance CQA. In some cases, Process Analytical
Technology (PAT) can be used to enhance control of the process and maintain output
quality.
Regardless of whether a traditional or enhanced process development approach is taken, the use
of upstream controls should be based on an evaluation and understanding of the sources of
variability of a CQA. Downstream factors that might have an impact on the quality of the drug
substance, such as temperature changes, oxidative conditions, light, ionic content, and shear,
should be taken into consideration.
When developing a control strategy, a manufacturer can consider implementing controls for a
specific CQA at single or multiple locations in the process, depending on the risk associated with
the CQA and the ability of individual controls to detect a potential problem. For example, with
sterilized chemical entities or biotechnological/biological drug substances, there is an inherent
limitation in the ability to detect low levels of bacterial or viral contamination. In these cases,
testing on the drug substance is considered to provide inadequate assurance of quality, so
additional controls (e.g., attribute and in-process controls) are incorporated into the control
strategy.
The quality of each raw material used in the manufacturing process should be appropriate for its
intended use. Raw materials used in operations near the end of the manufacturing process have a
greater potential to introduce impurities into the drug substance than raw materials used
upstream. Therefore, manufacturers should evaluate whether the quality of such materials
should be more tightly controlled than similar materials used upstream.
B. Submission of Control Strategy Information (6.2)
The information provided on the control strategy should include detailed descriptions of the
individual elements of the control strategy plus, when appropriate, a summary of the overall drug
substance control strategy. The summary of the overall control strategy can be presented in
14
either a tabular format or in a diagrammatic format, to aid visualization and understanding (see
Example 5 for an example of a Control Strategy Summary in tabular form (in section X.E (10.5)
of this guidance)). Ideally, the summary should explain how the individual elements of the
control strategy work together to assure drug substance quality.
ICH M4Q recommends that the individual elements of the control strategy reported in an
application be provided in the appropriate sections of a submission, including:
 Description of Manufacturing Process and Process Controls (3.2.S.2.2);

 Control of Materials (3.2.S.2.3);
 Controls of Critical Steps and Intermediates (3.2.S.2.4);
 Control of Drug Substance (3.2.S.4); and
 Container Closure System (3.2.S.6).
VII. PROCESS VALIDATION/EVALUATION (7)
Process validation is the documented evidence that the process, operated within established
parameters, can perform effectively and reproducibly to produce a drug substance or
intermediate meeting its predetermined specifications and quality attributes (ICH Q7).
Process validation can include the collection and evaluation of data, from the process design
stage throughout production, that establish scientific evidence that a process is capable of
consistently delivering a quality drug substance.
The drug substance manufacturing process should be validated before commercial distribution of
resulting drug product. For biotechnological processes, or for aseptic processing and sterilization
process steps for drug substances, the data provided in support of process validation is included
as part of the marketing application (3.2.S.2.5). For non-sterile chemical entity drug substance
processes, results of process validation studies are not normally included in the dossier.
Generally, process validation includes the collection of data on an appropriate number of

production batches (see ICH Q7, section XII.E (12.5)). The number of batches can depend on
several factors, including but not limited to (1) the complexity of the process being validated, (2)
the level of process variability, and (3) the amount of experimental data and/or process
knowledge available on the specific process.
As an alternative to the traditional process validation, continuous process verification (ICH Q8)
can be used in process validation protocols for the initial commercial production and also for
manufacturing process changes for the continual improvement throughout the remainder of the
product lifecycle.
B. Principles Specific to Biotechnological/Biological Drug Substance (7.2)
15
For biotechnological/biological drug substances, the information provided in the dossier in

support of process validation usually contains both commercial-scale process validation studies
and small-scale studies. Process validation batches should be representative of the commercial
process, taking into account the batch definition as detailed in the process description.
The contribution of data from small-scale studies to the overall validation package will depend
upon demonstration that the small-scale model is an appropriate representation of the proposed
commercial scale. Data should be provided demonstrating that the model is scalable and
representative of the proposed commercial process. Successful demonstration of the suitability
of the small-scale model can enable manufacturers to propose process validation with reduced
dependence on testing of commercial-scale batches. Data derived from commercial-scale
batches should confirm results obtained from small-scale studies used to generate data in support
of process validation. Scientific grounds, or reference to guidelines that do not require or
specifically exclude such studies, can be an appropriate justification to conduct certain studies
only at small scale (e.g., viral removal).
Studies should be conducted to demonstrate the ability of the process to remove product-related
impurities, process-related impurities (ICH Q6B) and potential contaminants (such as viruses in
processes using material from human or animal origin, see ICH Q5A). Studies carried out to
demonstrate the lifetime of chromatography columns can include experimental studies carried
out in small-scale models but should be confirmed during commercial-scale production.
The limit of in vitro cell age for commercial production should be assessed. ICH Q5B and Q5D
provide further guidance for relevant products.
When platform manufacturing experience is used, the suitability of the control strategy should be
demonstrated and the drug substance manufacturing process should be appropriately validated at
the time of marketing authorization application. Usually, full scale validation studies should
include data derived from the final manufacturing process and site(s) used to produce the product
to be commercialized.
VIII. SUBMISSION OF MANUFACTURING PROCESS DEVELOPMENT AND

RELATED INFORMATION IN CTD FORMAT (8)
The use of an enhanced approach to process development generates information for which a
location in the CTD is not defined. Process development information should usually be
submitted in section 3.2.S.2.6 of the CTD. Other information resulting from development
studies could be accommodated by the CTD format in a number of different ways and some
specific suggestions are provided below. The applicant should clearly indicate where the
different information is located. In addition to what is submitted in the application, certain topics
referenced in this guidance (e.g., lifecycle management, continual improvement) are handled
under the applicant’s pharmaceutical quality system (see ICH Q10).
A. Quality Risk Management and Process Development (8.1)
16
Quality risk management can be used at different stages during process development and
manufacturing implementation. The assessments used to guide and justify development
decisions (e.g., risk assessment and functional relationships linking material attributes and
process parameters to drug substance CQAs) can be summarized in section 3.2.S.2.6.
B. Critical Quality Attributes (CQAs) (8.2)
The CQAs of the drug substance should be listed, and the rationale for designating these
properties or characteristics as CQAs should be provided in the manufacturing process
development section of the application (3.2.S.2.6). However, detailed information about
structural characterization studies that supports the designation of these properties or
characteristics as CQAs should be provided in the appropriate CTD format sections (e.g.,
3.2.S.3.1 Elucidation of Structure and other Characteristics, 3.2.S.7 Stability). Some discussion
of drug substance CQAs as they relate to drug product CQAs can be appropriate in the
pharmaceutical development section of the application (3.2.P.2.1, Components of the Drug
Product).
C. Design Space (8.3)
As an element of the proposed manufacturing process, the design space(s) can be described in
the section of the application that includes the description of the manufacturing process and
process controls (3.2.S.2.2). If appropriate, additional information can be provided in the section
of the application that addresses the controls of critical steps and intermediates (3.2.S.2.4). The
manufacturing process development section of the application (3.2.S.2.6) is the appropriate place
to summarize and describe process development studies that provide the basis for the design
space(s). The relationship of the design space(s) to the overall control strategy can be discussed
in the section of the application that includes the justification of the drug substance specification
(3.2.S.4.5).
D. Control Strategy (8.4)
Although the drug substance specification is only one part of the total control strategy, the
section of the application that includes the justification of the drug substance specification
(3.2.S.4.5) is a good place to summarize the overall drug substance control strategy. However,
detailed information about input material controls, process controls, and control of drug
substance should still be provided in the appropriate CTD format sections (e.g., description of
manufacturing process and process controls (3.2.S.2.2), control of materials (3.2.S.2.3), controls
of critical steps and intermediates (3.2.S.2.4), drug substance specification (3.2.S.4.1)). A brief
description of relevant changes to the control strategy during the evolution of the manufacturing
process should be provided in section 3.2.S.2.6 of the application.
IX. LIFECYCLE MANAGEMENT (9)
The quality system elements and management responsibilities described in ICH Q10 are intended
to encourage the use of science-based and risk-based approaches at each lifecycle stage, thereby
promoting continual improvement across the entire product lifecycle. Product and process
17
knowledge should be managed from development through the commercial life of the product up
to and including product discontinuation.
The development and improvement of a drug substance manufacturing process usually continues
over its lifecycle. Manufacturing process performance, including the effectiveness of the control
strategy, should be periodically evaluated. Knowledge gained from commercial manufacturing
can be used to further improve process understanding and process performance and to adjust the
control strategy to ensure drug substance quality. Knowledge gained from other products, or
from new innovative technologies, can also contribute to these goals. Continual improvement
and successful process validation, or continuous process verification, call for an appropriate and
effective control strategy.
There should be a systematic approach to managing knowledge related to both drug substance
and its manufacturing process throughout the lifecycle. This knowledge management should
include but not be limited to process development activities, technology transfer activities to
internal sites and contract manufacturers, process validation studies over the lifecycle of the drug
substance, and change management activities. The knowledge and process understanding should
be shared as needed to perform the manufacturing process and implement the control strategy
across sites involved in manufacturing the drug substance.
An applicant can include in the original submission a proposal for how specific future changes
will be managed during the product lifecycle, including changes to the control strategy. As an
example of lifecycle management of process parameters for a biotechnological product, see
Example 2 (in section X.B (10.2)).
Any proposed change to the manufacturing process should be evaluated for the impact on the
quality of drug substance and, when appropriate, drug product. This evaluation should be based
on scientific understanding of the manufacturing process and should determine appropriate
testing to analyze the impact of the proposed change. For chemical entities, the appropriate
testing to analyze the impact of the proposed change could include, but is not limited to, an
assessment of current and potential new impurities and an assessment of the test procedures’
abilities to detect any new impurities. This testing should be performed at an appropriate point
in the process (e.g., on an intermediate or drug substance) after the proposed change. For
process changes for biotechnological/biological drug substances, see also ICH Q5E.
All changes should be subject to internal change management processes as part of the Quality
System (ICH Q7 and ICH Q10). This includes movements within the Design Space, which do
not require approval by regional regulatory authorities.
Changes to information filed and approved in a dossier should be reported to regulatory

authorities in accordance with regional regulations and guidances.
X. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES (10)
18
The examples in this section are provided for illustrative purposes and only suggest potential
uses. This section is not intended to create any new expectations beyond the current regulatory
requirements.
A. Example 1: Linking Material Attributes and Process Parameters to Drug

Substance CQAs – Chemical Entity (10.1)
This example illustrates development of a design space using prior knowledge and chemistry-
first principles. It depicts both a traditional and an enhanced approach to determination of the
ranges for parameters controlling the formation of a hydrolysis impurity during Step 5 of the
following reaction scheme (also used in Example 4 (see section X.D (10.4)).
Step 1 R1 Step 2 Step 3

A R2 C D
R3
(B)
Step 4
R1 Purification R1 Step 6 Step 5

R4 R4 F E
R3 R3
Final Drug “Crude”
Substance Drug Substance
After the formation of intermediate F in Step 5, the mixture is heated to reflux. During reflux, an
impurity is formed through hydrolysis of intermediate F.
For the purpose of this simplified example, this is the only reaction of intermediate F that occurs
during this reflux. The following assumptions were used in the design of the process:
 The concentration of intermediate F remains approximately constant.
 Temperature remains constant.
 The acceptance criterion for the hydrolysis impurity in Intermediate F is 0.30%.

(This is based on the CQA in the drug substance and the demonstrated capacity of the
subsequent steps to purge the impurity.)
 The initial amount of water in the reflux mixture depends on the amount of water in
Intermediate E, which can be controlled by drying.
The time of reflux and the water concentration were identified as the most important parameters
affecting the hydrolysis of intermediate F. Other potential factors were determined to be
insignificant based on prior knowledge and risk assessment.
19
The reaction was expected to follow second-order kinetics according to the equation below:
d hydrolysis _ impurity 
 k H 2O F 
dt
Where F  refers to the concentration of intermediate F.
Through simple experimentation, the following graph linking the extent of hydrolysis to time and
the water content of intermediate E can be generated:
Hydrolysis Degradation at Reflux

0.60
Hydrolysis Impurity (%) in Intermediate F
0.50
2.0%
0.40 1.5%
1.0%
0.5%
0.30
4.0%
2.0%
0.20 1.0%
0.5%
0.10
0.00
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
Reflux Time (hours)
Traditional Approach:
In a traditional approach, this information would be used to set a proven acceptable range for
percentage of water and time that achieves the acceptance criteria for the hydrolysis impurity of
0.30% in intermediate F. This is typically done by setting a target value and maximum such as:
 Dry Intermediate E to a maximum water content of 1.0%; and
 Target reflux time of 1 hour and a maximum reflux time of 3 hours.
Enhanced Approach:
The second-order rate equation can be integrated and solved explicitly.4
4
Levenspiel, O., Chemical Reaction Engineering, 2nd Edition, John Wiley and Sons, 1972.
20
 M  XF 
ln
1    H 2O o  F o kt
 M X F 
Where:
F o refers to the initial concentration of intermediate F,
H 2O o refers to the initial concentration of water,
M  H 2 O o F o refers to the ratio of the initial concentration of water to the

initial concentration of intermediate F, and
X F   X  F o refers to the time-dependent concentration of the hydrolysis

degradant of intermediate F divided by the initial
concentration of intermediate F.
Solving this equation for time (t) permits the calculation of the maximum allowable reflux time
for any combination of initial water content and target level for the hydrolysis impurity. (The
initial concentration of intermediate F in the reflux mixture will essentially be constant from
batch to batch.) The following graph shows the combination of conditions required to ensure
that the hydrolysis impurity remains below 0.30% in intermediate F.
21
Interdependence of Reflux Time and Water Content in

the Formation of Hydrolysis Impurity
8.0
7.0
6.0
Reflux Time (hours)
5.0 Conditions that produce a level of

0.30% of the hydrolysis impurity
4.0 Operating above the line will produce

more than 0.30% of the hydrolysis
impurity
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
Water Content (%) in Intermediate E
The area below the line in the plot above could be proposed as the design space.
Summary:
Although both the traditional and enhanced approaches provide ranges of water content and time
to control the formation of the hydrolysis impurity, the enhanced approach allows more
manufacturing flexibility.
B. Example 2: Use of Quality Risk Management to Support Lifecycle

Management of Process Parameters (10.2)
This example illustrates how results from an iterative quality risk assessment can be used to
communicate the rationale for classification and proposed future management of changes to
process parameters. Relevant parameters for establishment of a design space for a Q-anion
exchange column are shown in this Risk Ranking Histogram. The histogram showing the
22
ranking of parameters is intended for illustrative purposes only and is not all inclusive, nor is it
meant to be applicable to all products that might use ion exchange chromatography.
Initial Filing:
A quality risk assessment using prior knowledge and development studies can be used to rank
process parameters based on their relative potential to have an effect on product quality if
parameter ranges were changed. The histogram shows the potential impact on quality for future
changes to parameter ranges based on the knowledge and understanding at the time of
submission. Process development studies and interaction studies were conducted to establish
design space boundaries for each of the higher risk parameters (parameters A-F) that had an
impact on CQAs. Parameters G, H, and I were also challenged in the development studies and
shown not to have an impact on CQAs under the conditions studied. Changes to the ranges of
these parameters could still carry residual risk (based on prior knowledge/uncertainties, including
potential scale sensitivity). Parameters J-T were considered lower risk parameters based on
documented prior knowledge, and therefore an impact on quality attributes is not anticipated.
The ranking of parameters from the quality risk assessment can be used to communicate with
regulators regarding a lifecycle management approach to assure continual improvement
throughout the product lifecycle.
Lifecycle Management Options:
Risk should be reassessed throughout the lifecycle as process understanding increases.

Recommendations regarding lifecycle management changes can be found in the Pharmaceutical
Quality System (PQS) as described in ICH Q10.
Working within the design space is not considered as a change. Movement out of the design
space is considered to be a change, and consequently, any extension of ranges for higher risk
parameters (i.e., parameters A-F) outside the design space would normally initiate a regulatory
postapproval change process.
An applicant can include in the original submission a proposal for how specific future changes to
parameters G, H, and I will be managed during the product lifecycle. Extension of ranges for
lower risk parameters (J-T) is addressed primarily via the PQS and does not require prior
regulatory approval, although notification may be called for depending on regional regulatory
requirements and guidance. If it is determined subsequently to the filing that there is a change in
the risk ranking, such that an extension of ranges for a parameter represents a higher risk, this
change should be appropriately filed through the regional regulatory process.
23
C. Example 3: Presentation of a Design Space for a Biotechnological Drug

Substance Unit Operation (10.3)
This example is based on a design space for a drug substance purification unit operation (Q
anion exchange column run for a monoclonal antibody in flow-through mode), determined from
the common region of successful operating ranges for multiple CQAs. The figure in this section
illustrates a potential depiction of a design space based on successful operating ranges for three
CQAs and the use of prior knowledge (platform manufacturing) in developing a design space.
The ranges represented here indicate areas of successful operation. Operation beyond these
ranges does not necessarily mean that drug substance of unacceptable quality will be produced,
simply that these operating conditions have not been studied and therefore the quality of the drug
substance is unknown.
Viral clearance and host cell protein (HCP) ranges were derived from multivariate
experimentation (see ICH Q8). The successful operating range for DNA was derived from prior
knowledge (platform manufacturing) which in turn was derived from results of multivariate
studies performed on related products. The successful operating range for HCP lies within the
viral clearance and DNA successful operating ranges. In this example, the diagrams below show
how HCP limits the unit operation design space compared to viral safety and DNA.
Consideration of additional input variables, process parameters, or CQAs could limit design
space further.
The design space is applicable only within specified conditions, including:
24
1. Appropriately defined quality criteria for input materials; and
2. Appropriately selected CQAs and process parameters.
25
D. Example 4: Selecting an Appropriate Starting Material (10.4)
Step 1 R1 Step 2 Step 3

A R2 C D
R3
(B)
Step 4
R1 Purification R1 Step 6 Step 5

R4 R4 F E
R3 R3
Final Drug “Crude”
Substance Drug Substance
This example illustrates the importance of considering all general principles described in section
V.A.1 (5.1.1) when selecting an appropriate starting material, rather than applying each general
principle in isolation. The example is fictional, based on a linear synthesis for a relatively simple
molecule, and is not intended to convey any particular meaning in relation to the number of
steps.
The desired stereochemical configuration in the drug substance results from the synthesis of
compound B in step 1 from a commercially available achiral precursor A and a stereo-selective
reagent. A small amount of the opposite enantiomer of compound B is also formed in step 1.
Once formed, both stereochemical configurations persist through the synthetic steps that follow,
so the drug substance also contains a small amount of its undesired enantiomer as a specified
impurity. In accordance with the principle that manufacturing steps that have an impact on the
drug substance impurity profile should normally be included in the manufacturing process
described in section 3.2.S.2.2 of the application, it could be concluded that step 1 should be
described in 3.2.S.2.2, and that A should be considered the starting material.
However, for this manufacturing process, it is also known that all of the significant impurities in
the drug substance (other than opposite enantiomer) arise from steps 4, 5, and 6. Steps 2 and 3
have no impact on the drug substance impurity profile, and the only impact from step 1 is with
regard to the enantiomeric impurity. Furthermore, it is also known that the stereocenter first
formed in step 1 is stable to the manufacturing conditions in all of the steps that follow (i.e., no
racemization occurs or is ever likely to occur), and that a suitable analytical procedure exists for
measuring the amount of the opposite enantiomer in compound D. Therefore, provided
compound D is in accordance with most of the other general principles described in section
V.A.1 (5.1.1), it would be reasonable to propose D as the starting material instead of A in
accordance with the principle that early steps in the manufacturing process tend to have a lower
potential to have an impact on drug substance quality than later steps. In this example, the only
impact of step 1 is on the amount of the enantiomeric impurity in the drug substance, and this
could alternatively be controlled through an appropriate limit on the amount of the opposite
26
enantiomer in compound D. Information on steps 1-3 would be made available to regulatory

authorities to justify such a proposal as per regional expectations.
A similar argument could be made if the stereocenter in the drug substance originated in the
commercially available precursor A instead of being created in step 1.
E. Example 5: Summary of Control Elements for Select CQAs (10.5)
This example illustrates how part of a drug substance control strategy might be summarized in
tabular form. Tables 5a and 5b below show how an applicant can communicate information on
multiple elements of a drug substance control strategy and guide the reviewer to sections of the
CTD where detailed elements of the control strategy are described or justified. Such control
strategy summary tables should not contain the rationale or justification for the controls but
should simply indicate where the information can be found in the application for marketing
authorization.
There are multiple ways of presenting this information, and two are shown in Tables 5a and 5b
below. One table shows more detail than the other to illustrate that there is a range of
possibilities for presenting this information. The amount of detail included in a control strategy
summary table is up to the applicant and is not related to the type of drug substance. CQAs and
control elements shown in the tables below are only examples and are not intended to be a
comprehensive representation of all elements of a drug substance control strategy. The tables
should not be considered templates. The section of the application that includes the justification
of the drug substance specification (3.2.S.4.5) is a good place to summarize the overall drug
substance control strategy.
27
Table 5a. Example of a Possible Control Strategy Summary – Biotechnological Products
Section(s) in
Drug CTD where
Control Strategy for drug substance CQA
Substance detailed
CQA information is
located
Contaminants Summaries of viral safety information for 3.2.S.2.3
in biologically biologically sourced materials
sourced
materials Detailed information, including for materials 3.2.A.2
(Viral Safety) of biological origin, testing at appropriate
stages of production, and viral clearance
studies
Residual Host Design Space for an individual unit operation 3.2.S.2.2

Cell Proteins (e.g., see Example 3)
Target range for consistent removal assured 3.2.S.2.5

by validation
Analytical procedures and their validation 3.2.S.4.2 and

3.2.S.4.3
Specific Controls implicit in the design of the 3.2.S.2.2
Glycoforms manufacturing process, including a summary
of process control steps (e.g., cell culture
conditions, downstream purification, holding
conditions)
Characterization to justify classification as 3.2.S.3.1

CQA (cross-reference to nonclinical/clinical
sections if relevant)
Control of Critical Steps, Testing program and 3.2.S.2.4 and/or

specifications 3.2.S.4.1
Justification of specification 3.2.S.4.5
Stability 3.2.S.7
28
Table 5b. Example of a Possible Control Strategy Summary – Chemical Entity.
In process Controls Controls on material Impact of Is CQA

Type of (including In-process attributes Manufacturing tested on
Control testing and process (raw Process Design drug
Drug → parameters) materials/starting substance/
Substance materials included in
CQA (3.2.S.2.6) / /intermediates) Drug
Limit in Drug Substance
Substance↓ specification
(3.2.S.4.1)
Organic Purity
- Impurity X Design space of the reflux unit operation Yes/Yes
NMT* 0.15% composed of a combination of percentage of
water in Intermediate E and the reflux time in step
5 that delivers Intermediate F with Hydrolysis
Impurity ≤0.30% (3.2.S.2.2)
- Impurity Y Process parameters Yes/Yes
NMT 0.20% step 4 (3.2.S.2.2)
p(H2) ≥2 barg
T <50°C
In-process test step 4
(3.2.S.2.4)
Impurity Y ≤0.50%
- Any individual Spec for starting Yes/Yes
unspecified material D (3.2.S.2.3)
impurity
NMT 0.10%
- Total impurities Yes/Yes
NMT 0.50%
Enantiomeric purity Spec for starting Stereocenter is No/No
- S-enantiomer material D (3.2.S.2.3) shown not to
NMT 0.50% - S-enantiomer racemize
≤0.50% (3.2.S.2.6)
Residual Solvent
- Ethanol In-process test during In-process No/Yes
NMT 5000 ppm drying after final results
purification step correlated to test
(3.2.S.2.4) results on drug
LOD ≤0.40 % substance
(3.2.S.2.6)
- Toluene In-process test step 4 Process steps No/No1
NMT 890 ppm (3.2.S.2.4) after step 4 are
≤2000 ppm by G.C shown to purge
toluene to levels
significantly
below (less than
10%) that
indicated in
ICH Q3C
(3.2.S.2.6)
* NMT: not more than
1
This approach could be acceptable as part of a control strategy when justified by submission of relevant process data that
confirm the adequacy of the process design and control. The manufacturing process should be periodically evaluated under the
firm's quality system to verify removal of the solvent.
29
Notes Concerning Table 5b:
The above table is based on the route of synthesis presented in Example 1. The Control for
enantiomeric impurity is based on Decision Tree 5 from ICH Q6A, which allows for control of
chiral quality to be established by applying limits to appropriate starting materials or
intermediates when justified from development studies. For this approach to be acceptable, data
would need to be provided in 3.2.S.2.6 to demonstrate the stability of the stereocenter under the
proposed manufacturing conditions.
The table summarizes only a portion of the control strategy that would be presented at the time
of initial submission and does not include all CQAs of the drug substance. The example control
strategy provides for control of some CQAs at stages in the process prior to the drug substance.
The elements of the proposed control strategy described in the application would be justified by
the applicant and subject to regulatory assessment and approval.
30
XI. GLOSSARY (11)
Chemical Transformation Step: For Chemical Entities, a step involved in the synthesis of the
chemical structure of the drug substance from precursor molecular fragments. Typically, it
involves C-X or C-C bond formation or breaking.
Contaminants: Any adventitiously introduced materials (e.g., chemical, biochemical, or

microbial species) not intended to be part of the manufacturing process of the drug substance or
drug product. (ICH Q6B)
Continuous Process Verification: An alternative approach to process validation in which

manufacturing process performance is continuously monitored and evaluated. (ICH Q8)
Control Strategy: A planned set of controls, derived from current product and process
understanding, that assures process performance and product quality. The controls can include
parameters and attributes related to drug substance and drug product materials and components,
facility and equipment operating conditions, in-process controls, finished product specifications,
and the associated methods and frequency of monitoring and control. (ICH Q10)
Critical Quality Attribute (CQA): A physical, chemical, biological or microbiological property

or characteristic that should be within an appropriate limit, range, or distribution to ensure the
desired product quality. (ICH Q8)
Design Space: The multidimensional combination and interaction of input variables (e.g.,
material attributes) and process parameters that have been demonstrated to provide assurance of
quality. Working within the design space is not considered as a change. Movement out of the
design space is considered to be a change and would normally initiate a regulatory postapproval
change process. Design space is proposed by the applicant and is subject to regulatory
assessment and approval. (ICH Q8)
Intermediate: See ICH Q7, ICH Q3A, and ICH Q5C Quality of Biotechnological Products:
Stability Testing of Biotechnological/Biological Products.
Impurity: See ICH Q3A, ICH Q6A, and ICH Q6B.
Lifecycle: All phases in the life of a product from the initial development through marketing
until the product’s discontinuation (ICH Q8).
Platform Manufacturing: The approach of developing a production strategy for a new drug
starting from manufacturing processes similar to those used by the same applicant to
manufacture other drugs of the same type (e.g., as in the production of monoclonal antibodies
using predefined host cell, cell culture, and purification processes, for which there already exists
considerable experience).
Process Robustness: Ability of a process to tolerate variability of materials and changes of the
process and equipment without negative impact on quality. (ICH Q8)
32
Quality Risk Management (QRM): A systematic process for the assessment, control,
communication, and review of risks to the quality of the drug (medicinal) product across the
product lifecycle. (ICH Q9)
Quality Target Product Profile (QTPP): A prospective summary of the quality characteristics of
a drug product that ideally will be achieved to ensure the desired quality, taking into account
safety and efficacy of the drug product. (ICH Q8)
Real Time Release Testing: The ability to evaluate and ensure the quality of in-process and/or
final product based on process data, which typically include a valid combination of measured
material attributes and process controls. (ICH Q8)
33

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Guidance For Industry: Q11 Development and Manufacture of Drug Substances

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Guidance for Industry

Q11 Development and

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services

Food and Drug Administration

Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER)

Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER)