Artical-4 v16 1 PDF
Artical-4 v16 1 PDF
Artical-4 v16 1 PDF
Abstract
This article is one of a series of articles in regards to the
density of the etymological elements which compose Urdu
language. In this particular article the exact density of Persian and
Arabic elements will be obtained. Urdu is an Indo-European
language which derived from Sanskrit into the Prakrit languages
and at a later stage was influenced by Persian and Arabic
languages, due to both, cultural and religious’ influences. Hindi
and Urdu were, in fact, the same language which separated due to
the split of the script (digraphia). The Muslims started using a
Persian script called Nastaliq, while the Hindus kept on using the
Devanagari script. After the split of the language Urdu received
numerous loans and grammar structures from Persian and Arabic.
The research is noteworthy since it is almost certainly the first
corpus-based survey of the use of Persian and Arabic derived
terms in Urdu language. The research is conducted utilizing one
thousand words of the basic vocabulary of Urdu as the corpus and
analyzing them from an etymological point of view. It is
conducted through a quantitative, descriptive and analytical
64 Pakistan Vision Vol. 16 No. 1
Historical Context
The history of Urdu language is without any doubt very
peculiar and different from that of other languages. Many socio-
cultural issues can change the demographics of a language as well
as its inherent characteristics. The large majority of linguists agree
that Urdu language derived from Sanskrit1 into the languages
known as the Prakrits. One of those languages was Khari Boli, a
language spoken in the north of India from where Hindvi and
consequently, Urdu and Hindi languages derived. 2
In this sense, Urdu and Hindi have suffered a process of
evolution as well as reforms until its modern and present state.3
The reforms of Urdu language include but are not limited, in a
chronological order, to extensive lexical and grammar borrowing
from Persian language during the pre-Islamic period, extensive
borrowing from Arabic with the advent of Islam from 712 A.D.,
at the same time that the Persian influence continued. These were
mainly due to politico-religious reasons which initiated the split of
Urdu and Hindi, although literary movements generated an
enormous modifying influence. Other types of influence were of
an artificial nature (not due to a natural evolutionary progression
of the language), for example those which occurred during the
time of the Mughals4 when the purging of the Sanskrit elements
from the language occurred, substituting them with elements
from Persian and Arabic, the Iranian imagery and metaphors
replaced the Indian, and words of local dialects were also replaced
with Persian and Arabic elements.5
Extensive types of reforms took place during the pre-Muslim
period, the Muslim rule, the British period, the pre-partition
period as well as the post partition period. All of them seem to be
equally important if considered through the light of linguistic
development and an evolutionary point of view. Nevertheless, the
event which really marked the difference between Urdu and Hindi
languages was the split of the script.
A Corpus Based Quantitative Survey of the Persian and Arabic Elements 65
The Script
Urdu and Hindi languages were in fact one and the same. The
difference between them has its origin in socio-linguistics and
cultural factors related to a digraphia phenomenon by which Urdu
language is written using the Nastaliq script and Hindi language is
written using Devanagari script. King bifurcates the languages on
the basis of the script:
Figure 1
The genetic relationship between Urdu and Persian languages
script. During the Modern Persian period from 800 A.D. onwards
Persian language utilized a Perso-Arabic script. Old Persian and
Avestan are the oldest of the Iranian languages. Old Persian was
the language of the people of the Achaemenid period.15 The
language seems to have arrived to the Subcontinent with the
Sassanian Aryan invasion, being the first of the Sassanids, Ardashir
I (circa 230-250) the grandson of Sasan. The Sasanian period (circa
240-621) utilized Middle Persian language or Pahlavi. Persian
dynasties kept their rule on certain areas of India, century after
century which propagated the use of Persian language during the
pre-Islamic period. In fact, the Persian culture has had a profound
cultural impact on the Subcontinent16 and it seems to have been
the language of the court.17 During this time Persian language kept
on influencing the ancestors of Urdu language. Learning centers
were established like the Nestorian learning center of Jundhishpur
wherein translations of the Greek archaic works as well as works
of other nations including Indian were being translated.18 By the
6th century and under Khosro I (circa 531-579) medical books
were collected from India and translated from Sanskrit to Pahlavi,
as well as the translations of other works of science were taking
place from Greek into Persian.19
Arabic language in India was in fact, purely a foreign influence
since it is not an Indo-European language and as such, not related
to Urdu, neither Persian. Its Semitic nature was absolutely
extraneous to Urdu. The following figure illustrates the Afro-
Asiatic family of languages to which Semitic languages belong:
A Corpus Based Quantitative Survey of the Persian and Arabic Elements 69
Figure 2
Afro-Asiatic Family of Languages
Source: Information for the figure taken from Ethnologue and The World Atlas
of Language Structures20
,ﻣﻘﺎم ,ﻣﻘﺒﻮل ,ﻏﺮﯾﺐ ,ﭘﻮل ,ﺷﺎﺋﺴﺘہ ,ﭘﻮﻟﯿﺲ ,زﮨﺮ ,ﻧﻘﻄہ ,ﺟﯿﺐ ,ﺑﮩﺖ
,ﻗﯿﻤﺖ ,روﮐﺘﮭﺎم ,ﺧﻮﺑﺼﻮرت ,ﭘﺮﯾﺲ ,ﭘﯿﺶ ,ﻃﺎﻗﺖ ,ڈاﻟﻨﺎ ,آﻟﻮ ,ﻣﻤﮑﻦ
,ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ,ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ,وﻋﺪﮦ ,ﭘﯿﺪا ,ﻣﺴﺌﻠہ ,ﺷﺎﯾﺪ ,اﻧﻌﺎم ,ذاﺗﯽ ,ﺟﯿﻞ ,ﺷﮩﺰادﮦ
ﻓﻮری ,ﺳﻮال ,ﻣﻠﮑہ ,ڈال ,دھﮑﺎ ,ﻃﺎﻟﺒﻌﻠﻢ ,ﺳﺰا ,ﮐﮭﯿﻨﭽﻨﺎ ,ﻋﻮاﻣﯽ ,ﻓﺮاﮨﻢ
ﺗﯿﺎر ,ﭘﮍھﻨﺎ ,ﭘﮩﻨﭽﻨﺎ ,ﺑﮍھﺎﻧﮯ ,ﺑﺮﺳﺎت ,ﺑﺎرش ,رﯾﮉﯾﻮ ,ﻗﻄﻌﯽ ,ﺧﺎﻣﻮش ,
,ﻣﺮﻣﺖ ,ﮐﺮاﯾہ ,ﮨﭩﺎﻧﺎ ,ﯾﺎد ,ﻻل ,رﯾﮑﺎرڈ ,وﺻﻮل ,واﻗﻌﯽ ,اﺻﻠﯽ ,
,اﻣﯿﺮ ,ﭼﺎول ,واﭘﺲ ,ﻧﺘﯿﺠہ ,رﯾﺴﺘﻮران ,آرام ,رﭘﻮرٹ ,ﺟﻮاب ,دﮨﺮاﻧﺎ
,ﺑﺪﺗﻤﯿﺰ ,رﺑﺮ ,ﮔﻮل ,ﮐﻤﺮﮦ ,ﭘﺘﮭﺮ ,ﻟﻮٹ ,ﺳﮍک ,ﺑﺠﻨﺎ ,راﺋِﭧ ,ﺳﻮاری
اﺳﯽ ,ﻧﻤﮑﯿﻦ ,ﻧﻤﮏ ,ﻣﺤﻔﻮظ ,اداس ,ﺟﻠﺪی ,ﺑﮭﺎﮔﻨﺎ ,ﺣﮑﻤﺮان ,ﺣﮑﻤﺮاﻧﯽ
,دﯾﮑﮭﻨﺎ ,دوﺳﺮی ,ﺳﯿﭧ ,ﺗﻼش ,ﺳﺎﺋﻨﺲ ,اﺳﮑﻮل ,ﮐﮩﻨﺎ ,ﺑﭽﺎﻧﺎ ,رﯾﺖ ,
,ﺳﺎﯾہ ,رﻧﮓ ,ﺟﻨﺲ ,ﮐﺌﯽ ,ﺳﺎت ,ﺧﺪﻣﺖ ,ﺳﺰا ,ﺑﮭﯿﺠﻨﺎ ,ﻓﺮوﺧﺖ ,ﻟﮕﺘﺎ
ﺟﮩﺎز ,ﭼﻤﮏ ,ﺷﯿﻠﻒ ,ﭼﺎدر ,ﺑﮭﯿﮍ ,ﺻﺮف ,وﮦ ,ﺗﯿﺰ ,ﺣﺼہ ,ﺷﮑﻞ ,ﮨﻼ
,ﺑﯿﻤﺎر ,ﻇﺎﮨﺮ ,ﭼﯿﺨﻨﺎ ,ﮐﻨﺪھﺎ ,ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺮ ,دﮐﺎن ,ﺷﻮٹ ,ﺟﻮﺗﺎ ,ﻗﻤﯿﺾ ,
,اﯾﮏ ,ﺳﺎدﮦ ,ﻣﻠﺘﮯﺟﻠﺘﮯ ,ﭼﺎﻧﺪی ,ﺣﻤﺎﻗﺖ ,ﺧﺎﻣﻮﺷﯽ ,اﺷﺎرﮦ ,ﮐﻨﺎرﮦ
,ﺳﮑﺮٹ ,ﺟﻠﺪ ,ﻣﮩﺎرت ,ﺳﺎﺋﺰ ,ﭼﮫ ,ﺑﯿﭩﮭﺎ ,ﺑﮩﻦ ,ڈوﺑﻨﺎ ,ﮔﺎﻧﺎ ,ﺑﻌﺪﺳﮯ
ﺗﻤﺒﺎﮐﻮﻧﻮﺷﯽ ,دھﻮاں ,ﻣﺴﮑﺮاﻧﺎ ,ﺑﻮ ,ﭼﮭﻮﭨﺎ ,ﺳﺴﺖ ,ﭘﮭﺴﻠﻨﺎ ,ﺳﻮﻧﺎ ,آﺳﻤﺎن
,ﺑﯿﭩﺎ ,ﮐﺒﮭﯿﮑﺒﮭﯽ ,ﮐﭽﮫ ,ﮐﺴﯽ ,ﮐﭽﮫ ,ﻧﺮم ,ﻣﻮزا ,ﺻﺎﺑﻦ ,ﺗﻮ ,ﺑﺮف ,
,رﻓﺘﺎر ,ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ,ﺑﺎت ,ﺧﻼ ,ﺟﻨﻮب ,ﺳﻮپ ,آواز ,ﻣﻌﺎﻓﮑﺮﻧﺎ ,ﺟﻠﺪﮨﯽ
,ﺳﺘﺎرﮦ ,ﮐﮭﮍا ,ﻣﮩﺮ ,ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ,ﻣﻮﺳﻤﺒﮩﺎر ,ﭘﮭﯿﻞ ,ﮐﮭﯿﻞ ,ﭼﻤﭻ ,ﺧﺮچ ,ﺟﺎدو
,ﭘﯿﭧ ,ﺑﮭﯽ ,اب ,ﻗﺪم ,ﺑﮭﺎپ ,ﭼﻮری ,رﮨﻨﺎ ,ﺳﭩﯿﺸﻦ ,رﯾﺎﺳﺖ ,ﺷﺮوع
,ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ,ﻣﻀﺒﻮط ,ﮔﻠﯽ ,ﻋﺠﯿﺐ ,ﮐﮩﺎﻧﯽ ,ﻃﻮﻓﺎن ,ذﺧﯿﺮﮦ ,روﮐﻨﮯ ,ﭘﺘﮭﺮ
,ﻏﯿﺮﻣﺘﻮﻗﻊ ,اﯾﺴﮯ ,ﮐﺎﻣﯿﺎب ,ﻣﺎدﮦ ,ﻣﻀﻤﻮن ,ﭘﺎﮔﻞ ,ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌہ ,ﻃﺎﻟﺒﻌﻠﻢ
,ﺣﯿﺮت ,ﯾﻘﯿﻦ ,ﺣﻤﺎﯾﺖ ,دھﻮپ ,ﺳﻮرج ,ﻣﻮﺳﻤﮕﺮﻣﺎ ,ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ,ﺷﮑﺮ
ﭘﮍھﺎﻧﺎ ,ﭼﺎﺋﮯ ,ﭨﯿﮑﺴﯽ ,ذاﺋﻘہ ,اوﻧﭽﺎ ,ﺑﺎت ,ﻟﯿﻨﺎ ,ﻣﯿﺰ ,ﺗﻠﻮار ,ﺗﯿﺮ ,ﻣﯿﭩﮭﯽ
,اﻣﺘﺤﺎن ,ﺧﻮﻓﻨﺎک ,ﭨﯿﻨﺲ ,دس ,ﺑﺘﺎﻧﺎ ,ﭨﯿﻠﯿﻮﯾﮋن ,ﭨﯿﻠﯿﻔﻮن ,آﻧﺴﻮ ,ﭨﯿﻢ ,
ﺗﯿﺴﺮی ,ﺳﻮﭼﺘﮯ ,ﭼﯿﺰ ,ﭘﺘﻠﯽ ,ﮔﺎڑھﺎ ,ان ,ﻟﮩﺬا ,اُدھَﺮ ,ﺗﻮ ,ان ,ﮐہ ,ﺳﮯ
ﻣﻠﮑﺮ ,ﭘﻨﺠہ ,آج ,ﭘﺮ ,ﻋﻨﻮان ,ﺑﺎﻧﺪھﻨﺎ ,ﺻﺎف ,ﺗﯿﻦ ,ﺧﻄﺮﮦ ,اﮔﺮﭼہ ,اس ,
,ﭨﺮام ,ﭨﺮﯾﻦ ,ﭨﺎؤن ,ﭼﮭﻮ ,ﭨﻮﭨﻞ ,اوﭘﺮ ,داﻧﺖ ,آﻟہ ,ﺑﮭﯽ ,آﺟﺮات ,ﮐﻞ ,
,ﺑﺎری ,ﮐﻮﺷﺶ ,دو ,دوﺑﺎر ,اﻋﺘﺒﺎر ,ﺳَﭻ ,ﭨﺮک ,ﻣﺼﯿﺒﺖ ,درﺧﺖ ,ﺳﻔﺮ
,ﻣﻔﯿﺪ ,اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل ,اپ ,ﺟﺒﺘﮏ ,اﮐﺎﺋﯽ ,ﺳﻤﺠﮫ ,ﻧﯿﭽﮯ ,ﭼﭽﺎ ,ﻗﺴﻢ
ﭼﻠﻨﺎ ,ﺟﺎﮔﻨﺎ ,اﻧﺘﻈﺎر ,دورﮦ ,آواز ,ﮔﺎؤں ,ﺑﮩﺖ ,ﺳﺒﺰی ,اﮐﺜﺮ ,ﺣﺴﺒﻤﻌﻤﻮل
,ﻣﻮﺳﻢ ,ﭘﮩﻨﻨﺎ ,ﮨﻢ ,راﺳﺘہ ,ﭘﺎﻧﯽ ,دﯾﮑﮭﻨﺎ ,ﺿﺎﺋﻊ ,دھﻮﻧﺎ ,ﮔﺮم ,ﭼﺎﮨﻨﺎ ,
,ﮐﯿﺎ ,ﮔﯿﻠﯽ ,ﻣﻐﺮب ,ﭨﮭﯿﮑﭩﮭﺎک ,ﺧﻮﺷﺂﻣﺪﯾﺪ ,ﻋﺠﯿﺐ ,وزن ,ﮨﻔﺘہ ,ﺷﺎدی
74 Pakistan Vision Vol. 16 No. 1
ﭘﮩﯿﺎ, ﺟﺐ, ﺟﮩﺎں, ﺟﺲ, ﺟﺒﮑہ, ﺳﻔﯿﺪ, ﺟﻮ, ﮐﯿﻮں, وﺳﯿﻊ, ﺑﯿﻮی, ﺟﻨﮕﻠﯽ
, وﺻﯿﺖ, ﺟﯿﺖ, ﮨﻮا, ﮐﮭﮍﮐﯽ, ﺷﺮاب, ﻣﻮﺳﻤﺴﺮﻣﺎ, ﺗﺎر, داﻧﺸﻤﻨﺪاﻧہ,
ﺧﻮاﮨﺶ, ﺳﺎﺗﮫ, ﺑﻐﯿﺮ, ﻋﻮرت, ﺗﻌﺠﺐ, ﻟﻔﻆ, ﮐﺎم, دﻧﯿﺎ, ﻓﮑﺮ, ﺑﮩﺘﺒﺮا, ﻟﮑﮭﻨﺎ
, ﻏﻠﻂ, ﺳﺎل, ﺟﯽ, ﮐﻞ, اﺑﮭﯿﺘﮏ, آپ, ﺟﻮان, آﭘﮑﺎ, ﺻﻔﺮ, زﯾﺒﺮا.
Figure 3
Terms derived from Persian language
English Persian
Meaning Urdu term language
1 About ﮐﮯ ﺑﺎرے ﻣﯿﮟx
2 Across ﭘﺎرx
3 Active ﺳﺮﮔﺮمx
4 activity ﺳﺮﮔﺮﻣﯽx
5 Always ﮨﻤﯿﺸہx
6 Am ﮨﻮںx
7 amount ﺷﻤﺎرx
8 another دوﺳﺮےx
9 arm ﺑﺎزوx
10 autumn ﺧﺰاںx
11 base ﺑﻨﯿﺎدx
12 back ﺑﺮاx
13 bag ﺗﮭﯿﻼ، ﺑﺴﺘہx
14 bean ﺑﯿﺞ، داﻧہx
15 bed ﺑﺴﺘﺮx
16 below ﻧﯿﭽﮯx
17 best ﺑﮩﺘﺮﯾﻦx
18 better ﺑﮩﺘﺮx
19 between درﻣﯿﺎنx
20 bird ﭘﺮﻧﺪوںx
21 birth ﭘﯿﺪاﺋﺶx
22 birthday ﺳﺎﻟﮕﺮﮦx
A Corpus Based Quantitative Survey of the Persian and Arabic Elements 75
23 black ﺳﯿﺎﮦ x
24 bleed ﺧﻮن ﺑﮩﻨﺎ x
25 blood ﺧﻮن x
26 blue ﻧﯿﻼ x
27 boat ﮐﺸﺘﯽ x
28 border ﺳﺮﺣﺪ x
29 born ﭘﯿﺪا x
30 bottom ﻧﭽﻼ x
31 branch ﺷﺎخ x
32 brave ﺑﮩﺎدر x
33 breakfast ﻧﺎﺷﺘہ x
34 bright روﺷﻦ x
35 business ﮐﺎروﺑﺎر x
36 but ﻟﯿﮑﻦ x
37 buy ﺧﺮﯾﺪﻧﺎ x
38 candle ﻣﻮم ﺑﺘﯽ x
39 careless ﻻﭘﺮواﮦ x
40 century ﺻﺪی x
41 change ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ x
42 cheese ﭘﻨﯿﺮ x
43 chicken ﭼﮑﻦ x
44 child ﺑﭽہ x
45 city ﺷﮩﺮ x
46 cloudy اﺑﺮ آﻟﻮد x
47 close ﺑﻨﺪ x
48 cold ﺳﺮدی x
49 color رﻧﮓ x
50 Comfortable آرام دﮦ x
51 correct درﺳﺖ x
52 count ﺷﻤﺎر x
53 course راﺳﺘہ x
54 crash ﺗﺒﺎﮨﯽ x
55 cross ﭘﺎر x
56 dead ﻣﺮدﮦ x
57 decrease ﮐﻢ x
76 Pakistan Vision Vol. 16 No. 1
58 destroy ﺗﺒﺎﮦ x
59 discover درﯾﺎﻓﺖ x
60 door دروازﮦ x
61 down ﻧﯿﭽﮯ x
62 dream ﺧﻮاب x
63 dry ﺧﺸﮏ x
64 duck ﺑﻄﺦ x
65 each ﮨﺮ x
66 east ﻣﺸﺮق x
67 enemy دﺷﻤﻦ x
68 equal ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ x
69 escape ﻓﺮار ﮨﻮﻧﺎ x
70 evening ﺷﺎم x
71 ever ﮨﻤﯿﺸہ x
72 every ﮨﺮ x
73 excited ﭘﺮﺟﻮش x
74 exercise ورزش x
75 fat ﭼﺮﺑﯽ x
76 fast ﺗﯿﺰ x
77 find ﺗﻼش x
78 flag ﭘﺮﭼﻢ x
79 flat ﮨﻤﻮار x
80 Fly ﭘﺮواز x
81 four ﭼﺎر x
82 free ﻣﻔﺖ x
83 freedom آزادی x
84 fresh ﺗﺎزﮦ x
85 friend دوﺳﺖ x
86 friendly دوﺳﺘﺎﻧہ x
87 fun ﻣﺰﮦ x
88 garden ﺑﺎغ x
89 gate دروازﮦ x
90 glad ﺧﻮﺷﯽ x
91 glass ﺷﯿﺸہ x
92 god ﺧﺪا x
A Corpus Based Quantitative Survey of the Persian and Arabic Elements 77
93 green ﺳﺒﺰ x
94 grey ﺳﺮﻣﺊ x
95 ground زﻣﯿﻦ x
96 gun ﺑﻨﺪوق x
97 happy ﺧﻮش x
98 head ﺳﺮ x
99 hen ﻣﺮﻏﯽ x
100 hope اﻣﯿﺪ x
101 hot ﮔﺮم x
102 husband ﺷﻮﮨﺮ x
103 ice ﺑﺮف x
104 If اﮔﺮ x
105 job ﻧﻮﮐﺮی x
106 king ﺑﺎدﺷﺎﮦ x
107 knock دﺳﺘﮏ x
108 lamp ﭼﺮاغ x
109 land زﻣﯿﻦ x
110 late دﯾﺮ x
111 lazy ﺳﺴﺖ x
112 less ﮐﻢ x
113 life زﻧﺪﮔﯽ x
114 light روﺷﻨﯽ x
115 lion ﺷﯿﺮ x
116 list ﻓﮩﺮﺳﺖ x
117 lonely ﺗﻨﮩﺎ x
118 low ﮐﻢ x
119 lower ﻧﯿﭽﮯ ﮐﺮﻧﺎ x
120 mark ﻧﺸﺎن زد x
121 marry ﺷﺎدی x
122 may ﺷﺎﯾﺪ x
123 measure ﭘﯿﻤﺎﺋﺶ x
124 meat ﮔﻮﺷﺖ x
125 middle درﻣﯿﺎن x
126 month ﻣﺎﮦ x
127 name ﻧﺎم x
78 Pakistan Vision Vol. 16 No. 1
Figure 4
Terms derived from Arabic languages.
english term in urdu arabic
meaning
1 abolish ﺧﺘﻢ x
2 act ﻋﻤﻞ x
3 accurate ﺻﺤﯿﺢ x
4 add ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﮐﺮﻧﺎ x
5 adequate ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ x
6 after ﺑﻌﺪ x
7 age ﻋﻤﺮ x
8 agree ﻣﺘﻔﻖ ﮨﻮﻧﺎ x
A Corpus Based Quantitative Survey of the Persian and Arabic Elements 81
9 air ﮨﻮا x
10 all ﺗﻤﺎم x
11 angry ﻏﺼہ x
12 answer ﺟﻮاب x
13 appear ﻇﺎﮨﺮ x
14 approve ﻣﻨﻈﻮر x
15 area ﻋِﻼﻗَہ x
16 army ﻓﻮج x
17 attack ﺣﻤﻠہ x
18 aunt ﺧﺎﻟہ x
19 away دور x
20 bath ﻏﺴﻞ x
21 beer ﺷﺮاب x
22 begin ﺷﺮوع x
23 besides ﻋﻼوﮦ x
24 body ﺟﺴﻢ x
25 book ﮐﺘﺎب x
26 border ﺳﺮﺣﺪ x
27 borrow ﻗﺮض x
28 build ﺗﻌﻤﯿﺮ x
29 busy ﻣﺼﺮوف x
30 by ﻗﺮﯾﺐ x
31 careful اﺣﺘﯿﺎط ﺳﮯ x
32 careless ﻻﭘﺮواﮦ x
33 carry اﭨﮭﺎﻧﺎ x
34 central ﻣﺮﮐﺰی x
35 certain ﺑﻌﺾ x
36 chair ﮐﺮﺳﯽ x
37 chance ﻣﻮﻗﻊ x
38 choice اﻧﺘﺨﺎب x
39 choose اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﮐﺮﻧﺎ x
82 Pakistan Vision Vol. 16 No. 1
40 circle داﺋﺮﮦ x
41 class ﺟﻤﺎﻋﺖ x
42 clean ﺻﺎف x
43 clear واﺿﺢ x
44 coin ﺳﮑہ x
45 collect ﺟﻤﻊ x
46 common ﻋﺎم x
47 compare ﻣﻮازﻧہ x
48 complete ﻣﮑﻤﻞ x
49 condition ﺷﺮط x
50 continue ﺟﺎری x
51 corn ﮐﺎرن, ﻣﮑﺊ x
52 contain ﺷﺎﻣﻞ x
53 country ﻣﻠﮏ x
54 dance رﻗﺺ x
55 dangerous ﺧﻄﺮﻧﺎک x
56 decide ﻓﯿﺼﻠہ x
57 depend اﻧﺤﺼﺎر x
58 develop ﺗﺮﻗﯽ x
59 different ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ x
60 difficult ﻣﺸﮑﻞ x
61 direction ﺳﻤﺖ x
62 dot ﻧﻘﻄہ x
63 drop ﻗﻄﺮﮦ x
64 duty ﻓﺮض x
65 earn ﮐﻤﺎﻧﺎ x
66 easy آﺳﺎن x
67 education ﺗﻌﻠﯿﻢ x
68 effect اﺛﺮ x
69 empty ﺧﺎﻟﯽ x
70 end آﺧﺮ x
A Corpus Based Quantitative Survey of the Persian and Arabic Elements 83
Analysis
The basic vocabulary of Urdu language is the corpus of this
study. This basic vocabulary was obtained through the translation
of the basic vocabulary of English 25 into Urdu language. An
etymological analysis of the corpus was performed which had
revealed that the basic vocabulary of Urdu language is basically
composed of Sanskrit, Prakrit, Persian, Arabic and English terms
with a slight influence from Turkish language.26 The English
language influence is however, without any doubt, a more recent
historical event. After performing the etymological analysis, the
terms with etymology derived from Persian and Arabic were
extracted with the purpose of obtaining the exact density of
Persian and Arabic elements which compose the basic vocabulary
of Urdu language. The etymological analysis of the basic
vocabulary of Urdu yielded the following results:
Figure 5
A Corpus Based Quantitative Survey of the Persian and Arabic Elements 91
NUMBER OF PERCENTAGE
TERMS