A Corpus Based Quantitative Survey of

the Persian and Arabic Elements in the

Basic Vocabulary of Urdu Language

María Isabel Maldonado García

Abstract
This article is one of a series of articles in regards to the
density of the etymological elements which compose Urdu
language. In this particular article the exact density of Persian and
Arabic elements will be obtained. Urdu is an Indo-European
language which derived from Sanskrit into the Prakrit languages
and at a later stage was influenced by Persian and Arabic
languages, due to both, cultural and religious’ influences. Hindi
and Urdu were, in fact, the same language which separated due to
the split of the script (digraphia). The Muslims started using a
Persian script called Nastaliq, while the Hindus kept on using the
Devanagari script. After the split of the language Urdu received
numerous loans and grammar structures from Persian and Arabic.
The research is noteworthy since it is almost certainly the first
corpus-based survey of the use of Persian and Arabic derived
terms in Urdu language. The research is conducted utilizing one
thousand words of the basic vocabulary of Urdu as the corpus and
analyzing them from an etymological point of view. It is
conducted through a quantitative, descriptive and analytical
64 Pakistan Vision Vol. 16 No. 1

methodology, which will reveal the precise percentage of Persian

and Arabic vocabulary present in Urdu language.

Historical Context
The history of Urdu language is without any doubt very
peculiar and different from that of other languages. Many socio-
cultural issues can change the demographics of a language as well
as its inherent characteristics. The large majority of linguists agree
that Urdu language derived from Sanskrit1 into the languages
known as the Prakrits. One of those languages was Khari Boli, a
language spoken in the north of India from where Hindvi and
consequently, Urdu and Hindi languages derived. 2
In this sense, Urdu and Hindi have suffered a process of
evolution as well as reforms until its modern and present state.3
The reforms of Urdu language include but are not limited, in a
chronological order, to extensive lexical and grammar borrowing
from Persian language during the pre-Islamic period, extensive
borrowing from Arabic with the advent of Islam from 712 A.D.,
at the same time that the Persian influence continued. These were
mainly due to politico-religious reasons which initiated the split of
Urdu and Hindi, although literary movements generated an
enormous modifying influence. Other types of influence were of
an artificial nature (not due to a natural evolutionary progression
of the language), for example those which occurred during the
time of the Mughals4 when the purging of the Sanskrit elements
from the language occurred, substituting them with elements
from Persian and Arabic, the Iranian imagery and metaphors
replaced the Indian, and words of local dialects were also replaced
with Persian and Arabic elements.5
Extensive types of reforms took place during the pre-Muslim
period, the Muslim rule, the British period, the pre-partition
period as well as the post partition period. All of them seem to be
equally important if considered through the light of linguistic
development and an evolutionary point of view. Nevertheless, the
event which really marked the difference between Urdu and Hindi
languages was the split of the script.
A Corpus Based Quantitative Survey of the Persian and Arabic Elements 65

The Script
Urdu and Hindi languages were in fact one and the same. The
difference between them has its origin in socio-linguistics and
cultural factors related to a digraphia phenomenon by which Urdu
language is written using the Nastaliq script and Hindi language is
written using Devanagari script. King bifurcates the languages on
the basis of the script:

Digraphia is regularly an outer and visible sign of

ethnic or religious hatred. Script tolerance, alas, is no
more common than tolerance itself. In this too Hindi-
Urdu is lamentably all too typical. People have died in
India for the Devanagari script of Hindi or the Perso-
Arabic script of Urdu. It is rare, except for scholars, for
Hindi speakers to learn to read Urdu script or for Urdu
speakers to learn to read Devanagari.6

This extreme case of digraphia is significant in the case of

Urdu for several reasons. In India two scripts were mainly
utilized, the Kharoshthi script, possibly derived from Aramaic, 7
although most of the scripts utilized in India seem have derived
from the Brahmi script.8 During the Persian rule, Kharoshti was
mainly utilized.
At the present time Hindi utilizes the Devanagari script (from
Brahmi), written from left to right, connecting words and letters
by an overhead horizontal line. However, Urdu employs the
Nastaliq script which was created approximately around the
1400’s9 utilizing the Nashk (or Nashki) of Arabic and the outdated
Persian tal’iq. Its conceiver seems to have been the renowned
calligrapher Mir Ali Tabrizi10 (1360-1420). This seems to be the
turning point for the appearance of the two languages as individual
entities. Nevertheless, the language had received extensive
influence from Persian and Arabic languages even before that.
The visual differences between the scripts that are nowadays
utilized for both languages are noteworthy. They can be observed
underneath:
66 Pakistan Vision Vol. 16 No. 1

Devanagari script: एक छोट सी मेज

Nastaliq script: ‫اﯾﮏ ﭼﮭﻮﭨﯽ ﺳﯽ ﻣﯿﺰ‬

In this sense, it is important to note that an Arabic script does

not suit Urdu or any Indo-European language, since Arabic is a
Semitic languge which does not need vowels to be read and Indo-
European languages are highly dependent on a vowel system.
Nevertheless, in the past, cases have been observed where a
language would utilize a script which belongs to a language of a
different family altogether, such is the case of Turkish language,11
which, due to a political language reform by the ruler of the time
Ataturk, utilizes a Latin script effectively, although it does not
belong to the Indo-European family of languages. After the split of
the script Urdu continued receiving loanwords from Arabic,
Persian and to a minor extent Punjabi and Turkish, while Hindi,
continued borrowing important terminology from Sanskrit
language.
India’s linguistic history spans more than three thousand
years. Historically, Sanskrit had developed into the Prakrit
languages such as Marathi, Gujarati, Oriya, Bengali and Khari
Boli, a branch of Western Hindi and Hindvi from which Urdu as
well as Hindi had developed.12 Prakrit was later replaced by some
of the dialects as early as the 11th century.13
It is a popular belief, supported by some scholars and
philologists that Urdu is a mixture of languages such as Persian,
Arabic and Turkish. It must be clarified that languages are alive
and in continuous development. In this sense, as stated before
Sanskrit developed into the Prakrits, which in turn developed into
other dialects resulting in Urdu and Hindi. It was not a sudden
and unnatural mixture of languages which came into being due to
the presence in the area of the Persian, Turks and Arabs. Rather,
the existing language received external linguistic influences due to
the socio-cultural events occurring in the area at a particular point
in time.
A Corpus Based Quantitative Survey of the Persian and Arabic Elements 67

Influence From Arabic and Persian in Urdu Language

Urdu (and Hindi) as well as Persian are Indo-European
Language as the following figure depicts:

Figure 1
The genetic relationship between Urdu and Persian languages

Source: Comparación del Léxico Básico del Español, el Inglés y el Urdu.14

In this sense they are related by a genetic linguistic link and

belong to the same family of languages and different branches.
Persian is an Indo-European language from the Iranian family of
languages. It derives from Proto-Iranian language and it has
undergone three stages or main periods, also called Old Persian,
Middle Persian and New or Modern Persian. At every stage it
utilized a different script. During the Old Persian period from
circa 525-300 B.C. the script was a cuneiform script. In the
Middle Persian period circa 300 B.C. -800 A.D. three scripts
were utilized, they were the Pahlavi, Manichaean and the Avestan
68 Pakistan Vision Vol. 16 No. 1

script. During the Modern Persian period from 800 A.D. onwards
Persian language utilized a Perso-Arabic script. Old Persian and
Avestan are the oldest of the Iranian languages. Old Persian was
the language of the people of the Achaemenid period.15 The
language seems to have arrived to the Subcontinent with the
Sassanian Aryan invasion, being the first of the Sassanids, Ardashir
I (circa 230-250) the grandson of Sasan. The Sasanian period (circa
240-621) utilized Middle Persian language or Pahlavi. Persian
dynasties kept their rule on certain areas of India, century after
century which propagated the use of Persian language during the
pre-Islamic period. In fact, the Persian culture has had a profound
cultural impact on the Subcontinent16 and it seems to have been
the language of the court.17 During this time Persian language kept
on influencing the ancestors of Urdu language. Learning centers
were established like the Nestorian learning center of Jundhishpur
wherein translations of the Greek archaic works as well as works
of other nations including Indian were being translated.18 By the
6th century and under Khosro I (circa 531-579) medical books
were collected from India and translated from Sanskrit to Pahlavi,
as well as the translations of other works of science were taking
place from Greek into Persian.19
Arabic language in India was in fact, purely a foreign influence
since it is not an Indo-European language and as such, not related
to Urdu, neither Persian. Its Semitic nature was absolutely
extraneous to Urdu. The following figure illustrates the Afro-
Asiatic family of languages to which Semitic languages belong:
A Corpus Based Quantitative Survey of the Persian and Arabic Elements 69

Figure 2
Afro-Asiatic Family of Languages

Source: Information for the figure taken from Ethnologue and The World Atlas
of Language Structures20

The beginning of the Arabic influence in Urdu language is

very clear as it was marked by the arrival of the Muslims in the
Subcontinent in 712 A.D. Arab traders had started their travels to
India during this time which in turn produced Turko-Afghans
invasions by the 10th century and by the 13th century the north of
India almost in its majority was under Muslim rule. 21
Tariq Rahman calls the process of Arabization of Urdu
language “Muslimization of Urdu.”22 The expression actually fits
the situation of the time to perfection as Iran had already become
a Muslim state and Islam had been spreading in India. Important
reformers of the time were Amir Khan (Mughal King Muhammad
Shah’s minister), Amir Khusrau (1253-1325), Sirajuddin Ali
Khan Arzu (1687-1756), Jān-e Janāñ (1701–1780), Mīr Dard,
MirzāMuḥammad Rafīʿ Sauda (1706–1781), Insha Ullah Khan
Insha (1752/6-1817/8). In any case, an important factor in the
new orientation towards Persian and Arabic was the Muslim
reality itself which obliged to utilize terms not present in the
70 Pakistan Vision Vol. 16 No. 1

language, thus facilitating the borrowing in this sense, especially

from Arabic.
However, measuring the individual exact impact of Persian
and Arabic is a grueling enterprise and perhaps an impossible task.
Nonetheless, Persian language seemingly has influenced Urdu
longer and more intensely. This is due mainly to the fact that
Persian language exercised a longer period of influence since it
had a presential advantage over Arabic in India of approximately
five hundred years; circa 240 to 1834/1837 when the British
government discontinued the use of Persian language23 and Urdu
substituted it (with all the Persian influence already immersed in
the language which provided an environment of continuity). Also
due to the fact that Persian had been the language of the
administration, courts and imperial rule, in fact, a language
utilized for the purpose of communication and literature, not just
of Islamic reality. Furthermore, Urdu maintained some of the
grammar structures, lexicon as well as the script of Persian. On
the other hand, Arabic is the language of the religious scriptures of
Muslims Muslims on both sides of the border learn to read it from
childhood. It was the source of extensive lexicon borrowing
directed towards favoring an Islamic environment and creating an
identity of the Muslims in India and Pakistan.

Measuring the Persian and Arabic Lexical Density in the

Basic Vocabulary of Urdu Language
The objective of this paper is in fact, to measure the lexical
density still remaining in the basic vocabulary of Urdu language
which belongs to the Persian and Arab legacy. For this purpose
the Persian and Arabic elements in the basic vocabulary of Urdu
language will be identified, as well as measured. Then the basic
vocabulary of Urdu language will be analized from an
etymological point of view, in this way revealing the exact
percentage of Persian and Arabic vocabulary present in Urdu’s
basic vocabulary.
Thus the basic vocabulary of Urdu Language is as follows:
‫‪A Corpus Based Quantitative Survey of the Persian and Arabic Elements‬‬ ‫‪71‬‬

‫‪ ,‬ﺻﺤﯿﺢ ‪ ,‬ﺳﺮﮔﺮﻣﯽ ‪ ,‬ﺳﺮﮔﺮم ‪,‬ﻋﻤﻞ ‪ ,‬ﭘﺎر ‪ ,‬ﺧﺘﻢ ‪ ,‬اوﭘﺮ ‪ ,‬ﺑﺎرےﻣﯿﮟ ‪ ,‬اﯾﮏ‬

‫اﮐﯿﻠﮯ ‪ ,‬ﺗﻤﺎم ‪ ,‬ﮨﻮا ‪ ,‬ﭘﮩﻠﮯ ‪ ,‬ﻋﻤﺮ ‪ ,‬ﭘﮭﺮ ‪ ,‬ﺑﻌﺪ ‪ ,‬ڈر ‪ ,‬ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ‪,‬ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ‪ ,‬اﭘﻨﺎﻧﺎ‬
‫‪ ,‬ﺟﻮاب ‪ ,‬دوﺳﺮے ‪ ,‬ﻏﺼہ ‪,‬اﯾﮏ ‪ ,‬ﺷﻤﺎر ‪ ,‬ﮨﻮں ‪ ,‬ﮨﻤﯿﺸہ ‪ ,‬ﭘﮩﻠﮯﮨﯽ ‪ ,‬ﺳﺎﺗﮫ ‪,‬‬
‫‪ ,‬ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ‪ ,‬ﺳﯿﺐ ‪ ,‬ﻇﺎﮨﺮ ‪ ,‬ﮐﺴﯿﺒﮭﯿﻮﻗﺖ ‪ ,‬ﮐﭽﮭﺒﮭﯽ ‪ ,‬ﮐﺴﯽ ‪ ,‬ﮐﻮﺋﯽ ‪ ,‬ﭼﯿﻮﻧﭩﯽ‬
‫‪ ,‬ﻣﯿﮟ ‪ ,‬ﭘﻮﭼﮭﻨﺎ ‪ ,‬ﺟﯿﺴﺎ ‪ ,‬آرٹ ‪ ,‬ﭘﮩﻨﭻ ‪ ,‬ﮔﺮد ‪ ,‬ﻓﻮج ‪ ,‬ﺑﺎزو ‪ ,‬ﻋِﻼﻗَہ ‪ ,‬ﮨﯿﮟ‬
‫ﺑﯿﻨﮏ ‪ ,‬ﮔﯿﻨﺪ ‪ ,‬ﺑﺴﺘہ ‪ ,‬ﺑﺮا ‪ ,‬ﮐﻤﺮ ‪ ,‬ﺑﻨﯿﺎد ‪ ,‬ﺑﮯﺑﯽ ‪ ,‬دور ‪ ,‬ﺧﺰاں ‪ ,‬ﺧﺎﻟہ ‪ ,‬ﺣﻤﻠہ‬
‫‪ ,‬ﺑﺴﺘﺮ ‪ ,‬ﺷﺮاب ‪ ,‬ﺧﻮﺑﺼﻮرت ‪ ,‬ﺑﺮداﺷﺖ ‪ ,‬داﻧہ ‪ ,‬ﮨﻮﻧﺎ ‪ ,‬ﻏﺴﻞ ‪ ,‬ﭨﻮﮐﺮی ‪,‬‬
‫‪ ,‬ﺑﮩﺘﺮﯾﻦ ‪ ,‬ﻋﻼوﮦ ‪ ,‬ﻧﯿﭽﮯ ‪ ,‬ﮔﮭﻨﭩﯽ ‪,‬ﺷﺮوع ‪ ,‬ﭘﮩﻠﮯ ‪ ,‬ﺑﺮﺗﺎؤ ‪ ,‬ﺳﻮﻧﮯﮐﺎﮐﻤﺮا‬
‫‪ ,‬ﺳﯿﺎﮦ ‪ ,‬ﮐﺎٹ ‪,‬ﺗﮭﻮڑا ‪,‬ﺳﺎﻟﮕﺮﮦ ‪ ,‬ﭘﯿﺪاﺋﺶ ‪ ,‬ﭘﺮﻧﺪﮦ ‪ ,‬ﺑﮍا ‪ ,‬درﻣﯿﺎن ‪ ,‬ﺑﮩﺘﺮ‬
‫‪ ,‬ﮨﮉی ‪ ,‬اﺑﺎل ‪ ,‬ﺟﺴﻢ ‪ ,‬ﮐﺸﺘﯽ ‪ ,‬ﺑﻮرڈ ‪ ,‬ﻧﯿﻼ ‪ ,‬ﭘﮭﻮﻧﮑﻨﺎ ‪ ,‬ﺧﻮن ‪ ,‬ﺑﻼک ‪ ,‬ﺧﻮﻧﺒﮩﻨﺎ‬
‫‪ ,‬ﻟﮍﮐﺎ ‪ ,‬ڈﺑہ ‪ ,‬ﮐﭩﻮرا ‪ ,‬ﻧﭽﻼ ‪ ,‬ﺑﻮﺗﻞ ‪ ,‬دوﻧﻮں ‪ ,‬ﻗﺮض ‪ ,‬ﭘﯿﺪا ‪ ,‬ﺳﺮﺣﺪ ‪ ,‬ﮐﺘﺎب‬
‫‪ ,‬ﺑﮭﺎﺋﯽ ‪,‬ﻻﻧﺎ ‪ ,‬روﺷﻦ ‪ ,‬ﭘﻞ ‪,‬ﺳﺎﻧﺲ ‪ ,‬ﻧﺎﺷﺘہ ‪ ,‬ﭨﻮﭨﻨﺎ ‪ ,‬روﭨﯽ ‪ ,‬ﺑﮩﺎدر ‪ ,‬ﺷﺎخ‬
‫‪ ,‬ﺧﺮﯾﺪﻧﺎ ‪ ,‬ﻟﯿﮑﻦ ‪ ,‬ﻣﺼﺮوف ‪ ,‬ﺑﺲ ‪ ,‬ﮐﺎروﺑﺎر ‪ ,‬ﺟﻼ ‪ ,‬ﺗﻌﻤﯿﺮ ‪ ,‬ﺑﺮش ‪ ,‬ﺑﮭﻮرا‬
‫‪,‬اﺣﺘﯿﺎط ‪ ,‬دﯾﮑﮭﺒﮭﺎل ‪ ,‬ﮐﺎر ‪ ,‬ﭨﻮﭘﯽ ‪ ,‬ﻣﻮﻣﺒﺘﯽ ‪ ,‬ﮐﺮﺳﮑﺘﺎ ‪ ,‬ﺑﻼﻧﺎ ‪ ,‬ﮐﯿﮏ ‪,‬ﻧﮯ‬
‫‪ ,‬ﮐﺮﺳﯽ ‪ ,‬ﺑﻌﺾ ‪ ,‬ﺻﺪی ‪ ,‬ﻣﺮﮐﺰی ‪ ,‬ﺑﻠﯽ ‪ ,‬ﮐﯿﺲ ‪ ,‬اﭨﮭﺎﻧﺎ ‪ ,‬ﮔﺎﺟﺮ ‪ ,‬ﻻﭘﺮوا‬
‫‪ ,‬اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ‪ ,‬ﭼﺎﮐﻠﯿﭧ ‪ ,‬ﺑﭽہ ‪ ,‬ﭼﮑﻦ ‪ ,‬ﭘﻨﯿﺮ ‪ ,‬ﺳﺴﺘﺎ ‪ ,‬ﭘﯿﭽﮭﺎ ‪ ,‬ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ ‪ ,‬ﻣﻮﻗﻊ‬
‫‪ ,‬ﭼﮍھﻨﺎ ‪ ,‬واﺿﺢ ‪ ,‬ﺻﺎف ‪ ,‬ﭼﺎﻻک ‪ ,‬ﺟﻤﺎﻋﺖ ‪ ,‬ﺷﮩﺮ ‪ ,‬داﺋﺮﮦ ‪ ,‬اﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﮑﺮﻧﺎ‬
‫‪ ,‬ﺳﺮدی ‪ ,‬ﺳﮑہ ‪ ,‬ﮐﻮٹ ‪ ,‬ﮐﺎﻓﯽ ‪ ,‬ﺑﻨﺪ ‪ ,‬اﺑﺮآﻟﻮد ‪ ,‬ﺑﺎدل ‪,‬ﮐﭙﮍوں ‪ ,‬ﮐﭙﮍا ‪ ,‬ﮔﮭﮍی‬
‫‪ ,‬ﮐﻤﭙﯿﻮﭨﺮ ‪ ,‬ﻣﮑﻤﻞ ‪ ,‬آﻧﺎ ‪ ,‬ﻣﻮازﻧہ ‪ ,‬ﻋﺎم ‪ ,‬آراﻣﺪﮦ ‪ ,‬ﮐﻨﮕﮭﯽ ‪ ,‬رﻧﮓ ‪ ,‬ﺟﻤﻊ‬
‫‪,‬ﻻﮔﺖ ‪ ,‬درﺳﺖ ‪ ,‬ﮐﻮﻧﺎ ‪,‬ﻣﮑﺊ ‪ ,‬ﺗﺎﻧﺒہ ‪ ,‬ﭨﮭﻨﮉا ‪ ,‬ﭘﮑﺎﻧﺎ ‪ ,‬ﮐﻨﭩﺮول ‪ ,‬ﺟﺎری ‪ ,‬ﺷﺮط‬
‫‪ ,‬اﻟﻤﺎری ‪ ,‬ﮐﭗ ‪ ,‬روﻧﺎ ‪ ,‬ﭘﺎر ‪ ,‬ﺗﺒﺎﮨﯽ ‪ ,‬ڈھﺎﻧﮑﻨﺎ ‪ ,‬راﺳﺘہ ‪ ,‬ﻣﻠﮏ ‪ ,‬ﺷﻤﺎر ‪ ,‬ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫‪ ,‬ﮔﮩﺮا ‪ ,‬ﮐﻢ ‪ ,‬ﻓﯿﺼﻠہ ‪ ,‬ﻣﺮدﮦ ‪ ,‬دن ‪ ,‬ﺑﯿﭩﯽ ‪ ,‬اﻧﺪھﯿﺮا ‪ ,‬ﺧﻄﺮﻧﺎک ‪ ,‬رﻗﺺ ‪ ,‬ﮐﺎﭨﻨﺎ‬
‫‪ ,‬ﺳﻤﺖ ‪ ,‬ڈﻧﺮ ‪ ,‬ﻣﺸﮑﻞ‪ ,‬ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ‪ ,‬ﻣﺮﻧﺎ ‪ ,‬ﺗﺮﻗﯽ ‪ ,‬ﺗﺒﺎﮦ ‪ ,‬ڈﯾﺴﮏ ‪ ,‬اﻧﺤﺼﺎر ‪ ,‬ﮨﺮن‬
‫‪ ,‬ﮐﮭﯿﻨﭽﻨﺎ ‪ ,‬ﻧﯿﭽﮯ ‪ ,‬دﮔﻨﺎ ‪ ,‬ﻧﻘﻄہ ‪ ,‬دروازﮦ ‪ ,‬ﮐﺘﺎ ‪ ,‬ﮐﺮﻧﺎ ‪ ,‬ڈش ‪ ,‬درﯾﺎﻓﺖ ‪ ,‬ﻣﯿﻼ‬
‫ﮐﺎن ‪ ,‬ﮨﺮ ‪ ,‬ﻓﺮض ‪ ,‬ﻣﭩﯽ ‪ ,‬ﺑﻄﺦ ‪ ,‬ﺧﺸﮏ ‪ ,‬ﻗﻄﺮﮦ ‪ ,‬ﭼﻼﻧﺎ ‪ ,‬ﭘﯿﻨﺎ ‪ ,‬ﮐﭙﮍے ‪ ,‬ﺧﻮاب‬
‫‪ ,‬آﭨﮫ ‪ ,‬اﻧﮉﮦ ‪ ,‬اﺛﺮ ‪ ,‬ﺗﻌﻠﯿﻢ ‪ ,‬ﮐﮭﺎﻧﺎ ‪ ,‬آﺳﺎن ‪ ,‬ﻣﺸﺮق ‪ ,‬زﻣﯿﻦ ‪,‬ﮐﻤﺎﻧﺎ ‪ ,‬اﺑﺘﺪاﺋﯽ ‪,‬‬
‫‪ ,‬ﺑﮩﺖ ‪ ,‬ﻟﻄﻔﺎﻧﺪوز ‪ ,‬دﺷﻤﻦ ‪ ,‬آﺧﺮ ‪ ,‬ﺧﺎﻟﯽ ‪ ,‬اور ‪ ,‬ﮨﺎﺗﮭﯽ ‪ ,‬ﺑﺠﻠﯽ ‪ ,‬ﮐﻮﺋﯿﺒﮭﯽ‬
‫ﻗﻄﻌﯽ ‪ ,‬ﺳﺐ ‪ ,‬ﮨﺮ ‪ ,‬ﮨﻤﯿﺸہ ‪ ,‬واﻗﻌہ‪ ,‬ﺷﺎم ‪ ,‬ﺑﮭﯽ ‪,‬ﻓﺮار ‪ ,‬داﺧﻠہ ‪ ,‬ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ‪ ,‬داﺧﻠﮩﻮﻧﺎ‬
‫‪ ,‬ﻣﮩﻨﮕﯽ ‪ ,‬ﺗﻮﻗﻊ ‪ ,‬ورزش ‪ ,‬ﭘﺮﺟﻮش ‪ ,‬ﺳﻮاﺋﮯ ‪ ,‬ﻣﺜﺎل ‪ ,‬اﻣﺘﺤﺎن ‪ ,‬ﺳﺐ ‪,‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﮩﻮر‪ ,‬ﺧﺎﻧﺪان ‪,‬ﮔﺮﻧﺎ ‪,‬ﺟﻌﻠﯽ ‪ ,‬ﻧﺎﮐﺎم ‪,‬ﺣﻘﯿﻘﺖ ‪,‬ﭼﮩﺮﮦ ‪,‬آﻧﮑﮫ‪ ,‬اﻧﺘﮩﺎﺋﯽ ‪ ,‬وﺿﺎﺣﺖ‬
‫‪,‬ﻣﺆﻧﺚ ‪,‬ﻣﺤﺴﻮس ‪,‬ﮐﮭﻼﻧﺎ ‪,‬ﺧﻮف ‪,‬ﻏﻠﻄﯽ ‪,‬ﺗﯿﺰ ‪,‬واﻟﺪ ‪,‬ﭼﺮﺑﯽ ‪ ,‬ﻓﺎرم ‪ ,‬دور ‪,‬‬
‫‪,‬ﭘﮩﻠﮯ ‪,‬آگ ‪,‬ﺧﺘﻢ ‪,‬اﻧﮕﻠﯽ ‪ ,‬ﭨﮭﯿﮏ ‪,‬ﺗﻼش ‪,‬ﻓﻠﻢ ‪,‬ﺑﮭﺮﻧﮯ ‪,‬ﻟﮍﻧﮯ ‪,‬ﭼﻨﺪ ‪,‬ﺑﺨﺎر‬
‫ﭘﺮواز ‪ ,‬ﭘﮭﻮل ‪ ,‬آﭨﺎ ‪ ,‬ﻓﺮش ‪ ,‬ﺗﯿﺮﻧﺎ ‪ ,‬ﮨﻤﻮار ‪ ,‬ﭘﺮﭼﻢ ‪ ,‬ﭨﮭﯿﮑﮑﺮﻧﺎ ‪ ,‬ﭘﺎﻧﭻ ‪,‬ﻣﻮزوں‬
‫‪72‬‬ ‫‪Pakistan Vision Vol. 16 No. 1‬‬

‫‪ ,‬ﻏﯿﺮﻣﻠﮑﯽ ‪ ,‬ﻣﺠﺒﻮر ‪ ,‬ﮐﮯﻟﺌﮯ ‪ ,‬ﻓﭩﺒﺎل ‪ ,‬ﭘﺎؤں ‪ ,‬ﺑﯿﻮﻗﻮف ‪ ,‬ﮐﮭﺎﻧﺎ ‪ ,‬ﺗﮩﮑﺮﻧﺎ ‪,‬‬

‫‪ ,‬ﻣﻨﺠﻤﺪ ‪ ,‬آزادی ‪ ,‬ﻣﻔﺖ ‪ ,‬ﭼﺎر ‪ ,‬ﻟﻮﻣﮍی ‪ ,‬ﻓﺎرم ‪ ,‬ﮐﺎﻧﭩﺎ ‪ ,‬ﻣﻌﺎف ‪ ,‬ﺑﮭﻮل ‪ ,‬ﺟﻨﮕﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻀﺤﮑﮩﺨﯿﺰ ‪ ,‬ﻣﺰﮦ ‪ ,‬ﺑﮭﺮاﮨﻮا ‪ ,‬ﭘﮭﻞ ‪ ,‬ﺳﺎﻣﻨﮯ ‪ ,‬ﺳﮯ ‪ ,‬دوﺳﺘﺎﻧہ ‪ ,‬دوﺳﺖ ‪ ,‬ﺗﺎزﮦ‬
‫‪,‬ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ‪ ,‬ﺷﺮﯾﻔﺂدﻣﯽ ‪ ,‬ﻋﺎم ‪ ,‬دروازﮦ ‪ ,‬ﺑﺎغ ‪ ,‬ﮐﮭﯿﻞ ‪ ,‬ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ‪ ,‬ﻣﺰﯾﺪ ‪ ,‬ﻓﺮﻧﯿﭽﺮ ‪,‬‬
‫دادی ‪ ,‬دادا ‪ ,‬اﻟﻮداع ‪ ,‬اﭼﮭﺎ ‪ ,‬ﺧﺪا ‪ ,‬ﺑﮑﺮی ‪ ,‬ﺟﺎﻧﺎ ‪ ,‬ﺷﯿﺸہ ‪,‬ﺧﻮش ‪ ,‬دﯾﻨﺎ ‪ ,‬ﺗﺤﻔہ‬
‫‪ ,‬ﺑﺎل ‪ ,‬ﺑﻨﺪوق ‪ ,‬ﺑﮍھﻨﺎ ‪ ,‬ﮔﺮوپ ‪ ,‬زﻣﯿﻦ ‪ ,‬ﺳﺮﻣﺊ ‪ ,‬ﺳﺒﺰ ‪ ,‬ﻋﻈﯿﻢ ‪ ,‬ﻗﺒﺮ ‪ ,‬ﮔﮭﺎس ‪,‬‬
‫‪ ,‬رﮐﮭﻨﺎ ‪ ,‬ﻧﻔﺮت ‪ ,‬ﭨﻮﭘﯽ ‪ ,‬ﻣﺸﮑﻞ ‪ ,‬ﺧﻮش ‪ ,‬ﮨﻮﻧﺎ ‪ ,‬ﮨﺎﺗﮫ ‪ ,‬ﮨﺘﮭﻮڑا ‪ ,‬ﮨﺎل ‪ ,‬ﻧﺼﻒ‬
‫‪ ,‬ﻣﺪد ‪,‬آداب ‪ ,‬اوﻧﭽﺎئ ‪ ,‬ﺟﻨﺖ ‪ ,‬ﺑﮭﺎری ‪ ,‬دل ‪ ,‬ﺳﻦ ‪ ,‬ﺻﺤﺘﻤﻨﺪ ‪ ,‬ﺳﺮ ‪ ,‬اس‬
‫‪ ,‬اﻧﮑﯽ ‪ ,‬اس ‪ ,‬ﭘﮩﺎڑ ‪ ,‬اوﻧﭽﺎ ‪,‬ﭼﮭﭙﺎﻧﺎ ‪ ,‬اﺳﮑﺎ ‪ ,‬ﯾﮩﺎں ‪ ,‬اس ‪ ,‬ﻣﺮﻏﯽ ‪ ,‬ﻣﺪدﮔﺎر‬
‫ﮨﻮﭨﻞ ‪,‬ﮔﺮم ‪ ,‬ﮨﺴﭙﺘﺎل ‪ ,‬ﮔﮭﻮڑا ‪ ,‬اﻣﯿﺪ ‪ ,‬ﮔﮭﺮ ‪ ,‬ﭼﮭﭩﯽ ‪ ,‬ﭼﮭﯿﺪ ‪ ,‬ﭘﮑﮍﻧﺎ ‪ ,‬ﺷﻮق ‪,‬ﻣﺎرا‬
‫‪ ,‬ﺑﺮف ‪ ,‬ﻣﯿﮟ ‪ ,‬ﺗﮑﻠﯿﻒ ‪ ,‬ﺷﻮﮨﺮ ‪,‬ﺟﻠﺪی ‪ ,‬ﮔﮭﻨﭩہ ‪ ,‬ﺑﮭﻮﮐﺎ ‪ ,‬ﺳﻮ ‪,‬ﮐﯿﺴﮯ ‪ ,‬ﻣﮑﺎن ‪,‬‬
‫‪,‬ﻣﺪﻋﻮ ‪ ,‬ﻟﻮﮨﺎ ‪ ,‬اﯾﺠﺎد ‪,‬ﻣﺘﻌﺎرف ‪ ,‬ﻣﯿﮟ ‪ ,‬اﻧﺪر ‪ ,‬اﺿﺎﻓہ ‪ ,‬ﻣﯿﮟ ‪ ,‬اﮨﻢ ‪ ,‬اﮔﺮ ‪,‬ﺧﯿﺎل‬
‫‪ ,‬ﺻﺮف ‪ ,‬ﭼﮭﻼﻧﮓ ‪ ,‬رس ‪,‬ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ‪ ,‬ﻧﻮﮐﺮی ‪ ,‬ﺟﯿﻠﯽ ‪ ,‬اس ‪ ,‬ﯾہ ‪ ,‬ﺟﺰﯾﺮﮦ ‪ ,‬ﮨﮯ‬
‫‪ ,‬دﺳﺘﮏ ‪ ,‬ﭼﺎﻗﻮ ‪ ,‬ﮔﮭﭩﻨﮯ ‪ ,‬ﺑﺎورﭼﯿﺨﺎﻧہ ‪ ,‬ﺑﺎدﺷﺎﮦ ‪ ,‬ﻗﺴﻢ ‪ ,‬ﻗﺘﻞ ‪,‬اﮨﻢ ‪ ,‬رﮐﮭﻨﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ ‪ ,‬ﺣﺎﻟﻤﯿﮟ ‪ ,‬دﯾﺮ ‪ ,‬آﺧﺮی ‪ ,‬ﺑﮍا ‪ ,‬زﻣﯿﻦ ‪ ,‬ﭼﺮاغ ‪ ,‬ﺧﺎﺗﻮن ‪ ,‬ﺳﯿﮍھﯽ ‪ ,‬ﻣﻌﻠﻮم‬
‫‪ ,‬ﻟﻤﺒﺎﺋﯽ ‪,‬ﻗﺮض ‪ ,‬ﺑﺎﺋﯿﮟ ‪ ,‬ﭨﺎﻧﮓ ‪ ,‬ﭼﮭﻮڑدﯾﻨﺎ ‪,‬ﺳﯿﮑﮭﻨﺎ ‪ ,‬ﭘﺘﯽ ‪ ,‬ﻗﯿﺎدت ‪ ,‬ﺳﺴﺖ ‪,‬‬
‫‪ ,‬ﺟﯿﺴﮯ ‪ ,‬روﺷﻨﯽ ‪ ,‬زﻧﺪﮔﯽ ‪ ,‬ﺟﮭﻮٹ ‪,‬ﻻﺋﺒﺮﯾﺮی ‪ ,‬ﺧﻂ ‪,‬اﺟﺎزت ‪ ,‬ﺳﺒﻖ ‪ ,‬ﮐﻢ‬
‫‪ ,‬ﮐﮭﻮ ‪ ,‬ﻧﻈﺮ ‪ ,‬ﻃﻮﯾﻞ ‪ ,‬ﺗﻨﮩﺎ ‪,‬ﺗﺎﻻ ‪ ,‬رﮨﻨﺎ ‪ ,‬ﺗﮭﻮڑا ‪ ,‬ﺳﻨﻨﺎ ‪ ,‬ﻓﮩﺮﺳﺖ ‪ ,‬ﮨﻮﻧﭧ ‪ ,‬ﺷﯿﺮ‬
‫‪ ,‬آدﻣﯽ ‪ ,‬ﻧﺮ ‪ ,‬ﺑﻨﺎﻧﺎ ‪ ,‬اﮨﻢ ‪ ,‬ﻣﺸﯿﻦ ‪ ,‬ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ‪ ,‬ﻧﯿﭽﮯﮐﺮﻧﺎ ‪ ,‬ﮐﻢ ‪ ,‬ﻣﺤﺒﺖ ‪ ,‬ﺑﮩﺖ‬
‫‪ ,‬ﻣﻄﻠﺐ ‪ ,‬ﮐﮭﺎﻧﺎ ‪ ,‬ﻣﯿﮟ ‪ ,‬ﺷﺎﯾﺪ ‪ ,‬ﺑﺎت ‪ ,‬ﺷﺎدی ‪ ,‬ﻣﺎرﮐﯿﭧ ‪,‬ﻧﺸﺎن ‪ ,‬ﻧﻘﺸہ ‪ ,‬ﺑﮩﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻠﯿﻦ ‪ ,‬دودھ ‪ ,‬درﻣﯿﺎن ‪ ,‬ﻃﺮﯾﻘہ ‪ ,‬ذﮐﺮ ‪ ,‬رﮐﻦ ‪ ,‬ﻣﻼﻗﺎت ‪ ,‬دوا ‪ ,‬ﮔﻮﺷﺖ ‪ ,‬ﭘﯿﻤﺎﺋﺶ‬
‫ﻣﺎﮦ ‪ ,‬ﺑﻨﺪر ‪ ,‬ﭘﯿﺴﮯ ‪ ,‬ﻟﻤﺤہ ‪ ,‬ﺟﺪﯾﺪ ‪ ,‬ﻣﺎڈل ‪ ,‬ﻣﻼﻧﺎ ‪ ,‬ﻏﻠﻄﯽ ‪ ,‬ﮐﮭﻮﻧﺎ ‪ ,‬ﻣﻨﭧ ‪ ,‬ذﮨﻦ ‪,‬‬
‫‪ ,‬ﻣﻮﺳﯿﻘﯽ ‪ ,‬ﺑﮩﺖ ‪,‬ﺣﺮﮐﺖ ‪ ,‬ﻣﻨہ ‪ ,‬ﭘﮩﺎڑ ‪ ,‬ﻣﺎں ‪ ,‬زﯾﺎدﮦ ‪ ,‬ﺻﺒﺢ ‪ ,‬ﻣﺰﯾﺪ ‪,‬ﭼﺎﻧﺪ ‪,‬‬
‫‪ ,‬ﮔﺮدن ‪ ,‬ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﺎ ‪ ,‬ﻗﺮﯾﺐ ‪ ,‬ﻧﻮﻋﯿﺖ ‪ ,‬ﻗﻮم ‪ ,‬ﺗﻨﮓ ‪ ,‬ﻧﺎم ‪ ,‬ﻣﯿﺮے ‪,‬ﺿﺮوری‬
‫اﮔﻼ ‪ ,‬اﺧﺒﺎر ‪ ,‬ﺧﺒﺮ ‪ ,‬ﻧﺌﮯ ‪ ,‬ﮐﺒﮭﯿﻨﮩﯿﮟ ‪,‬ﺟﺎل ‪ ,‬ﻧﮩﯿہ ‪ ,‬ﭘﮍوﺳﯽ ‪ ,‬ﺳﻮئ ‪ ,‬ﺿﺮورت‬
‫‪ ,‬ﻧﺎک ‪ ,‬ﺷﻤﺎل ‪ ,‬ﻧﮩﮩﯽ ‪ ,‬ﮐﻮﺋﯿﻨﮩﯿﮟ ‪ ,‬ﺷﻮر ‪ ,‬ﻋﻈﯿﻢ ‪ ,‬ﻧﮩﯿﮟ ‪ ,‬ﻧﻮ ‪ ,‬رات ‪ ,‬اﭼﮭﺎ ‪,‬‬
‫‪ ,‬ﮐﺎ ‪ ,‬ﺑﺤﺮ ‪ ,‬اﻋﺘﺮاض ‪ ,‬اﻃﺎﻋﺖ ‪ ,‬ﺗﻌﺪاد ‪ ,‬اب ‪ ,‬اﻃﻼع ‪ ,‬ﮐﭽﮭﺒﮭﯿﻨﮩﯿﮟ ‪ ,‬ﻧﮩﯿﮟ‬
‫‪ ,‬ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻒ ‪ ,‬ﮐﮭﻮل ‪ ,‬ﺻﺮف ‪ ,‬اﯾﮏ ‪ ,‬ﭘﺮ ‪ ,‬ﭘﺮاﻧﮯ ‪ ,‬ﺗﯿﻞ ‪ ,‬اﮐﺜﺮ ‪ ,‬دﻓﺘﺮ ‪ ,‬ﭘﯿﺸﮑﺶ‬
‫‪ ,‬درد ‪ ,‬ﺻﻔﺤہ ‪ ,‬اﭘﻨﮯ ‪ ,‬اوﭘﺮ ‪ ,‬ﺑﺎﮨﺮ ‪ ,‬ﮨﻤﺎرے ‪ ,‬دﯾﮕﺮ ‪ ,‬ﺣﮑﻢ ‪ ,‬ﻧﺎرﻧﺠﯽ ‪ ,‬ﯾﺎ‬
‫ﮔﺰرﻧﺎ ‪ ,‬ﭘﺎرﭨﯽ ‪ ,‬ﺳﺎﺗﮭﯽ ‪ ,‬ﺣﺼہ ‪ ,‬ﭘﺎرک ‪ ,‬واﻟﺪﯾﻦ ‪ ,‬ﮐﺎﻏﺬ ‪ ,‬ﭘﯿﻦ ‪ ,‬ﺟﻮڑی ‪ ,‬ﭘﯿﻨﭧ‬
‫‪ ,‬ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ‪ ,‬ﻓﯽ ‪ ,‬ﻣﺮچ ‪ ,‬ﻟﻮگ ‪ ,‬ﭘﻨﺴﻞ ‪ ,‬ﻗﻠﻢ ‪ ,‬اﻣﻦ ‪ ,‬ادا ‪ ,‬راﺳﺘہ ‪,‬ﺗﮭﭙﮑﯽ ‪ ,‬ﮔﺰﺷﺘہ ‪,‬‬
‫‪ ,‬ﺳﻮر ‪ ,‬ﭨﮑﮍا ‪ ,‬ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ ‪,‬ﭼﻨﻨﺎ ‪ ,‬ﭘﯿﺎﻧﻮ ‪ ,‬ﻓﻮﭨﻮﮔﺮاف ‪ ,‬ﭘﭩﺮول ‪ ,‬ﺷﺨﺺ ‪ ,‬ﻣﺪت‬
‫‪ ,‬ﺧﻮش ‪ ,‬ﭘﻠﯿﺰ ‪ ,‬ﮐﮭﯿﻠﻨﺎ ‪ ,‬ﭘﻠﯿﭧ ‪ ,‬ﭘﻼﺳﭩﮏ ‪ ,‬ﭘﻮدا ‪ ,‬ﻃﯿﺎرﮦ ‪ ,‬ﺟﮕہ ‪ ,‬ﮔﻼﺑﯽ ‪ ,‬ﭘﻦ‬
‫‪A Corpus Based Quantitative Survey of the Persian and Arabic Elements‬‬ ‫‪73‬‬

‫‪ ,‬ﻣﻘﺎم ‪ ,‬ﻣﻘﺒﻮل ‪ ,‬ﻏﺮﯾﺐ ‪ ,‬ﭘﻮل ‪ ,‬ﺷﺎﺋﺴﺘہ ‪ ,‬ﭘﻮﻟﯿﺲ ‪ ,‬زﮨﺮ ‪ ,‬ﻧﻘﻄہ ‪ ,‬ﺟﯿﺐ ‪ ,‬ﺑﮩﺖ‬
‫‪ ,‬ﻗﯿﻤﺖ ‪ ,‬روﮐﺘﮭﺎم ‪ ,‬ﺧﻮﺑﺼﻮرت ‪ ,‬ﭘﺮﯾﺲ ‪ ,‬ﭘﯿﺶ ‪ ,‬ﻃﺎﻗﺖ ‪ ,‬ڈاﻟﻨﺎ ‪ ,‬آﻟﻮ ‪ ,‬ﻣﻤﮑﻦ‬
‫‪ ,‬ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ‪ ,‬ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ‪ ,‬وﻋﺪﮦ ‪ ,‬ﭘﯿﺪا ‪ ,‬ﻣﺴﺌﻠہ ‪ ,‬ﺷﺎﯾﺪ ‪ ,‬اﻧﻌﺎم ‪ ,‬ذاﺗﯽ ‪ ,‬ﺟﯿﻞ ‪ ,‬ﺷﮩﺰادﮦ‬
‫ﻓﻮری ‪ ,‬ﺳﻮال ‪ ,‬ﻣﻠﮑہ ‪ ,‬ڈال ‪ ,‬دھﮑﺎ ‪ ,‬ﻃﺎﻟﺒﻌﻠﻢ ‪ ,‬ﺳﺰا ‪ ,‬ﮐﮭﯿﻨﭽﻨﺎ ‪ ,‬ﻋﻮاﻣﯽ ‪ ,‬ﻓﺮاﮨﻢ‬
‫ﺗﯿﺎر ‪ ,‬ﭘﮍھﻨﺎ ‪ ,‬ﭘﮩﻨﭽﻨﺎ ‪ ,‬ﺑﮍھﺎﻧﮯ ‪ ,‬ﺑﺮﺳﺎت ‪ ,‬ﺑﺎرش ‪ ,‬رﯾﮉﯾﻮ ‪ ,‬ﻗﻄﻌﯽ ‪ ,‬ﺧﺎﻣﻮش ‪,‬‬
‫‪ ,‬ﻣﺮﻣﺖ ‪ ,‬ﮐﺮاﯾہ ‪ ,‬ﮨﭩﺎﻧﺎ ‪ ,‬ﯾﺎد ‪ ,‬ﻻل ‪ ,‬رﯾﮑﺎرڈ ‪ ,‬وﺻﻮل ‪ ,‬واﻗﻌﯽ ‪ ,‬اﺻﻠﯽ ‪,‬‬
‫‪ ,‬اﻣﯿﺮ ‪ ,‬ﭼﺎول ‪ ,‬واﭘﺲ ‪ ,‬ﻧﺘﯿﺠہ ‪ ,‬رﯾﺴﺘﻮران ‪,‬آرام ‪ ,‬رﭘﻮرٹ ‪ ,‬ﺟﻮاب ‪ ,‬دﮨﺮاﻧﺎ‬
‫‪ ,‬ﺑﺪﺗﻤﯿﺰ ‪ ,‬رﺑﺮ ‪ ,‬ﮔﻮل ‪ ,‬ﮐﻤﺮﮦ ‪ ,‬ﭘﺘﮭﺮ ‪,‬ﻟﻮٹ ‪ ,‬ﺳﮍک ‪ ,‬ﺑﺠﻨﺎ ‪ ,‬راﺋِﭧ ‪ ,‬ﺳﻮاری‬
‫اﺳﯽ ‪ ,‬ﻧﻤﮑﯿﻦ ‪ ,‬ﻧﻤﮏ ‪ ,‬ﻣﺤﻔﻮظ ‪ ,‬اداس ‪ ,‬ﺟﻠﺪی ‪ ,‬ﺑﮭﺎﮔﻨﺎ ‪ ,‬ﺣﮑﻤﺮان ‪ ,‬ﺣﮑﻤﺮاﻧﯽ‬
‫‪ ,‬دﯾﮑﮭﻨﺎ ‪ ,‬دوﺳﺮی ‪ ,‬ﺳﯿﭧ ‪ ,‬ﺗﻼش ‪ ,‬ﺳﺎﺋﻨﺲ ‪ ,‬اﺳﮑﻮل ‪ ,‬ﮐﮩﻨﺎ ‪ ,‬ﺑﭽﺎﻧﺎ ‪ ,‬رﯾﺖ ‪,‬‬
‫‪ ,‬ﺳﺎﯾہ ‪ ,‬رﻧﮓ ‪ ,‬ﺟﻨﺲ ‪ ,‬ﮐﺌﯽ ‪ ,‬ﺳﺎت ‪ ,‬ﺧﺪﻣﺖ ‪ ,‬ﺳﺰا ‪ ,‬ﺑﮭﯿﺠﻨﺎ ‪ ,‬ﻓﺮوﺧﺖ ‪ ,‬ﻟﮕﺘﺎ‬
‫ﺟﮩﺎز ‪ ,‬ﭼﻤﮏ ‪ ,‬ﺷﯿﻠﻒ ‪ ,‬ﭼﺎدر ‪ ,‬ﺑﮭﯿﮍ ‪ ,‬ﺻﺮف ‪ ,‬وﮦ ‪ ,‬ﺗﯿﺰ ‪ ,‬ﺣﺼہ ‪ ,‬ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ ,‬ﮨﻼ‬
‫‪ ,‬ﺑﯿﻤﺎر ‪ ,‬ﻇﺎﮨﺮ ‪ ,‬ﭼﯿﺨﻨﺎ ‪ ,‬ﮐﻨﺪھﺎ ‪ ,‬ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺮ ‪ ,‬دﮐﺎن ‪ ,‬ﺷﻮٹ ‪ ,‬ﺟﻮﺗﺎ ‪ ,‬ﻗﻤﯿﺾ ‪,‬‬
‫‪ ,‬اﯾﮏ ‪ ,‬ﺳﺎدﮦ ‪ ,‬ﻣﻠﺘﮯﺟﻠﺘﮯ ‪ ,‬ﭼﺎﻧﺪی ‪ ,‬ﺣﻤﺎﻗﺖ ‪ ,‬ﺧﺎﻣﻮﺷﯽ ‪ ,‬اﺷﺎرﮦ ‪ ,‬ﮐﻨﺎرﮦ‬
‫‪ ,‬ﺳﮑﺮٹ ‪ ,‬ﺟﻠﺪ ‪ ,‬ﻣﮩﺎرت ‪ ,‬ﺳﺎﺋﺰ ‪ ,‬ﭼﮫ ‪ ,‬ﺑﯿﭩﮭﺎ ‪ ,‬ﺑﮩﻦ ‪ ,‬ڈوﺑﻨﺎ ‪ ,‬ﮔﺎﻧﺎ ‪ ,‬ﺑﻌﺪﺳﮯ‬
‫ﺗﻤﺒﺎﮐﻮﻧﻮﺷﯽ ‪ ,‬دھﻮاں ‪ ,‬ﻣﺴﮑﺮاﻧﺎ ‪ ,‬ﺑﻮ ‪ ,‬ﭼﮭﻮﭨﺎ ‪ ,‬ﺳﺴﺖ ‪ ,‬ﭘﮭﺴﻠﻨﺎ ‪ ,‬ﺳﻮﻧﺎ ‪ ,‬آﺳﻤﺎن‬
‫‪ ,‬ﺑﯿﭩﺎ ‪ ,‬ﮐﺒﮭﯿﮑﺒﮭﯽ ‪ ,‬ﮐﭽﮫ ‪ ,‬ﮐﺴﯽ ‪ ,‬ﮐﭽﮫ ‪ ,‬ﻧﺮم ‪ ,‬ﻣﻮزا ‪ ,‬ﺻﺎﺑﻦ ‪ ,‬ﺗﻮ ‪ ,‬ﺑﺮف ‪,‬‬
‫‪ ,‬رﻓﺘﺎر ‪ ,‬ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ‪ ,‬ﺑﺎت ‪ ,‬ﺧﻼ ‪ ,‬ﺟﻨﻮب ‪ ,‬ﺳﻮپ ‪ ,‬آواز ‪ ,‬ﻣﻌﺎﻓﮑﺮﻧﺎ ‪ ,‬ﺟﻠﺪﮨﯽ‬
‫‪ ,‬ﺳﺘﺎرﮦ ‪ ,‬ﮐﮭﮍا ‪ ,‬ﻣﮩﺮ ‪ ,‬ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ‪ ,‬ﻣﻮﺳﻤﺒﮩﺎر ‪ ,‬ﭘﮭﯿﻞ ‪ ,‬ﮐﮭﯿﻞ ‪ ,‬ﭼﻤﭻ ‪ ,‬ﺧﺮچ ‪ ,‬ﺟﺎدو‬
‫‪ ,‬ﭘﯿﭧ ‪ ,‬ﺑﮭﯽ ‪ ,‬اب ‪ ,‬ﻗﺪم ‪ ,‬ﺑﮭﺎپ ‪ ,‬ﭼﻮری ‪ ,‬رﮨﻨﺎ ‪ ,‬ﺳﭩﯿﺸﻦ ‪ ,‬رﯾﺎﺳﺖ ‪ ,‬ﺷﺮوع‬
‫‪ ,‬ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ‪ ,‬ﻣﻀﺒﻮط ‪ ,‬ﮔﻠﯽ ‪ ,‬ﻋﺠﯿﺐ ‪ ,‬ﮐﮩﺎﻧﯽ ‪ ,‬ﻃﻮﻓﺎن ‪ ,‬ذﺧﯿﺮﮦ ‪ ,‬روﮐﻨﮯ ‪ ,‬ﭘﺘﮭﺮ‬
‫‪ ,‬ﻏﯿﺮﻣﺘﻮﻗﻊ ‪ ,‬اﯾﺴﮯ ‪ ,‬ﮐﺎﻣﯿﺎب ‪ ,‬ﻣﺎدﮦ ‪ ,‬ﻣﻀﻤﻮن ‪ ,‬ﭘﺎﮔﻞ ‪ ,‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌہ ‪ ,‬ﻃﺎﻟﺒﻌﻠﻢ‬
‫‪ ,‬ﺣﯿﺮت ‪ ,‬ﯾﻘﯿﻦ ‪ ,‬ﺣﻤﺎﯾﺖ ‪ ,‬دھﻮپ ‪ ,‬ﺳﻮرج ‪ ,‬ﻣﻮﺳﻤﮕﺮﻣﺎ ‪ ,‬ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ‪ ,‬ﺷﮑﺮ‬
‫ﭘﮍھﺎﻧﺎ ‪ ,‬ﭼﺎﺋﮯ ‪ ,‬ﭨﯿﮑﺴﯽ ‪ ,‬ذاﺋﻘہ ‪ ,‬اوﻧﭽﺎ ‪ ,‬ﺑﺎت ‪ ,‬ﻟﯿﻨﺎ ‪ ,‬ﻣﯿﺰ ‪ ,‬ﺗﻠﻮار ‪ ,‬ﺗﯿﺮ ‪ ,‬ﻣﯿﭩﮭﯽ‬
‫‪ ,‬اﻣﺘﺤﺎن ‪ ,‬ﺧﻮﻓﻨﺎک ‪ ,‬ﭨﯿﻨﺲ ‪ ,‬دس ‪ ,‬ﺑﺘﺎﻧﺎ ‪ ,‬ﭨﯿﻠﯿﻮﯾﮋن ‪ ,‬ﭨﯿﻠﯿﻔﻮن ‪ ,‬آﻧﺴﻮ ‪ ,‬ﭨﯿﻢ ‪,‬‬
‫ﺗﯿﺴﺮی ‪,‬ﺳﻮﭼﺘﮯ ‪ ,‬ﭼﯿﺰ ‪ ,‬ﭘﺘﻠﯽ ‪ ,‬ﮔﺎڑھﺎ ‪ ,‬ان ‪ ,‬ﻟﮩﺬا ‪ ,‬اُدھَﺮ ‪ ,‬ﺗﻮ ‪,‬ان ‪ ,‬ﮐہ ‪ ,‬ﺳﮯ‬
‫ﻣﻠﮑﺮ ‪ ,‬ﭘﻨﺠہ ‪ ,‬آج ‪ ,‬ﭘﺮ ‪ ,‬ﻋﻨﻮان ‪ ,‬ﺑﺎﻧﺪھﻨﺎ ‪ ,‬ﺻﺎف ‪ ,‬ﺗﯿﻦ ‪ ,‬ﺧﻄﺮﮦ ‪,‬اﮔﺮﭼہ ‪ ,‬اس ‪,‬‬
‫‪ ,‬ﭨﺮام ‪ ,‬ﭨﺮﯾﻦ ‪ ,‬ﭨﺎؤن ‪ ,‬ﭼﮭﻮ ‪ ,‬ﭨﻮﭨﻞ ‪ ,‬اوﭘﺮ ‪ ,‬داﻧﺖ ‪ ,‬آﻟہ ‪ ,‬ﺑﮭﯽ ‪ ,‬آﺟﺮات ‪ ,‬ﮐﻞ ‪,‬‬
‫‪ ,‬ﺑﺎری ‪ ,‬ﮐﻮﺷﺶ ‪ ,‬دو ‪ ,‬دوﺑﺎر ‪ ,‬اﻋﺘﺒﺎر ‪ ,‬ﺳَﭻ ‪ ,‬ﭨﺮک ‪ ,‬ﻣﺼﯿﺒﺖ ‪ ,‬درﺧﺖ ‪ ,‬ﺳﻔﺮ‬
‫‪ ,‬ﻣﻔﯿﺪ ‪ ,‬اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل ‪ ,‬اپ ‪ ,‬ﺟﺒﺘﮏ ‪ ,‬اﮐﺎﺋﯽ ‪ ,‬ﺳﻤﺠﮫ ‪ ,‬ﻧﯿﭽﮯ ‪ ,‬ﭼﭽﺎ ‪ ,‬ﻗﺴﻢ‬
‫ﭼﻠﻨﺎ ‪ ,‬ﺟﺎﮔﻨﺎ ‪ ,‬اﻧﺘﻈﺎر ‪ ,‬دورﮦ ‪ ,‬آواز ‪ ,‬ﮔﺎؤں ‪ ,‬ﺑﮩﺖ ‪ ,‬ﺳﺒﺰی ‪ ,‬اﮐﺜﺮ ‪ ,‬ﺣﺴﺒﻤﻌﻤﻮل‬
‫‪ ,‬ﻣﻮﺳﻢ ‪ ,‬ﭘﮩﻨﻨﺎ ‪ ,‬ﮨﻢ ‪ ,‬راﺳﺘہ ‪ ,‬ﭘﺎﻧﯽ ‪ ,‬دﯾﮑﮭﻨﺎ ‪ ,‬ﺿﺎﺋﻊ ‪ ,‬دھﻮﻧﺎ ‪ ,‬ﮔﺮم ‪ ,‬ﭼﺎﮨﻨﺎ ‪,‬‬
‫‪ ,‬ﮐﯿﺎ ‪ ,‬ﮔﯿﻠﯽ ‪ ,‬ﻣﻐﺮب ‪ ,‬ﭨﮭﯿﮑﭩﮭﺎک ‪ ,‬ﺧﻮﺷﺂﻣﺪﯾﺪ ‪,‬ﻋﺠﯿﺐ ‪ ,‬وزن ‪ ,‬ﮨﻔﺘہ ‪ ,‬ﺷﺎدی‬
74 Pakistan Vision Vol. 16 No. 1

‫ ﭘﮩﯿﺎ‬, ‫ ﺟﺐ‬, ‫ ﺟﮩﺎں‬, ‫ﺟﺲ‬, ‫ ﺟﺒﮑہ‬, ‫ ﺳﻔﯿﺪ‬, ‫ ﺟﻮ‬, ‫ ﮐﯿﻮں‬, ‫ وﺳﯿﻊ‬, ‫ ﺑﯿﻮی‬, ‫ﺟﻨﮕﻠﯽ‬
, ‫وﺻﯿﺖ‬, ‫ ﺟﯿﺖ‬, ‫ ﮨﻮا‬, ‫ ﮐﮭﮍﮐﯽ‬, ‫ ﺷﺮاب‬, ‫ ﻣﻮﺳﻤﺴﺮﻣﺎ‬, ‫ ﺗﺎر‬, ‫ داﻧﺸﻤﻨﺪاﻧہ‬,
‫ ﺧﻮاﮨﺶ‬, ‫ ﺳﺎﺗﮫ‬, ‫ ﺑﻐﯿﺮ‬, ‫ ﻋﻮرت‬, ‫ ﺗﻌﺠﺐ‬, ‫ ﻟﻔﻆ‬, ‫ ﮐﺎم‬, ‫ دﻧﯿﺎ‬, ‫ﻓﮑﺮ‬, ‫ ﺑﮩﺘﺒﺮا‬, ‫ﻟﮑﮭﻨﺎ‬
, ‫ ﻏﻠﻂ‬, ‫ ﺳﺎل‬, ‫ﺟﯽ‬, ‫ ﮐﻞ‬, ‫ اﺑﮭﯿﺘﮏ‬, ‫ آپ‬, ‫ ﺟﻮان‬, ‫ آﭘﮑﺎ‬, ‫ ﺻﻔﺮ‬, ‫ زﯾﺒﺮا‬.

Once the etymology of all terms was extracted, the elements

with etymology in Persian and Arabic were separated in different
tables as follows24:

Figure 3
Terms derived from Persian language
English Persian
Meaning Urdu term language
1 About ‫ ﮐﮯ ﺑﺎرے ﻣﯿﮟ‬x
2 Across ‫ ﭘﺎر‬x
3 Active ‫ ﺳﺮﮔﺮم‬x
4 activity ‫ ﺳﺮﮔﺮﻣﯽ‬x
5 Always ‫ ﮨﻤﯿﺸہ‬x
6 Am ‫ ﮨﻮں‬x
7 amount ‫ ﺷﻤﺎر‬x
8 another ‫ دوﺳﺮے‬x
9 arm ‫ ﺑﺎزو‬x
10 autumn ‫ ﺧﺰاں‬x
11 base ‫ ﺑﻨﯿﺎد‬x
12 back ‫ ﺑﺮا‬x
13 bag ‫ ﺗﮭﯿﻼ‬،‫ ﺑﺴﺘہ‬x
14 bean ‫ ﺑﯿﺞ‬،‫ داﻧہ‬x
15 bed ‫ ﺑﺴﺘﺮ‬x
16 below ‫ ﻧﯿﭽﮯ‬x
17 best ‫ ﺑﮩﺘﺮﯾﻦ‬x
18 better ‫ ﺑﮩﺘﺮ‬x
19 between ‫ درﻣﯿﺎن‬x
20 bird ‫ ﭘﺮﻧﺪوں‬x
21 birth ‫ ﭘﯿﺪاﺋﺶ‬x
22 birthday ‫ ﺳﺎﻟﮕﺮﮦ‬x
A Corpus Based Quantitative Survey of the Persian and Arabic Elements 75

23 black ‫ﺳﯿﺎﮦ‬ x
24 bleed ‫ﺧﻮن ﺑﮩﻨﺎ‬ x
25 blood ‫ﺧﻮن‬ x
26 blue ‫ﻧﯿﻼ‬ x
27 boat ‫ﮐﺸﺘﯽ‬ x
28 border ‫ﺳﺮﺣﺪ‬ x
29 born ‫ﭘﯿﺪا‬ x
30 bottom ‫ﻧﭽﻼ‬ x
31 branch ‫ﺷﺎخ‬ x
32 brave ‫ﺑﮩﺎدر‬ x
33 breakfast ‫ﻧﺎﺷﺘہ‬ x
34 bright ‫روﺷﻦ‬ x
35 business ‫ﮐﺎروﺑﺎر‬ x
36 but ‫ﻟﯿﮑﻦ‬ x
37 buy ‫ﺧﺮﯾﺪﻧﺎ‬ x
38 candle ‫ﻣﻮم ﺑﺘﯽ‬ x
39 careless ‫ﻻﭘﺮواﮦ‬ x
40 century ‫ﺻﺪی‬ x
41 change ‫ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ‬ x
42 cheese ‫ﭘﻨﯿﺮ‬ x
43 chicken ‫ﭼﮑﻦ‬ x
44 child ‫ﺑﭽہ‬ x
45 city ‫ﺷﮩﺮ‬ x
46 cloudy ‫اﺑﺮ آﻟﻮد‬ x
47 close ‫ﺑﻨﺪ‬ x
48 cold ‫ﺳﺮدی‬ x
49 color ‫رﻧﮓ‬ x
50 Comfortable ‫آرام دﮦ‬ x
51 correct ‫درﺳﺖ‬ x
52 count ‫ﺷﻤﺎر‬ x
53 course ‫راﺳﺘہ‬ x
54 crash ‫ﺗﺒﺎﮨﯽ‬ x
55 cross ‫ﭘﺎر‬ x
56 dead ‫ﻣﺮدﮦ‬ x
57 decrease ‫ﮐﻢ‬ x
76 Pakistan Vision Vol. 16 No. 1

58 destroy ‫ﺗﺒﺎﮦ‬ x
59 discover ‫درﯾﺎﻓﺖ‬ x
60 door ‫دروازﮦ‬ x
61 down ‫ﻧﯿﭽﮯ‬ x
62 dream ‫ﺧﻮاب‬ x
63 dry ‫ﺧﺸﮏ‬ x
64 duck ‫ﺑﻄﺦ‬ x
65 each ‫ﮨﺮ‬ x
66 east ‫ﻣﺸﺮق‬ x
67 enemy ‫دﺷﻤﻦ‬ x
68 equal ‫ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬ x
69 escape ‫ﻓﺮار ﮨﻮﻧﺎ‬ x
70 evening ‫ﺷﺎم‬ x
71 ever ‫ﮨﻤﯿﺸہ‬ x
72 every ‫ﮨﺮ‬ x
73 excited ‫ﭘﺮﺟﻮش‬ x
74 exercise ‫ورزش‬ x
75 fat ‫ﭼﺮﺑﯽ‬ x
76 fast ‫ﺗﯿﺰ‬ x
77 find ‫ﺗﻼش‬ x
78 flag ‫ﭘﺮﭼﻢ‬ x
79 flat ‫ﮨﻤﻮار‬ x
80 Fly ‫ﭘﺮواز‬ x
81 four ‫ﭼﺎر‬ x
82 free ‫ﻣﻔﺖ‬ x
83 freedom ‫آزادی‬ x
84 fresh ‫ﺗﺎزﮦ‬ x
85 friend ‫دوﺳﺖ‬ x
86 friendly ‫دوﺳﺘﺎﻧہ‬ x
87 fun ‫ﻣﺰﮦ‬ x
88 garden ‫ﺑﺎغ‬ x
89 gate ‫دروازﮦ‬ x
90 glad ‫ﺧﻮﺷﯽ‬ x
91 glass ‫ﺷﯿﺸہ‬ x
92 god ‫ﺧﺪا‬ x
A Corpus Based Quantitative Survey of the Persian and Arabic Elements 77

93 green ‫ﺳﺒﺰ‬ x
94 grey ‫ﺳﺮﻣﺊ‬ x
95 ground ‫زﻣﯿﻦ‬ x
96 gun ‫ﺑﻨﺪوق‬ x
97 happy ‫ﺧﻮش‬ x
98 head ‫ﺳﺮ‬ x
99 hen ‫ﻣﺮﻏﯽ‬ x
100 hope ‫اﻣﯿﺪ‬ x
101 hot ‫ﮔﺮم‬ x
102 husband ‫ﺷﻮﮨﺮ‬ x
103 ice ‫ﺑﺮف‬ x
104 If ‫اﮔﺮ‬ x
105 job ‫ﻧﻮﮐﺮی‬ x
106 king ‫ﺑﺎدﺷﺎﮦ‬ x
107 knock ‫دﺳﺘﮏ‬ x
108 lamp ‫ﭼﺮاغ‬ x
109 land ‫زﻣﯿﻦ‬ x
110 late ‫دﯾﺮ‬ x
111 lazy ‫ﺳﺴﺖ‬ x
112 less ‫ﮐﻢ‬ x
113 life ‫زﻧﺪﮔﯽ‬ x
114 light ‫روﺷﻨﯽ‬ x
115 lion ‫ﺷﯿﺮ‬ x
116 list ‫ﻓﮩﺮﺳﺖ‬ x
117 lonely ‫ﺗﻨﮩﺎ‬ x
118 low ‫ﮐﻢ‬ x
119 lower ‫ﻧﯿﭽﮯ ﮐﺮﻧﺎ‬ x
120 mark ‫ﻧﺸﺎن زد‬ x
121 marry ‫ﺷﺎدی‬ x
122 may ‫ﺷﺎﯾﺪ‬ x
123 measure ‫ﭘﯿﻤﺎﺋﺶ‬ x
124 meat ‫ﮔﻮﺷﺖ‬ x
125 middle ‫درﻣﯿﺎن‬ x
126 month ‫ﻣﺎﮦ‬ x
127 name ‫ﻧﺎم‬ x
78 Pakistan Vision Vol. 16 No. 1

128 narrow ‫ﺗﻨﮓ‬ x

129 neck ‫ﮔﺮدن‬ x
130 neither ‫ﻧہ ﯾہ‬ x
131 noise ‫ﺷﻮر‬ x
132 nor ‫ﻧہ ﮨﯽ‬ x
133 offer ‫ﭘﯿﺸﮑﺶ‬ x
134 orange ‫ﻧﺎرﻧﺠﯽ‬ x
135 other ‫دﯾﮕﺮ‬ x
136 pain ‫درد‬ x
137 path ‫راﺳﺘہ‬ x
138 pink ‫ﮔﻼﺑﯽ‬ x
139 place ‫ﺟﮕہ‬ x
140 plane ‫ﻃﯿﺎرﮦ‬ x
141 pleased ‫ﺧﻮش‬ x
142 poison ‫زﮨﺮ‬ x
143 polite ‫ﺷﺎﺋﺴﺘہ‬ x
144 present ‫ﭘﯿﺶ‬ x
145 pretty ‫ﺧﻮﺑﺼﻮرت‬ x
146 prince ‫ﺷﮩﺰادﮦ‬ x
147 probably ‫ﺷﺎﯾﺪ‬ x
148 produce ‫ﭘﯿﺪا‬ x
149 provide ‫ﻓﺮاﮨﻢ‬ x
150 punish ‫ﺳﺰا‬ x
151 quiet ‫ﺧﺎﻣﻮش‬ x
152 rain ‫ﺑﺎرش‬ x
153 raise ‫ﺑﻠﻨﺪ‬ x
154 ready ‫ﺗﯿﺎر‬ x
155 red ‫ﻻل‬ x
156 remember ‫ﯾﺎد‬ x
157 return ‫واﭘﺲ‬ x
158 ride ‫ﺳﻮاری‬ x
159 rude ‫ﺑﺪﺗﻤﯿﺰ‬ x
160 salt ‫ﻧﻤﮏ‬ x
161 salty ‫ﻧﻤﮑﯿﻦ‬ x
162 search ‫ﺗﻼش‬ x
A Corpus Based Quantitative Survey of the Persian and Arabic Elements 79

163 sell ‫ﻓﺮوﺧﺖ‬ x

164 sentence ‫ﺳﺰا‬ x
165 shade ‫رﻧﮓ‬ x
166 shadow ‫ﺳﺎﯾہ‬ x
167 sharp ‫ﺗﯿﺰ‬ x
168 sheet ‫ﭼﺎدر‬ x
169 shine ‫ﭼﻤﮏ‬ x
170 shop ‫دﮐﺎن‬ x
171 side ‫ﮐﻨﺎرﮦ‬ x
172 similar ‫ﻣﻠﺘﮯ ﺟﻠﺘﮯ‬ x
173 since ‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺳﮯ‬ x
174 slow ‫ﺳﺴﺖ‬ x
175 small ‫ﭼﮭﻮﭨﺎ‬ x
176 smile ‫ﻣﺴﮑﺮاﻧﺎ‬ x
177 Smoking ‫ﺗﻤﺒﺎﮐﻮ ﻧﻮﺷﯽ‬ x
178 So ‫ﺗﻮ‬ x
179 sound ‫آواز‬ x
180 speed ‫رﻓﺘﺎر‬ x
181 spell ‫ﺟﺎدو‬ x
182 spend ‫ﺧﺮچ‬ x
183 spring ‫ﻣﻮﺳﻢ ﺑﮩﺎر‬ x
184 star ‫ﺳﺘﺎرﮦ‬ x
185 structure ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬ x
186 substance ‫ﻣﺎدﮦ‬ x
187 successful ‫ﮐﺎﻣﯿﺎب‬ x
188 sugar ‫ﭼﯿﻨﯽ‬ x
189 summer ‫ﻣﻮﺳﻢ ﮔﺮﻣﺎ‬ x
190 swim ‫ﺗﯿﺮ‬ x
191 table ‫ﻣﯿﺰ‬ X
192 thing ‫ﭼﯿﺰ‬ X
193 though ‫اﮔﺮﭼہ‬ X
194 toe ‫ﭘﻨﺠہ‬ X
195 tooth ‫داﻧﺖ‬ X
196 tree ‫درﺧﺖ‬ X
197 twice ‫دو ﺑﺎر‬ X
80 Pakistan Vision Vol. 16 No. 1

198 try ‫ﮐﻮﺷﺸﮟ ﮐﺮﻧﺎ‬ X

199 under ‫ﻧﯿﭽﮯ‬ X
200 vegetable ‫ﺳﺒﺰی‬ X
201 voice ‫آواز‬ X
202 warm ‫ﮔﺮم‬ x
203 way ‫راﺳﺘہ‬ X
204 wedding ‫ﺷﺎدی‬ X
205 week ‫ﮨﻔﺘہ‬ X
206 welcome ‫ﺧﻮش آﻣﺪﯾﺪ‬ X
207 while ‫ﺟﺒﮑہ‬ X
208 white ‫ﺳﻔﯿﺪ‬ X
209 wide ‫وﺳﯿﻊ‬ X
210 wine ‫ﺷﺮاب‬ X
211 Winter ‫ﻣﻮﺳﻢ ﺳﺮﻣﺎ‬ X
212 Wire ‫ﺗﺎر‬ X
213 Wise ‫داﻧﺸﻤﻨﺪاﻧہ‬ X
214 Wish ‫ﺧﻮاﮨﺶ‬ X
215 Worst ‫ﺑﺪﺗﺮﯾﻦ‬ X
216 Year ‫ﺳﺎل‬ X
217 Young ‫ﺟﻮان‬ X
Source: Comparación del Léxico Básico del Español, el Inglés y el Urdu

Figure 4
Terms derived from Arabic languages.
english term in urdu arabic
meaning
1 abolish ‫ﺧﺘﻢ‬ x
2 act ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ x
3 accurate ‫ﺻﺤﯿﺢ‬ x
4 add ‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﮐﺮﻧﺎ‬ x
5 adequate ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ x
6 after ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ x
7 age ‫ﻋﻤﺮ‬ x
8 agree ‫ﻣﺘﻔﻖ ﮨﻮﻧﺎ‬ x
A Corpus Based Quantitative Survey of the Persian and Arabic Elements 81

9 air ‫ﮨﻮا‬ x
10 all ‫ﺗﻤﺎم‬ x
11 angry ‫ﻏﺼہ‬ x
12 answer ‫ﺟﻮاب‬ x
13 appear ‫ﻇﺎﮨﺮ‬ x
14 approve ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮر‬ x
15 area ‫ﻋِﻼﻗَہ‬ x
16 army ‫ﻓﻮج‬ x
17 attack ‫ﺣﻤﻠہ‬ x
18 aunt ‫ﺧﺎﻟہ‬ x
19 away ‫دور‬ x
20 bath ‫ﻏﺴﻞ‬ x
21 beer ‫ﺷﺮاب‬ x
22 begin ‫ﺷﺮوع‬ x
23 besides ‫ﻋﻼوﮦ‬ x
24 body ‫ﺟﺴﻢ‬ x
25 book ‫ﮐﺘﺎب‬ x
26 border ‫ﺳﺮﺣﺪ‬ x
27 borrow ‫ﻗﺮض‬ x
28 build ‫ﺗﻌﻤﯿﺮ‬ x
29 busy ‫ﻣﺼﺮوف‬ x
30 by ‫ﻗﺮﯾﺐ‬ x
31 careful ‫اﺣﺘﯿﺎط ﺳﮯ‬ x
32 careless ‫ﻻﭘﺮواﮦ‬ x
33 carry ‫اﭨﮭﺎﻧﺎ‬ x
34 central ‫ﻣﺮﮐﺰی‬ x
35 certain ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ x
36 chair ‫ﮐﺮﺳﯽ‬ x
37 chance ‫ﻣﻮﻗﻊ‬ x
38 choice ‫اﻧﺘﺨﺎب‬ x
39 choose ‫اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﮐﺮﻧﺎ‬ x
82 Pakistan Vision Vol. 16 No. 1

40 circle ‫داﺋﺮﮦ‬ x
41 class ‫ﺟﻤﺎﻋﺖ‬ x
42 clean ‫ﺻﺎف‬ x
43 clear ‫واﺿﺢ‬ x
44 coin ‫ﺳﮑہ‬ x
45 collect ‫ﺟﻤﻊ‬ x
46 common ‫ﻋﺎم‬ x
47 compare ‫ﻣﻮازﻧہ‬ x
48 complete ‫ﻣﮑﻤﻞ‬ x
49 condition ‫ﺷﺮط‬ x
50 continue ‫ﺟﺎری‬ x
51 corn ‫ﮐﺎرن‬, ‫ﻣﮑﺊ‬ x
52 contain ‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‬ x
53 country ‫ﻣﻠﮏ‬ x
54 dance ‫رﻗﺺ‬ x
55 dangerous ‫ﺧﻄﺮﻧﺎک‬ x
56 decide ‫ﻓﯿﺼﻠہ‬ x
57 depend ‫اﻧﺤﺼﺎر‬ x
58 develop ‫ﺗﺮﻗﯽ‬ x
59 different ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ x
60 difficult ‫ﻣﺸﮑﻞ‬ x
61 direction ‫ﺳﻤﺖ‬ x
62 dot ‫ﻧﻘﻄہ‬ x
63 drop ‫ﻗﻄﺮﮦ‬ x
64 duty ‫ﻓﺮض‬ x
65 earn ‫ﮐﻤﺎﻧﺎ‬ x
66 easy ‫آﺳﺎن‬ x
67 education ‫ﺗﻌﻠﯿﻢ‬ x
68 effect ‫اﺛﺮ‬ x
69 empty ‫ﺧﺎﻟﯽ‬ x
70 end ‫آﺧﺮ‬ x
A Corpus Based Quantitative Survey of the Persian and Arabic Elements 83

71 enjoy ‫ﻟﻄﻒ اﻧﺪوز‬ x

72 enter ‫داﺧﻞ ﮨﻮﻧﺎ‬ x
73 entrance ‫داﺧﻠہ‬ x
74 event ‫واﻗﻌہ‬ x
75 exact ‫ﻗﻄﻌﯽ‬ x
76 exam ‫اﻣﺘﺤﺎن‬ x
77 example ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ x
78 expect ‫ﺗﻮﻗﻊ‬ x
79 explain ‫وﺿﺎﺣﺖ‬ x
80 extremely ‫اﻧﺘﮩﺎﺋﯽ‬ x
81 face ‫ﭼﮩﺮﮦ‬ x
82 fact ‫ﺣﻘﯿﻘﺖ‬ x
83 fake ‫ﺟﻌﻠﯽ‬ x
84 famous ‫ﻣﺸﮩﻮر‬ x
85 far ‫دوردراز‬ x
86 father ‫واﻟﺪ‬ x
87 fault ‫ﻏﻠﻄﯽ‬ x
88 fear ‫ﺧﻮف‬ x
89 feel ‫ﻣﺤﺴﻮس‬ x
90 fever ‫ﺑﺨﺎر‬ x
91 finish ‫ﺧﺘﻢ‬ x
92 fit ‫ﻣﻮزوں‬ x
93 floor ‫ﻓﺮش‬ x
94 force ‫ﻣﺠﺒﻮر‬ x
95 foreign ‫ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﻠﮑﯽ‬ x
96 forgive ‫ﻣﻌﺎف‬ x
97 freeze ‫ﻣﻨﺠﻤﺪ‬ x
98 further ‫ﻣﺰﯾﺪ‬ x
99 future ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬ x
100 general ‫ﻋﺎم‬ x
101 get ‫ﺣﺎﺻﻞ‬ x
84 Pakistan Vision Vol. 16 No. 1

102 gift ‫ﺗﺤﻔہ‬ x

103 give ‫دﯾﻨﺎ‬ x
104 goodbye ‫اﻟﻮداع‬ x
105 grave ‫ﻗﺒﺮ‬ x
106 great ‫ﻋﻈﯿﻢ‬ x
107 half ‫ﻧﺼﻒ‬ x
108 hard ‫ ﺳﺨﺖ‬,‫ﻣﺸﮑﻞ‬ x
109 hate ‫ﻧﻔﺮت‬ x
110 healthy ‫ﺻﺤﺖ ﻣﻨﺪ‬ x
111 hear ‫ﺳﻦ‬ x
112 hello ‫آداب‬ x
113 help ‫ﻣﺪد‬ x
114 helper ‫ﻣﺪدﮔﺎر‬ x
115 high ‫اﻋﻠﯽ‬ x
116 hobby ‫ﺷﻮق‬ x
117 house ‫ﻣﮑﺎن‬ x
118 hurry ‫ﺟﻠﺪی‬ x
119 idea ‫ﺧﯿﺎل‬ x
120 important ‫اﮨﻢ‬ x
121 increase ‫اﺿﺎﻓہ‬ x
122 introduce ‫ﻣﺘﻌﺎرف ﮐﺮاﻧﺎ‬ x
123 invent ‫اﯾﺠﺎد‬ x
124 invite ‫ﻣﺪﻋﻮ ﮐﺮﻧﺎ‬ x
125 island ‫ﺟﺰﯾﺮﮦ‬ x
126 join ‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﮨﻮﻧﺎ‬ x
127 just ‫ﺻﺮف‬ x
128 key ‫اﮨﻢ‬ x
129 kill ‫ﻗﺘﻞ‬ x
130 kind ‫ﻗﺴﻢ‬ x
131 know ‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮم‬ x
132 last ‫آﺧﺮی‬ x
A Corpus Based Quantitative Survey of the Persian and Arabic Elements 85

133 lately ‫ﺣﺎل ﮨﯽ ﻣﯿﮟ‬ x

134 later ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ x
135 lead ‫ﻗﯿﺎدت‬ x
136 lend ‫ﻗﺮض دﯾﻨﺎ‬ x
137 lesson ‫ﺳﺒﻖ‬ x
138 let ‫اﺟﺎزت دﯾﻨﺎ‬ x
139 letter ‫ﺧﻂ‬ x
140 long ‫ﻃﻮﯾﻞ‬ x
141 look ‫ﻧﻈﺮ‬ x
142 love ‫ﻣﺤﺒﺖ‬ x
143 luck ‫ﻗﺴﻤﺖ‬ x
144 main ‫اﮨﻢ‬ x
145 map ‫ﻧﻘﺸہ‬ x
146 mean ‫ﻣﻄﻠﺐ‬ x
147 medicine ‫دوا‬ x
148 meet ‫ﻣﻼﻗﺎت‬ x
149 member ‫رﮐﻦ‬ x
150 mention ‫ذﮐﺮ‬ x
151 method ‫ﻃﺮﯾﻘہ‬ x
152 mind x
153 miss ‫اﻣﺘﺤﺎن‬ x
154 mistake ‫ﻏﻠﻄﯽ‬ x
155 modern ‫ﺟﺪﯾﺪ‬ x
156 moment ‫ﻟﻤﺤہ‬ x
157 more ‫ﻣﺰﯾﺪ‬ x
158 morning ‫ﺻﺒﺢ‬ x
159 most ‫زﯾﺎدﮦ‬ x
160 move ‫ﺣﺮﮐﺖ ﮐﺮﻧﺎ‬ X
161 must ‫ﺿﺮوری‬ X
162 nation ‫ﻗﻮم‬ X
163 nature ‫ﻧﻮﻋﯿﺖ‬ X
86 Pakistan Vision Vol. 16 No. 1

164 near ‫ﻗﺮﯾﺐ‬ X

165 nearly ‫ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﺎ‬ X
166 need ‫ﺿﺮورت‬ X
167 news ‫ﺧﺒﺮ‬ X
168 newspaper ‫اﺧﺒﺎر‬ X
169 noble ‫ﻋﻈﯿﻢ‬ X
170 nose ‫ﻧﺎک‬ X
171 notice ‫اﻃﻼع‬ X
172 now ‫اب‬ X
173 number ‫ﺗﻌﺪاد‬ X
174 obey ‫اﻃﺎﻋﺖ‬ X
175 object ‫اﻋﺘﺮاض‬ X
176 ocean ‫ﺑﺤﺮ‬ X
177 office ‫دﻓﺘﺮ‬ X
178 often ‫اﮐﺜﺮ‬ X
179 only ‫ﺻﺮف‬ X
180 opposite ‫ﺑﺮﻋﮑﺲ‬ X
181 order ‫ﺣﮑﻢ‬ X
182 page ‫ﺻﻔﺤہ‬ X
183 paper ‫ﮐﺎﻏﺬ‬ X
184 parent ‫واﻟﺪﯾﻦ‬ X
185 part ‫ﺣﺼہ‬ X
186 pass ‫ﮔﺰرﻧﺎ‬ X
187 past ‫ﮔﺰﺷﺘہ‬ X
188 pay ‫ادا‬ X
189 peace ‫اﻣﻦ‬ X
190 pen ‫ﻗﻠﻢ‬ X
191 perfect ‫ﮐﺎﻣﻞ‬ X
192 person ‫ﺷﺨﺺ‬ X
193 picture ‫ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ‬ X
194 pocket ‫ﺟﯿﺐ‬ X
A Corpus Based Quantitative Survey of the Persian and Arabic Elements 87

195 point ‫ﻧﻘﻄہ‬ X

196 poor ‫ﻏﺮﯾﺐ‬ X
197 popular ‫ﻣﻘﺒﻮل‬ X
198 position ‫ﻣﻘﺎم‬ X
199 possible ‫ﻣﻤﮑﻦ‬ X
200 power ‫ﻃﺎﻗﺖ‬ X
201 price ‫ﻗﯿﻤﺖ‬ X
202 private ‫ذاﺗﯽ‬ X
203 prize ‫اﻧﻌﺎم‬ X
204 problem ‫ﻣﺴﺌﻠہ‬ X
205 promise ‫وﻋﺪﮦ‬ X
206 proper ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ X
207 protect ‫ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ‬ X
208 public ‫ﻋﻮاﻣﯽ‬ X
209 pupil ‫ﻃﺎﻟﺐ ﻋﻠﻢ‬ X
210 queen ‫ﻣﻠﮑہ‬ X
211 question ‫ﺳﻮال‬ X
212 quick ‫ﻓﻮری‬ X
213 quite ‫ﻗﻄﻌﯽ‬ X
214 real ‫اﺻﻠﯽ‬ X
215 really ‫واﻗﻌﯽ‬ X
216 receive ‫وﺻﻮل‬ X
217 rent ‫ﮐﺮاﯾہ‬ X
218 repair ‫ﻣﺮﻣﺖ‬ X
219 reply ‫ﺟﻮاب‬ X
220 result ‫ﻧﺘﯿﺠہ‬ X
221 rich ‫اﻣﯿﺮ‬ X
222 rule ‫ﺣﮑﻤﺮاﻧﯽ‬ X
223 ruler ‫ﺣﮑﻤﺮان‬ X
224 rush ‫ﺟﻠﺪی‬ X
225 safe ‫ﻣﺤﻔﻮظ‬ X
88 Pakistan Vision Vol. 16 No. 1

226 serve ‫ﺧﺪﻣﺖ‬ X

227 sex ‫ﺟﻨﺲ‬ X
228 shape ‫ﺷﮑﻞ‬ X
229 share ‫ﺣﺼہ‬ X
230 sheer ‫ﺻﺮف‬ X
231 shoulder ‫ﮐﻨﺪھﮯ‬ X
232 sick ‫ﺑﯿﻤﺎر‬ X
233 silly ‫ﺣﻤﺎﻗﺖ‬ X
234 silver ‫ﭼﺎﻧﺪی‬ X
235 sister ‫ﺑﮩﻦ‬ X
236 sit ‫ﺑﯿﭩﮫ‬ X
237 skill ‫ﻣﮩﺎرت‬ X
238 skin ‫ﺟﻠﺪ‬ X
239 slip ‫ﭘﮭﺴﻠﻨﺎ‬ X
240 smell ‫ﺑﻮ‬ X
241 smoke ‫دھﻮاں‬ X
242 sock ‫ﻣﻮزا‬ X
243 soon ‫ﺟﻠﺪ ﮨﯽ‬ X
244 sorry ‫ﻣﻌﺎف ﮐﺮﻧﺎ‬ X
245 south ‫ﺟﻨﻮب‬ X
246 space ‫ﺧﻼ‬ X
247 special ‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ‬ X
248 spring ‫ﻣﻮﺳﻢ ﺑﮩﺎر‬ X
249 square ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻊ‬ X
250 stamp ‫ﻣﮩﺮ‬ X
251 start ‫ﺷﺮوع‬ X
252 state ‫رﯾﺎﺳﺖ‬ X
253 step ‫ﻗﺪم‬ X
254 store ‫ذﺧﯿﺮﮦ‬ X
255 storm ‫ﻃﻮﻓﺎن‬ X
256 strange ‫ﻋﺠﯿﺐ‬ X
A Corpus Based Quantitative Survey of the Persian and Arabic Elements 89

257 strong ‫ﻣﻀﺒﻮط‬ X

258 study ‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌہ‬ X
259 subject ‫ﻣﻀﻤﻮن‬ X
260 sudden ‫ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻊ‬ X
261 suitable ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ X
262 summer ‫ﻣﻮﺳﻢ ﮔﺮﻣﺎ‬ X
263 support ‫ﺣﻤﺎﯾﺖ‬ X
264 sure ‫ﯾﻘﯿﻦ‬ X
265 surprise ‫ﺣﯿﺮت‬ X
266 taste ‫ذاﺋﻘہ‬ X
267 terrible ‫ﺧﻮﻓﻨﺎک‬ X
268 test ‫اﻣﺘﺤﺎن‬ X
269 therefore ‫ﻟﮩﺬا‬ X
270 threat ‫ﺧﻄﺮﮦ‬ X
271 tidy ‫ﺻﻔﺎﺋﯽ‬ X
272 title ‫ﻋﻨﻮان‬ X
273 tool ‫آﻟہ‬ X
274 trouble ‫ﻣﺼﯿﺒﺖ‬ X
275 trust ‫اﻋﺘﺒﺎر‬ X
276 turn ‫ﺑﺎری‬ X
277 type ‫ﻗﺴﻢ‬ X
278 use ‫اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬ X
279 useful ‫ﻣﻔﯿﺪ‬ X
280 usual ‫ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻌﻤﻮل‬ X
281 usually ‫اﮐﺜﺮ‬ X
282 visit ‫دورﮦ‬ X
283 wait ‫اﻧﺘﻈﺎر‬ X
284 waste ‫ﺿﺎﺋﻊ‬ X
285 weather ‫ﻣﻮﺳﻢ‬ X
286 weight ‫وزن‬ X
287 weird ‫ﻋﺠﯿﺐ‬ X
90 Pakistan Vision Vol. 16 No. 1

288 west ‫ﻣﻐﺮب‬ X

289 why ‫ﮐﯿﻮں‬ X
290 wild ‫ﺟﻨﮕﻠﯽ‬ X
291 win ‫ﺟﯿﺖ‬ X
292 window ‫ﮐﮭﮍﮐﯽ‬ X
293 wine ‫ﺷﺮاب‬ X
294 woman ‫ﻋﻮرت‬ X
295 wonder ‫ﺗﻌﺠﺐ‬ X
296 word ‫ﻟﻔﻆ‬ X
297 world ‫دﻧﯿﺎ‬ X
298 worry ‫ﻓﮑﺮ‬ X
299 zero ‫ﺻﻔﺮ‬ X
Source: Comparación del Léxico Básico del Español, el Inglés y el Urdu

Analysis
The basic vocabulary of Urdu language is the corpus of this
study. This basic vocabulary was obtained through the translation
of the basic vocabulary of English 25 into Urdu language. An
etymological analysis of the corpus was performed which had
revealed that the basic vocabulary of Urdu language is basically
composed of Sanskrit, Prakrit, Persian, Arabic and English terms
with a slight influence from Turkish language.26 The English
language influence is however, without any doubt, a more recent
historical event. After performing the etymological analysis, the
terms with etymology derived from Persian and Arabic were
extracted with the purpose of obtaining the exact density of
Persian and Arabic elements which compose the basic vocabulary
of Urdu language. The etymological analysis of the basic
vocabulary of Urdu yielded the following results:

Figure 5
A Corpus Based Quantitative Survey of the Persian and Arabic Elements 91

Percentages of terms from Persian and Arabic present in Urdu language

NUMBER OF PERCENTAGE
TERMS

Terms with 217 21.7%

etymology in
Persian
Terms with 299 29.9%
etymology in Arabic
TOTAL IMPACT 526% 52.6%

The results reflect that 21.7% of the basic vocabulary of Urdu

language has derived from Persian language, while 29.9% has
derived from Arabic. We can then conclude that more than half of
the basic vocabulary of Urdu language derives from Persian and
Arabic languages.

Conclusion and Future Work

The lexicon is a register of terms that are accumulated in the
speaker's brain. Its development from birth, evolution and
renewal, new word formation, borrowing from other languages
are subjects studied by the linguistics branch called word
formation which analyzes the previously mentioned mechanisms.
In this research, etymological sources have been applied through a
diachronic approach by extracting the elements of Persian and
Arabic present in the basic vocabulary of Urdu language, through
its definition, and measure of these elements the exact lexical
density was obtainedutilizing a similar method as that of Fang and
Jing.27
A previous study revealed the lexical density of Sanskrit and
Prakrit. In the present one, we have obtained the lexical density
of Persian and Arabic. This modus operanda has a particular
reason to be. The Sanskrit and Prakrit elements were studied
together since the language (Urdu-Hindi) was unified at that time.
Reforms were undertaken in Hindi language to rid it from Persian
92 Pakistan Vision Vol. 16 No. 1

and Arabic elements based on religious grounds since thetexts of

the Rig Veda were written in Sanskrit, while Sanskrit elements
were being extensively borrowed. The opposite phenomenon
was progressively occurring in Urdu language; a large percentage
of Sanskrit elements were removed, as well as those rustic or
obsolete elements of other origins. This resulted in more than half
of the modern basic lexicon of Urdu being borrowed from Persian
and Arabic which we have studied in this research, creating the
split of both languages Hindi and Urdu.
Since the original study revealed substantial elements of
Sanskrit, Prakrit, Persian, Arabic and English and the first four
elements have already been studied, a future research will be
concerned with those elements of English language which make
up the composition of the basic vocabulary of Urdu language. The
density of the English terms will be the object of a future study.

Notes and References

1 Tariq Rahman. Urdu and the Muslim Identity:

Standardization of Urdu in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth
Centuries. Annual of Urdu Studies.Vol.25. (2008) 24. See
also R. D. King. The poisonous potency of script: Hindi
and Urdu. International journal of the sociology of
language (2001). 43-60. George Cardona. Indo-Aryan
languages. In The World's Major Languages, Bernard
Comrie (ed.), (New York: Oxford University Press.
1987a) 440-447. S. K. Chatterji. Indo-Aryan and
Hindi.(Calcutta: K.L. 1969).Mukhopadhyay. 167. Kerrin
Dittmer. Die indischen Muslims und die Hindi-Urdu
Kontroverse in den United Provinces. (Wiesbaden: Otto
Harrassowitz. 1972) 263-272.Yamuna Kachru. Hindi-
Urdu. In The World's Major Languages, Bernard Comrie
(ed.), (New York: Oxford University Press 1987) 470-
489. Ashok Kelkar. Studies in Hindi-Urdu. Poona: Deccan
College Postgraduate and Research Institute. (1968) 49-
63. Christopher R. King, One Language, Two Scripts: the
Hindi Movement in Nineteenth Century North India.
(Bombay: Oxford University Press, 1994) 4.
A Corpus Based Quantitative Survey of the Persian and Arabic Elements 93

2 Christopher R. King. One Language, Two Scripts: the

Hindi Movement in Nineteenth Century North India.
(Bombay: Oxford University Press, 1994). Also see King,
Christopher R. One Language, Two Scripts: the Hindi
Movement in Nineteenth Century North India. (Bombay:
Oxford University Press, 1994).
3 Maria Isabel.Maldonado Garcia. The Urdu language
Reforms. Almas Urdu Research Journal (2013) Vol.:14.
4 The Mughal daynasty in India started from Zaheer-ud-Din
Babur in 1526 and collapsed with the British occupation in
1857.
5 Rahman, Tariq. Language, Religion and Politics. Urdu in
Pakistan and North India. Revue des mondes musulmans
et de la Méditerranée, 124, (2008). 90.
6 King,R. D. The poisonous potency of script: Hindi and
Urdu. International journal of the sociology of language
(2001). 43-60.
7 Ibid
8 Ibid
9 Schimmel, Anna Marie. Classical Urdu literature from the
beginning to Iqbāl. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. (1975) 126.
10 Encyclopaedia Britannica (online version).
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/384749/
Mir-Ali-of-Tabriz Accessed 5th September, 2014.
11 Maria Isabel Maldonado Garcia & Mustapha Yapici.
Common Vocabulary in Urdu and Turkish Languages. A
Case of Historical Onomasiology –Journal of Pakistan
Vision Vol.15. No. 1. (2014) 3.
12 Christopher R. King, One Language, Two Scripts: the
Hindi Movement in Nineteenth Century North India.
(Bombay: Oxford University Press, 1994) 4. See also
King, R. D. The poisonous potency of script: Hindi and
Urdu. International journal of the sociology of language,
(2001). 45.
94 Pakistan Vision Vol. 16 No. 1

13 Anna Marie Schimmel. Classical Urdu literature from the

beginning to Iqbāl. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. (1975) 127.
14 Figure taken from Maldonado García, María Isabel.
Comparación del Léxico Básico del Español, el Inglés y el
Urdu. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation).(UNED,
Madrid. 2013).
15 Skjærvø, Prods Oktor. An Introduction to Old Persian.
(2002): 13.
16 Pourjafar, M. Reza, and Ali A. Taghvaee. "Indo-Iranian
Socio-Cultural Relations at Past, Present and Future (with
Special Re e ence to Architec ue of Mughals'o Gurkanids'
Period) (2006): 78.
17 Tariq Rahman,. Urdu and the Muslim Identity:
Standardization of Urdu in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth
Centuries.Annual of Urdu Studies.Vol.25. (2008) 99.
18 Nehru, J. An Autobiography, London: The Bodley Head,
1989, p 149.
19 Ibid, 151.
20 Figure created with information from Ethnologue and
Dryer, Matthew S. & Haspelmath, Martin (eds.) 2013.
The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Leipzig:
Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
(West Semitic is not represented on this table). Available
online at http://wals.info, Accessed on 2014-03-24.
21 R.D.King. (2001) 46.
22 Tariq Rahman. Urdu and the Muslim Identity:
Standardization of Urdu in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth
Centuries. Annual of Urdu Studies.Vol.25.(2008) 90.
23 Tariq Rahman states (in Urdu and the Muslim Identity:
Standardization of Urdu in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth
(2008) 83.) that Persian was discontinued in India as an
administrative language in 1834. However, Christopher
R. King (in One Language, Two Scripts, 9) states that it
occurred in 1837.
A Corpus Based Quantitative Survey of the Persian and Arabic Elements 95

24 URDU DICTIONARY (2011): Urdu Encyclopedia.

Islamabad, Ministry of Science and Technology. Accessed
originally on 13th September, 2013 and for the purpose of
this paper on 28th August, 2014.
http://www.urduencyclopedia.org/urdudictionary
25 Basic vocabulary of English language, 1000 words
http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_10
00_basic_words.
26 María Isabel Maldonado García. Comparación del Léxico
Básico del Español, el Inglés y el Urdu. (Unpublished
doctoral dissertation-UNED, Madrid. 2013) 500.
27 Alex Chengyu Fang & Cao Jing. A Corpus-Based
Quantitative Survey of the Etymological Composition of
Contemporary British English: The Case of Latin, Greek
and French. Glottotheory 3, no. 1 (2010): 53-68.