L.

S RAHEJA SCHOOL OF
ARCHITETURE

NAME: SAHIL RAFIQ SATHI

CLASS: T.Y.GPT

SUBJECT: WORKING DRAWING

TOPIC: SENSOR
 Sensor
What is a Sensor:-
There are numerous definitions as to what a sensor is but I would like to define a
Sensor as an input device which provides an output (signal) with respect to a specific physical
quantity (input).

The term “input device” in the definition of a Sensor means that it is part of a bigger system which
provides input to a main control system (like a Processor or a Microcontroller).

Another unique definition of a Sensor is as follows: It is a device that converts signals from one
energy domain to electrical domain. The definition of the Sensor can be understood if we take an
example in to consideration.

The simplest example of a sensor is an LDR or a Light Dependent Resistor. It is a device, whose
resistance varies according to intensity of light it is subjected to. When the light falling on an LDR is
more, its resistance becomes very less and when the light is less, well, the resistance of the LDR
becomes very high.

We can connect this LDR in a voltage divider (along with other resistor) and check the voltage drop
across the LDR. This voltage can be calibrated to the amount of light falling on the LDR. Hence, a
Light Sensor.

Now that we have seen what a sensor is, we will proceed further with the classification of Sensors.
In the broadest definition, a sensor is a device, module, or subsystem whose purpose is to detect
events or changes in its environment and send the information to other electronics, frequently
a computer processor. A sensor is always used with other electronics.
Sensors are used in everyday objects such as touch-sensitive elevator buttons (tactile sensor) and
lamps which dim or brighten by touching the base, besides innumerable applications of which most
people are never aware. With advances in micromachinery and easy-to-use microcontroller platforms,
the uses of sensors have expanded beyond the traditional fields of temperature, pressure or flow
measurement,[1]for example into MARG sensors. Moreover, analog sensors such
as potentiometers and force-sensing resistors are still widely used. Applications include
manufacturing and machinery, airplanes and aerospace, cars, medicine, robotics and many other
aspects of our day-to-day life.
A sensor's sensitivity indicates how much the sensor's output changes when the input quantity being
measured changes. For instance, if the mercury in a thermometer moves 1 cm when the temperature
changes by 1 °C, the sensitivity is 1 cm/°C (it is basically the slope Dy/Dx assuming a linear
characteristic). Some sensors can also affect what they measure; for instance, a room temperature
thermometer inserted into a hot cup of liquid cools the liquid while the liquid heats the thermometer.
Sensors are usually designed to have a small effect on what is measured; making the sensor smaller
often improves this and may introduce other advantages.[2] Technological progress allows more and
more sensors to be manufactured on a microscopic scale as microsensors using MEMS technology.
In most cases, a microsensor reaches a significantly higher speed and sensitivity compared
with macroscopic approaches.
In our day-to-day life we frequently use different types of sensors in several applications such as IR
sensorused for operating television remote, Passive Infrared sensor used for automatic door opening
system of shopping malls and LDR sensor used for outdoor lighting or street lighting system, and so
on. In this article we will discuss about a few types of sensorsand their applications in brief. But,
primarily we must know what is a sensor.

A device that detects the changes in electrical or physical or other quantities and thereby produces
an output as an acknowledgement of change in the quantity is called as a Sensor. Generally, this
sensor output will be in the form of electrical or optical signal.
Criteria to choose a Sensor
There are certain features which have to be considered when we choose a sensor. They are as given
below:
1. Accuracy
2. Environmental condition - usually has limits for temperature/ humidity
3. Range - Measurement limit of sensor
4. Calibration - Essential for most of the measuring devices as the readings changes with time
5. Resolution - Smallest increment detected by the sensor
6. Cost
7. Repeatability - The reading that varies is repeatedly measured under the same environment

Classification of Sensors
The sensors are classified into the following criteria:
1. Primary Input quantity (Measurand)
2. Transduction principles (Using physical and chemical effects)
3. Material and Technology
4. Property
5. Application

Transduction principle is the fundamental criteria which are followed for an efficient approach.
Usually, material and technology criteria are chosen by the development engineering group.

Classification based on property is as given below:

· Temperature - Thermistors, thermocouples, RTD’s, IC and many more.
· Pressure - Fibre optic, vacuum, elastic liquid based manometers, LVDT, electronic.
· Flow - Electromagnetic, differential pressure, positional displacement, thermal mass, etc.
· Level Sensors - Differential pressure, ultrasonic radio frequency, radar, thermal displacement, etc.
· Proximity and displacement - LVDT, photoelectric, capacitive, magnetic, ultrasonic.
· Biosensors - Resonant mirror, electrochemical, surface Plasmon resonance, Light addressable
potentio-metric.
· Image - Charge coupled devices, CMOS
· Gas and chemical - Semiconductor, Infrared, Conductance, Electrochemical.
· Acceleration - Gyroscopes, Accelerometers.
· Others - Moisture, humidity sensor, Speed sensor, mass, Tilt sensor, force, viscosity.
Surface Plasmon resonance and Light addressable potentio-metric from the Bio-sensors group are
the new optical technology based sensors. CMOS Image sensors have low resolution as compared to
charge coupled devices. CMOS has the advantages of small size, cheap, less power consumption
and hence are better substitutes for Charge coupled devices. Accelerometers are independently
grouped because of their vital role in future applications like aircraft, automobiles, etc and in fields of
videogames, toys, etc. Magnetometers are those sensors which measure magnetic flux intensity B (in
units of Tesla or As/m2).

Classification based on Application is as given below:

· Industrial process control, measurement and automation
· Non-industrial use – Aircraft, Medical products, Automobiles, Consumer electronics, other type of
sensors.

Sensors can be classified based on power or energy supply requirement of the sensors:
· Active Sensor - Sensors that require power supply are called as Active Sensors. Example: LiDAR
(Light detection and ranging), photoconductive cell.
· Passive Sensor - Sensors that do not require power supply are called as Passive Sensors.
Example: Radiometers, film photography.

In the current and future applications, sensors can be classified into groups as follows:
· Accelerometers - These are based on the Micro Electro Mechanical sensor technology. They are
used for patient monitoring which includes pace makers and vehicle dynamic systems.
· Biosensors - These are based on the electrochemical technology. They are used for food testing,
medical care device, water testing, and biological warfare agent detection.
· Image Sensors - These are based on the CMOS technology. They are used in consumer
electronics, biometrics, traffic and security surveillance and PC imaging.
· Motion Detectors - These are based on the Infra Red, Ultrasonic, and Microwave / radar
technology. They are used in videogames and simulations, light activation and security detection.
Different Types of Sensors
The following is a list of different types of sensors that are commonly used in various applications. All
these sensors are used for measuring one of the physical properties like Temperature, Resistance,
Capacitance, Conduction, Heat Transfer etc.

 Temperature Sensor
 Proximity Sensor
 Accelerometer
 IR Sensor (Infrared Sensor)
 Pressure Sensor
 Light Sensor
 Ultrasonic Sensor
 Smoke, Gas and Alcohol Sensor
 Touch Sensor
 Color Sensor
 Humidity Sensor
 Tilt Sensor

Temperature Sensor
One of the most common and most popular sensor is the Temperature Sensor. A Temperature
Sensor, as the name suggests, senses the temperature i.e. it measures the changes in the
temperature.

In a Temperature Sensor, the changes in the Temperature correspond to change in its physical
property like resistance or voltage.

There are different types of Temperature Sensors like Temperature Sensor ICs (like LM35),
Thermistors, Thermocouples, RTD (Resistive Temperature Devices), etc.

Temperature Sensors are used everywhere like computers, mobile

phones, automobiles, air conditioning systems, industries etc.
Proximity Sensors
A Proximity Sensor is a non-contact type sensor that detects the presence of an object. Proximity
Sensors can be implemented using different techniques like Optical (like Infrared or Laser),
Ultrasonic, Hall Effect, Capacitive, etc.

A proximity sensor is a sensor able to detect the presence of nearby objects without any physical
contact.

Some of the applications of Proximity Sensors are Mobile Phones, Cars (Parking Sensors), industries
(object alignment), Ground Proximity in Aircrafts, etc.

Proximity sensors can have a high reliability and long functional life because of the absence of
mechanical parts and lack of physical contact between the sensor and the sensed object.
Proximity sensors are also used in machine vibration monitoring to measure the variation in distance
between a shaft and its support bearing. This is common in large steam turbines, compressors, and
motors that use sleeve-type bearings.
Infrared Sensor (IR Sensor)
IR Sensors or Infrared Sensor are light based sensor that are used in various applications like
Proximity and Object Detection. IR Sensors are used as proximity sensors in almost all mobile
phones.

There are two types of Infrared or IR Sensors: Transmissive Type and Reflective Type. In
Transmissive Type IR Sensor, the IR Transmitter (usually an IR LED) and the IR Detector (usually a
Photo Diode) are positioned facing each other so that when an object passes between them, the
sensor detects the object.

An infrared sensor is an electronic instrument that is used to sense certain characteristics of its
surroundings. It does this by either emitting or detecting infraredradiation. Infrared sensors are also
capable of measuring the heat being emitted by an object and detecting motion

Infrared technology is found not just in industry, but also in every-day life. Televisions, for example,
use an infrared detector to interpret the signals sent from a remote control. Passive Infrared sensors
are used for motion detection systems, and LDR sensors are used for outdoor lighting systems. The
key benefits of infrared sensors include their low power requirements, their simple circuitry and their
portable features.

How do IR sensors work:-

An IR sensor can measure the heat of an object as well as detects the motion.These types
of sensors measures only infrared radiation, rather than emitting it that is called as a passive IR
sensor. Usually in the infrared spectrum, all the objects radiate some form of thermal radiations.

A small project, where IR Sensors are used to turn on street lights: STREET LIGHTS USING IR
SENSORS.
Different Types of IR Sensors and Their Applications: -

IR sensors are classified into different types depending on the applications. Some of the typical
applications of different types of sensors are The speed sensor is used for synchronizing the speed of
multiple motors. The temperature sensor is used for industrial temperature control. PIR sensor is used for
automatic door opening system and Ultrasonic sensor are used for distance measurement.

IR Sensor Applications
IR sensors are used in various Sensor based projects and also in various electronic devices which
measures the temperature that are discussed in the below.
Radiation Thermometers

IR sensors are used in radiation thermometers to measure the temperature depend upon the
temperature and the material of the object and these thermometers have some of the following
features

 Measurement without direct contact with the object

 Faster response
 Easy pattern measurements

Flame Monitors

These types of devices are used for detecting the light emitted from the flames and to monitor how
the flames are burning. The Light emitted from flames extend from UV to IR region types. PbS, PbSe,
Two-color detector, pyro electric detector are some of the commonly employed detector used in flame
monitors.

Moisture Analyzers

Moisture analyzers use wavelengths which are absorbed by the moisture in the IR region. Objects are
irradiated with light having these wavelengths(1.1 µm, 1.4 µm, 1.9 µm, and 2.7µm) and also with
reference wavelengths. The Lights reflected from the objects depend upon the moisture content and
is detected by analyzer to measure moisture (ratio of reflected light at these wavelengths to the
reflected light at reference wavelength). In GaAs PIN photodiodes, Pbs photoconductive detectors
are employed in moisture analyzer circuits.
Gas Analyzers

IR sensors are used in gas analyzers which use absorption characteristics of gases in the IR region.
Two types of methods are used to measure the density of gas such as dispersive and non dispersive.

Gas Analizer

Dispersive: An Emitted light is spectroscopically divided and their absorption characteristics are used
to analyze the gas ingredients and the sample quantity.
Non dispersive: It is most commonly used method and it uses absorption characteristics without
dividing the emitted light. Non dispersive types use discrete optical band pass filters, similar to
sunglasses that are used for eye protection to filter out unwanted UV radiation.
This type of configuration is commonly referred to as non dispersive infrared (NDIR) technology. This
type of analyzer is used for carbonated drinks, whereas non dispersive analyzer is used in most of
the commercial IR instruments, for an automobile exhaust gas fuel leakages.

IR Imaging Devices

IR image device is one of the major applications of IR waves, primarily by virtue of its property that is
not visible. It is used for thermal imagers, night vision devices, etc.
 IR Imaging Devices

For examples Water, rocks, soil, vegetation, an atmosphere, and human tissue all features emit IR
radiation. The Thermal infrared detectors measure these radiations in IR range and map the spatial
temperature distributions of the object/area on an image. Thermal imagers usually composed of a Sb
(indium antimonite), Gd Hg (mercury-doped germanium), Hg Cd Te (mercury-cadmium-telluride)
sensors.

An electronic detector is cooled to low temperatures using liquid helium or liquid nitrogen’s. Then the
Cooling the detectors ensures that the radiant energy (photons) recorded by the detectors comes
from the terrain and not from the ambient temperature of objects within the scanner itself an IR
imaging electronic devices.

Thus, this is all about IR sensor circuit with working and applications. These sensors are used in many sensor
based electronics projects.
Ultrasonic Sensor
An Ultrasonic Sensor is a non-contact type device that can be used to measure distance as well as
velocity of an object. An Ultrasonic Sensor works based on the properties of the sound waves with
frequency greater than that of the human audible range.

Using the time of flight of the sound wave, an Ultrasonic Sensor can measure the distance of the
object (similar to SONAR). The Doppler Shift property of the sound wave is used to measure the
velocity of an object.

Arduino based Range Finder is a simple project using Ultrasonic Sensor: PORTABLE ULTRASONIC
RANGE METER.

ultrasonic sensors measure distance by using ultrasonic waves.

The sensor head emits an ultrasonic wave and receives the wave reflected back from the target.
Ultrasonic Sensors measure the distance to the target by measuring the time between the emission
and reception.

An optical sensor has a transmitter and receiver, whereas an ultrasonic sensor uses a single
ultrasonic element for both emission and reception. In a reflective model ultrasonic sensor, a single
oscillator emits and receives ultrasonic waves alternately. This enables miniaturization of the sensor
head.
Light Sensor
A Light Sensor generates an output signal indicating the intensity of light by measuring the radiant
energy that exists in a very narrow range of frequencies basically called “light”, and which ranges in
frequency from “Infra-red” to “Visible” up to “Ultraviolet” light spectrum.
The light sensor is a passive devices that convert this “light energy” whether visible or in the infra-red
parts of the spectrum into an electrical signal output. Light sensors are more commonly known as
“Photoelectric Devices” or “Photo Sensors” because the convert light energy (photons) into electricity
(electrons).
Photoelectric devices can be grouped into two main categories, those which generate electricity when
illuminated, such as Photo-voltaics or Photo-emissives etc, and those which change their electrical
properties in some way such as Photo-resistors or Photo-conductors. This leads to the following
classification of devices.

Light Sensors are photoelectric devices that convert light energy (photons) whether visible or infra-red
light into an electrical (electrons) signal

A Light Detector or a Light Sensor is a device or circuit that detects the intensity of the light incident
on it. Different types of light detectors are LDRs (or Light Dependent Resistors), Photo Diodes, Photo
Transistors, etc.

All these devices are called as Photoelectric Devices as they convert light energy to electric energy.
These Light Detectors or Sensors can detect different types of light like visible light, ultraviolet light,
infrared light etc.
designed a simple Light Detector using LDR. When the light falls on the LDR, the light stays off and
when the light stops falling on LDR, the LED glows. We have designed two types of circuits: one
using an OP – AMP (Operational Amplifier) and other using just transistors.

Components Required

 2 x BC547 NPN Transistors

 Small LDR
 1 KΩ Resistor
 10 KΩ Potentiometer
 White LED
 330 Ω Resistor
 Connecting wires
 Power supply (9V Battery)

Applications

 Simple Light Detector Circuit can be used in many applications like automatic switching of appliances up
on detecting light, security systems, etc.
 This circuit can be used in alarm system, where increasing intensity of light will trigger the alarm.
 It can also be used in cupboards or wardrobes. When the door is opened, the light will automatically
turned on.

LIGHT SENSOR MODULE

SMOKE SENSOR
A Smoke Detector is a smoke sensing device that indicates fire. Smoke Detectors are very common
in homes, offices, schools and industries. Smoke Detectors are very useful devices as the damage
caused by fire accidents is catastrophic.

There are two types of smoke detectors. Optical or Photoelectric smoke detectors and Ionization
smoke detectors.
Optical smoke detectors consists of a light source like LED and a light detector like photocell.

The photocell conducts as long as the light falls on it. When there is smoke, the light from the source
is interrupted and the photocell doesn’t conduct.

Working
Smoke Detectors are amazing devices as they are small, cheap yet very useful. In this project, we
implemented a simple Smoke Detector Circuit with adjustable sensitivity.

We used a Smoke Sensor MQ-2 as the main sensory device. The working of the circuit is simple and
is explained below.

LM358 acts as a comparator in this circuit. The inverting terminal of LM358 is connected to POT so
that the sensitivity of the circuit can be adjusted.

The output of LM358 is given to an LED as an indicator although a buzzer can be used as an alarm.
The non-inverting terminal of LM358 is connected with output of smoke sensor.

Initially, when the air is clean, the conductivity between the electrodes is less, as the resistance is in
the order of 50KΩ. The inverting terminal input of comparator is higher than the non-inverting terminal
input. The indicator LED is OFF.

In the event of fire, when the sensor is filled with smoke, the resistance of the sensor falls to 5KΩ and
the conductivity between the electrodes increases.

This provides a higher input at the non-inverting terminal of comparator than the inverting terminal
and the output of comparator is high. The alarming LED is turned ON as an indication of presence of
smoke.
Components Required
 MQ-2 Sensor
 LM358
 10KΩ
 330Ω
 LED
 0.1µF
 10KΩ POT

Circuit Diagram

SMOKE SENSOR
ALCOHOL SENSOR
Breath Alcohol Tester is a device that is used to indicate or estimate the blood alcohol content of a
person. The general term for this device is Breathalyzer or Breath Analyzer.

Alcohol is very quickly absorbed in to blood and the amount of alcohol in blood reaches peak after an
hour of drinking an alcoholic beverage. Hence, blood alcohol test is the easiest and fastest way to
determine whether a person is in legal levels of consumption or intoxicated.

The main reasons for testing blood alcohol level are: to check the alcohol content in blood of legally
drunk suspects, to test for alcohol content in blood when consumption is prohibited like in under aged
people and other medical reasons like finding the cause of altered mind.

The effects of consumption of alcohol even in small amounts are noticeable. When consumed in large
quantities, alcohol can act as a sedative and can depress the central nervous system.

Components Required
 MQ-3 Alcohol Sensor – 1
 LM3914 – 1
 3.9 KΩ – 1
 2.2 KΩ – 1
 470 Ω – 11
 20 KΩ POT – 1
 Green LEDs – 5
 Yellow LEDs – 3
 Red LEDs – 2
TOUCH SENSOR

A touch sensor primarily works when an object or individual gets in physical contact with it. Unlike a
button or other more manual control, touch sensors are more sensitive, and are often able to respond
differently to different kinds of touch, such as tapping, swiping and pinching. Touch sensors are used
in consumer tech devices such as smartphones and tablet computers. Typically, touch sensors are
used as a means to take input from the user. Each physical stroke that a touch sensor records is sent
to a processing unit/software that processes it accordingly. For example, when navigating through a
smartphone or using an application, the touch sensor captures the human touches or the applied
pressure across the screen. Each interaction with the user across the screen might have a different
meaning for the device and/or the application.

A Touch Dimmer Switch Circuit is a simple project, where the dimmer action is achieved with the help
of a Touch Sensor. While a regular switch is used to simply turn ON or OFF a light, a Dimmer (or
Dimmer Switch) will allow us to control the brightness of the light. Without a Dimmer Switch, the light
bulbs tend to glow at full brightness consuming maximum power. If full brightness is not required,
then Dimmer Switches can be used and save some energy. With the help of a Dimmer Switch, we
can vary the brightness from fully off to fully on.

Different light bulbs need different dimmer switches and there are different types of Dimmer Switches
available in the market. Some of the commonly found Dimmer Switches are Slider type and rotary
type.

Components Required for Touch Dimmer Switch Circuit

 Arduino UNO
 Touch Sensor
 2N2222 NPN Transistor
 Small Bulb
 1 KΩ Resistor
 Power supply
 Breadboard (Prototyping board)
 Connecting Wires
Color Sensor

A Color Sensor, as the name suggests, is a device that senses or detects colors. A color sensor will
use an external means of emitting light (like an array of white LEDs) and then analyse the reflected
light from the object in order to determine its color.

Color sensors will give an accurate color of the object. There are a wide range of applications of color
sensors like sorting objects by color, quality control systems, printer color enhancement etc.

In this project, we have designed a simple Arduino Color Sensor application, which has an ability to
detect different colors. We have used TCS3200 color sensors for this purpose. Introduction to color
sensor, circuit diagram and working of the Arduino Color Sensor project are explained below.

Applications
 Color Sensors have a wide range of applications in the fields of image processing, digital signal
processing, object detection, color identification, etc.
 In industries, Color sensors are often used in sorting objects based on color.

Humidity Sensor

DHT11 is a Humidity and Temperature Sensor, which generates calibrated digital output. DHT11 can
be interface with any microcontroller like Arduino, Raspberry Pi, etc. and get instantaneous results.
DHT11 is a low cost humidity and temperature sensor which provides high reliability and long term
stability.

In this project, we will build a small circuit to interface Arduino with DHT11 Temperature and Humidity
Sensor. One of the main applications of connecting DTH11 sensor with Arduino is weather
monitoring.

We have already seen about humidity, relative humidity, humidity sensors and their types in this
article.

Applications
 DHT11 Relative Humidity and Temperature Sensor can be used in many applications like:
 HVAC (Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning) Systems
 Weather Stations
 Medical Equipment for measuring humidity
  Home Automation Systems
 Automotive and other weather control applications

Tilt Sensor

A Tilt Sensor or a Tilt Switch is a component that detects orientation of an object. One of the best
example for the application of a tilt sensor is its use in aircrafts.

The horizontal and vertical orientation or inclination of the airplane will be provided by the tilt sensor
to on board computers. This information is provided to the pilot for safe travelling.

There are different types of tilt sensors based on the axes it can measure.
A simple tilt sensor is basically a switch that will turn ON or OFF based angle or orientation of the
sensor. Such sensor is useful for single axis tilt detection.

In this project, the basic functioning of a tilt sensor in determining the orientation is demonstrated.

NOTE

 The working of a simple tilt sensor is demonstrated in this project.

 Tilt sensors can be used in security systems, where the orientation of the object is used as the
security measure.
 Tilt sensors are often used in gaming consoles and mobile phones.
 They are used in navigation systems of boats, airplanes etc., to determine the pitch and roll.

What does a sensor do?

A sensor is a device that detects and responds to some type of input from the physical environment.
The specific input could be light, heat, motion, moisture, pressure, or any one of a great number of
other environmental phenomena.

What are types of sensor?

The most frequently used types of sensors for making electrical projects are classified based on the
quantities, namely IR (infrared), speed, PIR (passive infrared), temperature, touch,
ultrasonic sensors. Different Types of Sensors.

What is a sensor in IOT?

Generally speaking, a sensor is a device that is able to detect changes in an environment. By itself,
a sensor is useless, but when we use it in an electronic system, it plays a key role. A sensor is able
to measure a physical phenomenon (like temperature, pressure, and so on) and transform it into an
electric signal.
Where are sensors used?
Sensors are used to measure physical quantities such as temperature, light, pressure, sound, and
humidity. They send signals to the processor. For example: A security alarm system may have an
infrared sensor which sends a signal when the beam is broken.

What is the principle of sensor?

A door sensor using a microwave technique works according to a completely different principle than
one based on infrared rays. With microwaves, an antenna constantly emits a "balloon" at
a specific frequency (24.125 GHz). As soon as there is a change in the volume of the balloon, the
sensor reacts.

Classification of measurement errors[edit]

An infrared sensor

A good sensor obeys the following rules:[citation needed]:

 it is sensitive to the measured property

 it is insensitive to any other property likely to be encountered in its application, and
 it does not influence the measured property.
Most sensors have a linear transfer function. The sensitivity is then defined as the ratio between the output signal
and measured property. For example, if a sensor measures temperature and has a voltage output, the sensitivity is
a constant with the units [V/K]. The sensitivity is the slope of the transfer function. Converting the sensor's electrical
output (for example V) to the measured units (for example K) requires dividing the electrical output by the slope (or
multiplying by its reciprocal). In addition, an offset is frequently added or subtracted. For example, -40 must be
added to the output if 0 V output corresponds to -40 C input.
For an analog sensor signal to be processed, or used in digital equipment, it needs to be converted to a digital
signal, using an analog-to-digital converter.
Sensor technology can improve office design
and create happier employees: -
sophisticated sensors could contribute to a healthier and happier workforce by tracking the way offices are
used and adjusting them automatically.
Used properly, the technology could turn offices into places that employees choose to be in for their overall
wellbeing, Enabling the Organic Workspace: Emerging Technologies that Focus on People, Not Just
Space white paper.
"This is an amazing shift in design thinking," research, referring to the notion that better office design could
improve people's lives. "If so, why wouldn't you want to work at the office?" he said.
By constantly monitoring environmental conditions, the way space is being used and even employee's
emotional and physical wellbeing, the office of the future will be able to react automatically, the research
predicts.
This is an amazing shift in design thinking

Sensors will enable workspaces to shape-shift for maximum efficiency, alter temperature and lighting levels,
and make adjustments when workers are getting bored or frustrated, the report finds.
This could transform the way employees perceive their workplace.
"Haworth believes new technologies can make work better by helping people be their best and soon we'll see
employees drawn to the office in their search for increased wellbeing, engagement, and effectiveness," says
Haworth's paper.
"Why? Because their workspace responds to how they work best."

Employees will use the workplace to spend free time or just relax

Employees will increasingly use the workplace "to organise their life and work, spend free time with colleagues
or even just take a moment to relax," Sohenmann said.
This means that the focus of office design will shift from maximising available space to responding to the
individual people inside it.
"The past focus of space and building management has missed the greatest opportunity of all: to directly
monitor the needs of the occupants, not just the function of the space," says the white paper.
"The promise of new technologies can be intoxicating," it says. "The real test: does any new technology help
people? It's tempting to be swept away by the latest gadget, but we need to ensure people come first."
 Sensors could be used to monitor a wide variety of factors that influence employee research

Interior Sensor Technology

In the following discussion of interior sensor technologies, the sensors are grouped by their application.

Boundary-Penetration Sensors
Introduction
This class of sensors includes electromechanical, vibration, glass break, infrasonic, and capacitance proximity sensors.
The interior area best protected by boundary penetration sensors is shown in Figure 8-2. This area includes ceilings and
floors of rooms as well as walls and doors.

Electromechanical Sensors
Passive, Visible Line Sensors
Electromechanical sensors are passive, visible, line sensors. The most common type is a relatively simple
switch generally used on doors and windows. Most of these switches are the magnetic switches, which consist
of two units: a switch unit and a magnetic unit. Figure 8-3 shows the magnetic reed switch and its components
in the closed and open positions.

Vibration Sensors
Description
Vibration sensors are passive, visible, and line sensors. They detect the movement of the surface to which they
are fastened. A human blow or other sudden impact on a surface will cause that surface to vibrate at a specific
frequency determined by its construction. The vibration frequencies are determined to a lesser extent by the
impacting tool. Vibration sensors may be as simple as mercury switches, or they may be as complex as inertial
switches or piezoelectric sensors. In each case, they are designed to respond to frequencies associated with
breaking and entering (usually greater than 4 kHz) and to ignore normal building vibrations such as air-
conditioning or heating equipment noise.
Applications
The primary application advantage of vibration sensors is that they provide early warning of a forced entry.
When applying vibration sensors, the
 Following are 6 different types of sensors that home alarm systems use to detect an
intruder:

Passive Infrared Motion Detectors.

Also known as PIR sensors, these are the most common type of sensors homeowners use
because they are practical and affordable. The term passive means that these detectors operate without any need
to radiate and generate their own energy. PIR sensors can efficiently detect changes in the ambient temperature
as well as body heat. If these sensors detect a temperature spike due to the presence of an intruder or foreign
object, the alarm is set off. A thing to note is that infrared energy cannot pass through glass, so the alarm won’t
trigger due to the presence of people or animals outside.

Ultrasonic Detectors.
Ultrasonic detectors use high-frequency sound waves to detect any kind of movement within
a limited space. They transmit frequencies between 25 kHz and 75 kHz, which are inaudible to human ears.
These frequencies are bounced off the walls, ceiling, as well as furniture in a protected room. And when there is
any sudden change in the stabilized frequency, the alarm is triggered. Any moving object can change the
frequency of the surrounding sound waves in the protected space, so these sensors will not discriminate between
intruders and passers-by.

Microwave Detectors.
Microwave detectors work in the same manner as ultrasonic detectors. However, they use
high frequency radio waves instead of sound waves. The advantage of using microwave detectors is that radio
waves can go through walls, so they provide relatively more coverage as compared to ultrasonic waves.

Magnetic Switches.
Magnetic switches are typically used for protecting doors and windows. Their ease of use,
durability, and affordability makes them a popular choice. They consist of two separate parts i.e. the switch and
the magnet, and homeowners can easily install them themselves. The switch creates an electrical circuit with the
magnet when closed because it contains a spring. If a window or door is opened the circuit breaks and the alarm
is triggered.

Photoelectric Beams. ...

 Photoelectric beams utilize infrared light beams in order to detect the presence of an
intruder. These infrared light beams are usually stacked in rows of two or more. The home alarm system goes
off if anyone obstructs a beam.

Glass Break Detectors.

When a glass breaks, different bands of frequencies are generated including ultrasonic
waves that are audible to humans as well as infrasonic that humans cannot hear. These sensors are installed next
to glass panes, and the alarm sets off instantly when the glass breaks.

If you have a home in The Coachella Valley and are concerned about the overall security of your property, see
our page for special offers on a new alarm system, then contact the professional alarm consultants at Command
One Security! We are eager to discuss with you the most effective and economical options we have available
for home security today.