Design of Structural Decking System For PDF
Design of Structural Decking System For PDF
Design of Structural Decking System For PDF
CERTIFICATE
Project Report On
In the
Academic year
2012-2013
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We are thankful almighty for guiding us throughout the project. We would like to thank all
those who have contributed to the completion of the seminar and helped us with valuable
suggestions for improvement.
First of all we are indebted to guide Prof. B.A.Chaudhari & co-guide Prof.N.P.Narkhede
of Civil Department who has guided us throughout the preparation and presentation of this project
and special thanks for his unstained support throughout the completion of this project.
We express our deep sense of gratitude to Prof. R.K.Malviya, Head of The Department
(Civil Engineering Department) who is the key source of inspiration for any work to complete
successfully.
We are extremely grateful to Principle Dr. Bimlesh Kumar, for providing us with best
facilities and atmosphere for the creative work guidance and encouragement.
We would also like to acknowledge the whole faculty of Civil Department for their
encouragement, active involvement and continuous efforts in helping us from time to time.
We thank all Staff members of our college and friends for extending their co-operation
during our project.
Above all we would like to thank our parents without whose blessings; we would not have
been able to accomplish our goal.
Mr.Atwal Pratik R.
Mr.Mahajan Amit S.
Mr.Patil Jitendra K.
Mr.Sarode Pushpak A.
Mr.Nehte Rahul P.
ABSTRACT
The use of steel deck in the construction of floors began in the 1920’s. The concept of using
steel deck to act compositely with the concrete slab began in the 1950’s. A composite slab comprises
steel decking, reinforcement and cast in situ concrete. Modern profiled steel are mostly designed to
act as both formwork and Composite slabs. Following a description of the benefits of composite
construction and its common applications, the roles and responsibilities of the parties involved in the
design and construction process are identified. The requirements for the transfer of information
throughout the design and construction process are described.
The design of composite slabs and beams is discussed in detail in relation to the steel codes.
In addition to general ultimate and serviceability limit state design issues, practical design
considerations such as the formation of holes in the slab, support details, fire protection, and
attachments to the slab are discussed. Also given on the acoustic performance of typical composite
slabs. The obligations of designers according to the CDM (Construction Design & Management)
regulations are identified and discussed.
The practical application of Slim deck, Smart deck, multi deck construction, which normally
utilizes deep decking and special support beams, is also covered. Typical construction details are
illustrated, and guidance is given on the formation of openings in the beams and the slab.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page No.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT i
ABSTRACT ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS iii
LIST OF FIGURES vi
LIST OF TABLES vii
LIST OF NOTATIONS Viii
1. INTRODUCTION 1-7
1.1 General 1
1.1.1 Needs of use Metal Deck 3
1.1.2 Motivation 3
1.2 Benefits of composite construction 3
1.2.1 Speed of construction 3
1.2.2 Safe method of construction 3
1.2.3 Saving in weight 3
1.2.4 Saving in transport 3
1.2.5 Structural stability 3
1.2.6 Shallower construction 4
1.2.7 Sustainability 4
1.2.8 Easy installation of services 4
1.3 Applications 5
1.4 Comparison Chart 5
1.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Composite Slabs 6
1.6 Objective and scope of research 7
2. THE DESIGN CONSIDERATIONAND CONSTRUCTION TEAM 8-20
2.1 Team members 8
2.2 Roles in design and construction 9
2.2.1 Form of floor construction 9
2.2.2 Composite beams 9
2.2.3 Composite slab 9
2.2.4 Choice of Decking 10
2.2.5 Decking arrangement and details 11
2.2.6 Temporary works 11
2.2.7 Fire protection 12
2.2.8 Safety 12
6.1.1 Prepare the analysis of rate for Steel metal sheet deck Slab 4mx5m in 67
proportion 1:1:2 i.e. M30
6.1.2 Comparing the both conventional RCC slab & Steel deck slab to 69
calculate the cost of both slabs
7. FINANCIAL AND ECONOMY 71
8. WEEKLY PROGRESS REPORT 2012-2013 72-73
9. CONCLUSIONS 74
10. RECOMMENDATIONS 75
11. REFERENCES 76
LIST OF FIGURE
Page No.
Figure 1.1 composite slabs with profile sheeting 1
Figure 1.2 7 Reasons of decking system 2
Figure 1.3 Comparison chart 3
Figure 2.1 Sequence for composite floor construction 13
Figure 2.2 Sequence for composite floor construction 4
Figure 2.3 Typical decking layout drawing 18
Figure 3.1 Section of decking 22
Figure 3.2 Examples of re-entrant deck profiles used for composite 24
slabs, supplied by:
1. Richard Lees Steel Decking Ltd.
2. Corus Panels and Profiles
3. King span Structural Products Ltd.
4. Structural Metal Decks Ltd. &
5. CMF Ltd.
Figure 3.3 Examples of trapezoidal deck profiles up to 60 mm deep 25
(excluding the top stiffener) used for composite slabs,
supplied by:
1. Richard Lees Steel Decking Ltd.
2. Corus Panels and Profiles
3. King span Structural Products Ltd.
4. Structural Metal Decks Ltd. &
5. CMF Ltd.
Figure 3.4 Examples of trapezoidal deck profiles greater than 26
60 mm deep (excluding the top stiffener) used for
composite slabs, supplied by:
1. Richard Lees Steel Decking Ltd.
2. Corus Panels and Profiles
3. King span Structural Products Ltd.
4. Structural Metal Decks Ltd. &
5. CMF Ltd.
Figure 3.5 Embossment detail 28
Figure 3.6 Minimum bearing length for permanent support 29
Figure 3.7 End bearing on steel 30
Figure 3.8 End bearing on concrete 30
Figure 4.1 Resistance of composite slab to sagging bending 32
Figure 4.2 Resistance moment of profiles 34
Figure 4.3 Nomenclature 37
Figure 4.4 Section of deck slab 44
Figure 4.5 Installation process of decking 50
Figure 4.6 3D view of composite Decking 50
Figure 5.1 Details of reinforcement 66
LIST OF TABLE
Page No.
LIST OF NOTATION
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 General
Composite slabs consist of profiled steel decking with an in-situ reinforced concrete
topping. The decking not only acts as permanent formwork to the concrete, but also provides
sufficient shear bond with the concrete so that, when the concrete has gained strength, the
two materials act together compositely. Composite beams are normally hot rolled or
fabricated steel sections that act compositely with the slab. The composite interaction is
achieved by the attachment of shear connectors to the top flange of the beam. The shear
connectors provide sufficient longitudinal shear connection between the beam and the
concrete so that they act together structurally.
Composite slabs and beams are commonly used (with steel columns) in the
commercial, industrial, leisure, health and residential building sectors due to the speed of
construction and general structural economy that can be achieved. Although most commonly
used on steel framed buildings, composite slabs may also be supported off masonry or
concrete components.
A typical example of the decking layout for a composite floor is shown in Figure 1.1. The
lines of shear connectors indicate the positions of the composite beams.
1.1.2 Motivation
Structural Engineering is a field in which there is a constant revolution-taking place.
New and innovative structural forms and technological developments are being created every
day.
Following this technological development, there is an enhanced intention imposed on
building construction industry to improve time, economy and structural efficiency of
structures. Especially when high-rise buildings are constructed it is true that a lot of time,
money and labor are needed. Building construction meant for different purposes is being
carried out by different institution. In order to get the aforementioned benefits the desired
profiled steel sheet should be produced and applied locally.
The decking may also be designed to act as a large floor diaphragm to redistribute wind loads
in the construction stage, and the composite slab can act as a diaphragm in the completed
structure. The floor construction is robust due to the continuity achieved between the
decking, reinforcement, concrete and primary structure.
1.2.7 Sustainability
Steel has the ability to be recycled repeatedly without reducing its inherent properties.
This makes steel framed composite construction a sustainable solution. ‘Sustainability’ is a
key factor for clients, and at least 94% of all steel construction products can be either re-used
or recycled upon demolition of a building. Further information on sustainability of composite
flooring systems is given in Composite Flooring Systems: Sustainable construction solutions.
1.3 Applications
Composite slabs have traditionally found their greatest application in steel framed
office buildings, but they are also appropriate for the following types of building:
• Other commercial buildings
• Industrial buildings and warehouses
• Leisure buildings-(auditorium)
• Stadia-(stadium ) & Cinemas
• Hospitals & Schools
• Housing; both individual houses and residential buildings
• Refurbishment projects (Repair of renovation building)
Composite floor construction used for commercial and other multi-storey buildings,
offers a number of important advantages to the designer and client.
The advantages of composite slabs are Simplicity of construction;
• Acts as stay-in-place formwork and offers an immediate working platform
• Lighter construction than a traditional concrete building
• Less on site construction
• Acts as slab reinforcement
• Ease of transportation and installation
• Strict tolerances achieved by using steel members manufactured under controlled
factory conditions to established quality procedures.
Another benefit is that the cellular shape of some decks provides room for the flush
fitting of ceiling fixtures. They are easier and faster to construct than traditional reinforced
concrete slabs because it is easier to install the deck, which acts as the reinforcing, than to lay
out a series of reinforcing bars.
The aim of this Section is to identify typical activities and responsibilities for the team
members involved in the design and construction of a building using composite components.
Clearly, the precise delegation of responsibilities will depend on the details of the contract for
a specific project, with which all parties need to be familiar. As an overriding principle, the
CDM regulations state that ‘Every person on whom a duty is placed by these regulations in
relation to the design, planning and preparation of a project shall take account of the general
principles of prevention in the performance of those duties during all stages of the project’.
A similar requirement applies for the responsibilities during construction: ‘Every person
on whom a duty is placed by these Regulations in relation to the construction phase of the
project shall ensure as far as is reasonably practicable that the general principles of
prevention are applied in the carrying out of the construction work’.
Main Contractor is the organization responsible for the building of the permanent works,
and any associated temporary works. The CDM coordinator has obligations with regard to
the safety aspects of a project. This is a role defined in the CDM Regulations.
loads and loads from solid partitions and tanks. Construction stage loads should also be
considered, with particular attention to any concentrated loads from plant or machinery
required to carry out the safe erection of the building and its structure. When designing and
detailing any reinforcement, the Structural Designer should ensure that the specified bars can
be located within the available depth of slab and that the correct reinforcement covers for the
design durability conditions can be achieved. (Recognize any other space constraints that
may exist on site.) It is recommended that the Structural Designer prepares general
arrangement drawings for the slab (in addition to the steelwork general arrangement
drawings). In particular, these drawings should define the edges and thickness of the slab, and
they should form the basis of the decking layout drawings and the reinforcement drawings.
The Structural Designer should also produce a reinforcement layout drawing for each
bay of each floor. The reinforcement grade, location, lengths, minimum overlaps and
minimum concrete cover should be shown (and appropriate information about fibers if they
are to be used). On site, these drawings will be used to check that all the reinforcement has
been fixed correctly (or fibers correctly incorporated). Designing a concrete mix to provide
the required structural and durability performance is normally the responsibility of the Main
Contractor.
the contract, before the Structural Designer gives explicit approval. In addition, the Structural
Designer should supply the Main Contractor with the propping loads, and the dead load that
has been considered, to help him/her to draw up the propping scheme. When devising the
scheme, consideration must be given to the fact that floors will need to be designed to carry
the concentrated loads from props (for advice on possible loading).
2.2.8 Safety
Whilst all parties involved in the design and construction process are required to
consider construction safety, the CDM co-ordinator has some specific obligations under the
CDM regulations .These obligations include the creation of the Health & Safety Plan and the
Health & Safety File. The aim of the first of these documents is to inform others of potential
health and safety issues; the Structural Designer should supply, for example, details of any
risks that may be foreseen during construction for inclusion in this plan. The Health and
Safety File is intended to assist persons undertaking maintenance work, and will include
information such as as-built drawings.
The Structural Designer should inform the contractor of any ‘residual hazards’ (those
that the contractor will manage during the construction) associated with any unorthodox
method of construction, and the provisions made to help the contractor to manage them. It is
the CDM Co-ordination’s responsibility to provide advice and assistance, to ensure that
designers fulfill their obligations, to consider health and safety issues, to co-operate with
others, and to supply all appropriate information.
Clear and timely communication of information is important given that several parties
are involved in the building design process. There are also obligations placed on the key
parties under the CDM Regulations to exchange information during both design and
construction.
an area that is to be laid from a bundle as one unit. Bays are normally indicated on the
drawing using a diagonal line. The number of sheets and their length should be written
against the diagonal line. The bundle reference may also be detailed against this diagonal
line. Further construction notes for the bay can be referenced using numbers in circles drawn
on the diagonal lines, as shown in Figure 3.1. This figure shows an example of a decking
layout drawing, but with the shear connectors and fastener information omitted for clarity.
Decking contractors’ literature should be referenced for exact details.
The approximate starting point for laying the decking should be given on the
drawings, together with the direction in which laying should proceed. All supports
(permanent or temporary) should be identified, and whether they should be in place prior to
laying the decking. The letters TP on the drawings typically indicate lines of propping.
Column positions and their orientation should also be shown. The decking type, thickness
and material strength should be indicated on the drawing.
The location of all openings trimmed with steelwork, and all slab perimeters, should
be given relative to the permanent supports. This may be in the form of a reference box titled
‘Edge Trim’, with a reference number (for details shown elsewhere), the slab depth, and the
distance from the edge of the slab to the centre line of the nearest permanent support, but
decking contractors’ literature should be referred to for the exact drawing details.
The shear connector layout should also be shown on the decking drawings, or on
separate drawings for reasons of clarity. The information should include the type of shear
connector, its length, orientation (if shot-fired) and position relative to the ribs. The minimum
distance between the centre-line of the shear connector and the edge of the decking should be
given. Details of preparation, fixing and testing of shear connectors should be available on
site.
Fastener information should be given on the drawings. The fastener type for both
seams and supports should be given, along with maximum spacing (or minimum number of
fasteners per meter). Where the Structural Designer has designed the decking to act as an
effective lateral restraint to the beams and additional fasteners to the manufacturer’s normal
fixing arrangement are necessary, this should be clearly indicated on the decking layout
drawing and/or general notes.
The general notes should include the design loads that the decking can support in the
construction condition. Guidance on avoidance of overload prior to placing the concrete is
given in the BCSA (British Constructional Steelwork Association) publication. A copy of the
decking layout drawings must be given to the Main Contractor so that checks can be made
that the necessary propping is in place. The Main Contractor will also need to refer to these
drawings for details of the maximum construction loading and any special loading.
2.5.3 Information required for laying the reinforcement, casting the slab and its use
thereafter;
A reinforcement layout drawing should be prepared for each bay of each floor by the
structural Designer. The location, length, minimum overlap and minimum concrete cover of
all reinforcement should be indicated. The grade of all reinforcement should also be noted.
This grade can be checked against the identification tag for each reinforcement bundle
delivered to site. Appropriate information about fibres should be given, if they are to be used.
Important reinforcement details (such as at construction joints, support locations,
openings and edges) should be referenced and placed on this drawing.
The floor slab general arrangement drawings (or the Specification) should include the
concrete performance requirements or mix details (including any details for fibre
reinforcement), surface finish requirements, level tolerances and any restrictions on the
location of construction joints. They should also identify the minimum concrete strength at
which temporary supports may be removed, the minimum concrete strength at which
temporary construction loads may be applied, and, where appropriate, the maximum
allowable vehicular axle weight (for punching shear). Minimum concrete strengths may be
given in terms of days after concreting.
3. STEEL DECKING
Steel decking spans between the bottom flange of the beams and supports the wet
concrete during construction. The embossments formed in the decking achieve excellent
composite action with the concrete, assisted by bar reinforcement. Light mesh reinforcement
is provided in the concrete topping for crack control purposes. The steel decking has two
main structural functions:
• During concreting, the decking supports the weight of the wet concrete and
reinforcement, together with the temporary loads associated with the construction
process. It is normally intended to be used without temporary propping.
• In service, the decking acts ‘compositely’ with the concrete to support the loads on
the floor. Composite action is obtained by shear bond and mechanical interlock
between the concrete and the decking. This is achieved by the embossments rolled
into the decking – similar to the deformations formed in rebar used in a reinforced
concrete slab - and by any re-entrant parts in the deck profile (which prevent
separation of the deck and the concrete).
The decking may also be used to stabilize the beams against lateral torsional buckling
during construction, and to stabilize the building as a whole by acting as a diaphragm to
transfer wind loads to the walls and columns (where it is designed to do so, and in particular
where there are adequate fixings. The decking, together with either welded fabric
reinforcement placed in the top of the slab or steel/synthetic fibers throughout the slab, also
helps to control cracking of the concrete caused by shrinkage effects.
temporary propping is usually not required. Profiles up to 95 mm high overall have been
developed which can achieve over 4.5 m spans without propping.
3.1.1 Tolerances:
• Panel length: Plus or minus ½ inch (13 mm).
• Thickness: Shall not be less than 95% of the design thickness.
• Panel cover width: Minus 3/8 inch (10 mm), plus ¾ inches (20 mm).
• Panel camber and/or sweep: ¼ inch in 10 foot length (6 mm in 3 meters).
• Panel end out of square: 1/8 inch per foot (3 mm in 300 mm) of panel width.
The thickness of steel before coating with paint or metal shall be in conformance with
the following Table.2:
3.2
3.3
3.4
The grades of steel used for decking are specified in BS EN 10326. The common
grade in the UK is S350 (the designation identifies the yield strength of the steel in N/mm2).
Decking is generally rolled from 0.9 to 1.2 mm thick strip steel. The spanning capability of a
given decking profile clearly increases as the steel thickness increases, but not in direct
proportion to the strength. The steel is galvanized before forming, and this is designated in
the steel grade by the letters GD, followed by a number corresponding to the number of
grammes of zinc per m2. The normal specification is GD 275, i.e. 275 grammes of zinc per
m2, which results in a thickness of approximately 0.02 mm per face (sufficient to achieve an
excellent design life in internal applications with mild exposure conditions). Thicker
galvanized coatings of 350 g/m2, and up to 600 g/m2, are available for special applications
where improved durability is needed, but specifications other than 275 g/m2 will be difficult
to obtain and are likely to require a large minimum order. ‘Thru-deck’ welding may also be
affected. For this reason, polyester paints are sometimes applied over the galvanizing to
provide a longer service life. Advice should be sought from the supplier/manufacturer when
decking is to be used in a moderate or severe environment. Further, advice on the use of
composite construction in an aggressive environment.
Limitations:-
A. Deck shall be limited to galvanized or uncoated steel decks with embossments
meeting the requirements for Type I, Type II, or Type III patterns as shown in Figure
A2-1, A2-2, A2-3, and A2-4.The design embossment height, ph, shall not be less than
0.035 inches (0.89 mm) and shall not be greater than 0.105 inches (2.67
mm).Embossments shall not be less than 90% of the design embossment depth.
B. The embossment factor, ps, shall not be less than that defined in Table.3.
Deck Embossment Nominal Deck Minimum ps
Type Depth
1 1.5 in. 5.5
1 2.0 in. 12.0
1 3.0 in. 18.0
2 1.5 in. 5.5
2 2.0 in. 8.5
2 3.0 in. 8.5
3 1.5 in. 5.5
3 2.0 in. 10.0
3 3.0 in. 12.0
• Composite Steel Deck System without Studs Subjected to either Uniform Live
load or Concentrated Load
A. Deck as Form
The width of the slab ‘b’ shown in Fig.4.1(a) is one typical wavelength of profiled
sheeting. But, for calculation purpose 'b' is taken as 1.0 m. The overall thickness is ht and the
depth of concrete above main flat surface hc. Normally, ht is not less than 80 mm and hc is
not less than 40 mm from sound and fire insulation considerations.
The neutral axis normally lies in the concrete in case of full shear connection;
but in regions of partial shear connection, the neutral axis may be within the steel section.
The local buckling of steel sections should then be considered. For sheeting in tension, the
width of embossments should be neglected. Therefore, the effective area 'Ap' per meter and
height of centre of area above bottom 'e' are usually based on tests.The plastic neutral
axis ep is generally larger than e.
The simple plastic theory of flexure is used for analysis of these floors for
checking the design at Limit State of collapse load. Euro code assumes the equivalent
ultimate stress of concrete in compression as 0.85(f ck ) cy /γc where (f ck ) cy is the characteristic
cylinder compression strength of concrete. However, IS 456: 1978 uses an average stress of
0.36(f ck ) cu accommodating the value of γc and considering (f ck ) cu as characteristic cube
strength of concrete. IS code is on the conservative side.
Full shear connection is assumed. Hence, compressive force Ncf in concrete is equal to steel
yield force N pa .
b. Neutral axis within sheeting and full shear connection [Fig. 4.1(c)]
Ncf = (bh c ⋅ 0.36 f ck )
The compression of concrete within rib is neglected. The force N cf is less than N pa .
The tensile force in sheeting is split into Na (equal to compressive force N cf ) plus N ac .
N a = N cf
And the remaining force N ac such that the total tensile force is N ac + N a . The equal and
opposite force N ac provide resisting moment M pr .
Note: This M pr will be less than M pa , the flexural capacity of steel sheeting.
The relationship between M pr /M pa and N cf /N pa is shown in Fig. 4.2(a) in the dotted
line. For design this can be approximated by line ADC that can be expressed as
Sum of resistance is shown in Fig. 4.1(d) and Fig. 4.1(e), which is equal to the resistance
shown in Fig. 4.1(c).
The lever arm z can be found by examining the two extreme cases. For case (i) where N cf =
N pa or N cf /N pa = 1.0, N ac = 0 and hence M pr = 0.
In this case, the compressive force in the concrete N c is less than N cf and depends on
the strength of shear connection and the stress blocks are as shown in Fig. 4.1(b) for the slab
(with N c in place of N cf ) and Fig. 4.1(c) for sheeting.
N c = N cf
N cf = N pa
x = hc
Design of Structural Decking System for Building 34
Dept. of Civil Engineering J.T.Mahajan college of Engineering, Faizpur
Thus,
4.1.3 Deck shall be evaluated for strength under the following load
combinations:
w dc + w dd + w lc (Eq.4.1.1)
w dc + w dd + P lc (Eq.4.1.2)
Where:
w dc = dead weight of concrete
w dd = dead weight of the steel deck
w lc = uniform construction live load
(combined with fluid concrete) not
less than 0.96 kPa
w cdl = uniform construction live load
(combined with deck), not less
than 2.40 kPa
P lc = concentrated construction live load
per unit width of deck section;
2.19 kN on a 1 meter width)
Fb (allow) = 0.95 x F yd
Where:
Note: Calculating first - Dead weight of concrete, dead weight of the steel deck for bending
moment & shear force calculation.
Where;
w c = wt of concrete
The uniform construction live load of 0.96kN/m2 is considered adequate for typical
construction applications that consist of concrete transport and placement by hose and
concrete finishing using hand tools. The designer typically has little control over means-and
methods of construction, and should bring to the attention of the constructor that bulk
dumping of concrete using buckets, chutes, or handcarts, or the use of heavier motorized
finishing equipment such as power screeds, may require design of the deck as a form using
uniform construction live loads, wlc, of 2.40 kN/m2 or greater.
Therefore, If bearing ultimate strength is less than or equal to allowable bending stress, then
it is safe…otherwise to increase the deck rib height given in table.
Where;
Therefore, If bearing ultimate strength is less than or equal to allowable bending stress, then
it is safe…otherwise to increase the deck rib height (i.e. Sp & Sn value which is taken by
following given table)
φVd = beam shear capacity of deck alone (LRFD value from SDI Table)
Note:-S.R value is always less than or equal to 1.0, then it is safe for design.
Rui <= φRd, it is safe for design other wise to increase the value of Rui by
1/3 of allowable or to increase to beam shear capacity of deck alone.
d. Deflection in Deck –
The IS 456: 2000 gives a stringent deflection limitation of L/350 which may
be unrealistic for unpropped construction. The Euro code gives limitations of L/180 or 20
mm, which ever is less.
c. Beam Shear-
φVc = 2x0.85x√(f'cx1000)xAc/1000
e. Deflection-
b m = b 2 +2xt(top)+2xt c
Z = h-y d -a
S cr = Icr / (h-a)
b m = b 2 +2xt(top)+2xt c
a = A sn x F y /(0.85 x f’ c x b)
bm = b 2 +2xt(top)+2xtc
φVc = 2x0.85x√(f’cx1000)xAc/1000
bo = 2x(b 2 +b 3 +2xtc)
Vu =1.7xP
Iuc=(12/n)xtc3/12+(12/n)x(tc)x(yuc-tc/2)2+Id+(Asd)x(h-yuc-yd)2+….
….+(12/n)/(12/(2x rw(avg)))x hd3/12+(12/n)/(12/(2x rw(avg)))x hd x(h-hd/2-yuc)2
Δ(ratio) = L x 12/Δ(P)
a = A st x F y / (0.85 x f' c x b)
(i) Cracking
(ii) Deflection
4.2.1 Cracking:
The crack width is calculated for the top surface in the negative moment
region using standard methods prescribed for reinforced concrete. Normally crack width
should not exceed 3 mm. IS 456: 2000 gives a formula to calculate the width of crack.
Provision of 0.4 % steel will normally avoid cracking problems in propped
construction and provision 0.2 % of steel is normally sufficient in un-propped
construction. If environment is corrosive it is advisable to design the slab as continuous
and take advantage of steel provided for negative bending moment for resisting
cracking during service loads.
4.2.2 Deflection:
The IS 456: 2000 gives a stringent deflection limitation of L/350 which may
be un- realistic for un-propped construction. The Euro code gives limitations of L/180 or 20
mm whichever is less. It may be worthwhile to limit span to depth ratio in the range of 25 to
35 for the composite condition, the former being adopted for simply supported slabs and the
later for continuous slabs. The deflection of the composite slabs is influenced by the slip-
taking place between sheeting and concrete. Tests seem to be the best method to estimate the
actual deflection for the conditions adopted.
Note: The deflections should not normally exceed the following [BS5950 Part 4, 1990]:
- L/180 (but ≤ 20mm) when the effect of ponding are not taken into account
- L/130 (but≤ 30mm) when the effects of ponding are taken into account
Where: L is the effective span of the profiled steel sheets
If the central deflection, δ, of the sheeting under its own weight plus that of the wet
concrete, calculated for serviceability, is less than 1/10 of the slab depth, the ponding effect
may be ignored in the design of the steel sheeting. If this limit is exceeded, this effect would
be allowed for; for example by assuming in design, that the nominal thickness of the
concrete is increased over the whole span by 0.7δ [Structural Steelwork Eurocodes, 2001].
• Integrity criterion concerned with preventing the flames and hot gases to nearby
compartments.
Note: Staggering roof deck end laps is not a recommended practice. The deck capacity is not
increased by staggering the end laps, yet layout and erection costs are increased.
4.3.4 Anchorage:
Roof deck units shall be anchored to supporting members including perimeter support
steel and/or bearing walls by either welding or mechanical fasteners, to provide lateral
stability to the top flange of the supporting structural members and to resist the following
minimum gross uplifts; 45 pounds per square foot (2.15 kPa) for eave overhang; 30 pounds
per square foot (1.44 kPa) for all other roof areas. The dead load of the roof deck construction
shall be deducted from the above forces. The location and number of fasteners required for
satisfactory attachment of deck to supporting structural members are as follows:
All side laps plus a sufficient number of interior ribs to limit the spacing between
adjacent points of attachment to 18 inches (500 mm). Do not walk or stand on deck until
these minimum attachments are accomplished at the structural supports. Deck units with
spans greater than 5 feet (1.5 m) shall have side laps and perimeter edges (at perimeter
support steel) fastened at mid span or 36 inches (1 m) intervals, whichever distance is
smaller. Side lap attachment shall progress from support to mid span. A perimeter deck
system support parallel to deck flutes or ribs is necessary to provide for a minimum fastener
spacing as specified. The design and detailing of this perimeter deck support system is the
responsibility of the project designer.
Note: The deck should be anchored as soon as possible to act as a working platform, to
prevent blow off and slip off from supports and to provide stability to deck system and frame.
The designer should check the appropriate codes for the required uplift loading and show the
required anchorage connections on the plans. If no information is shown on the plans, the
uplift loads shown in paragraph 5.4 will be assumed. Side lap fasteners can be welds, screws,
crimps (button punching), or other methods approved by the designer. Welding side laps on
thicknesses 0.028 inches (.7 mm) or less may cause large burn holes and is not recommended.
The objective of side lap fastening is to prevent differential sheet deflection. The five foot
(1.5 m) limit on side lap spacing is based on experience. The deck erector should not leave
broken bundles or unattached deck at the end of the day as the wind may displace the sheets
and cause injury to persons or property. In the past, 1½ inches (38 mm) of end bearing was
the minimum; this is still a good “rule of thumb” that will, in general prevent slip off. If less
than 1½ inches (38 mm) of end bearing is available, or if high support reactions are expected,
the design engineer should ask the deck manufacturer to check the deck web stress. In any
case, the deck must be adequately attached to the structure to prevent slip off.
a. Welding:
Fillet welds, when used, shall be at least 1 inch (25 mm) long. Weld metal shall
penetrate all layers of deck material at end laps and shall have good fusion to the supporting
members. Welding washers shall be used on all deck units with a metal thickness less than
0.028 inches (0.7 mm). Welding washers shall be a minimum thickness of 0.056 inches (1.5
mm), 16 gage, and have a nominal 3/8 inch (10 mm) diameter hole. Care shall be exercised in
the selection of electrodes and amperage to provide a positive weld and prevent high
amperage blow holes.
Note: The obligation is placed on the contractor to prepare welding procedure specifications
and to qualify them before production use. These procedure specifications must include
classification of the filler metal, its size, and for each type of weld, its melting rate or any
other suitable means of current control indicative of melting rate, as applicable. The welder
qualification test requires each welder to prove the ability to produce satisfactory welds using
these qualified procedures. Welds are made from the top side of the deck, with the welder
immediately following the placement crew. In general, stronger welds are obtained on 0.028
inches (.70 mm) or thicker deck without weld washers. Welds on deck less than 0.028 inches
(.70 mm) are stronger with washers
b. Mechanical Fasteners:
Mechanical fasteners (powder actuated, screws, pneumatically driven fasteners, etc.)
are recognized as viable anchoring methods, provided the type and spacing of the fasteners
satisfy the design criteria. Documentation in the form of test data, design calculations, or
design charts should be submitted by the fastener manufacturer as the basis for obtaining
approval. The deck manufacturer may recommend additional fasteners to stabilize the given
profile against sideslip of any unfastened ribs.
Note: The allowable load value per fastener used to determine the maximum fastener
spacing is based on a structural support thickness of not less than 1/8 inch (3 mm) when
powder-actuated or pneumatically driven fasteners with 5/16 inch (8 mm) diameter minimum
bearing surface (fastener head size) are used. When the structural support thickness is less
than 1/8 inch (3 mm), powder actuated or pneumatically driven fasteners shall not be used but
screws are acceptable.
4.3.5 Finishes:
All steel to be used for roof deck shall be galvanized, aluminized or prime painted.
The roof deck shall be free of grease and dirt prior to the coating.
Note: The primer coat is intended to protect the steel for only a short period of exposure in
ordinary atmospheric conditions and shall be considered an impermanent and provisional
coating. Field painting of prime painted deck is recommended especially where the deck is
exposed. In corrosive or high moisture atmospheres, a galvanized finish is desirable in a G-60
(Z180) or G-90 (Z275) coating. In highly corrosive or chemical atmospheres or where
reactive materials could be in contact with the steel deck, special care in specifying the finish
should be used. In this case, individual manufacturers should be contacted. In most cases,
deck welds are removed from a corrosive environment when the roof is installed and no weld
touch up paint or cold galvanizing is necessary. In those instances where the welds are left
exposed to a corrosive atmosphere, the weld should be wire brushed and coated with an
approved substance.
4.3.6 Fireproofing:
The metal deck manufacturer shall not be responsible for the cleaning of the underside
of metal deck to ensure bond of fireproofing. Adherence of fireproofing materials is
dependent on many variables; the deck manufacturer (supplier) is not responsible for the
adhesion or adhesive ability of the fireproofing
Results:-
SDI Table)
SDI Table)
tc = h-hd
= 152.4 - 38.1
= 114.3 mm
= (0+152.4-38.1)x12+2x(63.5+50.8)/2))/(144x24)
= 3.03 kN/m2
Wd = 0.12454 kN/m2
P = 0.66723 kN
W 2 = 0.958 kN
+Mu = (1.6*Wc+1.2*Wd)/1000*0.096*L^2+1.4*(0.203*P*L)
= 0.015777 kN.m
Or
+Mu = (1.6*Wc+1.2*Wd+1.4*W2)/1000*0.070*L^2
= (1.6*3.03+1.2*0.12454+1.4*0.958)/1000*0.070*1.822
=0.02733 kM.m
+fbu = +Mu(max)*12/Sp
= 146.169*103 kN/m2
-Mu = (1.6*Wc+1.2*Wd)/1000*0.063*L^2+1.4*(0.094*P*L)
= (1.6*3.03+1.2*0.12454)/1000*0.063*1.822 +1.4*(0.094*0.66723*1.82)
=0.02393 kN.m
-Mu = (1.6*Wc/1000+1.2*Wd/1000+1.4*W2/1000)*0.125*L^2
= (1.6*3.03/1000+1.2*0.12454/1000+1.4*0.958/1000)*0.l25*1.822
=
2.62x10-3kN/m
-fbu = -Mu*12/Sn
= 0.0262*12/5522.44
= 146.23x103kN/m2
φVd = 18.49 kN
Vu = (1.6*Wc+1.2*Wd+1.4*W2)/1000*0.625*L
= (1.6x3.03+1.2x0.12454+1.4x0.958)/1000x0.625x1.82
=2.2063 kN
:. Vu <= Allow., O.K.
Shear and Negative Moment Interaction in Deck as a Form Only for Construction
Loads:
S.R. = (Vu/fVd)^2+(Mu/(Fb(allow)*Sn/12))^2
= (2.2063/18.4902 + (0.02733/216.151 x 103x5522.44056/12))2
Web Crippling (End Bearing) in Deck as a Form Only for Construction Loads:
φRd = 18.77kN
= 1.83/807
= 0.00226 m
+φMno = (0.85*Fyd*Scr)/12
= (0.85x227.52x103xScr)/12
= 8.89 kN.m
+Mu = 1.2*(0.096*w(DL)/1000*L^2)+1.6*(0.096*w(LL)/1000*L^2)
= 1.2x (0.096x3.155/1000x1.822) +1.6x (0.096x9.58/1000x1.822)
= 0.0060780 kN.m
:. +Mu <= Allow., O.K.
= 1.82x12/0.000965
= L/1883
bm = b2+2*t(top)+2*tc
= 0.1143+ 2x0.000+2x0.1143
= 0.3429 m
= 0.9525 m
n = Es/Ec
=8
:. a = (-Asd+SQRT((Asd)^2-4*(12/n)/2*(-Asd*(h-yd))))/(2*(12/n)/2)
= (-0.00049+SQRT((0.00049)2-4x(12/8)/2x(-0.00049x(0.1524-0.02159))))/(2x(12/8)/2
= 0.04655 m
Z = h-yd-a
= 0.1524-0.02159-0.0465
= 0.084252 m
Icr = (12/n)*a^3/3+Asd*Z^2+I
=4.88x10-6/(0.1524-0.04655)
= 4.61x10-5 mm3
+φMno = (0.85*Fyd*Scr)/12
= (0.85x227526.99x4.61x10-5 )/12
= 8930 kN.m
+Mu = 1.2*(0.096*w(DL)/1000*L^2)+1.6*(0.203*P*L)*(12/
= 1.2x (0.096x3.155/1000x1.822)+1.6x(0.203x0.1524x1.82)x(12/0.9525)
= 4593 kN.m
-φMno =(0.90*Asn*Fy*((h-d1)-a/2))/12
= (0.90*0.6258*413687.4*(0.1524-0.0508)-0.01991/2)/12
= 4.55 kN.m
-Mu = 1.4*(0.125*w(DL)/1000*L^2)+1.7*(0.094*P*L)
= 1.4*(0.125*3.155)/1000*1.83^2)+1.7*(0.94*2267.95*1.83)*(12/0.9525)
= 2.73 kN.m
:. -Mu <= Allow., O.K.
Beam shear for concentrated load:
x = h (assumed for beam shear)
= 0.1524 m
bm = b2+2*t(top)+2*tc
= 0.1143+2*0.0000+2*0.1143
= 0.3429 m
be = bm+(1-x/(L*12))*x<=be(max)
=0.3429+ (1-0.1524/ (1.83*12))*0.1524
= 0.4826 m
φVd = beam shear capacity of deck alone (from SDI Table)
Ac = 2*h*((rw+2*h*(rwt-rw)/2/hd) +rw)/2
= 2*0.1524*((0.0508+2*0.1524*(0.0635-0.0508)/2/0.0381)+0.0508)/2
= 22500 mm^2
φVc = 2*0.85*SQRT(f'c*1000)*Ac/1000
= 2*0.85*SQRT (30*1000)*22500/1000
= 17.21 kN
= 34.47 kN
Vu = 1.2*(0.625*w(DL)/1000*L)+1.6*(P*12/be)
= 1.2*(0.625*3.15)/1000*1.83)+1.6*(22.62*12/0.4826
= 23.79 kN
= (24.26/34.47)^2+(2.73/(4.33))^2
= 0.838
= 0.9144 m
φVc = 2*0.85*SQRT(f'c*1000)*bo*tc/1000
= 2*0.85*SQRT (30*1000)*0.9144*0.1143/1000
= 77.48 kN
Vu = 1.7*P
= 1.7*680
= 37.80 kN
+0.0381-0.02158))/(0.1143*(12/8)+0.0475+(12/8)(12/(2*0.5715)))*0.0381)
= 0.07155 m
Iuc = (12/n)*tc^3/12+(12/n)*tc*(yuc-tc/2)^2+Id+Asd*(h-yuc-yd)^2+….
….(12/n)/(12/(2*rw(avg)))*hd^3/12+(12/n)/(12/(2*rw(avg)))*hd*(h-hd/2-yuc)^2
=(12/8)*0.1143^3/12+(12/8)*0.1143*(0.07155-0.1143/2)^2+0.001203+0.0475*(0.1524
- 0.07155-0.2158)^2+(12/8)(12/(2*0.5715)))*0.0381^3/12+(12/8)/(12/2*0.5715)))*0.0381
*(0.1524-0.0381/2-0.07155)^2
=0.090468 m^4
= (0.07155+0.09046)/2
= 0.0681 m^4
= 0.0036068 m
∆(ratio) = L*12/∆(P)
=1.83*12/0.0036068
= L/509
= 1.3716 m^2
Ast(min) = 0.00075*A'c
= 0.00075*1.3716
= 25.62mm^2/ft
= 0.9144 m
bm = b2+2*t(top)+2*tc
= 0.1143+2*0.0000+2*0.1143
= 0.3429 m
= 1.0287 m
= 0.007467 m
φMnw = (0.85*As*Fy*(d1-a/2))/12
= (0.85*0.02562*415*(0.0508-0.007467/2))/12
= 2.8 kN.m
Muw=(1.6*(P*be*12/(15*w)))/12
= (1.6*(680*0.9525*12/15*1.0287)))/12
= 0.686 kN.m
• Design a R.C Slab for a room measuring 5mX4m. The slab is cast monolithically
over the beams with corners held down. The width of the supporting beam is 230
mm. The slab carries superimposed load of 9.58kN/m2 and roof finish load is
1.5KN/M2 Use M-30 concrete and Fe-415 Steel.
Since, the ratio of length to width of slab is less than 2.0 and slab is resting on beam,
the slab is designed as two way restrained slab.
2) Load on slab
i) Self weight of slab = 0.16X2X1
= 4 kN/m2
ii) Super imposed load = 9.58 kN/m2
iii) Roof finish load =1.5 kN/m2
iv) Total load =15.08kN/m2
Ultimate load ,wu = 15.08X1.5
= 22.62 kN/m2
=32.09KN
=0.138x30x1000x1302
=69.97KNM
Mx<Mulim
4) Area of Reinforcement
Steel along shorter direction (Mx)
4.6 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
Astx=0.5 fck/fy [1- (1 − 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑏𝑏 𝑑𝑑^2 )1/2 ]b d
=415.9mm2
:. Calculate spacing using 12mm𝜙𝜙 bar
S=271.93mm
Hence provide 12mm𝜙𝜙 bar at 270mm c/c.
4.6 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
Asty=0.5 fck/fy [1- (1 − 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑏𝑏 𝑑𝑑^2 )1/2 ]b d
Ast x =302.72mm2
Calculate spacing using 12mm𝜙𝜙 bar
S= 300mm
Hence provide 12mm𝜙𝜙 bar at 300mm c/c.
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
Fs=0.58 fy 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = 238.47
F 1 = 1.6 , F 2 = 1, F 3 = 1
(L/d) Permited =48
(L/d) Prov =30.77
(L/d) Permited > (L/d) Prov
deflection control is satisfactory
8) Torsional reinforcement
Size of mesh = 4000/5 =800mm
Size of wall =230mm
Provide mesh size = 800+230 = 1030mm
Say 1030mmx1030mm
Area of torsional reinforcement
3 /4 x Astx = 3 /4x 415.9
= 311.925mm2
∏ 100
Spcing = 4𝑥𝑥311.925
x1000
=251.79mm
Hence provide 10mm 𝛟𝛟 bar @ 250mm c/c
Edge strip
= 0.12/100x1000x160
= 192mm2
∏ 100
Spcing = 4𝑥𝑥192
x1000
9) Detail Reinforcement -
6.1.1 Prepare the analysis of rate for Steel metal sheet deck Slab 4mx5m in
proportion 1:1:2 i.e. M30
Concrete required for deck slab = Total volume of slab - Total volume of rib
= (4x5x0.15) - 0.3549
= 2.645 m^3
Concrete required for deck slab = Total volume of slab - Total volume of rib
= (4x5x0.15) - 0.695
= 2.305 m^3
6.1.2 Comparing the both conventional RCC slab & Steel deck slab to calculate
the cost of both slabs.
= 10.40 %
Hence, steel deck cost save 10.40% as compared to Conventional RCC Slab.
= 13.60 %
Hence, steel deck cost saving 13.60% as compared to Conventional RCC Slab.
The Financial Internal Rate of Return (FIRR) has been estimated for the total cost
without the cost of land & taxes. Design only the slab without any building component &
estimate its cost as per DSR (District Schedule Rate) as saving economy deck slab compared
to conventional slab. Steel deck rate should be taken from manufacture rate.
The benefits taken into account include saving due to decongestion, saving in vehicle
operating cost, saving in concrete & steel, environmental pollution & accidents. The
Economic Internal Rate of Return (EIRR) is estimated in multi deck at 10.40% & in smart
deck at 13.60%. The Financial Internal Rate of Return (FIRR), the completion cost without
cost of land & taxes of Rs. 26224.03 for multi deck slab & Rs. 25281.03 for Smart deck slab
& Rs. 29258.25 for conventional slab has been taken as an initial investment.
Economy analysis for structural decking system project has been carried out within the
framework of ‘without’ the project. The ‘without the project’ situation assesses the cost to the
economy in case the projected volume of work continuous to move on the prevailing modes
completion for introducing the Deck slab. The capital cost of both slab works & steel deck
for structural decking system to the building, with additional & replacement cost has been
stated. Yearly progress in the steel decking system project weekly fare in chapter 8.
• Yearly progress in the steel decking system project work during weeks in 2012 to
2013.Table.7
13. 29/01/2013 To start the next part of the project with design the slab
As per paper & references guidance to design procedure &
14. 08/02/2013
construction sequence adopted.
Refers the IS code 456:2000, IS 277-1992: Galvanized Steel
15. 22/02/2013
Sheets (Plain & Corrugated), IS 800:2007, IS 1079 (1994)
16. 14/03/2013 Refers from BS code & Euro code, American National Standards
Institute/ Steel Deck Institute,
17. 17/03/2013 Get the design criteria from current references
9 CONCLUSIONS
Saving of material -
• Reduced Steel Weight
• Reduced Concrete Volume – up to 30%
• Less Reinforcement – up to 50%
• Excellent Load Carrying Capacity
• Fire Resistant with minimum reinforcement
• Structural Stability
• Good Acoustic Performance
• Durable coating for moderate exposure
• Integral Service Fixing……
10 RECOMMENDATIONS
10. REFERENCES
2007. (CDM) Approved Code of Practice (Series code L144). HSE Books, 2007
• Code of Practice for metal decking and stud welding (Ref 37/04). BCSA, 2004
• IS 1079 (1994). Specification of hot-rolled carbon steel sheets & strips. New Delhi:
• IS 456 (2000). Indian standard code of practice for plain & reinforced concrete, 4th
• http://www.jswsmd.in
• http://www.sdi.org/manuals.htm
• http://www.calculatoredge.com