Cell Energy

Prepared by:
Earth and Life Science
Mr. Reynaldo M. Reyes Jr.
Chemical Origin of First Cell
Levels of Organization in Biology
Atoms Tissues Organs

Simple
Inorganic Cells Organ System
Molecules

Complex
Multicellular
Biological Organelles
Organism
Molecules
Introduction
• One characteristics of life is that they are composed of
one or more cells
• Cells perform the basic functions of life, such as
homeostasis, metabolism, and cellular growth and
repair.
• How do cells perform all of these fnx?
What are living things made of?

Some organisms are made up of only

one cell and are called uni-cellular.

Others are made up of lots of cells

and are called multi-cellular.
Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Plant
Cell
Eukaryotic Animal
Cell
Cell Organelles
 Cell
•Give example of cell organelles that you have seen
in the video clip.
•What are common structures in plants and animal
cells?
•Which cell structures can only be found in plant
cells and not in animal cells?
 From cell to organism
All living things are made of cells. The appearance of each living thing is the
result of the types of cell that it is made of and how these cells are
organized.
animal plant
Structures of the Cell
Cell Membrane
• a thin semi-permeable membrane that
surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell.
• Its function is to protect the integrity
of the interior of the cell by allowing
certain substances into the cell, while
keeping other substances out.
• There is a phospholipid bilayer that
forms Animal Cell Cell Membrane. It is
two layers of phospholipids situated
end-to-end with two tails and one
head.
Structures of the Cell
Parts of Typical Bacteria Cell
 Structures of Bacteria Cell
• Cell Membrane - also called the plasma membrane,
regulates passage of materials into and out of the
cytoplasm
• Cytoplasm - the semi-fluid that fills the cell
• DNA - contains the genetic information for the cell
• Ribosome - carry out protein synthesis
• Pilus (Pili) - a structure that extends out of the cell to
transfer DNA to another bacterium.
 Structures of Bacteria Cell
• Flagellum - used for locomotion
• Plasmid - a small chromosome with extra genes
• Capsule - a sticky substance external to the cell wall that
protects bacteria from attack by white blood cells
• Mesosome – areas in the cell membrane of prokaryotic
(bacterial) cells that fold inward. Used for cell respiration
• Fimbriae – hair-like projections, external to the cell wall,
that allow bacteria to stick to the cell
• Cytosol – the aqueous component of the cytoplasm
Structures of the Cell
Common Structures in Plant and Animal Cell
 Common Structures in Plant and Animal Cell
• Nucleus
– controls all the chemical
activities of the cell.
- Deoxyribonucleic acid
and Ribonucleic acid are the
principal molecules responsible
for these actions.
 Common Structures in Plant and Animal Cell

•Endoplasmic reticulum
- a series of channels that
are found through out the
cytoplasm of the cell.
- provides space for
important chemical reactions
and help move chemicals to
their proper destination
 Common Structures in Plant and Animal Cell

•Endoplasmic reticulum
- ER covered w/ ribosomes
is called Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum (Protein processing),
while those w/ no ribosomes
are called Smooth
Endoplasmic Reticulum
(synthesis of lipids).
 Common Structures in Plant and Animal Cell

•Golgi Bodies
- group of organelles that
prepare certain protein
compounds for dispersal from
the cell.
- these protein chemicals
are enclosed in small
membrane for journey
 Common Structures in Plant and Animal Cell
•Lysosomes
- small, sac-like structures
- contains digestive
enzymes, w/c are used to
dissolve large food molecules
and to break up old or
damaged structures.
 Common Structures in Plant and Animal Cell
•Lysosomes
- also responsible for the
digestive character of certain
WBC and the destruction of
tissue in animals such as the
tail of tadpole.
 Common Structures in Plant and Animal Cell
•Ribosomes
- smallest organelles
- found either in the ER or
floating freely in the cytoplasm
- they synthesis protein
used to create parts of the cell
 Common Structures in Plant and Animal Cell
•Microbodies
- Found in the cytoplasm
- facilitates the breakdown
of fats, alcohols and amino
acids
 Structures of the Cell
•Mitochondria
- oval-shaped structure
- contains enzymes that
aid the cell in drawing energy
from glucose
- energy released in
glucose is stored in ATP.
Structures of the Cell
Unique Structures in Plant and Animal Cells
 Unique Structures in Plant
•Chloroplast
- contains pigment
chlorophyll
- site for photosynthesis
 Unique Structures in Plant
•Cell Wall
- solid structure framing
the cell membrane
- composed mainly of
complex carbohydrate
 Unique Structures in Plant
•Large Vacuoles
- bag-like structures
- stores water and other
materials for use by the cell
- smaller in animal cells
compared to plant cells
 Unique Structures in Animal Cell
•Centrioles
- assembles microtubules
- contains a circular DNA
molecule involved in the
production of many structural
protein
- helps in cell division
 Unique Structures in Animal Cell
•Cilium (cilia)
- short eyelash-like
filament that is numerous
on tissue cells of most animals
-keep the airways clear of
mucus and dirt, allowing us to
breathe easily and without
irritation. They also help propel
sperm.
Structures of the Cell
Cytoskeleton and some other related structures
 Cytoskeleton & Related Structures
•Cytoskeleton
- a dense network of
protein fibers that support the
shape of the cell and anchors
organelles such as nucleus to
fixed location
 Structures of the Cell
•Cytoplasm
- a jelly-like, clear
substance that fills the entire
cell’s volume.
- about 90% of cells are
composed of cytoplasm, w/c is
mostly composed of water
 Structures of the Cell
•Cytoplasm
- contains protein, amino
acids, and glucose
- where most of the
intracellular chemical reactions
take place
Types of Cell
 Stem Cell
• unique cells of the body in
that they are unspecialized
and have the ability to
develop into specialized cells
for specific organs or to
develop into tissues.
 Bone Cells
• bones are
mineralized connective tissue
• Bone cells form bone, which is
composed of a matrix
of collagen and calcium
phosphate minerals
• three primary types of bone
cells in the body (Osteoclasts,
Osteoblasts, Osteocytes)
 Blood Cell
• From transporting oxygen
throughout the body to
fighting infection
• The three major types of cells
in the blood are red blood
cells, white blood cells,
and platelets
• Produced by bone marrows
 Muscle Cells
• Muscle cells form muscle
tissue, which is important for
bodily movement.
• Skeletal muscle tissue
attaches to bones enabling
voluntary movement
• Cardiac muscle cells form
involuntary cardiac muscle
 Fat Cells
• also called adipocytes, are the major
cell component of adipose tissue.
• contain droplets of stored fat
(triglycerides) that can be used for
energy.
• produce hormones that influence
sex hormone metabolism, blood
pressure regulation, insulin
sensitivity, fat storage and use, blood
clotting, and cell signaling.
 Sex Cell (Gametes)
• reproductive cells produced
in male and female gonads
• Male sex cells or sperm are
motile and have a long, tail-
like projection called
a flagellum
• Female sex cells or ova are
non-motile and relatively
large in comparison to the
male gamete
 Skin Cell
• The skin is composed of a
layer of epithelial
tissue (epidermis) that is
supported by a layer
of connective tissue (dermis)
and an underlying
subcutaneous layer.
• The outermost layer of the
skin is composed of flat,
squamous epithelial cells that
are closely packed together.
 Nerve Cell (Neurons)
• basic unit of the nervous
system
• send signals among
the brain, spinal cord, and
other body organs via nerve
impulses
• consists of two major parts: a
cell body and nerve
processes
 Cancer Cell
• results from the development of
abnormal properties in normal cells
• can be caused by mutations that
occur from factors such as
chemicals, radiation, ultraviolet
light, chromosome replication
errors, or viral infection
• lose sensitivity to anti-growth
signals, proliferate rapidly, and lose
the ability to undergo apoptosis or
programmed cell death
Comparing cell structure
 Assignment

• Why do you think muscle cell have more mitochondria than other
cells?
• Would you expect to find chloroplasts in a plant roots? Explain
your answer.
• Cite evidence as to why the cells in your digestive track have
many lysosomes.
• Why does a plant cells have different organelles than an animal
cell?
Levels of Organization in Biology