List of Important Parts & Articles of Indian Constitution

PARTS SUBJECTS ARTICLES

I The Union and its territory 1-4
II Citizenship 5-11
III Fundamental Rights 12-35
IV Directive Principles of State Policy 36-51
IV A Fundamental Duties 51-A
V THE UNION
The Executive 52-78
Parliament 79-122
Legislative Powers of the President 123
The Union Judiciary 124-147
Comptroller and Auditor- General of India 148-151
VI THE STATES
General (Definition) 152
The Executive 153-167
The State Legislature 168-212
Legislative Powers of the Governor 213
The High Courts in the States 214-231
Subordinate Courts 233-237
VIII The Union Territories 239-241
IX The Panchayats 243 to 243-0
IX-A The Municipalities 243-P to 243-ZG
IX-B The Co-Operative Societies 243-ZH to 243-ZT
X The Scheduled and Tribal Areas 244 to 244-A
XI RELATIONS BETWEEN THE UNION AND THE STATES
Legislative Relations 245-255
Administrative Relations 256-263
XII FINANCE, PROPERTY, CONTRACTS AND SUITS
Finance 264-290
Borrowing 292-293
Property, Contracts, Rights, Liabilities, Obligations and Suits 294-300
Right to Property 300-A
XIII Trade, Commerce and Intercourse within the territory of India 301-307
XIV SERVICES UNDER THE UNION AND THE STATES
Services 308-314
Public Service Commissions 315-323
XIV -A Tribunals 323-A to 323-B
XV Elections 324 to 329
XVI Special Provisions Relating to Certain Classes 330-342
XVII OFFICIAL LANGUAGE
Language of the Union 343-344
Regional Languages 345- 347
Languages of the Supreme Court, High Courts, etc. 348- 349
Special Directives 350- 351
XVIII Emergency Provisions 352-360
XIX Miscellaneous 361-367
XX Amendment of the Constitution 368
XXI Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions 369-392
XXII Short Title, Commencement, Authoritative Text in Hindi and Repeals 393-395
At the time that the Constitution commenced, it was divided into 395 articles in 22 part and 8 schedules. Already
the longest constitution in the world, it has now grown to 448 articles in 25 parts, 12 schedules with 5 appendices
and 98 amendments. The Constitution of India, whose chief architect was Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, was adopted by the
Constituent Assembly on 26th November 1949 and came into force on 26th January 1950. It is the highest law of the
land and cannot be overridden by the Parliament.

Article 1-4: deals with the territory of India, formation of new states, alterations, names of existing states.
• Name and territory of the union.-1
• Admission and Establishment of the new state.-2
• Formation of new states and alteration of areas, boundaries, and name of existing states.-3

Article 5-11: deals with various rights of citizenship.

• Citizenship at the commencement of the constitution.-5
• Rights of citizenship of certain person who have migrated to India from Pakistan.-6
• Continuance of rights of citizenship.-10
• Parliament to regulate the right of citizenship by law.-11

Article 12-35: deals with fundamental rights of Indian Citizen Abolition of untouchability and titles.
• Definition of the state-12
• Article 13 Laws inconsistent with or in derogation of the fundamental rights.

Fundamental Rights of the Citizens of India 14-35

1. Right to Equality 14 -18
a) Right to Equality – Equality before the law 14
b) Right to Equality – Prohibition of discrimination on the grounds of religion, race, caste, sex. Or 15
place of birth
c) Right to Equality – Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment 16
d) Right to Equality – Abolition of the untouchability 17
e) Right to Equality – Abolition of titles 18
2. Right to Freedom 19-22
a) Guarantees to all the citizens of India 19
• Right to freedom of speech and expression
• Right to assemble peacefully and without arms
• Right to form associations or unions
• Right to move freely throughout the territory of India
• Right to reside and settle in any part of the territory of India
• Right to practice any profession or to carry on any occupation, trade, and business
b) Protection in respect of conviction for offences 20
c) Protection of life & personal liberty 21
d) Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases 22
Also Read:a) Right to Information 19(1)
b) Right to privacy 21
c) Right to education 21(A)
3. Right Against Exploitation 23-24
a) Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour 23
b) Prohibition of employment of children in factories and mines for under the age of 14 24
4. Right to Freedom of Religion 25 – 28
a) Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion 25
b) Freedom to manage religious affairs 26
c) Freedom as to pay taxes for promotion of any particular religion 27
d) Freedom from attending religious instruction 28
5. Cultural & Educational Rights 29 – 30
a) Protection of interest of minorities 29
b) Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions 30
6. Right to Constitutional Remedies 31 – 35
a) Right to property (Repealed/Abolished) 31
b) Remedies for enforcement of Fundamental Rights 32
c) Power of Parliament to modify the rights in their application to Forces, etc. 33
 d) Restriction on rights while martial law is in force in any area 34
e) Legislation to give effect to the provisions of this Part Notwithstanding anything in this 35
Constitution,
• Parliament shall have, and the Legislature of a State shall not have, power to make laws
• Any law in force immediately before the commencement of this Constitution in the territory of
India continue in force until altered or repealed or amended by Parliament Explanation

• Originally, constitution provided for 7 basic fundamental rights, now there is only six rights, one Right to
property U/A 31 was deleted from the list of fundamental rights by 44 th amendment act 1978. It made a legal
right U/A 300-A in Part XII of the constitution.

Articles 36-51: deals with Directive Principles of State Policy.

• Article 36- Definition
• Article 37- Application of DPSP
• Article 38- State to Secure a social order for promotion of welfare of people
• Article 39- Certain principles of policy to be followed by the state
• Article 39A- Equal justice and free legal aid
• Article 40- Organisation of village panchayat
• Article 41- Right to work , to education, and to public assistance in certain cases
• Article 42- Provision for just and humane conditions of work & maternity relief
• Article 43- Living Wages, etc. for Workers.
• Article 43A- Participation of workers in management of industries.
• Article 44- Uniform civil code.( applicable in Goa only)
• Article 45- Provision for free and compulsory education for children.
• Article 46- Promotion of educational and economic interest of scheduled castes, ST,and OBC.
• Article 47-Duty of the state to raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living and to improve public
health.
• Article 48-Organisation of agriculture and animal husbandry.
• Article 48A- Protection and improvement of environment and safeguarding of forests and wild life
• Article 49- Protection of monuments and places and objects of natural importance.
• Article 50- Separation of judiciary from executive.
• Article 51- Promotion of international peace and security.

Articles 51A: this part was added by 42nnd Amendment in 1976, which contains the fundamental duties of the
citizens.It contains, originally 10 duties, now it contains 11 duties by 86 th amendments act 2002.
a) To abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem

b) To cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for freedom

c) To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India

d) To defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so

e) To promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India transcending
religious, linguistic and regional or sectional diversities; to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of
women

f) To value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture

g) To protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wild life, and to have
compassion for living creatures

h) To develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform

i) To safeguard public property and to abjure violence

j) To strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity so that the nation constantly
rises to higher levels of endeavour and achievement

k) Who is a parent or guardian to provide opportunities for education to his child or, as the case may be, ward
between the age of six and fourteen years (Stands not-in-force until date is notified)
Articles 52-151: deals with government at the centre level. (The Union)

• Article 52- The President of India

• Article 53- Executive Power of the union.
• Article 54- Election of President
• Article 55- Manner of election of President
• Article 61- Procedure for Impeachment of the President.
• Article 63- The Vice-president of India.
• Article 64- The Vice-President to be ex-officio chairman the council of States.
• Article 66-Election of Vice-president.
• Article 72-Pardoning powers of President.
• Article 74- Council of minister to aid and advice President.
• Article 76- Attorney-General for India.
• Article 79- Constitution of Parliament
• Article 80- Composition of Rajya Sabha.
• Article 81- Composition of Lok Sabha.
• Article 83- Duration of Houses of Parliament.
• Article 93- The speakers and Deputy Speakers of the house of the people.
• Article 105- Powers, Privileges,etc of the House of Parliament.
• Article 109- Special procedure in respects of money bills
• Article 110- Definition of “Money Bills”.
• Article 112- Annual Financial Budget.
• Article 114-Appropriation Bills.
• Article 123- Powers of the President to promulgate Ordinances during recess of parliament.
• Article 124- Establishment of Supreme Court.
• Article 125- Salaries of Judges.
• Article 126- Appointment of acting Chief justice.
• Article 127- Appointment of ad-hoc judges.
• Article 128-Attendance of retired judge at sitting of the Supreme Court.
• Article 129- Supreme court to be court of Record.
• Article 130- Seat of the Supreme court.
• Article 136- Special leaves for appeal to the Supreme Court.
• Article 137- Review of judgement or orders by the Supreme court.
• Article 141-Decision of the Supreme Court binding on all the courts.
• Article 148- Comptroller and Auditor- General of India
• Article 149- Duties and Powers of CAG.

Articles 152-237: deals with government at the state level.

• Article 153- Governors of State
• Article 154- Executive Powers of Governor.
• Article 155- Appointment of Governor
• Article 156- Term of office of Governor
• Article 160- Discharge of the functions of the Governor in certain contingencies
• Article 161- Pardoning powers of the Governor.
• Article 165- Advocate-General of the State.
• Article 210- Language to be used in the Legislature
• Article 213- Power of Governor to promulgate ordinances.
• Article 214- High Courts for states.
• Article 215- High Courts to be court of record.
• Article 226- Power of High Courts to issue certain writs.
• Article 233- Appointment of District judges.
• Article 235- Control over Sub-ordinate Courts.

Article 238: deals with states. Articles 239-241: deals with Union Territories

Articles 242-243: it consists of two parts: (i) added by 73rd amendment in 1992, which contains a new schedule. It
contains 29 subjects related to Panchayati Raj, who have been given administrative powers.
The Panchayats 243 A-O
a) Definitions 243
b) Gram Sabha 243 (A)
 c) Constitution of Panchayats 243 (B)
d) Powers, authority and responsibilities of Panchayats 243 (G)
e) Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters 243 (O)

(ii) Added by 74th amendment in 1992, which contains a new schedule. It contains 18 subjects relate to
municipalities, who have been given administrative powers.Articles 243P – ZG: The Municipalities

Articles 244-244A: deals with scheduled and tribal areas.

Articles 245-263: deals with the relationship between union and states.

Articles 264-300A: deals with the distribution of revenue between union and states, appointment of Finance
Commission etc.
• Article 266- Consolidated Fund and Public Accounts Fund
• Article 267- Contingency Fund of India
• Article 268- Duties levied by the Union but collected and appropriated by the States
• Article 269- Taxes levied and collected by the Union but assigned to the States
• Article 270- Taxes levied and distributed between the Union and the States
• Article 271- Surcharge on certain duties and taxes for purposes of the Union
• Article 280- Finance Commission
• Article 292- Borrowing by the Government of India
• Article 293- Borrowing by States
• Article 300- Suits and proceedings
• Article 300-A- Right to property.

Article 301-307: deals with the trade, commerce and intercourse within the territory of India.
• Article 301-Freedom to trade, commerce, and intercourse.
• Article 302- Power of Parliament to impose restrictions on trade, commerce, and intercourse.

Article 308-323: deals with UPSC and Public Services Commissions.

• Article 309- Recruitment and conditions of service of persons serving the Union or a State
• Article 312- All- India-Service.
• Article 315- Public service commission’s for the union and for the states
• Article 320- Functions of Public Service Commission.

Article 323A, 323B: Added by 42nd Amendment in 1976. Deals with Administrative tribunals set up by
parliament to hear disputes and complaints regarding Union, states or local Government Employees. Article 323A-
Administrative Tribunals

Articles 324-329: deals with election.

• Article 324-Superintendence, direction and control of Elections to be vested in an Election Commission.
• Article 325- No person to be ineligible for inclusion in or to claim to be included in a special, electoral roll
on grounds of religion, race, caste, or sex.
• Article 326- Elections to the house of the people and to the legislative assemblies of states to be on the basis
of adult suffrage.

Articles 330-342: deals with special provision for SCs and STs and Anglo-Indian Representatives.
• Article 338- National Commission for the SC, & ST.
• Article 340- Appointment of a commission to investigate the conditions of backward classes.
• Article 341- Scheduled Castes Article 342- Scheduled Tribes

Articles 343-351: deals with official language of union and states.

• Article 343- Official languages of the Union.
• Article 345- Official languages or languages of a states.
• Article 348- Languages to be used in the Supreme Court and in the High Courts.
• Article 351-Directive for development of the Hindi languages.

Article 352-360: deals with emergency provisions, President’s rule.

• Article 352- Proclamation of emergency ( National Emergency).
 • Article 356- State Emergency (President’s Rule)
• Article 360- Financial Emergency

Articles 361-367: deals with exemption of criminal proceedings for their official acts of president and governors.
• Article 361- Protection of President and Governors

Article 368: deals with Powers of Parliaments to amend the constitution.

Article 369-392:
• Article 370 – Special provision of J&K.
• Article 371A – Special provision with respect to the State of Nagaland
• Article 371-J: Special Status for Hyderabad-Karnataka region

Article 371A gives special provisions with respect to state of Nagaland.

Articles 393-395: deals with the short title, commencement and repeal of the constitution.