Mahatma Gandhi Mission'S Jawaharlal Nehru College of Engineering Department of Mechanical Engineering
Mahatma Gandhi Mission'S Jawaharlal Nehru College of Engineering Department of Mechanical Engineering
Mahatma Gandhi Mission'S Jawaharlal Nehru College of Engineering Department of Mechanical Engineering
LAB MANUAL
Following are the Experiments include in the syllabus of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning.
Prepared By H. O. D Issued By
1
Prof. Mandar Patunkar MGM’S JNEC MECH. ENGG. DEPT.
Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Lab
AIM:
To study the working of household refrigerator along with different auxiliary systems
associated with household refrigerator and its wiring diagram.
PRIOR KNOWLEDGE:
DESCRIPTION:
2
Prof. Mandar Patunkar MGM’S JNEC MECH. ENGG. DEPT.
Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Lab
In the household refrigerator the air circulation inside the cabinet is maintained by natural
convection. The temperature in freezer is around - 5 to -10 c, the temperature is increased
at the bottom most portion where vegetable crisper is kept. Also there is provision for
keeping stuff like eggs, water, etc. fitted in the door of refrigerator.
The refrigerator body is insulated with insulating materials like PUF (Polyainthene
foam). Magnetic strips are provided to avoid thermal leakage through doors.
3
Prof. Mandar Patunkar MGM’S JNEC MECH. ENGG. DEPT.
Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Lab
1. Thermostat
2. Defrosting Unit
1. Thermostat:
P1 = Thermostatic
Elements Pressure
P2 = Evaporator Pressure
P3 = Pressure Equivalent
Of the Superheat
Spring Force
4
Prof. Mandar Patunkar MGM’S JNEC MECH. ENGG. DEPT.
Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Lab
As the temperature of the bulb increases, gas pressure in the bellow assembly
increases, and this closes the compressor motor circuit and refrigerator starts. As the
compressor runs, the thermostat bulb is cooled; gradually reducing the pressure in the bulb
and this opens the circuit when desired temperature is attained.
2. Defrosting:
The freezing of moisture on evaporator coil is called as frosting. The frost thickness
increases due to frequent door openings, as the frost thickness increases the heat transfer
through the coil decreases. This increases the running time of refrigerator and hence the
power consumption. Therefore regular defrosting must be done when frost thickness
increases above certain limit.
Stop the unit, keep door open and chill tray must be kept in defrost position till
defrosting takes place.
The most popular defrost system used in household refrigerator is clock timer
defrost cycle. The number of defrost periods varies from one to four in 24 hours depending
upon timer used. The timer contacts initiate either the defrost cycle or cooling cycle. When
the timer is in the cooling cycle, the thermostat control the on-off periods of the
compressor. When the timer is in the defrost cycle. The thermostat cannot turn the
compressor ON. In other words, thermostat has no control on the compressor when the
defrost timer is in the defrost position.
The defrost cycle terminates approximately 20 minutes after being turned on. The
defrost heater is wired in series with a bimetal thermostat whose contacts will open at some
predetermined temperature, there by disconnecting the heater. The length and time it takes
for the contacts of the bimetal thermostat to open is determined by the amount of frost on
the evaporator.
5
Prof. Mandar Patunkar MGM’S JNEC MECH. ENGG. DEPT.
Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Lab
1. The refrigerator should be placed away from the heat source such as sunrays,
heating appliance, cooking gas, etc.
2. Install the refrigerator away from wall at least by one foot which provides good
air circulation over condenser.
3. Hot fluids should not be kept in refrigerator.
4. Keep door openings at minimum.
5. Strongly flavored food must be kept wrapped.
6. Vegetables, fruits should be kept in polythene bags before placing into the
refrigerator.
7. Clean with soft cloth. No soap, detergent should be used.
IN HOLIDAYS:
RESTARTING:
CONCLUSION:
The domestic refrigerators now a day are becoming essential part of life.
These refrigerators are available in different capacities as well as different working models.
These are having single door double door options, frost free refrigerators; quick chill
refrigerators are also available. To make the refrigerators smart now a day the condensers
are sealed and refrigerators are mode flat back.
6
Prof. Mandar Patunkar MGM’S JNEC MECH. ENGG. DEPT.
Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Lab
7
Prof. Mandar Patunkar MGM’S JNEC MECH. ENGG. DEPT.
Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Lab
EXPERIMENT TITLE:
AIM:
PRIOR KNOWLEDGE:
DESCRIPTION:
The compressor is the heart of vapour compression system. The compressor is used
to reclaim the refrigerant vapour leaving the evaporator. The refrigerant must be
compressed to the pressure corresponding to a saturation temperature higher then the
temperature of the naturally available air or water. The compressor is also used to circulate
the refrigerant through the system. The capacity of compressor determines the capacity of
refrigeration system as a whole.
The refrigeration compressor and gas or air compressor differs very much because
the refrigerating compressor is integral part of the cycle and it is coupled to other
components.
CLASSIFICATION:
1. Reciprocating compressor.
2. Rotary compressor.
3. Screw Compressor.
8
Prof. Mandar Patunkar MGM’S JNEC MECH. ENGG. DEPT.
Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Lab
1. Reciprocating Compressor:
The open type of compressor is flexible in the sense that the speed of compressor
can be varied for obtaining different refrigeration capacities. It can be operated by any type
of prime mover like electric motor, IC engine etc. In the field the motor can be easily charged
in case of a motor burnout. The refrigeration system is not affected by burnouts. A
disadvantage of the open type of compressor is that the shaft seal is most vulnerable point
for leakage of refrigerant.
9
Prof. Mandar Patunkar MGM’S JNEC MECH. ENGG. DEPT.
Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Lab
In hermetic compressor there is no need for shaft seal. The compressor and motor
are mounted on single shaft and whole assembly is fixed in a steel shell, the joint of which
are welded. The losses due to drive package and shaft seal friction are also eliminated i.e.
the power required per tone of refrigeration is less then that of the open type.
For sealed unit a. c. electric supply with particular voltage and frequency for which
compressor is designed is needed to run the compressor. In the event of motor burnout,
highly corrosive hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acids are formed. The system therefore gets
contaminated. Before repairing or installing a new compressor assembly, the system has to
be thoroughly flushed and cleaned.
1. Voltage fluctuation.
2. Low refrigerant charge.
3. Quality of oil and refrigerant.
4. High discharge pressure.
10
Prof. Mandar Patunkar MGM’S JNEC MECH. ENGG. DEPT.
Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Lab
2. Rotary Compressor:
As the name implies, the displacement and compression of the refrigerant vapour is
achieved due to circular or rotary motion instead of reciprocating motion.
The rotor is concealing with the shaft and rotates in a cylinder which is off capture
with respect to the shaft and rotor. Multiple vanes are positioned in slots in the rotor, ride
on the cylinder wall faction vapour entering the cylinder is trapped between successive
vanes and gets compressed due to reduction in volume as the rotor rotates.
11
Prof. Mandar Patunkar MGM’S JNEC MECH. ENGG. DEPT.
Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Lab
The vane moves up and down in the slot. This vane is dividing line between the
suction and discharge of compressor. The suction and discharge ports of the compressor are
located on either side of the vane. The suction vapour entering the cylinder gets compressed
due to eccentric rotation of the rotor. It progressively reduces the volume of the annular
space between cylinder and the rotor. The compressed vapor passes out of the discharge
port.
12
Prof. Mandar Patunkar MGM’S JNEC MECH. ENGG. DEPT.
Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Lab
13
Prof. Mandar Patunkar MGM’S JNEC MECH. ENGG. DEPT.
Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Lab
centrifugal compressors may be manufactured with only one wheel if the pressure ratio is
low, although the machines are generally multistage. Centrifugal compressors operate with
adiabatic compression efficiency of 70 to 80%.
CONCLUSION:
The four types of compressor are studied in this experiment i.e. reciprocating,
screw, and rotary, centrifugal. All these have different qualities, so each type of compressor
has its own share of application where it has advantage over the other.
1. The reciprocating and screw compressors are best suited for use with
refrigerants, which require relatively small displacement and condense relatively
at high pressure such as R-12, R-22, Ammonia, etc.
2. Centrifugal compressor is generally suitable for handling refrigerants that
require large displacement and operate at low condensing pressure. Such as R-
11, R-113 etc. however R-12 is also employed for large capacity application and
low temperature jobs.
3. The rotary compressor is most suitable for pumping refrigerants having
moderate or low condensing pressure such as R-21 and R-114.
14
Prof. Mandar Patunkar MGM’S JNEC MECH. ENGG. DEPT.
Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Lab
EXPERIMENT TITLE:
AIM:
PRIOR KNOWLEDGE:
Different types of commonly used refrigerants along with their properties (i.e. physical,
chemical and thermodynamic), the effect of undercharge or overcharge of refrigerant, the
effect of non-condensable on the performance of the system.
DESCRIPTION:
It is well known that the moisture, air and other non-condensable are very harmful
for the refrigeration system. The moisture present may choke capillary tube and also if
moisture is combined with hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acids they are having ill effects on
the system. The presence of air and non-condensable increases the head pressure of the
system. As the head pressure goes higher, the compressor motor draws more current. Also
higher head pressure reduces the refrigeration capacity of the unit appreciably. The
temperature rise of the compressor accelerates the chemical action inside the system.
From above points it is clear that moisture, air and non-condensable should be
removed from the refrigeration system to the maximum possible extent. Hence before
system can be charged with a refrigerant it should be thoroughly evacuated and dehydrated
15
Prof. Mandar Patunkar MGM’S JNEC MECH. ENGG. DEPT.
Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Lab
by drawing a high vacuum. If this is not done at the initial stage itself, a clean system can
near be attained.
After the completion of erection the plant should be checked and the refrigerant
should be charged into the system.
Therefore leak testing should be done periodically without fail in all seriousness and
with full concentration.
Different leak testing methods one employed for different types of refrigerants.
Burning sulphur stick shows a dense white smoke if ammonia is present. The burning
sulphur stick is passed around all the joints and suspected leaky points for the appearance of
smoke. This test is applicable for tracing minute leaks only.
This test may not be very effective to trace very minute ammonia leak as it is soluble
in water. Fortunately, ammonia is having plungent odor, a heavy leak can be easily
detectable.
Wet litmus paper (Phenolpthalene paper) which turns red in contact with ammonia
can also be used to detect leaks.
16
Prof. Mandar Patunkar MGM’S JNEC MECH. ENGG. DEPT.
Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Lab
2. HALOGENATED REFRIGERANTS:
Soap solution, Halogen leak detector, Halide torch and Electronic leak detectors are
the methods used to trace leaks in halogenated refrigerants
i) HALOGEN TORCH:
A halogen torch can detect minute leaks, which are not possible to trace with soap
solution. The presence of trace of refrigerant can change the light blue colour of the
detector flame to green or deep blue. The end of the explorer tube of the detector is
carefully passed over the joints and suspected leakage points.
If there is a leak, the refrigerant can be drained in with the suction effect at the end
of the explorer tube to the hot copper or brass portion of the burning torch. The refrigerant
reacts with the metal to form copper chloride, which produces the color change in the
flame.
A well maintained halogen torch is claimed to detect leaks of the order of about 15
gram per year.
This is an electrical instrument. In this also an explorer tube is used to suck the
refrigerant from the leaky points to an instrument. A vibrator is provided to suck the
refrigerant through the explorer tube. A filter is also provided at the tip of the tube to
prevent atmospheric dert entering the instrument. A heating element in the tube heats the
refrigerant drawn in and the refrigerant creates a variation in the current flow of the
instrument. The extent of variation of the current is an indication of the amount of leak. The
current variation is read on the dial of the instrument. The change of current actuates a relay
which operates an indicating light.
These detectors are capable of detecting refrigerant leaks of the order of about 0.3
gm per year. The electronic leak detector is a very sensitive instrument and should be
handled and stored carefully.
17
Prof. Mandar Patunkar MGM’S JNEC MECH. ENGG. DEPT.
Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Lab
The vacuum pump mounted on the charging kit is of rotary type. Also metering system is
provided so that we can charge sufficient quantity of refrigerant.
PURGING:
Many times during the operation of the system, the air leaks inside the system. It is
necessary to remove the air for maintaining the efficiency of the system. Owing to the
presence of air in a system, the high-side pressure and load on condenser increase. The
method of removing air from the system is known as purging. During purging, the
compressor discharge valve is intermittently opened for few seconds at a time. Air and few
grams of refrigerant vapour escape under high-pressure. A noticeable pressure and
temperature drop in the system occurs and normal operating pressure is established. The
refrigerant is added from outside if excessive purging is occurred.
CONCLUSION:
The refrigeration system must be free from non-condensable and correct quantity of
refrigerant must be there in the system for good performance.
At the time of charging of refrigerant the lubricating oil of required grade must be
added to the compressor.
18
Prof. Mandar Patunkar MGM’S JNEC MECH. ENGG. DEPT.
Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Lab
AIM:
To study different controls used in refrigeration and air conditioning equipments for
better performance.
PRIOR KNOWLEDGE:
DESCRIPTION:
For efficient and safe working of refrigeration and air conditioning systems different
control devices are used these are listed as below.
2. Safety devices.
The major devices under this category air the expansion devices. The purpose of the
expansion devices is two fold : it must reduce the pressure of the liquid refrigerant, and it
must regulate the flow of refrigerant to the Evaporator.
An expansion device offers a resistance to flow so that the pressure drops resulting
in a throttling process. Basically there are two types of expansion devices these are:
In the variable restriction type the extent of opening or area of flow keeps on changing
depending on the type of control. There are two common types of such control devices
viz,
19
Prof. Mandar Patunkar MGM’S JNEC MECH. ENGG. DEPT.
Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Lab
The name may give an impression that it is a temperature control device. It is not a
temperature control device and it cannot be adjusted and used to vary evaporator
temperature. Actually TEV is a throttling device which works automatically maintaining
proper and correct liquid flow as per the dictates of the load on the evaporator. Because of
automatic operation, high efficiency and ability to prevent liquid flood backs this value is
extensively used.
P2 = Evaporator Pressure
1. To reduce the pressure of the liquid from the condenser pressure to evaporator pressure.
3. To modulate the flow of liquid to the evaporator according to the load requirement of the
4. Pressure P1 in the power element acts to open the valve i.e. to move the value needle
20
Prof. Mandar Patunkar MGM’S JNEC MECH. ENGG. DEPT.
Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Lab
5. The evaporator pressure P2 acts an the bottom side of the diaphragm of the power
6. Pressure P3 of the superheat spring also assist in the closing action. Therefore if the
power element pressure P1 is greater then the constrained pressure of P2 and P3, the
The operation of the valve i.e. the closing and opening of the value is controlled by
there basic forces. The force balance is shown in fig.
AEV is also called as constant pressure expansion value. As name implies it maintains
a constant pressure in the evaporator. It works on the same principle as the pressure
reducing valves used in compressed air lines, oxyacetylene cylinders etc. A schematic
diagram of the constant pressure Expansion. Valve is shown in fig.
21
Prof. Mandar Patunkar MGM’S JNEC MECH. ENGG. DEPT.
Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Lab
The valve consists of seat and needle- which forms the orifice, a metallic diaphragm
or bellow, spring and an adjusting screw. The spring pressure and the atmospheric pressure
acts on top of the diaphragm, thereby moving the needle a way from it seat that is moving
the needle valve in the opening direction. The evaporator pressure acts below the
diaphragm moving the needle valve towards the closing position. Thus the evaporator
pressure and spring pressure oppose each other and whichever is greater will determine the
position of the needle with respect to the seat.
When the plant is running the value maintain an evaporator pressure in equilibrium
with the spring pressure plus atmospheric pressure. The tension of the spring can be varied
by the spring adjusting screw. The value operates automatically to maintain a constant
evaporator pressure as per the setting of the spring pressure.
By adjusting the tension of the spring, the evaporator pressure can be varied. Once a
setting is made, the valve functions to maintain a constant evaporator pressure. Hence it is
called the constant pressure expansion valve”.
Once the plant stops, the evaporator pressure increases due to the vaporization of
the liquid left in the evaporator. This increase in pressure acts on the diaphragm against the
spring pressure and closes the valve tightly. It remains closed until the compressor start
again and reduces the pressure in the evaporator. This is a big advantage.
The capillary tube, a long tube with very small bore comes under constant restriction
type expansion devices. The capillary tube is a fixed restriction type device. It is a long
narrow tube connecting the condenser directly to the evaporator. The pressure drop
through the capillary tube is due to the following reasons:
2. Acceleration, due to the flashing of the liquid refrigerant into vapour resulting in
momentum pressure drop.
The mass flow through the capillary tube will, therefore be adjusted so that the pressure
drop through the tube just equals the difference in pressure between the condenser and
evaporator. For a given state of the refrigerant, the pressure drop is directly proportioned to
22
Prof. Mandar Patunkar MGM’S JNEC MECH. ENGG. DEPT.
Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Lab
the length and inversely proportional to the bore diameter of the tube. A number of
combinations of length and bore are possible for a capillary tube to obtain the desired flow
and pressure drop. However, once a capillary tube has been selected, it will be suitable only
for the designed pressure drop and flow. It cannot satisfy the flow requirements with
changing condenser and evaporator pressures. Even then it is most commonly used
expansion device in small refrigeration units such as domestic refrigerators, window A/C,
water coolers, etc. The advantages of a capillary tube are its quite working, simplicity, low
cost and absence of any moving part. Also it is found most suitable with on-off control
because of its unloading characteristics. Thus when compressor stops it allow high and low
pressure to equalize, thereby enabling the compressor motor to restart on no load.
Accordingly lower starting torque motors can be used.
2.SAFETY DEVICES:
Refrigerant compressors are provided with high pressure (HP) and low pressure (LP)
cut outs. High pressure cut-out is merely a safety control. When the head pressure increases
beyond a set point, the HP cutout cycles off the compressor in order to avoid the possible
damage to the compressor. When the head pressure subsequently drops, the circuit is one
again closed and the compressor starts. Because of the possibility of scale formation in
condenser tubes and the failure of water supply high pressure cutout are essential in the
system with water cooled condensers. These cutouts require manual setting.
23
Prof. Mandar Patunkar MGM’S JNEC MECH. ENGG. DEPT.
Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Lab
3. Starting relays:
The relays are generally used in hermetic type units. It allows the flow of electricity
through the starting winding of the motor and disconnects the starting winding or starting
capacitor from the circuit when the motor reaches 75% of its rated speed.
• Current relay
• Voltage relay.
The current relay is used primarily with capacitor start induction motors for
disconnecting the starting winding and starting capacitor from the circuit. It is a Magnetic
type relay and actuated by the change of current flow in running winding during starting and
running periods of motor.
It consists of few turns of copper wire in which soft iron plunger is free to more up
and down. This soft iron plunger is free to more up and down. This soft iron plunger may be
called electronic net. It is connected in series with the running winding and the contact
points, which are fitted near the electromagnet, are connected in series with the current
relays with the starting winding.
When the motor is energized, the current flow through the relay in the running
winding. In the starting, the magnetic field produces around the relay and attracts the
plunger to close the contact thus energizing the stating winding. The speed of the motor
increases gradually and when it reaches 75% of its rated speed, the motor current and
magnetic field of the relay decreases. Permitting the contact points to open. Then motor
runs on running winding alone.
2. Voltage Relay:
The voltage relay is growing in popularity, especially in the larger units. Its operation
depends on the increase in voltage as a unit approaches and reaches its rated speed. In
construction, the voltage coil made of many turns of wire as compared with current coil
24
Prof. Mandar Patunkar MGM’S JNEC MECH. ENGG. DEPT.
Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Lab
which is made of few turns of heavy wire and is connected parallel with starting winding. A
set of content points are connected in series with the starting capacitor and closed when the
motor is at rest.
When the supply is connected to the motor, the motor starts up and increases its
speed then the voltage in the starting winding increases along the line voltage because of
capacitor in service with this winding. The higher voltage creates more in magnetism in the
relay coil, which attracts the plunger, the contact point opens and disconnect the starting
capacitor from the circuit.
25
Prof. Mandar Patunkar MGM’S JNEC MECH. ENGG. DEPT.
Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Lab
AIM:
To demonstrate vapour compression cycle and to calculate theoretical and actual COP.
PRIOR KNOWLEDGE:
DESCRIPTION:
The refrigeration test rig works on vapour compression cycle. The basic components
of VCC are
1. Compressor
2. Condenser
3. Expansion device
4. Evaporator.
SPECIFICATIONS:
1. Compressor: Hermetically sealed type Kirloskar makes CAL-34.
2. Capillary tube.
4. Evaporator: The evaporator coil is installed in the water tank. The tank is insulated.
5. Rotameter: Eureka make, range 0.32 to 3.2 kg. Calibrated for R12.
6. Energy meter: One each for power supply to the compressor and evaporator heater with
26
Prof. Mandar Patunkar MGM’S JNEC MECH. ENGG. DEPT.
Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Lab
11. Thermowells: For the measurement of temperature at various points in the circuit.
13. HP & LP cutouts: Danfoss make, safety device suitable for the low and high pressure
of compressor.
18. Hand shut off valve: To maintain desired path for circulation of refrigerant through the
27
Prof. Mandar Patunkar MGM’S JNEC MECH. ENGG. DEPT.
Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Lab
TEST PROCEDURE:
ii) Put ‘ON’ the air condenser fan and run it for 2-3 minutes.
Connect the two plugs to mains. Before putting ‘ON’ the supply, confirm that all the
switches on panel are in ‘OFF’ position. See that the dimmerstat is at zero position. Then put
on the heater switch and give power to heater. This will heat the water in evaporator and
this can be seen on dial thermometer. Adjust the heater voltage such that the temperature
Now put ‘ON’ the main switch, put ‘ON’ the condenser fan switch and wait for 2-3
minutes. Now put ‘ON’ the solenoid valve and compressor switch. The refrigerant flow will
start. This can be confirmed on the rotameter. Now the ammeter, voltmeter will show the
After some time we will see that the temperature of water in the evaporator slowly
goes down and reaches steady state (adjust this temperature at 28 to 300C).
28
Prof. Mandar Patunkar MGM’S JNEC MECH. ENGG. DEPT.
Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Lab
(25 to 280)
29
Prof. Mandar Patunkar MGM’S JNEC MECH. ENGG. DEPT.
Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Lab
CALCULATIONS:
With the help of temperature and pressure readings draw the refrigeration cycle on
p-h chart.
= Whact
Wcact.
Where,
heo = Enthalpy of refrigerant at outlet of evaporator
hco = hei Enthalpy of refrigerant at outlet of compressor.
hci = Enthalpy refrigerant at inlet to evaporator.
Where,
TH : Saturation tempt. corresponding to condenser pressure.
TL : Saturation tempt. Corresponding to evaporator pressure.
30
Prof. Mandar Patunkar MGM’S JNEC MECH. ENGG. DEPT.
Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Lab
CONCLUSION:
The actual cop is less then the theoretical due to the losses at different points and
also the errors made while measurement of pressures and temperature.
31
Prof. Mandar Patunkar MGM’S JNEC MECH. ENGG. DEPT.
Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Lab
PRIOR KNOWLEDGE:
Basic concepts of refrigeration and various equipments used in refrigeration cycle.
Use of refrigeration in context air conditioning.
DESCRIPTION:
Previously the air conditioning for human comfort was considered luxury in most of
the countries but now a days it is a necessity. Therefore air conditioning industry is growing
fastly throughout the world.
Due to increase in population and industrialization the uncomfort may be due to the
inadequate supply of oxygen or unbearable temperature.
Full air conditioning does the automatic control of an atmospheric environment
either for comfort of human being or animals or for the proper performance of some
industrial or scientific processes. The purpose of air conditioning is to supply sufficient
volume of clean air containing a specific amount of water vapour and at a temperature
capable of maintaining predetermined atmospheric conditions.
3. Air Filtering, Cleaning and Purification: The room is cleaned by removing dust and dirt
from the air.
4. Air movement and Circulation: Air which is cleaned and controlled in temperature and
humidity is distributed throughout the room. As a result, room air can be maintained
evenly.
32
Prof. Mandar Patunkar MGM’S JNEC MECH. ENGG. DEPT.
Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Lab
EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP:
The refrigerant used in the system is R22. The mass flow rate of air through duct can
be varied by arrangement provided on the blower unit. The humidity of air is increased by
introducing steam generated in small boiler. The relative humidity of air at inlet and outlet
can be measured by noting dry / wet bulb temperatures. The duct is insulated from outside
to avoid heat loss.
The control panel consists of switches, voltmeter, ammeter etc. as well as energy
meter for measuring the power consumption of compressor. The refrigeration circuit and
duct are mounted on a fabricated frame.
SPECIFICATIONS:
b) Condenser: Air cooled type, cooling fan driven by motor (1/10 HP) which is
f) Blower unit: To force air through the duct 1HP 3 phase motor.
h) Steam generator to generate steam with suitable piping for introducing steam in the
33
Prof. Mandar Patunkar MGM’S JNEC MECH. ENGG. DEPT.
Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Lab
j) HP & LP cutouts:
TEST PROCEDURE:
The demonstration of the following processes can be done on the test rig.
1. Cooling process.
2. Heating process.
3. Cooling with dehumidification process.
4. Heating with humidification. Process.
2. HEATING PROCESS:
Heating of air without addition of moisture is termed sensible heating. The heating
can be achieved by passing air over heater in the duct.
34
Prof. Mandar Patunkar MGM’S JNEC MECH. ENGG. DEPT.
Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Lab
Put ‘ON” the air condenser fan and run it for 2-3 minutes.
35
Prof. Mandar Patunkar MGM’S JNEC MECH. ENGG. DEPT.
Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Lab
NOTE: Another set of reading can be achieved by changing the air velocity in the duct. This
can be done by adjusting the flapper position of air inlet to blower. And take all the readings.
36
Prof. Mandar Patunkar MGM’S JNEC MECH. ENGG. DEPT.
Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Lab
CALCULATIONS:
Hcl - Heo
. T x EMC
Theoretical COP
6. Carnot COP = TL
TH – TL
CONCLUSION:
With the help of lab work we can verify different psychrometric processes and we
can study performance of refrigeration system.
37
Prof. Mandar Patunkar MGM’S JNEC MECH. ENGG. DEPT.
Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Lab
PRIOR KNOWLEDGE:
Basic concepts of Heat Pump and various equipments used in testing rig. Use of
Mechanical heat pump in Refrigeration.
DESCRIPTION:
Now-a-days, energy conservation is becoming very important. Hence engineers have
started using heat pump systems for commercial and industrial buildings to save energy.
The heat pump is a machine that absorbs heat at one location and transfers it to
another location at a different temperature. Heat pump is the modern expression for a
refrigeration system In which heat discharged at the condenser is of prime importance. Thus
heat pump is device which collects heat from one source and delivers it to another source
using refrigeration cycle. The medium being, cooled serves as heat source. Heat is picked up
by the refrigerant, which is pumped to another higher level by the compressor and given to
the medium cooling condenser so that it can be used practically.
The heat pumps can be operated on low temperature heat energy using winter air, a body of
water or the ground as a reservoir and rejecting heat at a higher temperature, not enough to
energize heating systems. Thus the basic heat sources that are normally used are air, water
and earth. When heat pumps are installed frequently provision is made for both heating and
cooling services to be supplied simultaneously to the separate zones of buildings.
EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP:
Mechanical Heat Pump is a table mounted model which uses water as well as air as a
heat source and sink for both cooling and heating purposes. The experiments can be done as
water to water heat pump i.e. using water condenser and water evaporator and water to air
heat pump i.e. using water condenser and air evaporator.
38
Prof. Mandar Patunkar MGM’S JNEC MECH. ENGG. DEPT.
Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Lab
On the unit, compressor is mounted centrally and both the water and air condensers
are mounted on either sides of the compressor. All the components are mounted on the
main unit and the schematic layout of the Mechanical Heat Pump Is sell-explanatory.
SPECIFICATIONS:
a) Compressor: Kirloskar Make, hermetically sealed. Model CAJ 2612 using R-12 refrigerant.
Refrigerating Capacity.
e) Evaporator: (a) Water circulated copper tube, Shell and Coil type.
least count
h) Pressure gauges: Two Nos. for delivery and suction for measurement of pressures.
39
Prof. Mandar Patunkar MGM’S JNEC MECH. ENGG. DEPT.
Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Lab
v) Now, start the compressor cooling fan first and then start the compressor. Within a short
period, clear liquid refrigerant flow will be seen in the rotameter.
vi) After sometime the pressure of refrigeration cycle will become stable. Allow the plant to
run for at least half an hour.
vii) During testing see that water flow rates are constant and not varying.
viii) Allow the plant to attain steady state. Check tor steady state by taking the readings
periodically.
ix) Take all readings as mentioned in the observation table. Complete one set of
observations.
x) By varying the water flow rate of condenser, effect of sub- cooling can be studied.
Similarly by varying water flow rate of evaporator, load on the plant can be varied.
3. Tempratures
40
Prof. Mandar Patunkar MGM’S JNEC MECH. ENGG. DEPT.
Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Lab
CONDENSER SIDE
1) Water Temperature
a) Inlet = ________oC
a) Outlet = ________oC
EVAPORATOR SIDE
1) Water Temperature
a) Inlet = ________oC
a) Outlet = ________oC
41
Prof. Mandar Patunkar MGM’S JNEC MECH. ENGG. DEPT.
Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Lab
CALCULATIONS:
Hcl - Heo
Where,
42
Prof. Mandar Patunkar MGM’S JNEC MECH. ENGG. DEPT.
Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Lab
. Tc x EMC
Where,
Theoretical COP
6. Carnot COP = TL
TH – TL
CONCLUSION:
With the help of above data we can determine the COP of the Mechanical Heat
Pump and study performance of various Heat Pumps.
43
Prof. Mandar Patunkar MGM’S JNEC MECH. ENGG. DEPT.
Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Lab
PRIOR KNOWLEDGE:
Basic concepts of simple vapor compression cycle. Ice formation process in Ice
factory.
DESCRIPTION:
Introduction:
Ice is needed in commercials units, Medicines and in food processes etc. This ice is
manufactured in large plant requires a huge space. However present compact unit is useful
to study the process of ice making and to know the behavior of basic parameters of the
1) Plate Type
2) Can Type
The present equipment uses compression cycle system with Freon 12 as the cooling
media. The unit differs in many aspect than the commercial plants.
The equipment consists of control panel, condensing unit, cooling system, brine solution
tank and a main tank etc. The brine tank is insulated from all sides with a door at the top
side to load / unload the cans. The brine is placed in main tank.
The brine tank has a structure at the top side where the cans be hold. An agitator
(stirrer) is used to stir the brine solution. A drain is provided to at the brine tank. This tank is
The compressor is mounted at one side of base with a condenser and fan. A liquid
receiver is adopted in the circuit. The evaporator coil is held at one side in the brine tank.
44
Prof. Mandar Patunkar MGM’S JNEC MECH. ENGG. DEPT.
Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Lab
The panel consist of switches, energymeter, pressure gauges, HP/LP cutout, dial
thermometer.
EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP:
Mechanical Heat Pump is a table mounted model which uses water as well as air as a
heat source and sink for both cooling and heating purposes. The experiments can be done as
water to water heat pump i.e. using water condenser and water evaporator and water to air
On the unit, compressor is mounted centrally and both the water and air condensers
are mounted on either sides of the compressor. All the components are mounted on the
main unit and the schematic layout of the Mechanical Heat Pump Is sell-explanatory.
SPECIFICATIONS:
b) Condenser: Air Cooled Condenser size 14” X 14” with cooling fan.
c) Brine Tank: Brine tank is insulated from all side with provision to hold cans, evaporator
coil at one side and arrangement to drain the brine solution. The door is
e) Stirrer arrangement: A fan is used to stir the brine solution and is connected to the shaft
45
Prof. Mandar Patunkar MGM’S JNEC MECH. ENGG. DEPT.
Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Lab
i) High and Low pressure gauge: These gauges indicate, High and Low pressure
ii) Thermostat and HP/LP cut: These are the safety devices for the compressor.
iv) Switches for compressor, condenser fan and a starter for stirrer motor.
Empty before starting the refrigeration cycle please check the following :
• The pressure gauges should indicate equal pressure, that indicates HP & LP side are
• See that the motor shaft along with fan is free in its bearing.
• This can be conformed by rotating the shaft manually cans concentration of brine.
• Add 100 Kgs of common salt in tho the tank without splashing the water.
• Then stir this water by using the stirrer for some time.
• If the strength is proper then closed door of the tank also confirm that there is no
TEST PROCEDURE:
This experiment is performed by using water condenser and water evaporator. -
i) Start the water supply to both condenser and evaporator and adjust the flow rate to
predetermine value.
ii) See that pressures in both the gauges are equal.
iii) Put ‘ON’ the main switch.
46
Prof. Mandar Patunkar MGM’S JNEC MECH. ENGG. DEPT.
Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Lab
3. Tempratures
47
Prof. Mandar Patunkar MGM’S JNEC MECH. ENGG. DEPT.
Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Lab
CONDENSER SIDE
1) Water Temperature
a) Inlet = ________oC
a) Outlet = ________oC
EVAPORATOR SIDE
1) Water Temperature
a) Inlet = ________oC
a) Outlet = ________oC
48
Prof. Mandar Patunkar MGM’S JNEC MECH. ENGG. DEPT.
Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Lab
CALCULATIONS:
Hcl - Heo
Where,
49
Prof. Mandar Patunkar MGM’S JNEC MECH. ENGG. DEPT.
Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Lab
. Tc x EMC
Where,
Theoretical COP
6. Carnot COP = TL
TH – TL
CONCLUSION:
With the help of above information we can evaluate the process of Ice
Manufacturing and we can also find out COP of the unit.
50
Prof. Mandar Patunkar MGM’S JNEC MECH. ENGG. DEPT.
Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Lab
In this particular visit students are expected to visit the Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
unit or Industry. Where they can learn thorough things about the plant and processes of the
R&AC. They are also intended to write a Technical Report on the visit.
51
Prof. Mandar Patunkar MGM’S JNEC MECH. ENGG. DEPT.