Energy Resources Availability Management and Environmental Impacts Contents

ENERGY RESOURCES
AVAILABILITY, MANAGEMENT,
and
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
Kenneth J. Skipka
Louis Theodore
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Croup
Boca Raton London New York
CRC Press is an imprint of the
Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
Contents
Series Preface xvii

Series Editor xxi
Preface xxiii
The Authors xxv
Section I Basic Principles
1. Introduction to the Issues 3

Introduction 3
Energy Terms 4
Conservation Law for Energy 6
Enthalpy 8
Heat Transfer 10
Net Energy Analysis 11
Developing a National Energy Policy 13
Short Term 14
Long Term 14
References 15
2. Thermodynamic Principles: Entropy Analysis 17

Introduction 17
Qualitative Review of the Second Law 18
Describing Equations 19
The Heat Exchanger Dilemma 22
Applications 26
Concluding Comments 29
References 30
3. Energy Demand 31
Introduction 31
Early History 32
The First Humans 33
The Industrial Revolution 34
Recent Years 35
Effect of Demand of Energy Resources 36
Goal 36
Oil 37
Natural Gas 38
OilShale 38
vii
viii Contents
Nuclear Energy 39
Solar 39
Hydroelectric 40
Geothermal 40
Canada 41
Energy Needs 41
Energy Resources 41
Tar Sands 42
Future Energy Demands 42
Concluding Remarks 47
References 48
4. Sustainability and Green Science/Engineering 49

Introduction 49
Sustainability 50
Historical Perspective 50
Resource Limitations 51
Sustainable Development Considerations 53
Resources for Sustainability 57
Future Trends 57
Green Science/Engineering 58
Introduction to Green Chemistry 58
Introduction to Green Science/Engineering 61
Green Chemistry versus Green Engineering 62
Green Resources (Internet Sources) 64
References 65
5. Energy Regulations 67
Introduction 67
The Regulatory System 68
Laws and Regulations: The Differences 69
The Role of the States 71
The Department of Energy (DOE) 73
The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) 75
Energy Information Administration (EIA) 76
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 77
The 2013 New York State Energy Plan 80
Overview of New York's State Energy Plan 81
References 88
6. The Modern Energy Matrix: An Overview 89

Introduction 89
Energy System Components 90
Resources 90
Production 91
Contents ix
Transportation/Transmission 92
Goal 93
Oil 94
Natural Gas 95
Utilization 95
Energy Matrix Overview 97
References 102
Section II Energy Resources: Fossil Fuels
7. Coal 105
Introduction 105
Early History 107
Availability/Distribution and Characterization 108
Availability/Distribution 109
Characterization 112
Extraction, Processing, and Transportation/Transmission 119
Extraction 119
Processing 124
Environmental Issues 126
Future Prospects and Concerns 127
References 130
8. Oil 131
Introduction 131
Early History 132
Extraction 140
Processing 144
Pipelines 147
Ships 148
Trains 148
References 150
9. Natural Gas 151

Introduction 151
x Contents
Early History 152

Extraction 157
Processing 158
References 161
10. ShaleOil 163

Introduction 163
Early History 164
Extraction 166
Processing 167
References 171
11. Tar Sands 173

Introduction 173
Early History 174
Extraction 176
Processing 178
References 181
Section III Other Energy Resources
12. Solar Energy 185

Introduction 185
Early History 186
Contents xi
Availability, Distribution, and Characterization 187

Availability 187
Distribution 188
Extraction 190
Processing 192
References 195
13. Nuclear Energy 197

Introduction 197
Early History 199
Extraction, Conversion, and Transportation/Transmission 203
Extraction and Conversion 203
Waste Disposal 208
Plant Accidents/Safety 209
Radiation Effects 209
References 213
14. Hydroelectric Energy 215

Introduction 215
Early History 217
Extraction 221
Processing 222
References 226
15. Wind Energy 227

Introduction 227
Early History 228
xii Contents

Extraction 233
Processing 234
References 238
16. Geothermal Energy 239

Introduction 239
Early History 240
Extraction 244
Processing and Transportation/Transmission 245
References 250
17. Hydrogen Energy 251

Introduction 251
Early History 252
Extraction 254
Processing 254
References 259
18. Biomass Energy 261

Introduction 261
Early History v 262
Refuse/Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) 264
Contents xiii
Wood 265
Hazardous Wastes 265
Biof uels 268
Extraction 270
Processing 271
References 275
19. Other Energy Sources 277

Introduction 277
Fuels Derived from Coals and Oils 278
Coke 278
Coal Char and Liquids 278
Gaseous Fuels from Coal 279
By-Product Gas from Gasification 279
Coal-Water Mixture 280
Hydrocarbons 280
Hydrokinetic Energy 281
Tidal Energy 281
Ocean Thermal Energy 282
Wave Energy 283
References 283
Section IV Aspects of Energy Management
20. Energy Demand and Distribution Systems 287

Introduction 287
The Evolution of Energy Demand 288
Energy Stakeholders 291
The Role of Distribution Systems 294
References 295
21. Conservation, Sustainability, and Green Engineering 297

Introduction 297
Energy Conservation 298
Chemical Plant and Process Applications 298
Domestic Applications 300
Cooling 301
Heating 302
Hot Water 302
xiv Contents
Cooking 303
Lighting 303
New Appliances 304
Individual Efferts 304
Sustainability Approaches 305
Domestic Level 305
Benchmark Sustainability 306
Green Engineering 307
Buildings 307
Materials 308
Architects 309
Insulation 309
Ducts and Piping 310
Maintenance 310
Reduced Loads 311
References 313
22. Environmental Considerations 315

Introduction 315
Environmental Management Topics 317
Environmental Factors 318
The Health Risk Evaluation Process 321
The Hazard Risk Assessment Process 325
References 328
23. Economic Considerations 331

Introduction 331
Definitions 332
Simple Interest 332
Compound Interest 332
Present Worth 333
Evaluation of Sums of Money 333
Uniform Series of Payments 334
Depreciation 334
Fabricated Equipment Cost Index 335
Capital Recovery Factor 335
Present Net Worth 336
Perpetual Life 336
Break-Even Point 337
Approximate Rate of Return 337
Exact Rate of Return 337
Bonds 337
Incremental Cost 338
Contents xv
Capital Costs 338

Operating Costs 341
Energy Cost Data 342
Oil 342
Coal 342
Natural Gas 343
Renewables 343
Nuclear Energy 343
Hidden Economic Factors 344
Project Evaluation and Optimization 345
Principles of Accounting 345
References 349
24. Political Considerations 351

Introduction 351
The Political Problem Associated with Natural Resource Wealth 353
Energy Politics 355
References 357
25. Challenges Pacing Future Energy Policy Makers 359

Introduction 359
Present Energy State 361
Energy Sources of the Future 362
Some Policy Suggestions for the Future 363
Incentives 364
Environmental Protection 365
Unnecessary Use of Energy 365
Capital Needs 365
Applying the Concept of Net Energy 366
Societal Concerns 367
Energy Forecasts for New York State and Canada 369
New York State Plan 369
Canadian Plan 370
References 372
Section V Energy Management Solutions
26. Introduction to Energy Policy Issues 377

Introduction 377
Energy Policy Priority 378
Is Energy Independence a Legitimate Goal? 379
xvi Contents
The Responsibility of Government 381

Concluding Comments 383
References 384
27. Energy-Environmental Interactions 385

Introduction 385
U.S. Energy-Environmental Policy Issues 387
General Overview/Comments 388
Net Energy Concepts 389
Interaction with Other Goals 390
Environmental Concerns: A Technological Mandate 393
Individual State Energy Policies 394
Global Energy Policies 396
References 396
28. Quantitative Analysis of Energy Management Options 399

Introduction 399
Energy Resource Comparison Procedure 400
Energy Resource Comparative Analysis: United States (2015-2025)....404
Energy Resource Comparative Analysis: Developed Nations
(2015-2025) 407
Energy Resource Comparative Analysis: Underdeveloped Nations
(2015-2025) 409
References 411
29. Solving the Energy Management Policy Challenge 413

Introduction 413
Public or Private Control 414
Management Approach 417
The Tasks at Hand 419
Design Considerations for an Energy Management Plan 420
Phase 1—Structural Elements 421
Phase 2—Team Organization and Leadership 421
Phase 3—Establish Goal and Objectives 422
Phase 4—Analytics 423
Phase 5—Implementation Strategy 423
Phase 6—Critical Reviews 424
Factors for Consideration in Developing Energy Policy 425
References 427
Epilogue 429
Index 431

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ENERGY RESOURCES

Series Preface xvii

Section I Basic Principles

1. Introduction to the Issues 3

2. Thermodynamic Principles: Entropy Analysis 17

4. Sustainability and Green Science/Engineering 49

6. The Modern Energy Matrix: An Overview 89

Section II Energy Resources: Fossil Fuels

9. Natural Gas 151

Early History 152

10. ShaleOil 163

11. Tar Sands 173

Section III Other Energy Resources

12. Solar Energy 185

Availability, Distribution, and Characterization 187

13. Nuclear Energy 197

14. Hydroelectric Energy 215

15. Wind Energy 227

Availability/Distribution and Characterization 229

16. Geothermal Energy 239

17. Hydrogen Energy 251

18. Biomass Energy 261

19. Other Energy Sources 277

Section IV Aspects of Energy Management

20. Energy Demand and Distribution Systems 287

21. Conservation, Sustainability, and Green Engineering 297

22. Environmental Considerations 315

23. Economic Considerations 331

Capital Costs 338

24. Political Considerations 351

25. Challenges Pacing Future Energy Policy Makers 359

Section V Energy Management Solutions

26. Introduction to Energy Policy Issues 377

The Responsibility of Government 381

27. Energy-Environmental Interactions 385

28. Quantitative Analysis of Energy Management Options 399

29. Solving the Energy Management Policy Challenge 413

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