G.R. No. 120880. June 5, 1997. Ferdinand R. Marcos Ii, Petitioner, vs. Court of Appeals, The Commissioner of The Bureau of Internal Revenue and Herminia D. de Guzman, Respondents

2/25/2019 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 273
VOL. 273, JUNE 5, 1997 47

Marcos II vs. Court of Appeals
G.R. No. 120880. June 5, 1997.*
FERDINAND R. MARCOS II, petitioner, vs. COURT OF

APPEALS, THE COMMISSIONER OF THE BUREAU OF
INTERNAL REVENUE and HERMINIA D. DE GUZMAN,
respondents.
Taxation; Due Process; While taxes are the lifeblood of the

government and should be collected without unnecessary
hindrance, such collection should be made in accordance with law
as any arbitrariness will negate the very reason for government
itself.—It has been repeatedly observed, and not without merit,
that the enforcement of tax laws and the collection of taxes, is of
paramount importance for the sustenance of government. Taxes
are the lifeblood of the government and should be collected
without unnecessary hindrance. However, such collection should
be made in accordance with law as any arbitrariness will negate
the very reason for government itself. It is therefore necessary to
reconcile the apparently conflicting in-
____________
* SECOND DIVISION.
48
48 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED
terests of the authorities and the taxpayers so that the real

purpose of taxation, which is the promotion of the common good,
may be achieved.
Same; Courts; Probate Courts; Jurisdiction; The authority of
the Regional Trial Court, sitting, albeit with limited jurisdiction,
as a probate court over the estate of a deceased individual, is not a
trifling thing, but the court’s jurisdiction, once invoked, and made
effective, cannot be treated with indifference nor should it be
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/0000016922a51ac774f05d45003600fb002c009e/t/?o=False 1/23
ignored with impunity by the very parties invoking its authority.—

Concededly, the authority of the Regional Trial Court, sitting,
albeit with limited jurisdiction, as a probate court over estate of
deceased individual, is not a trifling thing. The court’s
jurisdiction, once invoked, and made effective, cannot be treated
with indifference nor should it be ignored with impunity by the
very parties invoking its authority. In testament to this, it has
been held that it is within the jurisdiction of the probate court to
approve the sale of properties of a deceased person by his
prospective heirs before final adjudication; to determine who are
the heirs of the decedent; the recognition of a natural child; the
status of a woman claiming to be the legal wife of the decedent;
the legality of disinheritance of an heir by the testator; and to
pass upon the validity of a waiver of hereditary rights.
Same; Same; Same; Same; Separation of Powers; In the
Philippine experience, the enforcement and collection of estate tax
is executive in nature.—In the Philippine experience, the
enforcement and collection of estate tax, is executive in character,
as the legislature has seen it fit to ascribe this task to the Bureau
of Internal Revenue. Section 3 of the National Internal Revenue
Code attests to this: “Sec. 3. Powers and duties of the Bureau.—
The powers and duties of the Bureau of Internal Revenue shall
comprehend the assessment and collection of all national internal
revenue taxes, fees, and charges, and the enforcement of all
forfeitures, penalties, and fines connected therewith, including
the execution of judgments in all cases decided in its favor by the
Court of Tax Appeals and the ordinary courts. Said Bureau shall
also give effect to and administer the supervisory and police
power conferred to it by this Code or other laws.”
Same; Same; Same; Same; The approval of the court, sitting
in probate, or as a settlement tribunal over the deceased is not a
mandatory requirement in the collection of estate taxes.—From the
foregoing, it is discernible that the approval of the court, sitting in
probate, or as a settlement tribunal over the deceased is not a
mandatory
49
VOL. 273, JUNE 5, 1997 49
requirement in the collection of estate taxes. It cannot therefore

be argued that the Tax Bureau erred in proceeding with the
levying and sale of the properties allegedly owned by the late
President, on the ground that it was required to seek first the
probate court’s sanction. There is nothing in the Tax Code, and in
the pertinent remedial laws that implies the necessity of the
probate or estate settlement court’s approval of the state’s claim

for estate taxes, before the same can be enforced and collected.
Same; The deficiency tax assessment, if it has already become
final, executory, and demandable, may be collected through the
summary remedy of distraint or levy pursuant to Section 205 of
the NIRC.—We hold otherwise. The Notices of Levy upon real
property were issued within the prescriptive period and in
accordance with the provisions of the present Tax Code. The
deficiency tax assessment, having already become final,
executory, and demandable, the same can now be collected
through the summary remedy of distraint or levy pursuant to
Section 205 of the NIRC.
Same; Estates Taxes; The omission to file an estate tax return,
and the subsequent failure to contest or appeal the assessment
made by the BIR is fatal, as under Section 223 of the NIRC, in
case of failure to file a return, the tax may be assessed at any time
within ten years after the omission, and any tax so assessed may
be collected by levy upon real property within three years following
the assessment of the tax.—The omission to file an estate tax
return, and the subsequent failure to contest or appeal the
assessment made by the BIR is fatal to the petitioner’s cause, as
under the above-cited provision, in case of failure to file a return,
the tax may be assessed at any time within ten years after the
omission, and any tax so assessed may be collected by levy upon
real property within three years following the assessment of the
tax. Since the estate tax assessment had become final and
unappealable by the petitioner’s default as regards protesting the
validity of the said assessment, there is now no reason why the
BIR cannot continue with the collection of the said tax. Any
objection against the assessment should have been pursued
following the avenue paved in Section 229 of the NIRC on protests
on assessments of internal revenue taxes.
Same; Same; Ill-Gotten Wealth; The mere fact that the
decedent has pending cases involving ill-gotten wealth does not
affect the enforcement of tax assessments over the properties
indubitably included in his estate.—Petitioner further argues that
“the numerous pending
50
court cases questioning the late president’s ownership or interests

in several properties (both real and personal) make the total value
of his estate, and the consequent estate tax due, incapable of
exact pecuniary determination at this time. Thus, respondents’
assessment of the estate tax and their issuance of the Notices of
Levy and sale are premature and oppressive.” He points out the
pendency of Sandiganbayan Civil Case Nos. 0001-0034 and 0141,
which were filed by the government to question the ownership
and interests of the late President in real and personal properties
located within and outside the Philippines. Petitioner, however,
omits to allege whether the properties levied upon by the BIR in
the collection of estate taxes upon the decedent’s estate were
among those involved in the said cases pending in the
Sandiganbayan. Indeed, the court is at a loss as to how these
cases are relevant to the matter at issue. The mere fact that the
decedent has pending cases involving ill-gotten wealth does not
affect the enforcement of tax assessments over the properties
indubitably included in his estate.
Same; Same; It is not the Department of Justice which is the
government agency tasked to determine the amount of taxes due
upon the estate but the Bureau of Internal Revenue, whose
determinations and assessments are presumed correct and made
in good faith.—It is not the Department of Justice which is the
government agency tasked to determine the amount of taxes due
upon the subject estate, but the Bureau of Internal Revenue,
whose determinations and assessments are presumed correct and
made in good faith. The taxpayer has the duty of proving
otherwise. In the absence of proof of any irregularities in the
performance of official duties, an assessment will not be
disturbed.
Same; Same; Even an assessment based on estimates is prima
facie valid and lawful where it does not appear to have been
arrived at arbitrarily or capriciously.—Even an assessment based
on estimates is prima facie valid and lawful where it does not
appear to have been arrived at arbitrarily or capriciously. The
burden of proof is upon the complaining party to show clearly that
the assessment is erroneous. Failure to present proof of error in
the assessment will justify the judicial affirmance of said
assessment. In this instance, petitioner has not pointed out one
single provision in the Memorandum of the Special Audit Team
which gave rise to the questioned assessment, which bears a trace
of falsity. Indeed, the petitioner’s attack on the assessment bears
mainly on the alleged improbable and unconscionable amount of
the taxes charged. But mere rhetoric
51
VOL. 273, JUNE 5, 1997 51
cannot supply the basis for the charge of impropriety of the

assessments made.
Same; Same; Actions; Certiorari; Objections to assessments

should be raised by means of the ample remedies afforded the
taxpayer by the Tax Code, with the Bureau of Internal Revenue
and the Court of Tax Appeals, and not via a Petition for Certiorari,
under the pretext of grave abuse of discretion.—Moreover, these
objections to the assessments should have been raised,
considering the ample remedies afforded the taxpayer by the Tax
Code, with the Bureau of Internal Revenue and the Court of Tax
Appeals, as described earlier, and cannot be raised now via
Petition for Certiorari, under the pretext of grave abuse of
discretion. The course of action taken by the petitioner reflects his
disregard or even repugnance of the established institutions for
governance in the scheme of a well-ordered society. The subject
tax assessments having become final, executory and enforceable,
the same can no longer be contested by means of a disguised
protest. In the main, Certiorari may not be used as a substitute
for a lost appeal or remedy. This judicial policy becomes more
pronounced in view of the absence of sufficient attack against the
actuations of government.
Same; Same; Parties; In the case of notices of levy issued to
satisfy the delinquent estate tax, the delinquent taxpayer is the
Estate of the decedent, and not necessarily, and exclusively, the
heirs of the deceased.—We do not agree. In the case of notices of
levy issued to satisfy the delinquent estate tax, the delinquent
taxpayer is the Estate of the decedent, and not necessarily, and
exclusively, the petitioner as heir of the deceased. In the same
vein, in the matter of income tax delinquency of the late president
and his spouse, petitioner is not the taxpayer liable. Thus, it
follows that service of notices of levy in satisfaction of these tax
delinquencies upon the petitioner is not required by law, as under
Section 213 of the NIRC, which pertinently states: “x x x . . . Levy
shall be effected by writing upon said certificate a description of
the property upon which levy is made. At the same time, written
notice of the levy shall be mailed to or served upon the Register of
Deeds of the province or city where the property is located and
upon the delinquent taxpayer, or if he be absent from the
Philippines, to his agent or the manager of the business in respect
to which the liability arose, or if there be none, to the occupant of
the property in question. x x x”
52
Due Process; Equity; Where there was an opportunity to raise

objections to government action, and such opportunity was
disregarded, for no justifiable reason, the party claiming
oppression then becomes the oppressor of the orderly functions of
the government; He who comes to court must come with clean
hands, otherwise he not only taints his name, but ridicules the very
structure of established authority.—The foregoing
notwithstanding, the record shows that notices of warrants of
distraint and levy of sale were furnished the counsel of petitioner
on April 7, 1993, and June 10, 1993, and the petitioner himself on
April 12, 1993 at his office at the Batasang Pambansa. We cannot
therefore, countenance petitioner’s insistence that he was denied
due process. Where there was an opportunity to raise objections to
government action, and such opportunity was disregarded, for no
justifiable reason, the party claiming oppression then becomes the
oppressor of the orderly functions of government. He who comes
to court must come with clean hands. Otherwise, he not only
taints his name, but ridicules the very structure of established
authority.
PETITION for review on certiorari of a decision of the

Court of Appeals.
The facts are stated in the opinion of the Court.

Ato, Habawel, Lagmay and Rojas, Sales, De Leon &
Tecson for petitioner.
TORRES, JR., J.:
In this Petition for Review on Certiorari, Government

action is once again assailed as precipitate and unfair,
suffering the basic and oftly implored requisites of due
process 1 of law. Specifically, the petition assails the
Decision of the Court of Appeals dated November 29, 1994
in CA-G.R. SP No. 31363, where the said court held:
“In view of all the foregoing, we rule that the deficiency income
tax assessments and estate tax assessment, are already final and
(u)nappealable-and-the subsequent levy of real properties is a tax
___________
1 Penned by Associate Justice Asaali S. Isnani, Chairman; Justices Corona Ibay

Somera and Celia Lipana Reyes, concurring.
53
VOL. 273, JUNE 5, 1997 53

remedy resorted to by the government, sanctioned by Sections 213

and 218 of the National Internal Revenue Code. This summary
tax remedy is distinct and separate from the other tax remedies
(such as Judicial Civil actions and Criminal actions), and is not
affected or precluded by the pendency of any other tax remedies
instituted by the government.
WHEREFORE, premises considered, judgment is hereby
rendered DISMISSING the petition for certiorari with prayer for
Restraining Order and Injunction. No pronouncements as to costs.

SO ORDERED.”
More than seven years since the demise of the late

Ferdinand E. Marcos, the former President of the Republic
of the Philippines, the matter of the settlement of his
estate, and its dues to the government in estate taxes, are
still unresolved, the latter issue being now before this
Court for resolution. Specifically, petitioner Ferdinand R.
Marcos II, the eldest son of the decedent, questions the
actuations of the respondent Commissioner of Internal
Revenue in assessing, and collecting through the summary
remedy of Levy on Real Properties, estate and income tax
delinquencies upon the estate and properties of his father,
despite the pendency of the proceedings on probate of the
will of the late president, which is docketed as Sp. Proc. No.
10279 in the Regional Trial Court of Pasig, Branch 156.
Petitioner had filed with the respondent Court of
Appeals a Petition for Certiorari and Prohibition with an
application for writ of preliminary injunction and/or
temporary restraining order on June 28, 1993, seeking to—
I. Annul and set aside the Notices of Levy on real

property dated February 22, 1993 and May 20,
1993, issued by respondent Commissioner of
Internal Revenue;
II. Annul and set aside the Notices of Sale dated May
26, 1993;
III. Enjoin the Head Revenue Executive Assistant
Director II (Collection Service), from proceeding
with the Auction of the real properties covered by
Notices of Sale.
54

After the parties had pleaded2 their case, the Court of

Appeals rendered its Decision on November 29, 1994,
ruling that the deficiency assessments for estate and
income tax made upon the petitioner and the estate of the
deceased President Marcos have already become final and
unappealable, and may thus be enforced by the summary
remedy of levying upon the properties of the late President,
as was done by the respondent Commissioner of Internal
Revenue.
“WHEREFORE, premises considered judgment is hereby

rendered DISMISSING the petition for Certiorari with prayer for
Restraining Order and Injunction. No pronouncements as to cost.
SO ORDERED.”
Unperturbed, petitioner is now before us assailing the

validity of the appellate court’s decision, assigning the
following as errors:
A. RESPONDENT COURT MANIFESTLY ERRED IN

RULING THAT THE SUMMARY TAX REMEDIES
RESORTED TO BY THE GOVERNMENT ARE
NOT AFFECTED AND PRECLUDED BY THE
PENDENCY OF THE SPECIAL PROCEEDING
FOR THE ALLOWANCE OF THE LATE
PRESIDENT’S ALLEGED WILL. TO THE
CONTRARY, THIS PROBATE PROCEEDING
PRECISELY PLACED ALL PROPERTIES WHICH
FORM PART OF THE LATE PRESIDENT’S
ESTATE IN CUSTODIA LEGIS OF THE
PROBATE COURT TO THE EXCLUSION OF ALL
OTHER COURTS AND ADMINISTRATIVE
AGENCIES.
B. RESPONDENT COURT ARBITRARILY ERRED
IN SWEEPINGLY DECIDING THAT SINCE THE
TAX ASSESSMENTS OF PETITIONER AND HIS
PARENTS HAD ALREADY BECOME FINAL AND
UNAPPEALABLE, THERE WAS NO NEED TO
GO INTO THE MERITS OF THE GROUNDS
CITED IN THE PETITION. INDEPENDENT OF
WHETHER THE TAX ASSESSMENTS HAD
ALREADY BECOME FINAL, HOWEVER,
PETITIONER HAS THE RIGHT TO QUESTION
THE UNLAWFUL MANNER AND METHOD IN
WHICH TAX COLLECTION IS
____________
2 Annex “A,” Petition, p. 80, Rollo.
55
VOL. 273, JUNE 5, 1997 55

SOUGHT TO BE ENFORCED BY RESPONDENTS

COMMISSIONER AND DE GUZMAN. THUS,
RESPONDENT COURT SHOULD HAVE
FAVORABLY CONSIDERED THE MERITS OF
THE FOLLOWING GROUNDS IN THE
PETITION:
(1) The Notices of Levy on Real Property were issued

beyond the period provided in the Revenue
Memorandum Circular No. 38-68.

(2) [a] The numerous pending court cases questioning
the late President’s ownership or interests in
several properties (both personal and real) make
the total value of his estate, and the consequent
estate tax due, incapable of exact pecuniary
determination at this time. Thus, respondents’
assessment of the estate tax and their issuance of
the Notices of Levy and Sale are premature,
confiscatory and oppressive.
[b] Petitioner, as one of the late President’s
compulsory heirs, was never notified, much less
served with copies of the Notices of Levy, contrary
to the mandate of Section 213 of the NIRC. As such,
petitioner was never given an opportunity to
contest the Notices in violation of his right to due
process of law.
C. ON ACCOUNT OF THE CLEAR MERIT OF THE

PETITION, RESPONDENT COURT
MANIFESTLY ERRED IN RULING THAT IT HAD
NO POWER TO GRANT INJUNCTIVE RELIEF
TO PETITIONER. SECTION 219 OF THE NIRC
NOTWITHSTANDING, COURTS POSSESS THE
POWER TO ISSUE A WRIT OF PRELIMINARY
INJUNCTION TO RESTRAIN RESPONDENTS
COMMISSIONER’S AND DE GUZMAN’S
ARBITRARY METHOD OF COLLECTING THE
ALLEGED DEFICIENCY ESTATE AND INCOME
TAXES BY MEANS OF LEVY.
The facts as found by the appellate court are undisputed,

and are hereby adopted:
“On September 29, 1989, former President Ferdinand Marcos died

in Honolulu, Hawaii, USA.
On June 27, 1990, a Special Tax Audit Team was created to
conduct investigations and examinations of the tax liabilities and
obligations of the late president, as well as that of his family,
associates and “cronies.” Said audit team concluded its
investigation with a Memorandum dated July 26, 1991. The
investigation disclosed that the Marcoses failed to file a written
notice of the death of
56

the decedent, an estate tax returns [sic], as well as several income

tax returns covering the years 1982 to 1986, -all in violation of the
National Internal Revenue Code (NIRC).

Subsequently, criminal charges were filed against Mrs. Imelda
R. Marcos before the Regional Trial Court of Quezon City for
violations of Sections 82, 83 and 84 (has penalized under Sections
253 and 254 in relation to Section 252-a & b) of the National
Internal Revenue Code (NIRC).
The Commissioner of Internal Revenue thereby caused the
preparation and filing of the Estate Tax Return for the estate of
the late president, the Income Tax Returns of the Spouses Marcos
for the years 1985 to 1986, and the Income Tax Returns of
petitioner Ferdinand ‘Bongbong’ Marcos II for the years 1982 to
1985.
On July 26, 1991, the BIR issued the following: (1) Deficiency
estate tax assessment no. FAC-2-89-91-002464 (against the estate
of the late president Ferdinand Marcos in the amount of
P23,293,607,638.00 Pesos); (2) Deficiency income tax assessment
no. FAC-1-85-91-002452 and Deficiency income tax assessment
no. FAC-1-86-91-002451 (against the Spouses Ferdinand and
Imelda Marcos in the amounts of P149,551.70 and
P184,009,737.40 representing deficiency income tax for the years
1985 and 1986); (3) Deficiency income tax assessment nos. FAC-1-
82-91-002460 to FAC-1-85-91-002463 (against petitioner
Ferdinand ‘Bongbong’ Marcos II in the amounts of P258.70 pesos;
P9,386.40 Pesos; P4,388.30 Pesos; and P6,376.60 Pesos
representing his deficiency income taxes for the years 1982 to
1985).
The Commissioner of Internal Revenue avers that copies of the
deficiency estate and income tax assessments were all personally
and constructively served on August 26, 1991 and September 12,
1991 upon Mrs. Imelda Marcos (through her caretaker Mr.
Martinez) at her last known address at No. 204 Ortega St., San
Juan, M.M. (Annexes ‘D’ and ‘E’ of the Petition). Likewise, copies
of the deficiency tax assessments issued against petitioner
Ferdinand ‘Bongbong’ Marcos II were also personally and
constructively served upon him (through his caretaker) on
September 12, 1991, at his last known address at Don Mariano
Marcos St. corner P. Guevarra St., San Juan, M.M. (Annexes ‘J’
and ‘J-1’ of the Petition). Thereafter, Formal Assessment notices
were served on October 20, 1992, upon Mrs. Marcos c/o petitioner,
at his office, House of Representatives, Batasan Pambansa,
Quezon City. Moreover, a notice to Taxpayer inviting Mrs. Marcos
(or her duly authorized representative or coun-
57
VOL. 273, JUNE 5, 1997 57

sel), to a conference, was furnished the counsel of Mrs. Marcos,

Dean Antonio Coronel—but to no avail.
The deficiency tax assessments were not protested

administratively, by Mrs. Marcos and the other heirs of the late
president, within 30 days from service of said assessments.
On February 22, 1993, the BIR Commissioner issued twenty-
two notices of levy on real property against certain parcels of land
owned by the Marcoses—to satisfy the alleged estate tax and
deficiency income taxes of Spouses Marcos.
On May 20, 1993, four more Notices of Levy on real property
were issued for the purpose of satisfying the deficiency income
taxes.
On May 26, 1993, additional four (4) notices of Levy on real
property were again issued. The foregoing tax remedies were
resorted to pursuant to Sections 205 and 213 of the National
Internal Revenue Code (NIRC).
In response to a letter dated March 12, 1993 sent by Atty.
Loreto Ata (counsel of herein petitioner) calling the attention of
the BIR and requesting that they be duly notified of any action
taken by the BIR affecting the interest of their client Ferdinand
‘Bongbong’ Marcos II, as well as the interest of the late president
—copies of the aforesaid notices were served on April 7, 1993 and
on June 10, 1993, upon Mrs. Imelda Marcos, the petitioner, and
their counsel of record, ‘De Borja, Medialdea, Ata, Bello, Guevarra
and Serapio Law Office.’
Notices of sale at public auction were posted on May 26, 1993,
at the lobby of the City Hall of Tacloban City. The public auction
for the sale of the eleven (11) parcels of land took place on July 5,
1993. There being no bidder, the lots were declared forfeited in
favor of the government.
On June 25, 1993, petitioner Ferdinand ‘Bongbong’ Marcos II
filed the instant petition for certiorari and prohibition under Rule
65 of the Rules of Court, with prayer for temporary restraining
order and/or writ of preliminary injunction.”
It has been repeatedly observed, and not without merit,

that the enforcement of tax laws and the collection of taxes,
is of paramount importance for the sustenance of
government. Taxes are the lifeblood of the government and
should be collected without unnecessary hindrance.
However, such collection should be made in accordance
with law as any arbitrariness will negate the very reason
for government itself. It is
58

therefore necessary to reconcile the apparently conflicting

interests of the authorities and the taxpayers so that the
real purpose of taxation, which 3
is the promotion of the
common good, may be achieved.
Whether or not the proper avenues of assessment and

collection of the said tax obligations were taken by the
respondent Bureau is now the subject of the Court’s
inquiry.
Petitioner posits that notices of levy, notices of sale, and
subsequent sale of properties of the late President Marcos
effected by the BIR are null and void for disregarding the
established procedure for the enforcement of taxes due
upon the4 estate of the deceased. The case of Domingo vs.
Garlitos is specifically cited to bolster the argument that
“the ordinary procedure by which to settle claims of
indebtedness against the estate of a deceased, person, as in
an inheritance (estate) tax, is for the claimant to present a
claim before the probate court so that said court may order
the administrator to pay the amount therefor.” This
remedy is allegedly, exclusive, and cannot be effected
through any other means.
Petitioner goes further, submitting that the probate
court is not precluded from denying a request by the
government for the immediate payment of taxes, and
should order the payment of the same only within the
period fixed by the probate court for the payment of all the
debts of the decedent. In this regard, petitioner cites the
case of Collector of Internal Revenue vs. The
Administratrix of the Estate of Echarri (67 Phil. 502),
where it was held that:
“The case of Pineda vs. Court of First Instance of Tayabas and

Collector of Internal Revenue (52 Phil. 803), relied upon by the
petitioner-appellant is good authority on the proposition that the
court having control over the administration proceedings has
jurisdiction to entertain the claim presented by the government
for taxes due and to order the administrator to pay the tax should
it find that the assessment was proper, and that the tax was legal,
due and
_____________
3 Commissioner of Internal Revenue vs. Algue, Inc., et al., G.R. No. L-28896,
February 17, 1988, 158 SCRA 9.
4 G.R. No. L-18994, June 29, 8 SCRA 443.
59
VOL. 273, JUNE 5, 1997 59

collectible. And the rule laid down in that case must be

understood in relation to the case of Collector of Customs vs.
Haygood, supra, as to the procedure to be followed in a given case
by the government to effectuate the collection of the tax.
Categorically stated, where during the pendency of judicial
administration over the estate of a deceased person a claim for

taxes is presented by the government, the court has the authority
to order payment by the administrator; but, in the same way that
it has authority to order payment or satisfaction, it also has the
negative authority to deny the same. While there are cases where
courts are required to perform certain duties mandatory and
ministerial in character, the function of the court in a case of the
present character is not one of them; and here, the court cannot
be an organism endowed with latitude of judgment in one
direction, and converted into a mere mechanical contrivance in
another direction.”
On the other hand, it is argued by the BIR, that the state’s

authority to collect internal revenue taxes is paramount.
Thus, the pendency of probate proceedings over the estate
of the deceased does not preclude the assessment and
collection, through summary remedies, of estate taxes over
the same. According to the respondent, claims for payment
of estate and income taxes due and assessed after the death
of the decedent need not be presented in the form of a claim
against the estate. These can and should be paid
immediately. The probate court is not the government
agency to decide whether an estate is liable for payment of
estate of income taxes. Well-settled is the rule that the
probate court is a court with special and limited
jurisdiction.
Concededly, the authority of the Regional Trial Court,
sitting, albeit with limited jurisdiction, as a probate court
over estate of deceased individual, is not a trifling thing.
The court’s jurisdiction, once invoked, and made effective,
cannot be treated with indifference nor should it be ignored
with impunity by the very parties invoking its authority.
In testament to this, it has been held that it is within
the jurisdiction of the probate court to approve the sale of
properties of a deceased person by his prospective heirs
before final
60

5
adjudication;
6
to determine who are the7 heirs of the
decedent; the recognition of a natural child; the status8 of a
woman claiming to be the legal wife of the decedent; 9
the
legality of disinheritance of an heir by the testator; and
10
to
pass upon the validity of a waiver of hereditary rights.
The pivotal question the court is tasked to resolve refers
to the authority of the Bureau of Internal Revenue to
collect by the summary remedy of levying upon, and sale of
real properties of the decedent, estate tax deficiencies,
without the cognition and authority of the court sitting in

probate over the supposed will of the deceased.
The nature of the process of estate tax collection has
been described as follows:
“Strictly speaking, the assessment of an inheritance tax does not

directly involve the administration of a decedent’s estate,
although it may be viewed as an incident to the complete
settlement of an estate, and, under some statutes, it is made the
duty of the probate court to make the amount of the inheritance
tax a part of the final decree of distribution of the estate. It is not
against the property of decedent, nor is it a claim against the
estate as such, but it is against the interest or property right
which the heir, legatee, devisee, etc., has in the property formerly
held by decedent. Further, under some statutes, it has been held
that it is not a suit or controversy between the parties, nor is it an
adversary proceeding between the state and the person who owes
the tax on the inheritance. However, under other statutes it has
been held that the hearing and determination of the cash value of
the assets and the determination
____________
5 Acebedo vs. Abesamis, G.R. No. 102380, 18 January 1993, 217 SCRA 186.
6 Reyes vs. Ysip, G.R. No. 7516, May 12, 1955, 97 Phil. 11.
7 Gaas vs. Fortich, G.R. No. 3154, Dec. 28, 1929, 54 Phil. 196.
8 Torres vs. Javier, May 24, 1916, 34 Phil. 382.
9 Pecson vs. Mediavillo, G.R. No. 7890, September 29, 1914, 28 Phil. 81.
10 Borromeo-Herrera vs. Borromeo, et al., L-41171, July 23, 1982.
61
VOL. 273, JUNE 5, 1997 61

of the tax are adversary proceedings. The 11

proceeding has been
held to be necessarily a proceeding in rem.
In the Philippine experience, the enforcement and

collection of estate tax, is executive in character, as the
legislature has seen it fit to ascribe this task to the Bureau
of Internal Revenue. Section 3 of the National Internal
Revenue Code attests to this:
“Sec. 3. Powers and duties of the Bureau.—The powers and duties

of the Bureau of Internal Revenue shall comprehend the
assessment and collection of all national internal revenue taxes,
fees, and charges, and the enforcement of all forfeitures,
penalties, and fines connected therewith, including the execution
of judgments in all cases decided in its favor by the Court of Tax
Appeals and the ordinary courts. Said Bureau shall also give
effect to and administer the supervisory and police power

conferred to it by this Code or other laws.”
12
Thus, it was in Vera vs. Fernandez that the court
recognized the liberal treatment of claims for taxes charged
against the estate of the decedent. Such taxes, we said,
were exempted from the application of the statute of non-
claims, and this is justified by the necessity of government
funding, immortalized in the maxim that taxes are the
lifeblood of the government. Vectigalia nervi sunt rei
publicae—taxes are the sinews of the state.
“Taxes assessed against the estate of a deceased person, after

administration is opened, need not be submitted to the committee
on claims in the ordinary course of administration. In the exercise
of its control over the administrator, the court may direct the
payment of such taxes upon motion showing that the taxes have
been assessed against the estate.”
Such liberal treatment of internal revenue taxes in the

probate proceedings extends so far, even to allowing the en-
_______________
11 85 C.J.S. # 1191, pp. 1056-1057.

12 No. L-31364, March 30, 1979, 89 SCRA 199.
62

forcement of tax obligations against the heirs of the

decedent, even after distribution of the estate’s properties.
“Claims for taxes, whether assessed before or after the death of

the deceased, can be collected from the heirs even after the
distribution of the properties of the decedent. They are exempted
from the application of the statute of non-claims. The heirs shall
be liable therefor,
13
in proportion to their share in the
inheritance.”
“Thus, the Government has two ways of collecting the taxes in
question. One, by going after all the heirs and collecting from each
one of them the amount of the tax proportionate to the
inheritance received. Another remedy, pursuant to the lien
created by Section 315 of the Tax Code upon all property and
rights to property belong to the taxpayer for unpaid income tax, is
by subjecting said property of the estate which is in the hands of
an heir or transferee to the payment of the tax due the estate.
(Commissioner of Internal Revenue vs. Pineda, 21 SCRA 105,
September 15, 1967.)
From the foregoing, it is discernible that the approval of

the court, sitting in probate, or as a settlement tribunal
over the deceased is not a mandatory requirement in the
collection of estate taxes. It cannot therefore be argued that
the Tax Bureau erred in proceeding with the levying and
sale of the properties allegedly owned by the late President,
on the ground that it was required to seek first the probate
court’s sanction. There is nothing in the Tax Code, and in
the pertinent remedial laws that implies the necessity of
the probate or estate settlement court’s approval of the
state’s claim for estate taxes, before the same can be
enforced and collected.
On the contrary, under Section 87 of the NIRC, it is the
probate or settlement court which is bidden not to
authorize the executor or judicial administrator of the
decedent’s estate to deliver any distributive share to any
party interested in the estate, unless it is shown a
Certification by the Commissioner of Internal Revenue that
the estate taxes have been paid. This provision disproves
the petitioner’s contention that it is the
______________
13 Pineda vs. Court of First Instance of Tayabas, G.R. No. 30921,

February 16, 1929, 52 Phil. 805; Government vs. Pamintuan, G.R. No.
33139, October 11, 1930, 55 Phil. 13.
63
VOL. 273, JUNE 5, 1997 63

probate court which approves the assessment and

collection of the estate tax.
If there is any issue as to the validity of the BIR’s
decision to assess the estate taxes, this should have been
pursued through the proper administrative and judicial
avenues provided for by law.
Section 229 of the NIRC tells us how:
“Sec. 229. Protesting of assessment.—When the Commissioner of

Internal Revenue or his duly authorized representative finds that
proper taxes should be assessed, he shall first notify the taxpayer
of his findings. Within a period to be prescribed by implementing
regulations, the taxpayer shall be required to respond to said
notice. If the taxpayer fails to respond, the Commissioner shall
issue an assessment based on his findings.
Such assessment may be protested administratively by filing a
request for reconsideration or reinvestigation in such form and
manner as may be prescribed by implementing regulations within
thirty (30) days from receipt of the assessment; otherwise, the

assessment shall become final and unappealable.
If the protest is denied in whole or in part, the individual,
association or corporation adversely affected by the decision on
the protest may appeal to the Court of Tax Appeals within thirty
(30) days from receipt of said decision; otherwise, the decision
shall become final, executory and demandable. (As inserted by
P.D. 1773)”
Apart from failing to file the required estate tax return

within the time required for the filing of the same,
petitioner, and the other heirs never questioned the
assessments served upon them, allowing the same to lapse
into finality, and prompting the BIR to collect the said
taxes by levying upon the properties left by President
Marcos.
Petitioner submits, however, that “while the assessment
of taxes may have been validly undertaken by the
Government, collection thereof may have been done in
violation of the law. Thus, the manner and method in
which the latter is enforced may be questioned separately,
and irrespective of the finality of the former, because the
Government does not have the
64

unbridled discretion to enforce

14
collection without regard to
the clear provision of law.”
Petitioner specifically points out that applying
Memorandum Circular No. 38-68, implementing Sections
318 and 324 of the old tax code (Republic Act 5203), the
BIR’s Notices of Levy on the Marcos properties, were issued
beyond the allowed period, and are therefore null and void:
“. . . the Notices of Levy on Real Property (Annexes 0 to NN of

Annex C of this Petition) in satisfaction of said assessments were
still issued by respondents well beyond the period mandated in
Revenue Memorandum Circular No. 38-68. These Notices of Levy
were issued only on 22 February 1993 and 20 May 1993 when at
least seventeen (17) months had already lapsed from the last
service of tax assessment on 12 September 1991. As no notices of
distraint of personal property were first issued by respondents,
the latter should have complied with Revenue Memorandum
Circular No. 38-68 and issued these Notices of Levy not earlier
than three (3) months nor later than six (6) months from 12
September 1991. In accordance with the Circular, respondents
only had until 12 March 1992 (the last day of the sixth month)
within which to issue these Notices of Levy. The Notices of Levy,
having been issued beyond

15
the period allowed by law, are thus
void and of no effect.”
We hold otherwise. The Notices of Levy upon real property

were issued within the prescriptive period and in
accordance with the provisions of the present Tax Code.
The deficiency tax assessment, having already become
final, executory, and demandable, the same can now be
collected through the summary remedy of distraint or levy
pursuant to Section 205 of the NIRC.
The applicable provision in regard to the prescriptive
period for the assessment and collection of tax deficiency in
this instance is Article 223 of the NIRC, which pertinently
provides:
________________
14 Petition, p. 50, Rollo.

15Ibid., pp. 57-58.
65
VOL. 273, JUNE 5, 1997 65

“Sec. 223. Exceptions as to a period of limitation of assessment and

collection of taxes.—(a) In the case of a false or fraudulent return
with intent to evade tax or of a failure to file a return, the tax may
be assessed, or a proceeding in court for the collection of such tax
may be begun without assessment, at any time within ten (10)
years after the discovery of the falsity, fraud, or omission:
Provided, That, in a fraud assessment which has become final and
executory, the fact of fraud shall be judicially taken cognizance of
in the civil or criminal action for the collection thereof.
xxx
(c) Any internal revenue tax which has been assessed within
the period of limitation above prescribed, may be collected by
distraint or levy or by a proceeding in court within three years
following the assessment of the tax.
xxx
The omission to file an estate tax return, and the

subsequent failure to contest or appeal the assessment
made by the BIR is fatal to the petitioner’s cause, as under
the above-cited provision, in case of failure to file a return,
the tax may be assessed at any time within ten years after
the omission, and any tax so assessed may be collected by
levy upon real property within three years following the
assessment of the tax. Since the estate tax assessment had
become final and unap-pealable by the petitioner’s default
as regards protesting the validity of the said assessment,
there is now no reason why the BIR cannot continue with
the collection of the said tax. Any objection against the

assessment should have been pursued following the avenue
paved in Section 229 of the NIRC on protests on
assessments of internal revenue taxes.
Petitioner further argues that “the numerous pending
court cases questioning the late president’s ownership or
interests in several properties (both real and personal)
make the total value of his estate, and the consequent
estate tax due, incapable of exact pecuniary determination
at this time. Thus, respondents’ assessment of the estate
tax and their issuance of the Notices of Levy and sale are
premature and oppressive.” He points out the pendency of
Sandiganbayan Civil Case Nos. 0001-0034 and 0141, which
were filed by the gov-
66

ernment to question the ownership and interests of the late

President in real and personal properties located within
and outside the Philippines. Petitioner, however, omits to
allege whether the properties levied upon by the BIR in the
collection of estate taxes upon the decedent’s estate were
among those involved in the said cases pending in the
Sandiganbayan. Indeed, the court is at a loss as to how
these cases are relevant to the matter at issue. The mere
fact that the decedent has pending cases involving ill-
gotten wealth does not affect the enforcement of tax
assessments over the properties indubitably included in his
estate.
Petitioner also expresses his reservation as to the
propriety of the BIR’s total assessment of P23,
292,607,638.00, stating that this amount deviates from the
findings of the Department of Justice’s Panel of
Prosecutors as per its resolution of 20 September 1991.
Allegedly, this is clear evidence of the uncertainty on the
part of the Government as to the total value of the estate of
the late President.
This is, to our mind, the petitioner’s last ditch effort to
assail the assessment of estate tax which had already
become final and unappealable.
It is not the Department of Justice which is the
government agency tasked to determine the amount of
taxes due upon 16the subject estate, but the Bureau of
Internal Revenue, whose determinations and assessments 17
are presumed correct and made in good faith. The
taxpayer has the duty of proving otherwise. In the absence
of proof of any irregularities in the performance of official
duties, an assessment will not be disturbed. Even an
assessment based on estimates is prima facie valid and

lawful where it does not appear to have been
____________
16 Section 16, National Internal Revenue Code.

17 Interprovincial Autobus Co., Inc. vs. Collector of Internal Revenue,
G.R. No. 6741, January 31, 1956, 98 Phil. 290; CIR vs. Construction
Resources Asia, Inc., G.R. No. 98230, November 25, 1986, 145 SCRA 671;
Sy Po vs. Court of Tax Appeals, et al., G.R. No. L-81446, August 18, 1988,
164 SCRA 524; CIR vs. Bohol Land Transportation Co., 58 O.G. 2407
(1960).
67
VOL. 273, JUNE 5, 1997 67

arrived at arbitrarily or capriciously. The burden of proof is

upon the complaining party to show clearly that the
assessment is erroneous. Failure to present proof of error
in the assessment
18
will justify the judicial affirmance of said
assessment. In this instance, petitioner has not pointed
out one single provision in the Memorandum of the Special
Audit Team which gave rise to the questioned assessment,
which bears a trace of falsity. Indeed, the petitioner’s
attack on the assessment bears mainly on the alleged
improbable and unconscionable amount of the taxes
charged. But mere rhetoric cannot supply the basis for the
charge of impropriety of the assessments made.
Moreover, these objections to the assessments should
have been raised, considering the ample remedies afforded
the taxpayer by the Tax Code, with the Bureau of Internal
Revenue and the Court of Tax Appeals, as described
earlier, and cannot be raised now via Petition for
Certiorari, under the pretext of grave abuse of discretion.
The course of action taken by the petitioner reflects his
disregard or even repugnance of the established
institutions for governance in the scheme of a well-ordered
society. The subject tax assessments having become final,
executory and enforceable, the same can no longer be
contested by means of a disguised protest. In the main,
Certiorari may
19
not be used as a substitute for a lost appeal
or remedy. This judicial policy becomes more pronounced
in view of the absence of sufficient attack against the
actuations of government.
On the matter of sufficiency of service of Notices of
Assessment to the petitioner, we find the respondent
appellate court’s pronouncements sound and resilient to
petitioner’s attacks.
“Anent grounds 3(b) and (B)—both alleging/claiming lack of notice

—We find, after considering the facts and circumstances, as
______________
18 Gutierrez vs. Villegas, G.R. No. L-17117, July 31, 1963, 8 SCRA 527.
19 De la Paz vs. Panis, G.R. No. 57023, June 22, 1995, 245 SCRA 242.
68

well as evidences, that there was sufficient, constructive and/or

actual notice of assessments, levy and sale, sent to herein
petitioner Ferdinand “Bongbong” Marcos as well as to his mother
Mrs. Imelda Marcos.
Even if we are to rule out the notices of assessments personally
given to the caretaker of Mrs. Marcos at the latter’s last known
address, on August 26, 1991 and September 12, 1991, as well as
the notices of assessment personally given to the caretaker of
petitioner also at his last known address on September 12, 1991—
the subsequent notices given thereafter could no longer be ignored
as they were sent at a time when petitioner was already here in
the Philippines, and at a place where said notices would surely be
called to petitioner’s attention, and received by responsible
persons of sufficient age and discretion.
Thus, on October 20, 1992, formal assessment notices were
served upon Mrs. Marcos c/o the petitioner, at his office, House of
Representatives, Batasan Pambansa, Q.C. (Annexes “A,” “A-1,”
“A-2,” “A-3”; pp. 207-210, Comment/Memorandum of OSG).
Moreover, a notice to taxpayer dated October 8, 1992 inviting
Mrs. Marcos to a conference relative to her tax liabilities, was
furnished the counsel of Mrs. Marcos—Dean Antonio Coronel
(Annex “B,” p. 211, ibid.). Thereafter, copies of Notices were also
served upon Mrs. Imelda Marcos, the petitioner and their counsel
“De Borja, Medialdea, Ata, Bello, Guevarra and Serapio Law
Office,” on April 7, 1993 and June 10, 1993. Despite all of these
Notices, petitioner never lifted a finger to protest the
assessments, (upon which the Levy and sale of properties were
based), nor appealed the same to the Court of Tax Appeals.
There being sufficient service of Notices to herein petitioner
(and his mother) and it appearing that petitioner continuously
ignored said Notices despite several opportunities given him to
file a protest and to thereafter appeal to the Court of Tax Appeals,
—the tax assessments subject of this case, upon which the levy
and sale of properties were based, could no longer be contested 20
(directly or indirectly) via this instant petition for certiorari.”
Petitioner argues that all the questioned Notices of Levy,

however, must be nullified for having been issued without
validly serving copies thereof to the petitioner. As a
mandatory heir of the decedent, petitioner avers that he

has an in-
________________
20 Court of Appeals Decision, pp. 12-13, Rollo.
69
VOL. 273, JUNE 5, 1997 69

terest in the subject estate, and notices of levy upon its

properties should have been served upon him.
We do not agree. In the case of notices of levy issued to
satisfy the delinquent estate tax, the delinquent taxpayer
is the Estate of the decedent, and not necessarily, and
exclusively, the petitioner as heir of the deceased. In the
same vein, in the matter of income tax delinquency of the
late president and his spouse, petitioner is not the taxpayer
liable. Thus, it follows that service of notices of levy in
satisfaction of these tax delinquencies upon the petitioner
is not required by law, as under Section 213 of the NIRC,
which pertinently states:
“x x x
. . . Levy shall be effected by writing upon said certificate a
description of the property upon which levy is made. At the same
time, written notice of the levy shall be mailed to or served upon
the Register of Deeds of the province or city where the property is
located and upon the delinquent taxpayer, or if he be absent from
the Philippines, to his agent or the manager of the business in
respect to which the liability arose, or if there be none, to the
occupant of the property in question.
x x x”
The foregoing notwithstanding, the record shows that

notices of warrants of distraint and levy of sale were
furnished the counsel of petitioner on April 7, 1993, and
June 10, 1993, and the petitioner himself on April
21
12, 1993
at his office at the Batasang Pambansa. We cannot
therefore, countenance petitioner’s insistence that he was
denied due process. Where there was an opportunity to
raise objections to government action, and such opportunity
was disregarded, for no justifiable reason, the party
claiming oppression then becomes the oppressor of the
orderly functions of government. He who comes to court
must come with clean hands. Otherwise, he not
_______________
21 Affidavit of Service by the Revenue Officer of the Collection and

Enforcement Division of the BIR, Annex “D,” Comment/Memo-randum of
the Commissioner of Internal Revenue in the Court of Appeals.
70

Inland Realty Investment Service, Inc. vs. Court of Appeals
only taints his name, but ridicules the very structure of

established authority.
IN VIEW WHEREOF, the Court RESOLVED to DENY
the present petition. The Decision of the Court of Appeals
dated November 29, 1994 is hereby AFFIRMED in all
respects.
SO ORDERED.
Regalado (Chairman), Romero, Puno and Mendoza,

JJ., concur.
Petition denied, judgment affirmed in toto.
Notes.—The estate tax is one of those obligations that

must be paid before distribution of the estate, and if not
paid, the rule requires that the distributees post a bond or
make such provisions as to meet the said tax obligation in
proportion to their respective shares in the inheritance.
(Estate of Hilario M. Ruiz vs. Court of Appeals, 252 SCRA
541 [1996])
Tax laws imposing penalties for delinquencies are
intended to hasten tax payments by punishing evasions or
neglect of duty in respect thereof. (Philippine Refining
Company vs. Court of Appeals, 256 SCRA 667 [1996])
——o0o——
© Copyright 2019 Central Book Supply, Inc. All rights reserved.

G.R. No. 120880. June 5, 1997. Ferdinand R. Marcos Ii, Petitioner, vs. Court of Appeals, The Commissioner of The Bureau of Internal Revenue and Herminia D. de Guzman, Respondents

Uploaded by

G.R. No. 120880. June 5, 1997. Ferdinand R. Marcos Ii, Petitioner, vs. Court of Appeals, The Commissioner of The Bureau of Internal Revenue and Herminia D. de Guzman, Respondents

Uploaded by

2/25/2019 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 273

VOL. 273, JUNE 5, 1997 47

G.R. No. 120880. June 5, 1997.*

FERDINAND R. MARCOS II, petitioner, vs. COURT OF

Taxation; Due Process; While taxes are the lifeblood of the

48 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED

Marcos II vs. Court of Appeals

terests of the authorities and the taxpayers so that the real

ignored with impunity by the very parties invoking its authority.—

VOL. 273, JUNE 5, 1997 49

Marcos II vs. Court of Appeals

requirement in the collection of estate taxes. It cannot therefore

probate or estate settlement court’s approval of the state’s claim

50 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED

Marcos II vs. Court of Appeals

court cases questioning the late president’s ownership or interests

VOL. 273, JUNE 5, 1997 51

Marcos II vs. Court of Appeals

cannot supply the basis for the charge of impropriety of the

Same; Same; Actions; Certiorari; Objections to assessments

52 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED

Marcos II vs. Court of Appeals

Due Process; Equity; Where there was an opportunity to raise

PETITION for review on certiorari of a decision of the

The facts are stated in the opinion of the Court.

TORRES, JR., J.:

In this Petition for Review on Certiorari, Government

1 Penned by Associate Justice Asaali S. Isnani, Chairman; Justices Corona Ibay

VOL. 273, JUNE 5, 1997 53

remedy resorted to by the government, sanctioned by Sections 213

Restraining Order and Injunction. No pronouncements as to costs.

More than seven years since the demise of the late

I. Annul and set aside the Notices of Levy on real

54 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED

After the parties had pleaded2 their case, the Court of

“WHEREFORE, premises considered judgment is hereby

Unperturbed, petitioner is now before us assailing the

A. RESPONDENT COURT MANIFESTLY ERRED IN

2 Annex “A,” Petition, p. 80, Rollo.

VOL. 273, JUNE 5, 1997 55

SOUGHT TO BE ENFORCED BY RESPONDENTS

(1) The Notices of Levy on Real Property were issued

Memorandum Circular No. 38-68.

C. ON ACCOUNT OF THE CLEAR MERIT OF THE

The facts as found by the appellate court are undisputed,

“On September 29, 1989, former President Ferdinand Marcos died

56 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED

the decedent, an estate tax returns [sic], as well as several income

National Internal Revenue Code (NIRC).

VOL. 273, JUNE 5, 1997 57

sel), to a conference, was furnished the counsel of Mrs. Marcos,

The deficiency tax assessments were not protested

It has been repeatedly observed, and not without merit,

58 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED

therefore necessary to reconcile the apparently conflicting

Whether or not the proper avenues of assessment and

“The case of Pineda vs. Court of First Instance of Tayabas and

VOL. 273, JUNE 5, 1997 59

collectible. And the rule laid down in that case must be

administration over the estate of a deceased person a claim for

On the other hand, it is argued by the BIR, that the state’s

60 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED

without the cognition and authority of the court sitting in

“Strictly speaking, the assessment of an inheritance tax does not

VOL. 273, JUNE 5, 1997 61

of the tax are adversary proceedings. The 11

In the Philippine experience, the enforcement and

“Sec. 3. Powers and duties of the Bureau.—The powers and duties

effect to and administer the supervisory and police power

“Taxes assessed against the estate of a deceased person, after

Such liberal treatment of internal revenue taxes in the

11 85 C.J.S. # 1191, pp. 1056-1057.

62 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED

forcement of tax obligations against the heirs of the

“Claims for taxes, whether assessed before or after the death of

From the foregoing, it is discernible that the approval of