Types of Computer Ports and Their

Functions
A Computer Port is an interface or a point of connection between the computer and its peripheral
devices. Some of the common peripherals are mouse, keyboard, monitor or display unit, printer,
speaker, flash drive etc.

The main function of a computer port is to act as a point of attachment, where the cable from the
peripheral can be plugged in and allows data to flow from and to the device.
A computer port is also called as a Communication Port as it is responsible for communication
between the computer and its peripheral device. Generally, the female end of the connector is
referred to as a port and it usually sits on the motherboard.

In Computers, communication ports can be divided into two types based on the type or protocol
used for communication. They are Serial Ports and Parallel Ports.

A serial port is an interface through which peripherals can be connected using a serial protocol
which involves the transmission of data one bit at a time over a single communication line. The
most common type of serial port is a D-Sub miniature or a D-sub connector that carry RS-232
signals.

A parallel port, on the other hand, is an interface through which the communication between a
computer and its peripheral device is in a parallel manner i.e. data is transferred in or out in
parallel using more than one communication line or wire. Printer port is an example of parallel
port.

The article gives a brief introduction to different types of ports along with their applications.

Table of Contents

 S/2
 Serial Port
o DB-25
o DE-9 or RS-232 or COM Port
 Parallel Port or Centronics 36 Pin Port
 Audio Ports
o Surround Sound Connectors or 3.5 mm TRS Connector
 S/PDIF / TOSLPINK
 Video Ports
o VGA Port
 Digital Video Interface (DVI)
o Mini-DVI
o Micro-DVI
 Display Port
 RCA Connector
 Component Video
 S-Video
 HDMI
 USB
o USB Type A
o USB Type C
 RJ-45
 RJ-11
 e-SATA
PS/2

PS/2 connector is developed by IBM for connecting mouse and keyboard. It was introduced with
IBM’s Personal Systems/2 series of computers and hence the name PS/2 connector. PS/2
connectors are color coded as purple for keyboard and green for mouse.

PS/2 is a 6-pin DIN connector. The pin out diagram of a PS/2 female connector is shown below.

Even though the pinout of both mouse and keyboard PS/2 ports are same, computers do not
recognize the devise when connected to wrong port.

PS/2 port is now considered a legacy port as USB port has superseded it and very few of the
modern motherboards include it as a legacy port.

Serial Port

Even though the communication in PS/2 and USB is serial, technically, the term Serial Port is
used to refer the interface that is compliant to RS-232 standard. There are two types of serial
ports that are commonly found on a computer: DB-25 and DE-9.

DB-25

DB-25 is a variant of D-sub connector and is the original port for RS-232 serial communication.
They were developed as the main port for serial connections using RS-232 protocol but most of
the applications did not require all the pins.

Hence, DE-9 was developed for RS-232 based serial communication while DB-25 was rarely
used as a serial port and often used as a parallel printer port as a replacement of the Centronics
Parallel 36 pin connector.
DE-9 or RS-232 or COM Port

DE-9 is the main port for RS-232 serial communication. It is a D-sub connector with E shell and
is often miscalled as DB-9. A DE-9 port is also called as a COM port and allows full duplex
serial communication between the computer and it’s peripheral.

Some of the applications of DE-9 port are serial interface with mouse, keyboard, modem,
uninterruptible power supplies (UPS) and other external RS-232 compatible devices.

The pin-out diagram of DE-9 port is shown below.

The use of DB-25 and DE-9 ports for communication is in decline and are replaced by USBs or
other ports.

Parallel Port or Centronics 36 Pin Port

Parallel port is an interface between computer and peripheral devices like printers with parallel
communication. The Centronics port is a 36 pin port that was developed as an interface for
printers and scanners and hence a parallel port is also called as a Centronics port.

Before the wide use of USB ports, parallel ports are very common in printers. The Centronics
port was later replaced by DB-25 port with parallel interface.
Audio Ports

Audio ports are used to connect speakers or other audio output devices with the computer. The
audio signals can be either analogue or digital and depending on that the port and its
corresponding connector differ.

Surround Sound Connectors or 3.5 mm TRS Connector

It is the most commonly found audio port that can be used to connect stereo headphones or
surround sound channels. A 6 connector system is included on majority of computers for audio
out as well as a microphone connection.

The 6 connectors are color coded as Blue, Lime, Pink, Orange, Black and Grey. These 6
connectors can be used for a surround sound configuration of up to 8 channels.

S/PDIF / TOSLINK
The Sony/Phillips Digital Interface Format (S/PDIF) is an audio interconnect used in home
media. It supports digital audio and can be transmitted using a coaxial RCA Audio cable or an
optical fiber TOSLINK connector.

Most computers home entertainment systems are equipped with S/PDIF over TOSLINK.
TOSLINK (Toshiba Link) is most frequently used digital audio port that can support 7.1 channel
surround sound with just one cable. In the following image, the port on the right is an S/PDIF
port.

Video Ports

VGA Port

VGA port is found in many computers, projectors, video cards and High Definition TVs. It is a
D-sub connector consisting of 15 pins in 3 rows. The connector is called as DE-15.

VGA port is the main interface between computers and older CRT monitors. Even the modern
LCD and LED monitors support VGA ports but the picture quality is reduced. VGA carries
analogue video signals up to a resolution of 648X480.
With the increase in use of digital video, VGA ports are gradually being replaced by HDMI and
Display Ports. Some laptops are equipped with on-board VGA ports in order to connect to
external monitors or projectors. The pin-out of a VGA port is shown below.

Digital Video Interface (DVI)

DVI is a high speed digital interface between a display controller like a computer and a display
device like a monitor. It was developed with an aim of transmitting lossless digital video signals
and replace the analogue VGA technology.
There are three types of DVI connectors based on the signals it can carry: DVI-I, DVI-D and
DVI-A. DVI-I is a DVI port with integrated analogue and digital signals. DVI-D supports only
digital signals and DVI-A supports only analogue signals.

The digital signals can be either single link or dual link where a single link supports a digital
signal up to 1920X1080 resolution and a dual link supports a digital signal up to 2560X1600
resolution. The following image compares the structures of DVI-I, DVI-D and DVI-A types
along with the pinouts.
Mini-DVI

Mini-DVI port is developed by Apple as an alternative to Mini-VGA port and is physically

It is a 32 pin port and is capable of transmitting DVI, composite, S-Video and VGA signals with
respective adapters. The following image shows a Mini-DVI port and its compatible cable.

Micro-DVI

Micro-DVI port, as the name suggests is physically smaller than Mini-DVI and is capable of
transmitting only digital signals.

This port can be connected to external devices with DVI and VGA interfaces and respective
adapters are required. In the following image, a Micro-DVI port can be seen adjacent to
headphone and USB ports.
Display Port

Display Port is a digital display interface with optional multiple channel audio and other forms of
data. Display Port is developed with an aim of replacing VGA and DVI ports as the main
interface between a computer and monitor.

The latest version DisplayPort 1.3 can handle a resolution up to 7680 X 4320.

The Display Port has a 20 pin connector, which is a very less number when compared to DVI
port and offers better resolution. The pin out diagram of a Display Port is shown below.
RCA Connector

RCA Connector can carry composite video and stereo audio signals over three cables. Composite
video transmits analogue video signals and the connector is as yellow colored RCA connector.

The video signals are transmitted over a single channel along with the line and frame
synchronization pulses at a maximum resolution of 576i (standard resolution).

The red and white connectors are used for stereo audio signals (red for right channel and white
for left channel).

Component Video

Component Video is an interface where the video signals are split into more than two channels
and the quality of the video signal is better that Composite video.

Like composite video, component video transmits only video signals and two separate
connectors must be used for stereo audio. Component video port can transmit both analogue and
digital video signals.
The ports of the commonly found Component video uses 3 connectors and are color coded as
Green, Blue and Red.

S-Video

S-Video or Separate Video connector is used for transmitting only video signals. The picture
quality is better than that of Composite video but has a lesser resolution than Component video.

The S-Video port is generally black in color and is present on all TVs and most computers. S-
Video port looks like a PS/2 port but consists of only 4 pins.

Out of the 4 pins, one pin is used to carry the intensity signals (black and white) and other pin is
used to carry color signals. Both these pins have their respective ground pins. The pinout
diagram of an S-Video port is shown below.

HDMI

HDMI is an abbreviation of High Definition Media Interface. HDMI is a digital interface to

HDMI can be used to carry uncompressed video and compressed or uncompressed audio signals.
The HDMI port of type A is shown below.

The HDMI connector consists of 19 pins and the latest version of HDMI i.e. HDMI 2.0 can carry
digital video signal up to a resolution of 4096×2160 and 32 audio channels. The pinout diagram
of an HDMI port is as follows.

USB

Universal Serial Bus (USB) replaced serial ports, parallel ports, PS/2 connectors, game ports and
power chargers for portable devices.

USB port can be used to transfer data, act as an interface for peripherals and even act as power
supply for devices connected to it. There are three kinds of USB ports: Type A, Type B or mini
USB and Micro USB.

USB Type A

USB Type-A port is a 4 pin connector. There are different versions of Type – A USB ports: USB
1.1, USB 2.0 and USB 3.0. USB 3.0 is the common standard and supports a data rate of
400MBps.

USB 3.1 is also released and supports a data rate up to 10Gbps. The USB 2.0 is Black color
coded and USB 3.0 is Blue. The following image shows USB 2.0 and USB 3.0 ports.
The pin-out diagram of USB Type – A port is shown below. The pinout is common to all
standards of Type – A.

USB Type C

USB Type – C is the latest specification of the USB and is a reversible connector. USB Type – C
is supposed to replace Types A and B and is considered future proof.

The port of USB Type – C consists of 24 pins. The pin-out diagram of USB Type – C is shown
below. USB Type – C can handle a current of 3A.

This feature of handling high current is used in the latest Fast Charging Technology where a
Smart Phone’s battery will reach its full charge is very less time.
RJ-45

Ethernet is a networking technology that is used to connect your computer to Internet and
communicate with other computers or networking devices.

The interface that is used for computer networking and telecommunications is known as
Registered Jack (RJ) and RJ – 45 port in particular is used for Ethernet over cable. RJ-45
connector is an 8 pin – 8 contact (8P – 8C) type modular connector.

The latest Ethernet technology is called Gigabit Ethernet and supports a data transfer rate of over
10Gigabits per second. The Ethernet or a LAN port with 8P – 8C type connector along with the
male RJ-45 cable is shown below.

The un-keyed 8P – 8C modular connector is generally referred to the Ethernet RJ-45. Often, RJ-
45 ports are equipped with two LEDs for indicating transmission and packet detection.

As mentioned earlier, an Ethernet RJ-45 port has 8 pins and the following picture depicts the
pinout of one.

RJ-11
RJ-11 is another type of Registered Jack that is used as an interface for telephone, modem or
ADSL connections. Even though computers are almost never equipped with an RJ-11 port, they
are the main interface in all telecommunication networks.

RJ-45 and RJ11 ports look alike but RJ-11 is a smaller port and uses a 6 point – 4 contact (6P –
4C) connector even though a 6 point – 2 contact (6P – 2C) is sufficient. The following is a
picture of an RJ-11 port and its compatible connector.

The following image can be used to compare RJ-45 and RJ-11 ports.

e-SATA
e-SATA is an external Serial AT Attachment connector that is used as an interface for
connecting external mass storage devices. Modern e-SATA connector are called e-SATAp and
stands for Power e-SATA ports.

They are hybrid ports capable of supporting both e-SATA and USB. Neither the SATA
organization nor the USB organization has officially approved the e-SATAp port and must be
used at user’s risk.

The above image is of an e-SATAp port. It shows that both e-SATA and USB devices can be
connected.