CRITICAL BOOK REVIEW

Subject : Functional Grammar

Lecturer : Isli Iiriani Indiah Pane

Arranged by Group
NUR ARFA DILA (2173121051)
RAIHANA SAKDIYAH (2171121025)
RIDA SAFIRA (2171121026)
SHIFA KHAIRINA (2173321043)
VANNESSA NURUL IZZAH NST (2171121032)

DIK 17 D

ENGLISH EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM

FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS

STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN

2019
I. INTRODUCTION
According to hallday,1994a,p. 340 metaphor refers to verbal transference of various kinds.
In general it involver “ a transference aof meaning in which a lexical item that normally means
one thing comes to mean another” (martin &rose, 2003, p. 103; 207, p.110) . It can be said a figure
of speech. The definition of Grammatical metaphor from the perspective of the stratal model might
be the resetting of the relationship between discourse semantics and lexicogrammar creating a
stratal tension.

This chapter will discuss grammatical metaphors. It will first of all give an account of what
grammatical metaphor is. Then it will go on to discuss types of grammatical metaphors. Like other
chapters, this chapter will provide questions that readers should answer for practice.

II. IDENTITY OF BOOK

III. SUMMARY

The chapter that we review is chapter 8 “ grammatical metaphor”. In this chapter will give
definition about grammatical metaphor, types of grammatical metaphor and also in this chapter
there is question for practice the readers. According to hallday,1994a,p. 340 metaphor refers to
verbal transference of various kinds. In general it involver “ a transference aof meaning in which
a lexical item that normally means one thing comes to mean another” (martin &rose, 2003, p. 103;
207, p.110) . It can be said a figure of speech. The definition of Grammatical metaphor from the
perspective of the stratal model might be the resetting of the relationship between discourse
semantics and lexicogrammar creating a stratal tension. According to Martin (1993b), p. 112 .
Grammatical metaphor can thus be seen to introduce a tension between grammar (a text’s wording)
and semantics (a text’s meaning) so that the language has to be read on at least two levels (i.e.
metaphorically), with one level directly reflecting the grammar, and beyond that another
symbolically related level of semantics.

There are 3 main types of grammatical metaphor that can be found in a clause in a text:
methaphors of transitivity (ideational metaphors), metaphors of mood (interpersonal metaphors)
and logical metaphors (textual metaphor). First, Ideational metaphors are theorized as consisting
of two kinds, experiential and logical (Martin 1992a). This separation is based on the stratified
language model suggested by Halliday & Hasan (1976) and Halliday (1985a). Experiential
metaphor is considered the metaphorical ways of meaning making where process(with a small p)
is realized by a noun, and quality is realized by an adjective in lexicogrammar. Logical metaphor is
the metaphorical ways of realizing the consequential and temporal relations inside clauses
(Martin 1992a). Second, Interpersonal metaphor is categorized into metaphors of mood and
modality, creating a stratal tension between discourse semantics and lexicogrammar. Mood
metaphors construe a discourse semantic speech function through an incongruent mood option in
grammar. The second type of interpersonal metaphor, metaphors of modality, is more likely to be
found in written language. Metaphors of modality realize non-congruent ways of speech function
(Halliday 1985a). Modality refers to the area between positive and negative polarity, i.e. to the
cline between “yes” and “no”. Modality is congruently realized by modal finite, e.g. can, may,
could, should, and mood adjuncts, e.g. possibly, probably. For example:
Probably it will rain

probably (modality, probability)

it (subject)
will (finite)
rain (predicator/ residu)
Third, Logical metaphors can be realised in some relational (circumstantial) processes,
such as ‘ cause and lead to. The processes “cause” and “lead to” are metaphorical expression of
conjuctions “if- so “ . Thus, these two processes can be classified into logical metaphors (martin
.1992;martin&rose,2003.2007). logical metaphors is depend on nominalising what happened as
well. (martin&rose,2008). So that the prepositions and verbs have something to hang on to causal
realation, According martin&rose,2003, P. 96) can be congruently realized using conjuction, such
as therefore, if, then. Causal connection can also be realized incongruently using nominal
(reasons,effects,response) verbal (make,lead to) and prepositional (for, through,from..). for
example : If the people smoke, then they can sufferform cancer. Another logical metaphor can also
occur in the replacement of internal conjunction, such as first, with a process to begin, expressed
in the following example . The advocates of the miss universe contest argue for three positions To
begin, those [[ who are againts indonesia’s participantion in the miss universe pagent]] . the verb
to begin above is usually congruently realised in internal conjuction first.

IV. STRENGTHS OF THE BOOK

In this chapter tell about grammatical metaphor, it has many advantages of this chapter first,
the materials of this chapter is discuus by detail, second, the contents of this chapter is suitbale
with the title of the chapter, and the last completely by example to make easily the reader to
understanding.

V. WEAKNESS OF THE BOOK

After we read this chapter we didn’t find the weakness of this chapter. But, in this chapter
doesn’t have a picture so, it can make the reader bored to read this book.
VI. IMPLICATION

The grammatical metaphor is verbal transference of various kinds (Halliday, 1994a, p.30)
Metaphor is a figure of speech (Ravelli , p.110) this is the statement by the expert then we analyze
from some sources Metaphor is derived from the Greek meta-, ‘beyond’ and phora, which is
derived from pherein, ‘to carry’ and then like the definition of the metaphor grammar that involves
the substitution of one grammatical class or structure for another, often resulting in a more
compressed expression. Also known as GM (grammatical metaphor) or marked clause structure.
Metaphor’ is a well-known phenomenon in language. It has a very long research tradition which
goes back to at least Aristotle, and it has received attention in a myriad of disciplines, including
philosophy, linguistics, literary theory, semiotics, stylistics, psychology, pedagogy, and so on.
Metaphor has two major guises: (1) it can be a lexical mechanism, i.e. a feature which belongs to
the lexis or vocabulary of a language; (2) or it can be a grammatical phenomenon, i.e. a special
resource of the grammar of a language. In explaining this distinction, I will draw upon the concept
of ‘grammatical metaphor’, which has been introduced in the framework of systemic functional
linguistics.

Then, there are three types of grammatical there are the first one is ideational metaphor and
interpersonal metaphor (including metaphors of modality and metaphors of mood) the theory in
the book with the theory that I analyze it is same about the types of the grammatical metaphor
ideational grammatical metaphors are a way to express a certain meaning in a different way, by
substituting one grammatical class in a sentence with another one. The second one is the logical
metaphor is Analogies parallel the relationships between different elements by comparisons of
their internal structures; while metaphors reference one concept with another in terms of their
characteristics. And the third is interpersonal metaphor For example, if a statement is realized by
a declarative, we have the congruent form; but if a statement is realized by a clause of probability
(e.g. it may be that…), metaphor of mood occurs categories of interpersonal metaphor and the
metaphoric syndrome can thus be described in a consistent way.

The last in this implication is significance of grammatical Metaphor Grammatical metaphor

in traditional literary criticism, metaphors are distinguished from similes: A metaphor states that
something is equivalent to another thing which is not usually associated with it. A simile states
that something is like another thing which it is not usually associated with. Grammatical metaphor
can thus be seen to introduce a tension between grammar (a text's wording) and semantics (a text's
meaning) as examples of grammatical metaphor, share, is the fact that a process meaning is
rendered in a nominal type of construction.

VII. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

Metaphor refers to verbal transference of various kinds. In general it involver “ a transference

aof meaning in which a lexical item that normally means one thing comes to mean another” (martin
&rose, 2003, p. 103; 207, p.110). The chapter that we review is chapter 8 “ grammatical metaphor”.
In this chapter will give definition about grammatical metaphor, types of grammatical metaphor
and also in this chapter there is question for practice the readers. It has many advantages of this
chapter first the materials, second the contents and the last completed by example. We didn’t find
the weakness of this chapter but we have some implication about significance of grammatical
Metaphor Grammatical metaphor in traditional literary criticism, metaphors are distinguished from
similes: A metaphor states that something is equivalent to another thing which is not usually
associated with it.

Suggestion to all the readers to read this book as a references to enrich their knowledge as a
human being that continuously developing. Especially for students who lack of interest in reading
can try to read this book as a practice time to get used to read.
 References

Saragih Amrin, dkk. 2019. Semiotika. Unimedpress. Medan. Indonesia