Skripsi UI Fischer Tropsch
Skripsi UI Fischer Tropsch
Skripsi UI Fischer Tropsch
1 INTRODUCTION
Fischer 2 Tropsch synthesis is a catalyzed chemical reaction in which
synthesis gas (syngas), a mixture of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydro-
gen (H2), is converted into gaseous, liquid, and solid hydrocarbons and
an appreciable amount of oxygenates (Chadeesingh, 2011). This pro-
cess is a highly promising, developing option for environmentally
sound production of chemicals and fuels from biomass, coal, and natu-
ral gas. In view of large coal and natural gas reserves, dwindling petro-
leum reserves, and significant, projected increases in demand for liquid
fuels, it is expected to play an ever increasing role in the coming dec-
ades. Fischer 2 Tropsch synthesis can be based on several synthesis gas
feedstocks including those from coal gasification, natural gas, and
biomass.
Thus, as crude oil production decreases and its price increases, the
Fischer 2 Tropsch (F-T) technology which enables the production of
synthetic hydrocarbons from coal or natural gas feedstocks is becom-
ing an increasingly attractive technology in the energy mix. In fact,
coupled with this is the fact that Fischer 2 Tropsch products are ultra-
clean fuels in that they contain no aromatics, sulfur, or nitrogen com-
pounds. In essence, compared to petroleum derived gasoline and
diesel, the analogous fraction derived from the Fischer 2 Tropsch pro-
cess will burn to produce considerably less polyaromatic hydrocarbons
(PAHs), and no sulfur oxides (SOx) or nitrogen oxides (NOx).
With the intensification of global pressures to reduce greenhouse
gas emissions, legislative frameworks in Europe and the USA have
already been put in place to force producers of liquid transportation
fuels to comply with stricter emission standards. The impact of such
legislation is that dilution of petroleum derived fuels with the cleaner
Fischer 2 Tropsch derived hydrocarbons is becoming an increasingly
important way to achieve environmental compliance. It is thus not sur-
prising that Fischer 2 Tropsch technology now occupies a visible place
in the energy mix required for sustainable global development.
The Fischer 2 Tropsch Process 119
Two water 2 gas shift (WGS) reactors are used downstream of the
secondary reformer to adjust the H2/CO ratio, depending on the end
use of the steam reformed products. The first of these two reactors uti-
lizes an iron-based catalyst which is heated to approximately 400 C
(750 F). The second WGS reactor operates at 200 C (390 F) and is
charged with a copper-based catalyst.
on the other hand, while having high enough activities for commercial scale
application, suffer from the fact that they tend to produce too much meth-
ane. Also, at high pressures (approximately 450 psi) its performance is con-
sidered poor due to the tendency for the production of volatile oxygenates.
In practice, the two major catalysts used in industry remain those
which are either iron-based or cobalt-based. From the commercial
standpoint, iron is cheap, and while cobalt may be considerably more
expensive, this is offset by the fact that it offers greater activity as well
as longer life, negating the need for frequent planned plant shutdowns
to enable change of catalysts (Dry, 2001).
The issues which govern the design of reactors best suited to large
scale production of Fischer 2 Tropsch products are: (1) heat removal
arising out of the exothermic reactions and (2) temperature control.
These are important essentially to enable longer catalyst lifetimes and
in obtaining optimal product selectivity.
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