P.R.

CEMENTS LTD FIXED ASSETS MANAGEMENT

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P.R. CEMENTS LTD FIXED ASSETS MANAGEMENT

CHAPTER - I

 Introduction
 Need & Importance of study

 Objectives of the study

 Methodology

 Limitations

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Introduction:

Fixed Assets are the assets held with the intention of being used on continuous basis for

the purpose of producing or providing goods or services and are not held for resale in the normal

course of business.

E.g.: Land and Buildings, Plant and Machinery, Motor Vehicles, Furniture and Fixtures.

Valuation of fixed assets is important to have fair measure of profit or loss and

financial position of the concern. Fixed assets are meant for use for many years. The value of

these assets decreases with their use or with time or many other reasons. A portion of fixed assets

are reduced by usage are converted into cash through charging depreciation. For correct

measurement of income, proper measurement of depreciation is essential, as depreciation

constitutes a Part of total cost of production.

Financial transactions are recorded in the books, keeping in view the going concern aspect

of the business unit. In going concern aspect it is assumed that the business unit has reasonable

expectation of continuing the business for a profit for an indefinite period of time. This

assumption provides much of the justification for recording fixed assets at original cost and

depreciating them in a systematic manner without reference to their current realizable value.

It is useless to record the fixed assets in the balance sheet at their estimated realizable

values if there is no immediate expectation of selling them. So, they are shown at their book

value (i.e., Cost –Depreciation) and not at current realizable value. The market value of the fixed

assets may change with the passage of time, but for accounting purpose it continues to be shown

in the books in historical cost.

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The cost concept of accounting states that depreciation calculated on the basis of historical

cost of old assets is usually lower than the amount calculated at current value/ replacement value.

These results in more profits, which if distributed in full will lead to reduction in capital.

ACCOUNTING STANDARD FOR FIXED ASSETS (AS-10):

AS-10 on Accounting for Fixed Assets has been made mandatory with effect from

01.04.1991. According to the AS-10, “Fixed Asset is an asset held with the intention of being

used on continuous basis for the purpose of producing or providing goods or services and is not

held for resale in the normal course of action”. Gross book value of fixed asset is its historical

cost or other amount substituted for historical costs in the books of accounts or financial

statements. When the amount of depreciation is deducted from gross book value then it is Net

Book Value.

Cost of Fixed Assets should consist of purchase price including import duties etc.,

and attributable cost of bringing the asset to its working condition for its intended use. Financing

costs relating to borrowed funds attributable to construction or acquisition of fixed assets for the

period up to the acquisition or completion. Expenditure incurred in start-up and commissioning

of the project including test runs.

Revaluation of assets: Fixed assets may be restated in the value with the help of

appraisal under taken by the competent value’s .Such valuation of assets is called revaluation.

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FIXED ASSETS MANAGEMENT CYCLE

The fixed assets management cycle is the cycle of activities from the acquisition of

the asset to the final disposition of the assets at the end of their useful life. The cycle has 7

steps:

Acquisition: The cycle begins with the acquisition, purchase, gift or otherwise, of an

asset and the determination that the asset is to be capitalized. To be capitalized the asset has

to meet the agency’s capitalization limit and have a useful life of one year or more.

Receiving: The asset is formally received and accepted by the agency. Receipt may be

verified by entry into an automated purchasing system or by hard copy document. In the

case of donated fixed assets, receipt can be verified by a letter to the donor.

Payment: Payment is made for the asset according to the terms of the purchase order or

recognition of acceptance of a gift to the donor. The payment includes the acquisition cost,

freight and all other costs to put the asset. Acquisition cost of donated fixed assets is

determined by its fair market value.

Identification: the asset is identified as an asset, tagged or otherwise identified and

entered into the fixed assets management inventory system. Assets are identified with a

permanently attached identification tag, etching or by painting on the identification number.

Inventory: The longest step in the cycle. The asset is used over its useful life. Assets are

inventoried and accounted for during this step until they are no longer needed. The

agency’s policies and procedures determine the inventory interval.

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Excess: the asset is declared as excess to the user’s needs. The asset may be transferred to

another user where it will continue to be used, accounted for and inventoried. Assets may

be declared as excess more than once until the asset is no longer needed.

Surplus: the last step in the fixed assets management cycle. The asset is declared to be

surplus property and to have no further value to the agency. The asset is disposed of by

sale or discarding depending on the residual value. Sale can be by auction, sealed bid, spot

sale, or through a sales store.

FIXED ASSETS MANAGEMENT CYCLE

NEED AND IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY:

As fixed assets play an important role in company’s objectives. These fixed are not

convertible or not liquidable over a period of time. The owner’s funds and long term liabilities
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are invested in fixed assets. Since, fixed assets play dominant role in the business and the firm

has utilization of fixed assets. So, ratio contributes in analyzing and evaluating the performance

of the business.

If firms fixed assets are idle and not utilized properly it affects the long-term

sustainability of the firm, which may affect liquidity and solvency and profitability positions of

the company. The idle of fixed assets leads to a tremendous loss in financial cost and intangible

cost associate of it. So, this will lead to evaluation of fixed assets performance. Comparing with

similar company and comparison with industry standards.

Fixed assets are the assets which cannot be liquidated into cash within one year. The

huge amounts of funds of the company are invested in these assets. Every year company invests

an additional fund in these assets directly or indirectly. The survival and other objectives of the

company depend on operating performance of management i.e. effective utilization of these

assets.

Firm has evaluated the performance, of fixed assets with proportion of capital

employed on net assets turnover and other parameters which are helpful for evaluating the

performance of fixed assets.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:

The following are the objectives of the study

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1. The study is conducted to know the amount of capital expenditure made by the

company during study period 2006-2011

2. The study is conducted to evaluate fixed assets performance of P.R..

3. The study is conducted to evaluate the fixed assets turnover of P.R..

4. The study is conducted to evaluate depreciation and method of depreciation adopted by

P.R..

5. The study is conducted to know the amount of finance made by long-term liabilities and

owners funds towards fixed assets.

6. The study is conducted to evaluate whether fixed assets are giving adequate returns to

the company

7. Study is conducted to evaluate that if fixed assets are liquidated, what proportion of it

will contribute for the payment of owners fund and long-term liabilities.

METHODOLOGY:

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The data used for the analysis and interpretation is from annual reports of the

company i.e., secondary forms of data. Ratio analysis is used for calculation purpose.

The project is presented using tables, graphs and with their interpretations. No

survey is undertaken or observation study is conducted by evaluating fixed assets performance of

the company.

SOURCES OF DATA:

The data needed for this project is collected from the following sources:

1. The data is adopted purely from secondary sources.

2. The theoretical contents are gathered purely from eminent text books and references.

3. The financial data and information is gathered from annual reports of the company.

PERIOD OF STUDY:

Made a study for the period of 5 years .2006-07to2010-11

SCOPE OF THE STUDY:

The project is covered on fixed assets of P.R.. Drawn from annual reports of the

company. The subject matter is limited to fixed assets, its analysis and its performance but

not to any other areas of accounting corporate, marketing and financial matters.

LIMITATIONS:

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The following are the limitations for the study

1. The study is limited into the date and information provided by the P.R. and its annual

reports.

2. The report may not provide exact fixed assets status and position of P.R.; it may be

varying from time to time and situation to situation.

3. This report is not helpful in investing in P.R.

4. Either through disinvestments or capital market.

5. The accounting procedure and other accounting principles are limited by the changes

made by the company, may vary fixed assets performance.

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CHAPTER – II

 INDUSTRY PROFILE
 COMPANY PROFILE

INDUSTRY PROFILE

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In the most general sense of the word, a cement is a binder, a substance which sets
and hardens independently, and can bind other materials together. The word "cement"
traces to the Romans, who used the term "opus caementicium" to describe masonry which
resembled concrete and was made from crushed rock with burnt lime as binder. The
volcanic ash and pulverized brick additives which were added to the burnt lime to obtain a
hydraulic binder were later referred to as cementum, cimentum, cäment and cement.
Cements used in construction are characterized as hydraulic or non-hydraulic.

The most important use of cement is the production of mortar and concrete—the
bonding of natural or artificial aggregates to form a strong building material which is
durable in the face of normal environmental effects.

Concrete should not be confused with cement because the term cement refers only
to the dry powder substance used to bind the aggregate materials of concrete. Upon the
addition of water and/or additives the cement mixture is referred to as concrete, especially
if aggregates have been added.

It is uncertain where it was first discovered that a combination of hydrated non-

hydraulic lime and a pozzolan produces a hydraulic mixture (see also: Pozzolanic reaction),
but concrete made from such mixtures was first used on a large scale by Roman
engineers.They used both natural pozzolans (trass or pumice) and artificial pozzolans
(ground brick or pottery) in these concretes. Many excellent examples of structures made
from these concretes are still standing, notably the huge monolithic dome of the Pantheon
in Rome and the massive Baths of Caracalla. The vast system of Roman aqueducts also
made extensive use of hydraulic cement. The use of structural concrete disappeared in
medieval Europe, although weak pozzolanic concretes continued to be used as a core fill in
stone walls and columns.

MODERN CEMENT

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Modern hydraulic cements began to be developed from the start of the Industrial
Revolution (around 1800), driven by three main needs:

 Hydraulic renders for finishing brick buildings in wet climates

 Hydraulic mortars for masonry construction of harbor works etc, in contact with sea
water.
 Development of strong concretes.

In Britain particularly, good quality building stone became ever more expensive
during a period of rapid growth, and it became a common practice to construct prestige
buildings from the new industrial bricks, and to finish them with a stucco to imitate stone.
Hydraulic limes were favored for this, but the need for a fast set time encouraged the
development of new cements. Most famous was Parker's "Roman cement." This was
developed by James Parker in the 1780s, and finally patented in 1796. It was, in fact,
nothing like any material used by the Romans, but was a "Natural cement" made by
burning septaria - nodules that are found in certain clay deposits, and that contain both clay
minerals and calcium carbonate. The burnt nodules were ground to a fine powder. This
product, made into a mortar with sand, set in 5–15 minutes. The success of "Roman
Cement" led other manufacturers to develop rival products by burning artificial mixtures of
clay and chalk.

John Smeaton made an important contribution to the development of cements when

he was planning the construction of the third Eddystone Lighthouse (1755-9) in the English
Channel. He needed a hydraulic mortar that would set and develop some strength in the
twelve hour period between successive high tides. He performed an exhaustive market
research on the available hydraulic limes, visiting their production sites, and noted that the
"hydraulicity" of the lime was directly related to the clay content of the limestone from
which it was made. Smeaton was a civil engineer by profession, and took the idea no
further. Apparently unaware of Smeaton's work, the same principle was identified by Louis
Vicat in the first decade of the nineteenth century.

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combining chalk and clay into an intimate mixture, and, burning this, produced an
"artificial cement" in 1817. James Frost,orking in Britain, produced what he called "British
cement" in a similar manner around the same time, but did not obtain a patent until 1822. In
1824, Joseph Aspdin patented a similar material, which he called Portland cement, because
the render made from it was in color similar to the prestigious Portland stone.

All the above products could not compete with lime/pozzolan concretes because of
fast-setting (giving insufficient time for placement) and low early strengths (requiring a
delay of many weeks before formwork could be removed). Hydraulic limes, "natural"
cements and "artificial" cements all rely upon their belite content for strength development.
Belite develops strength slowly. Because they were burned at temperatures below 1250 °C,
they contained no alite, which is responsible for early strength in modern cements. The first
cement to consistently contain alite was made by Joseph Aspdin's son William in the early
1840s. This was what we call today "modern" Portland cement. Because of the air of
mystery with which William Aspdin surrounded his product, others (e.g. Vicat and I C
Johnson) have claimed precedence in this invention, but recent analysis of both his concrete
and raw cement have shown that William Aspdin's product made at Northfleet, Kent was a
true alite-based cement. However, Aspdin's methods were "rule-of-thumb": Vicat is
responsible for establishing the chemical basis of these cements, and Johnson established
the importance of sintering the mix in the kiln.

William Aspdin's innovation was counter-intuitive for manufacturers of "artificial

cements", because they required more lime in the mix (a problem for his father), because
they required a much higher kiln temperature (and therefore more fuel) and because the
resulting clinker was very hard and rapidly wore down the millstones which were the only
available grinding technology of the time. Manufacturing costs were therefore considerably
higher, but the product set reasonably slowly and developed strength quickly, thus opening
up a market for use in concrete. The use of concrete in construction grew rapidly from 1850
onwards, and was soon the dominant use for cements. Thus Portland cement began its
predominant role. it is made from water and sand

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Types of modern cement

Portland cement

Cement is made by heating limestone (calcium carbonate), with small quantities of

other materials (such as clay) to 1450°C in a kiln, in a process known as calcination,
whereby a molecule of carbon dioxide is liberated from the calcium carbonate to form
calcium oxide, or lime, which is then blended with the other materials that have been
included in the mix . The resulting hard substance, called 'clinker', is then ground with a
small amount of gypsum into a powder to make 'Ordinary Portland Cement', the most
commonly used type of cement (often referred to as OPC).

Portland cement is a basic ingredient of concrete, mortar and most non-speciality

grout. The most common use for Portland cement is in the production of concrete. Concrete
is a composite material consisting of aggregate (gravel and sand), cement, and water. As a
construction material, concrete can be cast in almost any shape desired, and once hardened,
can become a structural (load bearing) element. Portland cement may be gray or white.

Portland cement blends

These are often available as inter-ground mixtures from cement manufacturers, but
similar formulations are often also mixed from the ground components at the concrete
mixing plant.

Portland blastfurnace cement contains up to 70% ground granulated blast furnace slag,
with the rest Portland clinker and a little gypsum. All compositions produce high ultimate
strength, but as slag content is increased, early strength is reduced, while sulfate resistance
increases and heat evolution diminishes. Used as an economic alternative to Portland
sulfate-resisting and low-heat cements.

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Portland flyash cement contains up to 30% fly ash. The fly ash is pozzolanic, so that
ultimate strength is maintained. Because fly ash addition allows a lower concrete water
content, early strength can also be maintained. Where good quality cheap fly ash is
available, this can be an economic alternative to ordinary Portland cement.

Portland pozzolan cement includes fly ash cement, since fly ash is a pozzolan, but also
includes cements made from other natural or artificial pozzolans. In countries where
volcanic ashes are available (e.g. Italy, Chile, Mexico, the Philippines) these cements are
often the most common form in use.

Portland silica fume cement. Addition of silica fume can yield exceptionally high
strengths, and cements containing 5-20% silica fume are occasionally produced. However,
silica fume is more usually added to Portland cement at the concrete mixer.

Masonry cements are used for preparing bricklaying mortars and stuccos, and must not be
used in concrete. They are usually complex proprietary formulations containing Portland
clinker and a number of other ingredients that may include limestone, hydrated lime, air
entrainers, retarders, waterproofers and coloring agents. They are formulated to yield
workable mortars that allow rapid and consistent masonry work. Subtle variations of
Masonry cement in the US are Plastic Cements and Stucco Cements. These are designed to
produce controlled bond with masonry blocks.

Expansive cements contain, in addition to Portland clinker, expansive clinkers (usually

sulfoaluminate clinkers), and are designed to offset the effects of drying shrinkage that is
normally encountered with hydraulic cements. This allows large floor slabs (up to 60 m
square) to be prepared without contraction joints.

White blended cements may be made using white clinker and white supplementary
materials such as high-purity metakaolin.

Colored cements are used for decorative purposes. In some standards, the addition of
pigments to produce "colored Portland cement" is allowed. In other standards (e.g. ASTM),

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Very finely ground cements are made from mixtures of cement with sand or with slag or
other pozzolan type minerals which are extremely finely ground together. Such cements
can have the same physical characteristics as normal cement but with 50% less cement
particularly due to their increased surface area for the chemical reaction. Even with
intensive grinding they can use up to 50% less energy to fabricate than ordinary Portland
cements.

Non-Portland hydraulic cements

Pozzolan-lime cements. Mixtures of ground pozzolan and lime are the cements used by
the Romans, and are to be found in Roman structures still standing (e.g. the Pantheon in
Rome). They develop strength slowly, but their ultimate strength can be very high. The
hydration products that produce strength are essentially the same as those produced by
Portland cement.

Slag-lime cements. Ground granulated blast furnace slag is not hydraulic on its own, but is
"activated" by addition of alkalis, most economically using lime. They are similar to
pozzolan lime cements in their properties. Only granulated slag (i.e. water-quenched, glassy
slag) is effective as a cement component.

Supersulfated cements. These contain about 80% ground granulated blast furnace slag,
15% gypsum or anhydrite and a little Portland clinker or lime as an activator. They produce
strength by formation of ettringite, with strength growth similar to a slow Portland cement.
They exhibit good resistance to aggressive agents, including sulfate.

Calcium aluminate cements are hydraulic cements made primarily from limestone and
bauxite. The active ingredients are monocalcium aluminate CaAl 2O4 (CaO · Al2O3 or CA in
Cement chemist notation, CCN) and mayenite Ca12Al14O33 (12 CaO · 7 Al2O3 , or C12A7 in
CCN). Strength forms by hydration to calcium aluminate hydrates. They are well- adapted
for use in refractory (high-temperature resistant) concretes, e.g. for furnace linings.

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Calcium sulfoaluminate cements are made from clinkers that include ye'elimite

(Ca4(AlO2)6SO4 or C4A3 in Cement chemist's notation) as a primary phase. They are used
in expansive cements, in ultra-high early strength cements, and in "low-energy" cements.
Hydration produces ettringite, and specialized physical properties (such as expansion or
rapid reaction) are obtained by adjustment of the availability of calcium and sulfate ions.
Their use as a low-energy alternative to Portland cement has been pioneered in China,
where several million tonnes per year are produced. [12][13] Energy requirements are lower
because of the lower kiln temperatures required for reaction, and the lower amount of
limestone (which must be endothermically decarbonated) in the mix. In addition, the lower
limestone content and lower fuel consumption leads to a CO2 emission around half that
associated with Portland clinker. However, SO2 emissions are usually significantly higher.

"Natural" Cements correspond to certain cements of the pre-Portland era, produced by

burning argillaceous limestones at moderate temperatures. The level of clay components in
the limestone (around 30-35%) is such that large amounts of belite (the low-early strength,
high-late strength mineral in Portland cement) are formed without the formation of
excessive amounts of free lime. As with any natural material, such cements have highly
variable properties.

Geopolymer cements are made from mixtures of water-soluble alkali metal silicates and
aluminosilicate mineral powders such as fly ash and metakaolin.

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COMPANY PROFILE

PR CEMENTS LTD.

Welcome to P. R Cements

M/S P.R Cements Ltd. is known for its long-standing quality, tradition of services
and reliability in the cement manufacturing industry, headquartered in Hyderabad, AP,
India, operates a cement plant at VepalaMadhavaram, Vepalamadhavaram, Mandal,
Nalgonda District in Andhra Pradesh, India. The geographical location of plant yields an
advantage of having easy access to supply all over AP, Tamilnadu, Karnataka and Orissa
Markets.

The technology used in cement plant was indigenously developed by NCCBM, and
has an annual production capacity of 1,00,000 tons per anuum. The quality of the cement
produced is par above with BIS standards and other leading brands in AP. The OPC 53
grade cement produced at this plant is preferred in the construction of commercial and
industrial complexes, residential homes, and a myriad of other structures needing speedy
strengthening bond.

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Company Profile

The Company has started its commercial production in the year 1990, under the
brand name “PRAKASH”. The “Company” later was taken over by a leading and dynamic
entrepreneur in the year 2007 and since then the produce has been marketed under the
brand name “Supreme Power”. The plant is strategically located at Yepala Madhavaram of
Mallacheruvu Mandal of Nalgonda District, A.P and, it is nearly 228 Kms from Hyderabad
and 28 Kms from Kodada on the Hyderabad-Vijayawada National high way, and having
easy access to supply all over AP,Chennai,Karnataka and Orissa markets. The plant is
having a capacity of 335TPD, operating with Vertical Shaft Kiln Technology. The major
strength of the company is for its high quality of the product and its location.

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Vision and Mission

Our Business

The Company has been set up with the primary objective of producing and selling
Ordinary Portland Cement of 53 grade. The finest and high quality of cement is available
for all types of customers whether for governmental, commercial or residential needs using
latest state of the art manufacturing process.

Our Vision

To renovate PRCL into a role model cement manufacturing Company, fully aware of
generally accepted principles of corporate social responsibilities engaged in nation building
through most efficient utilization of resources and optimally benefiting all customers and
clients while enjoying public respect and goodwill.

Our Mission

PRCL while maintaining its leading position in quality of cement and through
greater market outreach will build up and improve its value addition with a view to
ensuring reasonable price to its customers. This can be achieved by an unwavering
expansion in all elements of business, with strong key forces.

Our Strategies

We shall achieve our vision by maintaining high quality product, relentless

pursuit of customer satisfaction, empowering PRCL employees to lead cement industry and
achieve manufacturing excellence, producing superior returns to our company.

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Directors Profile

Mr.G.Bala Reddy is Director of the company, is a postgraduate in Social Sciences.

A techno-savvy first generation entrepreneur with a great vision and instrumental in turning
around a sick entity to a profitable corporate. Mr. Reddy was chosen to spearhead PRCL in
2007 and ever since, he has not only lent sound direction to the company, but also has taken
the challenging responsibility of ensuring continuous growth to it. Under his able and
dynamic leadership, PRCL has made enormous progress and has metamorphosed into a
flourishing and vibrant company.

Management Team:

“Teamwork is the ability to work together toward a common vision. The

ability to direct individual accomplishments toward organizational

objectives. It is the fuel that allows common people to attain uncommon
results.”

NAME DESIGNATION
Dr.Tholada VS Prasad Vice President
Y.Sarath Chandra Babu General Manager-Operations
T.Sudhakar Reddy Sr. Manager & Site -In charge
P.Narasimha Reddy Head-Production
S.Venkateswara Rao Head-Mines
K.L Srinivas Head-Accounts
T. Shiva Prasad Head-Marketing
N.Konda Reddy Head-Stores
K. Lachhi Reddy Master Kilns
Mrs. C.S Krishna Priya Head-Corp.HR
D.Srinivasa Rao Manager-HR
VVV Satyanarayana Purchase Dept

Environmental Policy

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“The struggle to save the global environment is in one way much more difficult than the
struggle to vanquish Hitler, for this time the war is with our selves. We are the enemy, just
as we have only ourselves as allies.”

Our environmental policy is built around two truths,

 No cement plant can flourish at the cost of the environment. Environmental

protection is a management responsibility as well as the responsibility of every
employee of the Company. This policy concerning environmental protection
addresses the aspects of the company s operations that can potentially influence the
environment and
 Continually improve environmental management policies, programs, and
performance, based on the results of our periodic review and taking into account
regulatory development, customer needs, technical developments, scientific
understanding, and community expectations.
 We at PRCL commit ourselves to:

 Minimize the environmental risks to our employees and the communities in which
we operate.
 Promote employee awareness of environmental concerns, actions and
responsibilities.
 To promote Greenery in and around the factory.
 Conservation of natural resources.
 Operate facilities and conduct the company‘s activities taking into consideration the
efficient use of energy and materials.

Safety Policy

PRCL is committed to meeting our environmental, health and safety (EHS) goals for
its product and processes, and to maintaining a safe and healthy workplace. PRCL’s main

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motto is to provide a safe and healthful workplace for all, and to minimize the impact of
our production processes and products on the environment.

PRCL constantly prosper to achieve the following guidelines for our smooth production
and safe work place.

 Provide adequate control of the health and safety risks arising from our work
activities.
 Consult with our employees on matters affecting their health and safety.
 Provide and maintain safe plant and equipment.
 Constituted statutory committee on employees safety and employee welfare.
 Ensure safe handling and use of substances.
 Provide information, instruction and supervision for employees.
 Ensure all employees are competent to do their tasks, and to give them adequate
training.
 Prevent accidents and cases of work-related ill health.
 To maintain safe and healthy working conditions.
 Review and revise this policy as necessary at regular intervals.

Product

Quality Policy:
“We at PRCL are committed to fabricate the cement of unmatchable quality
with competitive price there by increase of sales to meet the customer demands.
This can be achieved by constant inventiveness of our business performances
with current trends.”

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OPC 53 Grade –An Overview

Ordinary Portland cement is produced by grinding cement clinker in association with

gypsum (3-5%) to specified fineness depending on the requirements of the cement
consumers. Cement clinker is produced on large scale by heating finely pulverized
Calcareous and Argillaceous materials at very high temperature up to 1450°C in rotary
kilns. The Calcareous and Argillaceous materials obtained from the earth are properly
proportioned to get a suitable ratio of lime (CaO), Silica (SiO2), Alumina (Al2O3) and Iron
(Fe2O3) present in the mixture.The Ordinary Portland Cement will be produced based on
BS12/1996 (EN-197) standard.

Product Specifications

Our specifications shown below are as par with Major brands and falls at above standard
levels.

P.R Cement Requirements as per IS:

PARTICULARS Values 12269-87

CHEMICAL Properties

1. Magnesia (%) 1.2 Max. 6.0%

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2. Sulphur Calculated as
So3 (%) 1.65 Max. 2.75 to 3%

3. Loss of Ignition (%) 1.23 Max . 4%

4. Insoluble Residue
(%) 1 Max . 2%

.Physical Properties

FINENESS (m2/kg) 335 Min.225

SOUNDNESS

1) Le-Chatlier method 2 Max 10

2) Autoclave (%) 0.22 Max 0.8

Setting Time

1) Initial 115 Min 30

2) Final 270 Min 600

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH(Mpa)

1) 3 days ( 72+ 1 hr) 29 Min 27

2) 7 days ( 168 + 2 hr) 38 Min 37

Key Features :
1. We produce finest quality of OPC 53-Grade cement and the quality of cement
produced is par above with BIS standards.
2. Quality Control and Analysis (QCA) department is equipped with ultra modern
facilities.

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3. Our R&D centre at the plant furnished with modern and testing facilities is
managed by highly qualified and experienced professionals.
4. The OPC 53-Grade cement produced at this plant is preferred in the construction of
commercial and industrial complexes, highways, runways, Dams, residential homes
and a myriad of other structures needing speedy strengthening bond.

Social /Moral Responsibility :

We support the communities where we do business, hold ourselves to the

highest standards of ethical conduct and environment responsibility

Current Openings

The following are the current openings at PRCL. Experience in cement industry is an
added advantage for all job openings.

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 Assitant Manager -Accounts with 8 years experience.

 Sr.manager -Finance with 10 years experience.
 Manager Mines with 10 years experience.
 Sr.Marketing Manager with 12 years experience.
 Sr.Manager HR with 10 years experience.
 Asst.Manager Electrical with 8 years Experience.
 Sr.Manager -Operations with 12 Years Experience.
 Manager Purchase with 10 years expereince.

If you feel you are qualified for above openings, drop your resume at
[email protected] / [email protected].

Our HR dept will contact Short listed candidates very soon.

Registered Office:
PR CEMENTS LIMITED
Plot No;838,
Vivekananda Nagar Colony
KukatPally,
Hyderabad-72

Corporate Office
PR CEMENTS LIMITED

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Plot No;12,
Softpro Heights ,2nd flooor
Software Units Layout MadhaPur,Hyderabad-81
Contact Phone:040-23115619 Fax: 040-23114921
Mail:[email protected]

Factory
PR CEMENTS LIMITED

Yepalamadhavaram,
Yepalamadhavaram, Mandal,
Nalgonda District

Products of the organization:

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CHAPTER – III

 Review of literature

Fixed asset:

also known as a non-current asset or as property, plant, and equipment (PP&E),

is a term used in accounting for assets and property which cannot easily be converted into
cash. This can be compared with current assets such as cash or bank accounts, which are
described as liquid assets. In most cases, only tangible assets are referred to as fixed.

Moreover, a fixed/non-current asset can also be defined as an asset not directly sold
to a firm's consumers/end-users. As an example, a baking firm's current assets would be its
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inventory (in this case, flour, yeast, etc.), the value of sales owed to the firm via credit (i.e.
debtors or accounts receivable), cash held in the bank, etc. Its non-current assets would be
the oven used to bake bread, motor vehicles used to transport deliveries, cash registers used
to handle cash payments, etc. Each aforementioned non-current asset is not sold directly to
consumers.

These are items of value which the organization has bought and will use for an
extended period of time; fixed assets normally include items such as land and buildings,
motor vehicles, furniture, office equipment, computers, fixtures and fittings, and plant and
machinery. These often receive favorable tax treatment (depreciation allowance) over
short-term assets. According to International Accounting Standard (IAS) 16, Fixed Assets
are assets whose future economic benefit is probable to flow into the entity, whose cost can
be measured reliably.

It is pertinent to note that the cost of a fixed asset is its purchase price, including
import duties and other deductible trade discounts and rebates. In addition, cost attributable
to bringing and installing the asset in its needed location and the initial estimate of
dismantling and removing the item if they are eventually no longer needed on the location.
The primary objective of a business entity is to make profit and increase the wealth of its
owners. In the attainment of this objective it is required that the management will exercise
due care and diligence in applying the basic accounting concept of “Matching Concept”.
Matching concept is simply matching the expenses of a period against the revenues of the
same period.

The use of assets in the generation of revenue is usually more than a year- that is
long term. It is therefore obligatory that in order to accurately determine the net income or
profit for a period depreciation is charged on the total value of asset that contributed to the
revenue for the period in consideration and charge against the same revenue of the same
period. This is essential in the prudent reporting of the net revenue for the entity in the
period.

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Net book value of an asset is basically the difference between the historical cost of
that asset and it associated depreciation. From the foregoing, it is apparent that in order to
report a true and fair position of the financial jurisprudence of an entity it is relatable to
record and report the value of fixed assets at its net book value. Apart from the fact that it is
enshrined in Standard Accounting Statement (SAS) 3 and IAS 16 that value of asset should
be carried at the net book value, it is the best way of consciously presenting the value of
assets to the owners of the business and potential investor.

Depreciating a Fixed Asset

Depreciation is, simply put, the expense generated by the use of an asset. It is the
wear and tear of an asset or diminution in the historical value owing to usage. Further to
this; it is the cost of the asset less any salvage value over its estimated useful life. It is an
expense because it is matched against the revenue generated through the use of the same
asset. Depreciation is usually spread over the economic useful life of an asset because it is

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regarded as the cost of an asset absorbed over its useful life. Invariably the depreciation
expense is charged against the revenue generated through the use of the asset. The method
of depreciation to be adopted is best left for the management to decide in consideration to
the peculiarity of the business, prevailing economic condition of the assets and existing
accounting guideline and principles as implied in the organizational policies.

It is worth noting that not all fixed assets depreciate in value year-over-year. Land
and buildings, for example, may often increase in value depending on local real-estate
conditions.

A long-term tangible piece of property that a firm owns and uses in the production
of its income and is not expected to be consumed or converted into cash any sooner than at
least one year's time.

Fixed assets are sometimes collectively referred to as "plant".

Balance sheet - accounting for fixed assets

Introduction

An important distinction is made in accounting between "current assets" and "

"fixed assets".

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Current assets are those that form part of the circulating capital of a business. They
are replaced frequently or converted into cash during the course of trading. The most
common current assets are stocks, trade debtors, and cash.

Compare current assets with fixed assets. A fixed asset is an asset of a business
intended for continuing use, rather than a short-term, temporary asset such as stocks.

Fixed assets must be classified in a company's balance sheet as intangible,

tangible, or investments. Examples of intangible assets include goodwill, patents, and
trademarks. Examples of tangible fixed assets include land and buildings, plant and
machinery, fixtures and fittings, motor vehicles and IT equipment.

How should the changing value of a fixed asset be reflected in a company's accounts?

The benefits that a business obtains from a fixed asset extend over several years.
For example, a company may use the same piece of production machinery for many years,
whereas a company-owned motor car used by a salesman probably has a shorter useful life.

By accepting that the life of a fixed asset is limited, the accounts of a business need
to recognise the benefits of the fixed asset as it is "consumed" over several years.

This consumption of a fixed asset is referred to as depreciation.

Definition of depreciation

Financial Reporting Standard 15 (covering the accounting for tangible fixed assets)
defines depreciation as follows:

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"the wearing out, using up, or other reduction in the useful economic life of a tangible fixed
asset whether arising from use, effluxion of time or obsolescence through either changes in
technology or demand for goods and services produced by the asset.'

A portion of the benefits of the fixed asset will be used up or consumed in each
accounting period of its life in order to generate revenue. To calculate profit for a period, it
is necessary to match expenses with the revenues they help earn.

In determining the expenses for a period, it is therefore important to include an

amount to represent the consumption of fixed assets during that period (that is,
depreciation).

In essence, depreciation involves allocating the cost of the fixed asset (less any
residual value) over its useful life. To calculate the depreciation charge for an accounting
period, the following factors are relevant:

- the cost of the fixed asset;

- the (estimated) useful life of the asset;

- the (estimated) residual value of the asset.

What is the relevant cost of a fixed asset?

The cost of a fixed asset includes all amounts incurred to acquire the asset and any
amounts that can be directly attributable to bringing the asset into working condition.

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Directly attributable costs may include:

- Delivery costs

- Costs associated with acquiring the asset such as stamp duty and import duties

- Costs of preparing the site for installation of the asset

- Professional fees, such as legal fees and architects' fees

Note that general overhead costs or administration costs would not be included as
part of the total costs of a fixed asset (e.g. the costs of the factory building in which the
asset is kept, or the cost of the maintenance team who keep the asset in good working
condition)

The cost of subsequent expenditure on a fixed asset will be added to the cost of the
asset provided that this expenditure enhances the benefits of the fixed asset or restores any
benefits consumed.

This means that major improvements or a major overhaul may be capitalised and
included as part of the cost of the asset in the accounts.

However, the costs of repairs or overhauls that are carried out simply to maintain
existing performance will be treated as expenses of the accounting period in which the
work is done, and charged in full as an expense in that period.

What is the Useful Life of a fixed asset?

An asset may be seen as having a physical life and an economic life.

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Most fixed assets suffer physical deterioration through usage and the passage of
time. Although care and maintenance may succeed in extending the physical life of an
asset, typically it will, eventually, reach a condition where the benefits have been
exhausted.

However, a business may not wish to keep an asset until the end of its physical life.
There may be a point when it becomes uneconomic to continue to use the asset even though
there is still some physical life left.

The economic life of the asset will be determined by such factors as technological
progress and changes in demand. For purposes of calculating depreciation, it is the
estimated economic life rather than the potential physical life of the fixed asset that is used.

What about the Residual Value of a fixed asset?

At the end of the useful life of a fixed asset the business will dispose of it and any
amounts received from the disposal will represent its residual value. This, again, may be
difficult to estimate in practice. However, an estimate has to be made. If it is unlikely to be
a significant amount, a residual value of zero will be assumed.

The cost of a fixed asset less its estimated residual value represents the total amount
to be depreciated over its estimated useful life.

Fixed Asset Controls

This section contains two dozen controls that can be applied to the acquisition,
valuation, and disposal of fixed assets. Of this group, 13 are considered primary controls
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and are included in the flowchart in figure “System of Fixed Asset Controls”. The
remaining 11 controls either do not fit into the various fixed asset transaction flows or are
considered secondary controls that can bolster the primary controls as needed.

In essence, the system of controls for an asset acquisition requires that initial
funding approval come from the annual budget, as well as additional approval through a
formal capital investment form just prior to the actual acquisition. There should also be a
post installation analysis of how actual project results compared to the estimates shown in
the original capital investment form. The key controls used once an asset is installed are to
tag it, assign specific responsibility for it, and ensure that any asset transfers are approved
by the shipping and receiving managers. Finally, asset disposition controls call for regular
disposition reviews to ensure that dispositions occur while assets still retain some resale
value, a formal disposition approval process, and proper tracking of any resulting receipts.

System of Fixed Asset Controls

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The controls noted in the flowchart are described at greater length next, in sequence
from the top of the flowchart to the bottom for each of the three types of fixed asset
transactions.

 Obtain funding approval through the annual budgeting process. The annual
budgeting process is an intensive review of overall company operations as well as
of how capital expenditures are needed to fulfill the company’s strategic direction.
As such, capital expenditure requests should be included in the annual budget,
thereby ensuring that they will be analyzed in some detail. Expenditure requests
included in the approved budget still should be subjected to some additional
approval at the point of actual expenditure, to ensure that they are still needed.
However, expenditure requests not included in the approved budget should be
subjected to a considerably higher level of analysis and approval, to ensure that
there is a justifiable need for them.

 Require a signed capital investment approval form prior to purchase. Given the
significant amount of funds usually needed to acquire a fixed asset, there always
should be a formal approval process before a purchase order is issued. An example
is shown in figure below. Depending on the size of the acquisition, a number of
approval signatures may be required, extending up to the company president or
even the chair of the board of directors.
 Use prenumbered acquisition and disposal forms. If the company uses a manual
system for fixed asset acquisitions and disposals, then it should acquire a set of
prenumbered acquisition and disposal forms. By doing so, it can keep track of form
numbers to ensure that none is lost prior to completion. This is also a good way to
ensure that employees do not attempt to submit multiple acquisition authorization
forms for the same asset, allowing them to order duplicate assets and make off with
the extra items. For this to be a fully functional control, someone must be assigned
the task of storing the forms in a secure location and monitoring which form
numbers have been released for use.
 Require return on investment calculation prior to approval. Given the
considerable size of some fixed asset investments, a reasonable control is to

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calculate the estimated return on investment to see if the investment exceeds the
corporate hurdle rate. The return calculation can involve a variety of approaches,
such as the payback period, net present value, or internal rate of return. All three
calculations are included in the capital investment proposal form shown in figure
below.
 Conduct a postcompletion project analysis. Managers have been known to make
overly optimistic projections in order to make favorable cases for asset acquisitions.
This issue can be mitigated by conducting regular reviews of the results of asset
acquisitions in comparison to initial predictions and then tracing these findings back
to the initiating managers. This approach can also be used at various milestones
during the construction of an asset to ensure that costs incurred match original
projections.

 Compare fixed asset serial numbers to the existing serial number database. There
is a possibility that employees are acquiring assets, selling them to the company,
then stealing the assets and selling them to the company again. To spot this
behavior, always enter the serial number of each acquired asset in the fixed asset
master file, and then run a report comparing serial numbers for all assets to see if
there are duplicate serial numbers on record.
 Independently review fixed asset master file additions. A number of downstream
errors can arise when fixed asset information is entered incorrectly in the fixed asset
master file. For example, an incorrect asset description can result in an incorrect
asset classification, which in turn may result in an incorrect depreciation
calculation. Similarly, an incorrect asset location code can result in the subsequent
inability to locate the physical asset, which in turn may result in an improper asset
disposal transaction. Further, an incorrect acquisition price may result in an
incorrect depreciation calculation. To mitigate the risk of all these errors, have a
second person review all new entries to the fixed asset master file for accuracy.
 Affix an identification plate to all fixed assets. If a company acquires assets that
are not easily differentiated, then it is useful to affix an identification plate to each
one to assist in later audits. The identification plate can be a metal tag if durability is

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an issue, or can be a laminated bar code tag for easy scanning, or even a radio
frequency (RFID) tag. The person responsible for tagging should record the tag
number and asset location in the fixed asset master file.
 Assign responsibility for assets. There is a significant risk that assets will not be
tracked carefully through the company once they are acquired. To avoid this,
formally assign responsibility for each asset to the department manager whose staff
uses the asset, and send all managers a quarterly notification of what assets are
under their control. Even better, persuade the human resources manager to include
“asset control” as a line item in the formal performance review for all managers.
 Use a formal transfer document to shift asset locations. If the preceding control is
implemented that assigns responsibility for specific assets to department managers,
then the transfer of an asset to a different department calls for the formal approval
of the sending and receiving department managers. Otherwise, managers can claim
that assets are being shifted without their approval, so they have no responsibility
for the assets.

 Conduct regular asset disposition reviews. Fixed assets decline in value over time,
so it is essential to conduct a regular review to determine if any assets should be
disposed of before they lose their resale value. This review should be conducted at
least annually, and should include representatives from the accounting, purchasing,
and user departments. An alternative approach is to create capacity utilization
metrics (which is most easily obtained for production equipment) and report on uti-
lization levels as part of the standard monthly management reporting package; this
tends to result in more immediate decisions to eliminate unused equipment.
 Require a signed capital asset disposition form prior to disposition. There is a risk
that employees could sell off assets at below-market rates or disposition assets for
which an alternative in-house use had been planned. Also, if assets are informally
dispose.
 Verify that cash receipts from asset sales are handled properly. Employees may
sell a company’s assets, pocket the proceeds, and report to the company that the
asset actually was scrapped. This control issue can be reduced by requiring that a

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bill of sale or receipt from a scrapping company accompany the file for every asset
that has been disposed of.

The preceding controls were primary ones required as part of the basic fixed asset
transaction flows. In addition, the next ancillary controls either are general controls that
operate outside of any specific transaction or are designed to provide additional risk
mitigation.

 Segregate responsibilities related to fixed assets. If the person purchasing an asset

also receives it, there is a considerable risk that the person will alter the purchasing
documents to eliminate evidence of the receipt and then steal the asset. The same
concern applies to several aspects of fixed assets transactions. A control over this
situation is to segregate these types of responsibilities:
o Fixed asset acquisition
o Fixed asset transaction recording
o Custody of the fixed asset
o Fixed asset disposal
o Reconciliation of physical assets to accounting records

 Restrict access to the fixed asset master file. The fixed asset master file contains all
baseline information about an asset and is the source document for depreciation
calculations as well as asset location information. If people were to gain illicit
access to this file, they could make modifications to change depreciation
calculations (thereby changing financial results) as well as modify locations
(possibly resulting in theft of the assets). To avoid these problems, always use
password controls to restrict access to the fixed asset master file.

 Restrict facility access. If the company owns fixed assets that can be easily moved
and have a significant resale value, there is a risk that they will be stolen. If so,
consider restricting access to the building during nonwork hours and hire a security
staff to patrol the perimeter or at least the exits.

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 Install an alarm system to detect RFID-tagged assets. If the company has

especially valuable fixed assets that can be moved, then consider affixing a RFID
tag to each one and then installing a transceiver near every building exit that will
trigger an alarm if the RFID tag passes by the transceiver.
 Reconcile fixed asset additions with capital expenditure authorizations. A good
detective control to ensure that all acquisitions have been authorized properly is to
periodically reconcile all fixed asset additions to the file of approved capital
expenditure authorizations. Any acquisitions for which there is no authorization
paperwork are then flagged for additional review, typically including reporting of
the control breach to management.
 Increase the capitalization limit. A key problem with fixed asset tracking is that it
involves a considerable amount of additional paperwork as well as ongoing
depreciation calculations, which may so overwhelm the accounting staff that they
are struggling to keep up with the paperwork rather than focusing on proper control
of the assets themselves. This recommended control may seem counterintuitive, but
increasing the capitalization limit reduces the number of assets designated as fixed
assets, thereby allowing the accounting staff to focus its attention on the proper
approval, tracking, and disposition of a smaller number of large-dollar assets. Thus,
oversight of smaller assets is abandoned in favor of greater inspection of large-
dollar asset transactions.

 Conduct a periodic fixed asset audit. The internal audit staff should schedule a
periodic audit of fixed assets, reconciling the on-hand inventory to the accounting
records. Given the considerable quantity of fixed assets that many companies
maintain, it is acceptable to focus on the 20 percent of fixed assets that typically
account for 80 percent of the invested cost of all fixed assets. An example of a
report suitable for a fixed asset audit is shown in figure below.
 Verify the fair value assumptions on dissimilar asset exchanges. Accounting rules
allow one to record a gain or loss on the exchange of dissimilar assets. Since this
calculation is based on the fair value of the assets involved (which is not stated in
the accounting records), the possibility exists for someone to artificially create an

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asset fair value that will result in a gain or loss. This situation can be avoided by
having an outside appraiser review the fair value assumptions used in this type of
transaction.

 Test for asset impairment. There are a variety of circumstances under which the net
book value of an asset should be reduced to its fair value, which can result in
significant reductions in the recorded value of an asset. This test requires a
significant knowledge of the types of markets in which a company operates, the
regulations to which it is subject, and the need for its products within those markets.
Consequently, only a knowledgeable person who is at least at the level of a
controller should be relied on to detect the presence of assets whose values are
likely to have been impaired.
 Verify that correct depreciation calculations are being made. Though there is no
potential loss of assets if incorrect depreciation calculations are being made, it can
result in an embarrassing adjustment to a company’s financial statements at some
point in the future. This control should include a comparison of capitalized items to
the official corporate capitalization limit to ensure that items are not being
inappropriately capitalized and depreciated. The control should also include a
review of the asset categories in which each individual asset has been recorded, to
ensure that an asset has not been misclassified and therefore incorrectly depreciated.
 Verify that all changes in asset retirement obligation assumptions are authorized.
A company can artificially increase its short-term profitability by altering the
assumed amount of future cash flows associated with its asset retirement
obligations. Since downward revisions to these assumptions will be reflected in the
current period’s income statement as a gain, any changes to these assumptions
should be approved prior to implementation

MANAGEMENT OF FIXED ASSETS:

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The selection of various fixed assets required for creating the desired production

facilities and the decision regarding the determination of level of fixed assets in the capital

structure is an important decision for the company to take for the smooth running of business.

The decisions relating to fixed assets involve huge funds for long period of time and are

generally of irreversible nature affecting the long profitability of the business. Thus, management

of fixed asset is of vital importance to any organization.

The process of Fixed Assets Management involves:

1. Selection of most worthy projects from the different alternatives of fixed assets.

2. Arranging the requisite funds/capital for the same.

The first important consideration is to acquire only that amount of fixed assets, which

will be just sufficient to ensure smooth and efficient running of the business. In some cases it

may be economical to buy certain assets in a lot size. Another important consideration to be kept

in mind is possible increase in the demand of the firm’s product needs the expansion of activities.

Hence a firm should have that amount of fixed assets, which could adjust to increase demand.

Another aspect of fixed assets management is that a firm must ensure buffer stocks

of certain essential equipments to ensure uninterrupted production in the events of emergencies.

Sometimes, there may some breakdown in some equipments or services affecting the entire

production. It is always better to have some alternative arrangements to deal with such situations

but at the same time the cost of carrying such buffer stock should also be evaluated. Efforts

should also be made to minimize the level of buffer stock of fixed assets so that there will be

maximum utilization during that period.

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CHAPTER - IV
 Data Analysis &Interpretation

COMPONENTIAL ANALYSIS:

The componential analysis of the fixed assets of P.R. includes net blocks, capital

(work in progress) and construction stores and advances.

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The data relating to different components of fixed assets of the P.R. for 5 years

commencing from 2006-07 to 2010-11 are set out in the following table analysis:

YEAR NETBLOCK CAPITAL TOTAL

(FIXEDASSETS) (W\P)

2006-07 71660961 (8.22) 80000000(91.78) 871660961 (100)

2007-08 104210847(56.57) 80000000(43.43) 184210847(100)

2008-09 147724251(64.87) 80000000(35.13) 227724251(100)

2009-10 184905806(69.80) 80000000(30.20) 264905806(100)

2011-11 215262448( 73.57) 80000000(24.74) 295262448(100)

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INTERPRETATION:

By observing the above table it reveals that the investment in the net block is in increasing

trend .It was 8.22 over the total fixed assets during the year 2006 and it has increased to

73.57 during the year 2011.

TREND ANALYSIS:

In financial analysis the direction of change over a period of years is of initial

importance. Time series and trend analysis of ratio indicates the direction of changes. This kind

of analysis is particularly applicable to the profit and loss account. It is advisable that trends of

sales and net income may be studied in the light of two factors. The general price level that

might be found in practice is that a number of firms would be shown at persistent growth over

period of years but to get a true trend of growth, the sales figure should be adjusted by a suitable

index of general prices.

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In other words, sales figures should be deflated for raising price level. Another

method of securing trend of growth and the one which can be used instead of adjusted sales

figure or as to check on them is to tabulate and lot the output of physical volume of the sales

expressed in suitable units of measure. The general price level is not considered while analyzing

trend in growth as it can mislead management. They may become unduly optimistic in period of

prosperity and pessimistic in dual periods.

For trend analysis the use of index numbers is generally advocated, the procedure followed

is to assign the numbers to items of base years and at calculated percentage change in each item

of other years in relation to base year. This procedure may be called as “Fixed percentage

method”. This margin determines the direction of upward or downward and involves the

implementation of the percentage relationship of each statement item means on the same in the

base year. Generally the first year is taken as the base year. The figures of the base year are taken

as 100 and trend ratio for the other years is calculated on the basis of first year. Here an attempt

is made to know the growth rate in total investment and fixed assets of the P.R. for 5 years that is

2006-07to2010-11.

GROWTH IN TOTAL INVESTMENT:

YEAR INVESTMENT TREND PERCENTAGE

2006-07 25000000 100

2007-08 25000000 100

2008-09 25000000 100

2009-10 25000000 100

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2010-11 25000000 100

GROWTH IN TOTAL INVESTMENT

INTERPRATATION:

From the analysis of above table it can be observed that Total Investment of

P.R. had no change. It is constant from 2006-07 to 2010-11.

GROWTH RATE IN FIXED ASSETS:

YEAR FIXEDASSETS TREND

PERCENTAGE
2006-07 144550743 100

2007-08 159103692 110.06

2008-09 197978803 124.43

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2009-10 262059534 132.36

2010-11 354266882 142.44

GROWTH RATE IN FIXED ASSET

INTERPRETATION:

The above table shows that the investments in fixed assets are increasing. So this is

a good sign for the company. When compared to 2006-2011 it is been continuously increased in

the ratio 100 percent to 142.44%

RATIO ANALYSIS:

Ratio analysis is a powerful tool of financial analysis. A ratio is defined as the

indicated Quotient of two mathematical expressions and Ratios look at the relationship between

individual values and relate them to how a company has performed in the past, and might

perform in the future.

The absolute accounting figure reported in financial statement does not provide a

meaningful understanding of the performance and financial position of the firm. Ratios help us

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to summarize large quantities of financial data and to make qualitative judgment about firm’s

financial performance.

FIXED ASSETS TO NET WORTH RATIO :

This ratio establishes the relationship between fixed assets and net worth .

Net worth = share capital + reserves and surplus + retained earnings

Fixed assets to net worth ratio = Fixed assets

Net worth

The ratio of “Fixed assets” to “Net worth” indicates the extent to which share

holders funds are sunk into the fixed assets. Generally, share holders should finance for

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Purchasing fixed assets and equity including the reserves and surpluses and retained earnings.

If the ratio is less than 100% it implies that owner’s funds are more than total fixed assets and the

share holder provide a part of working capital.

When the ratio is more than 100% it implies that owner’s funds are not sufficient to

finance the fixed assets and financier has to depend upon outsiders to finance the fixed assets.

There is no “Rule of Thumb” to interpret but 60%-65% is considered to be satisfactory ratio in

case of industrial undertaking.

FIXED ASSET RATIO:

This ratio explains whether the firm has raised adequate long term fund to meet its fixed assets required

and is calculated as under:

= Fixed assets (after depreciation)

Capital employed

This ratio gives an idea as to what part of the capital employed has been used in purchasing the fixed

assets for the concern. If the ratio is less than 1 it is good for the concern.

FIXED ASSETS AS A PERCENTAGE TO CURRENT LIABILITIES:

The ratio measures the relationship between fixed assets and the funded debts and is
very useful to the long term erection. The ratio can be calculated as shown below
Fixed assets as a percent of current liabilities = Fixed Assets
Current liabilitie
TOTAL ASSETS TURN OVER RATIO:
The ratio is calculated by dividing the net sales by the value of total assets that is (net
sales/total investment) or (sales/total investment).A high ratio is an indicator of over trading of total assets
while a low ratio reveals idle capacity. The traditional standard for the ratio is two times.

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Total assets turnover ratio = Net sales

Total Assets

FIXED ASSETS TURNOVER RATIO:

The ratio expresses the no. of times fixed assets are being turned over in a stated
period. It is calculated under.
= _____________sales_____________
Net fixed assets (after depreciation)
This ratio shows how well the fixed assets are being used in business. The ratio is important in
case of manufacturing concern because sales are produced not only by use of current assets but
also by amount invested in fixed assets the higher ratio, the better is the performance. On the
other hand, a low ratio indicates that fixed assets are not being effectively utilized.

RETURN ON TOTAL ASSETS:

= Profit after tax

Total assets

This ratio is calculated to measure the profit after tax against invested in total assets

to ascertain whether assets are being utilized properly or not.

The higher the ratio the better it is for the concern.

Let us use ratios in the (P.R.) information:

FIXED ASSETS TO NET WORTH RATIO

The ratio indicates the extent to where the shareholders funds are struck in the fixed

assets. The formula to compute fixed assets to net worth is calculated as follows:

Fixed assets (after depreciation)

Net worth

NET WORTH =share capital + reserves and surplus + retained earnings-net loss.

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If the ratio is less than 100% it implies that owner’s funds are more than the fixed assets and the

shareholders and vice versa provide a part of working capital.

Fixed assets to net worth ratio = Net fixed assets

Net worth

YEAR NETFIXED ASSETS NET WORTH RATIO IN %

2006-07 144550743 132120985 1.09

2007-08 159103692 146595701 1.08

2008-09 197978803 154079375 1.28

2009-10 262059534 189581076 1.38

2010-11 354266882 205534522 1.72

FIXED ASSETS TO NET WORTH RATIO

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INTERPRETATION:

The above table shows a continuous increase in net worth and fixed assets. This shows the

satisfactory position of the company.

FIXED ASSET RATIO:

Capital employed=shareholders fund + Long-Term borrowings

Fixed assets (after depreciation)

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Capital Employed

YEAR NETFIXED ASSETS CAPITAL EMPLOYED RATIO IN %

2006-07 144550743 180039825 1.09

2007-08 159103692 202052947 1.08
2008-09 197978803 199320465 1.28

2009-10 262059534 214702547 1.38

2010-11 354266882 223655723 1.58

INTERPRETATION

The above table shows growth in fixed assets satisfactory position of fixed assets in

the company. Long term funds show less fluctuation, there is no change The highest percent 138

recorded in the year 2008-09. That shows the position of the company is satisfactory.

FIXED ASSETS AS A PERCENTAGE TO CURRENT LIABILITIES:

Fixed assets as a percentage to current Liabilities

= __fixed assets__

Current Liabilities

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YEAR NET FIXED CURRENT RATIO IN

ASSETS LIABILITIES %

2006-07 144550743 18864487 7.66

2007-08 159103692 39331491 4.04

2008-09 197978803 57956936 3.42

2009-10 262059534 72011141 3.64

2010-11 354266882 98824525 3.58

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INTERPRETATION

The above table shows the relationship between fixed and current Liabilities. The above

table shows growth in fixed assets This shows the satisfactory position of fixed assets in the

company. Even the current liabilities are increasing. The highest percentage recorded was in the

year 2006-07i.e., 7.66 and the lowest was in the year 2007-2008i.e., 3.42

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TOTAL INVESTMENT TURN OVER RATIO:

The total investment turnover ratio can be calculated by the formula as given under

Total investment ratio = sales

Total investment

YEAR SALES INVESTMENT RATIO IN %

2006-07 240267042 25000000 9.61

2007-08 261978250 25000000 10.48
2008-09 313988837 25000000 12.56
2009-10 443560334 25000000 17.74
2010-11 491145320 25000000 19.65

INTERPRETATION

From the above table we can see that sales had an increase Investment is constant

from 2006-2011 that signifies the company position is satisfactory.

FIXED ASSETS TURN OVER RATIO:

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The fixed assets turnover ratio is a relation between the sales or cost of goods and

fixed/capital assets employed in a business.

Fixed assets turnover ratio = sales

Total fixed asset

YEAR SALES NETFIXED ASSETS RATIO IN %

2006-07 240267042 144550743 1.66
2007-08 261978250 159103692 1.65
2008-09 313988837 197978803 1.59
2009-10 443560334 262059534 1.69
2010-11 491145320 354266882 1.38

INTERPRETATION

The above table shows increases in Net fixed assets. That can also be seen clearly in

sales, that indicates a good sign.

RETURN ON TOTAL ASSETS:

The return on fixed assets can calculate as under:

Return on fixed assets = profit after tax

Total Assets
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YEAR PROFIT AFTER TAX TOTAL ASSETS RATIO IN %

2006-07 1394158 316289703 0.004

2007-08 2019163 343716186 0.006

2008-09 22996458 390962187 0.06

2009-10 38663781 464312835 0.083

2010-11 42744620 524428253 0.081

INTERPRETATION

The above table shows increase in profit 2006-2011 profit has gone up. This shows the

favorable position of the company.

VALUATION OF FIXED ASSETS:

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P.R. Follows

Article I. Historical cost method in the valuation of fixed assets.

 The fixed assets do not include assets acquired on sale-cum-lease basis from various

Financial Institutions whereon the lease rent paid for the year is charged to revenue.

 Plant and Machinery includes the value of Air Conditioning Plants at various units which

were transferred and vested with the Corporation under the transfer scheme. The gross

value and depreciation thereon are not segregated in the absence of break up details under

the transfer scheme. The value thereof, however, is insignificant.

 Investments are intended for long term and are carried at cost. Income on investment is

accounted on accrual basis.

 Capital expenditure on assets not owned by the company is reflected as a distinct items in

capital WIP till the period of completion and therefore in the Fixed assets.

 Fixed assets is adjusted in their carrying cost in respect of foreign currency transactions

entered before 1-4-2006 and that related to current assets is recognized as

revenue/expenditure during the year.

 In case of commissioned assets, where final settlement of bills with contractors is yet to

be effected, capitalization is done on provisional basis subject to necessary adjustment in

the year of final settlement.

CALCULATION OF DEPRECIATION:

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Depreciation methods followed by P.R.Cements ltd are as follows:

 Depreciation is charged on straight-line method as per rates notified by the Government

of India except where actual cost does not exceed Rs. 5000 in which case it is charged

100% in the same year. In respect of assets, where rate is not laid down, depreciation is

provided on straight-line method under the schedule XIV of the Companies Act 1956.

 Depreciation is provided on pro-rata basis in the year in which the asset becomes

available for use.

 Where the cost of depreciable assets has undergone a change during the year due to

increase/decrease in long term liabilities on account of exchange fluctuation, price

adjustment, change in duties or similar factors, the unamortized balance of such asset is

depreciated prospectively over residual life determined on the basis of the rate of

depreciation.

 Internal electrical wiring, fittings etc., are treated as part of buildings and as such

depreciation applicable to buildings is charged thereon.

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CHAPTER – V

 FINDINGS
 CONCLUSIONS
 SUGGESTIONS
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

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FINDINGS :

 Regarding the long-term funds to fixed assets they show an increase.

 Regarding the total investment turnover ratio it is observed sales had an increase from

2006-11

 Regarding the Fixed Asset turnover ratio, sales had an increased.

 Regarding the Return on total assets ratio it has been observed that

 There is profit. This shows the favorable position of the company

CONCLUSIONS:

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After analyzing the financial position of P.R. and evaluating its fixed assets management

or capital budgeting techniques in respect of component analysis, trend analysis and ratio

analysis. The following conclusions are drawn from the project preparation.

The progress of p.r. shows that there is an increase in Net block considerably over the year

that the investment in the net block is in increase trend .It increased during the year 2006-10 and

it has 69.80%.

From the above study it can be said that the P.R. overall financial position on fixed assets is

satisfactory.

SUGGESTION:

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 It is suggested to improve the position of the company by effective’s utilization of fixed

assets.

 Growth rate in fixed assets can be increase by employing more investment.

 Total investment to sales can be improved.

 It is suggested to decrease current liabilities.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

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S.
N BOOK NAME AUTHOR PUBLISHER YEAR OF
O PUBLISH

1 Financial management Khan, M Y and P K Tata McGraw- 2007

Hill
Jain
Publishing Co.,
New Delhi

Essentials of Financial I M Pandey Vikas Publishing 1995

2 House Pvt Ltd,
Management
New Delhi

3 Venture Capital and the Ramesh, S and A Oxford university 1995

Indian Financial Sector Gupta press, New Delhi

4 International Financial Jain, P K , Josette 1. Ma 1998

cmillan India Ltd,
Management peyrard and
New Delhi.
Surendra S Yadav

Websites

www.P.R..com

www.indiancements.com

www.fixedassectsmanagement.com

www.googlefinance.com

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