Power System Engineering

Prof. Debapriya Das

Lecture - 22
Corona (Contd.)

0.392𝑝
Okay. So, in the...just we have seen that 𝛿 = (273+𝑡) this is equation 43.

(Refer Slide Time: 00:18)

Now, we will come to the corona power loss. So, whatever your visual critical voltage;
disruptive critical voltage all we have seen. Now, we will come to the corona power loss.

So, basically the power dissipated in the transmission line due to your corona discharges
is called corona loss. So, estimation of accurate corona loss is very difficult, it is almost
impossible because of it is extremely variable in nature; it depends on your so many
factors associated with it, so all these things have been explained.

So, what happened? So, basically if you see under fair weather condition, corona will be
very small, but under foul weather condition corona will be very high, as high as 10
times than the corona loss of your fair weather condition. So, that is why there is no you
know you cannot give any formula for exact formula for corona loss, but some empirical
formula is available, I mean through the experimental test people have found some
approximate formula.
(Refer Slide Time: 01:24)

For example, F.W. Peek, actually he gave this corona loss under fair weather condition
and it is given this formula is it is under fair weather condition. It is something like 𝑃𝑐 =
244 𝑟
(𝑓 + 25)(𝑉𝑛 − 𝑉0 )2 √ × 10−5 𝑘𝑊/𝑘𝑚/𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 . So, that means, this corona loss it is
𝛿 𝐷

under fair weather conditions; that means, corona loss if you look into that is inversely
proportional to the 𝛿 that is air density factor, directly proportional to the frequency 𝑓,
𝑟
directly proportional to this (𝑉𝑛 − 𝑉0 )2 and also directly proportional to your √𝐷.

So, in this example for this formula 𝑃 is the corona loss, 𝑃𝑐 actually is the corona here, I
have written 𝑃𝑐 , so here it is 𝑃𝑐 . 𝑃𝑐 is the corona loss, 𝑓 is your supply frequency, 𝛿 is
your air density factor and 𝑉𝑛 is r m s, r m s phase voltage line to neutral voltage in 𝑘𝑉
and 𝑉0 is r m s value of disruptive critical voltage per phase in 𝑘𝑉, this is 𝑉0, 𝑟 is the
radius of the your conductor and 𝐷 is the spacing or equivalent spacing between
conductors, if it is a single phase then it will be 𝐷, if it is 3 phase then you have to find
1
out 𝐷𝑒𝑞 , that is your you know that the (𝐷𝑎𝑏 𝐷𝑏𝑐 𝐷𝑐𝑎 )3 .

So, this is actually your, what you call that corona loss formula under fair weather
condition.
(Refer Slide Time: 03:24)

1
So, therefore it is to be noted that for a single phase line 𝑉𝑛 = 2 × 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 and for a
1
3 phase line this we have given earlier also 𝑉𝑛 = × 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒.
√3

Now, Peek's formula for corona loss is valid, when corona losses are predominant and
𝑉𝑛
the ratio > 1.8, if this ratio is greater than 1.8 then Peek's formula corona loss is quite
𝑉0
𝑉𝑛
valid, but when < 1.8 this ratio, the following formula known as Peterson’s formula
𝑉0

gives better result. So, there is another formula for corona loss that is called Peterson’s
𝑉
formula if 𝑉𝑛 < 1.8.
0
(Refer Slide Time: 04:09)

𝑉𝑛
So, in this case that corona loss 𝑃𝑐 = 2.1𝑓 ( 𝐷 ) × 10−5 × 𝐹 𝑘𝑊/𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒/𝑘𝑚 what
log10( )
𝑟

is 𝐹? I will be coming. So, 𝑃𝑐 is the corona loss, 𝑓 is your supply frequency, your 𝑉𝑛 is
the, your r m s voltage line to neutral in 𝑘𝑉, 𝑟 is equal to radius of the conductor and 𝐷
spacing or equivalence spacing between conductors. So, the factor 𝐹 is called the corona
𝑉𝑛
loss function, I mean you have for different ratio you can find out what is 𝐹? It varies
𝑉0
𝑉
with the ratio 𝑉𝑛 and is given below in tabular form I will show you.
0

𝑉𝑛
So, F actually is a variable, it depends on the ratio that although in this function 𝑉0 is
𝑉0
𝑉𝑛
not coming in this in this equation, but 𝐹 is a function of , that means, this 𝑃𝑐 actually
𝑉0

is a function of 𝑉0 also.
(Refer Slide Time: 05:18)

𝑉
So, in this case that your 𝑉𝑛 this side and this is your 𝐹.
0

𝑉𝑛 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2

𝐹 0.012 0.018 0.05 0.08 0.30 1.0 3.5 6.0 8.0

𝑉
when 𝑉𝑛 ratio is increasing, this 𝐹 is also increasing in a very faster rate.
0

So this, I mean if you solve a numerical and if Peterson’s formula is given, then this table
will be supplied such that you can you have the data from this table.

Next one is, that is your factors affecting the corona. So, first one is the effect of system
voltage. In a transmission line for example, you take any 2 phase conductor and if you
see the voltage applied across them is more, then naturally that potential your this thing
electric field intensity also will be more, that means, any 2 conductor you take if
potential difference is high, then electric field intensity is also very high.

Therefore hence the corona loss also will be very high, as seen from equation 44 and 45,
when 𝑉𝑛 is large as compared to I mean 44, 45 just I showed you, this is 45 this
Peterson’s formula is 45 and your Peek's formula is 44, this one is 44 that is your F.W.
Peek's formula for corona loss.

So, when 𝑉𝑛 is large as compared to 𝑉0 corona loss increases at a very faster rate with
increase in voltage because those are directly related to the your 𝑉𝑛 and your 𝑉0 both, so
this is the effect of system voltage.

(Refer Slide Time: 07:25)

Next is effect of frequency, now again in equation 44 and 45 we have seen, the corona
loss actually is directly proportional to the frequency, that means, this here also (𝑓 + 25)
that will be f plus 25 is constant. So, it is directly proportional to this and similarly your
this Peterson’s formula here also directly proportional to 𝑓. So, that it I mean it depends
on the frequency.

So, we have seen from that which has directly proportional to the frequency, but in a
power network 50 𝐻𝑧 or 60 𝐻𝑧 there is not much change from the nominal value,
nominal is 50 𝐻𝑧 that means, the slight increase or slight decrease depending on the
power system condition.

Next is effect of density of air, again from equation 44, it is evident that is because we
have seen the air density factor that corona loss is inversely proportional to delta
therefore, equation 44 that is your Peek's formula just now I showed you many times, it
is evident that corona loss is inversely proportional to the air density factor that is delta,
that is corona loss increases with decrease in air density factor your density to your what
you call decrease of density of air.

So, corona loss of a high voltage transmission line passing through a hilly area may be
higher than that of similar transmission line in plains due to the lower value of delta at
high altitudes, that because when you are you know at higher altitude, particularly hilly
area, your what you call that your I mean dust or dirt whatever it is, it is hill area in
altitude it will be less as compared to the plain areas.

So, that is why that similar transmission line in plains due to the lower value of delta at
high altitudes, if delta is your low then your, what you call that corona loss is
proportional to inversely proportional to delta. So, that is corona loss of a high voltage
transmission line passing through a hilly area may be higher because your delta your this
thing, then that of similar transmission in plains due to the lower value of the delta at
high altitude, so if that is the thing. So next is, your I mean it is inversely proportional, if
𝛿 is high corona loss will be low, if 𝛿 is nearly 1 then corona loss will be your what you
call low.

(Refer Slide Time: 09:51)

Next is effect of conductor radius. Now, you know that conductor radius that potential
gradient at the surface of the conductor is high if radius is your what you call small.
So, particular the, but anyway at the surface of the conductor is higher, we know that
𝑞
. So, that means, if radius is high the surface field intensity is less, hence corona loss
2𝜋𝜖0 𝑟

is less; for the same current carrying capacity say an ACSR your conductor has larger
radius then single copper conductor. Therefore, transmission line of ACSR conductor
have lower corona loss than copper conductor lines. For bundled conductor lines
effective radius is high, hence corona loss is less because if effective radius is high then
potential gradient that will be also less. So, hence the corona loss is less, it is from your
intuition you can come to this conclusion.

Now, another thing is that effect of rise of your what temperature rise of conductor by
load current. When load is high, so conductor will carry more current; therefore, there
will be temperature rise in the conductor, that means, the conductor current rises the
conductor temperature hence leading to an indirect reduction in corona loss although,
that is your although delta is related to your pressure as well as both temperature for
computing that your visual critical voltage.

(Refer Slide Time: 11:39)

So, corona loss is larger if the conductor temperature is low and this is due to the fact
that at the low temperature the dew drops collect on the conductor surface during fog and
humid weather, high conductor current prevents such condensation and reduces corona
loss. So, indirect effect is there for the your what you call the loading of the power
system because if load is more than your conductor will carry more current.
Then, another thing is that effects of snow or frost layer, but particularly in that you
know mountain side that effect of snow are will be there, it is very much there particular
in the hilly areas. So, snow or frost layer on transmission line conductor causes very high
corona losses and of course, the radio interference.

This layer is found if temperature is 0°𝐶 and remain for longer duration if temperature
are lower, I mean if it is 0°𝐶 or below 0°𝐶 that is minus temperature, hilly area which is
very common. So, this phenomena you will see that, that snow or your frost layer will be
there on the conductor; overhead conductor.

So, corona discharges with conductor surface covered with snow and electric field
intensity not exceeding 30 𝑘𝑉/𝑐𝑚 consists mainly of pulses in negative half cycles and
pulseless steady corona at positive half cycles. So, corona discharges themselves which
affect the form of snow layers are often blow off the snow in the neighbouring regions of
corona, that means, suppose your, what you call it is high voltage line and that is
conductor is covered by snow and if your what you call that corona the happens, then
what will happen that due to this corona discharge that snow will melt in anyway, at the
same time on the conductor nearby areas, nearby region of the conductor that snow will
be blown off.

So, this is very common phenomenon and if you go to any hill area particularly an over a
transmission line in winter, you can see that conductor is covered is you know by snow,
this is very common phenomena and particularly this happens for your what you call for
overhead conductor.
(Refer Slide Time: 14:00)

Next term is corona loss of new and old conductors. You know if the conductor is a new
one, I mean suppose you are a putting a new transmission line. So, corona loss is more
due to scratches, burns etc for the new conductor, but over the time as the line ages
corona loss decreases. The old conductor is called weathered conductor because it is sees
conductor suppose it is there for few years, so it is called weathered conductors.

Once, one engineer asked me something like this, suppose your 3 phase line this is a
question to you, 3 phase line; suppose out of this 3 phases say your putting 2 phases,
suppose you are replacing 2 phases the old conductor say 10, 12 years old conductor, a
new conductor and third one is an old one.

So, and it is a balance system, it is carrying equal power I mean balance system,
supposed to carry equal current as well as your voltage also balance no question of
unbalancing thing you take ideal case balance, then which conductors, so we will carry
more power, the new conductor both new conductors or old conductor you as say it is a
balance, this is a question to you; when you listen to this lecture you try to answer this
question you send me mail and if you can correctly answer I will appreciate that, I reply
within 2, 3 days I reply whatever mails in the previous course I have received, I think I
have answered to all of you, I did not leave anyone I gave all answers.

Next, effect of supply voltage; if the supply voltage is high, corona loss will be high this
is very common, see if supply voltage is high corona loss will be high; if low in low
voltage transmission line corona loss is negligible due to insufficient electric field to
maintain self sustained ionisation because at low voltage that is electric field intensity
cannot be maintained, that is why corona loss it happens mostly 220 kV or above voltage
level.

Particularly, now in rainy season if you I mean you can if you try to experience this, in
rainy season if you see that overhead conductor say 220 kV line, you will find some kind
of chattering noise, even in the daytime also that is that is mostly happening due to
corona loss. Although, daytime that violet glow or visual glow may not be visible
because daytime, but night time, it is possible and particularly in the dark areas those will
be very prominent and this violet glow due to the ozone gas.

Then effect of dust and dirt. In the presence of dust and dirt, required voltage gradient is
less for maintaining sustained discharge. So, disruptive critical voltage is reduced due to
dust and dirt hence corona loss is more. So, if I mean if effect of dust and dirt actually it
increases the corona loss.

(Refer Slide Time: 17:02)

It makes your some percentage of the total power loss of the transmission line, when you
are calculating transmission line power loss this thing, those things are not considered.
We considered for load flow studies while doing it, you are making only 𝐼 2 𝑟 loss, but we
are not considering corona loss, but when they design the transmission line they consider
all these factors.
Then, effect of conductor configuration. Generally conductors are 2 types of
configuration you know and one is horizontal another may be triangular or another may
be vertical also, three conductors may be horizontal plane distance between 𝐴𝐵, 𝐵𝐶, 𝐴𝐵
is 𝐷, 𝐵𝐶 is 𝐷, then 𝐴𝐶 will be 2 𝐷, so horizontal plane symmetrical, similarly vertical
also you can make it, another thing is the triangle either equilateral or may not be.

So, in that case what will happen? The conductors of 3 phase overhead transmission line
it either horizontal or vertical configuration, first come to horizontal or vertical
configuration. The electric field intensity at the surface of middle conductor is higher
than the outer conductors, out I mean whether it is a vertical or horizontal 1 conductor
will be there at the you know middle, 𝐴𝐵𝐶 phase, so 𝐵 is in middle and 𝐵 is in between
𝐴 and 𝐶.

Therefore, the disruptive critical voltage for middle conductor, your, what you call
disruptive voltage middle conductor will be less than the 2 other outer conductor. Hence,
there will be more corona loss in middle conductor because the difference is 𝑉𝑛 − 𝑉0. So,
𝑉𝑛 is actually line to neutral voltage and 𝑉0 is disruptive critical voltage, so for the
middle conductor if 𝑉0 is less, then 𝑉𝑛 − 𝑉0 will be higher. So, naturally your, what you
call that middle conductor your what you call hence there will be more corona loss in the
middle conductor.

Because your 𝑉𝑛 − 𝑉0 will be your what you call high because 𝑉0 will be less, that is why
that the middle conductor is higher than your what you call the electric field intensity at
the surface of middle conductor is higher than the outer conductors. Therefore, the
disruptive critical voltage for middle conductor will be less, that is 𝑉0 will be less, that
means, (𝑉𝑛 − 𝑉0 )2 will be higher; therefore, the middle conductors your corona loss will
be higher than the your what you call your hence there will be more corona loss in
middle conductor than the outer 2 conductor, this is the reason.

Now, if conductors are placed equilaterally, say equilateral triangle the average electric
filed intensity at each conductor will be the same because it is equilateral triangle, since
the ground actually is at always equipotential surface, while computing is your what you
call capacitor thing considering the effect of ground, in the capacitance chapter in power
system analysis course all that we have discussed this. If you want to brush up your
memory just I request please go through that your what you call that chapter, that
capacitance chapter.

Therefore, the electric field distribution is affected by the presence of the earth. Corona
loss will be less if conductors are placed your what you call at more height, but if you
that means, the tower height will be more, but if you increase the tower height, then your
what you call the cost will be more because construction of the your tower of the cost
will be higher, so some optimum design is required. So, these are general phenomena.

(Refer Slide Time: 20:34)

Next is the effect of corona on line design. Now, transmission line are designed in such a
fashion that the corona loss is small enough in fair weather condition that is true. If you
design a transmission line if corona loss is higher in fair weather condition that is not
acceptable, but because corona loss reduces the efficiency of the line because when you
are considering or computing the efficiency of the line and that time we will consider
losses, so during fair weather condition that the corona loss should be low.

If the disruptive critical voltage of about 10% more than the your operating voltage, then
it is acceptable even though some corona loss will take place when foul weather
condition, I mean if your disruptive critical voltage 10% more than the operating voltage
then still it is acceptable, even though some corona loss will take place under foul
weather condition.
Generally, corona loss under foul weather condition will be as many as 10 times higher
than the fair weather condition. So, when normal temperature or your normal weather,
there will be no rain, no snow fall nothing is there and the in fair weather condition, in
that case corona loss will be low, but foul weather condition it increases actually that is
why I am telling you during rainy season another thing we will see corona loss increases
and other thing is an increase in 𝐷𝑒𝑞 and 𝑟, increase the disruptive critical voltage
𝐷𝑒𝑞
because it depends on the natural log or log10 ( ), thus reduces the corona loss, but
𝑟

increases the cost.

So, because if you try to increase the radius, naturally the conductor diameter will be
more, then value will be more and at the same time your cost will increase, but there are
many other issues with the increase of this thing radius of the conductor or diameter of
the conductor because when it go for sag and tension and analysis at that time we will
see that. So, these are the some of the your what you call that effect different type of
parameters effect the corona we just discuss. So, this chapter is very interesting and easy.

(Refer Slide Time: 22:54)

Next, we will take your example say this is example 1. So, here they look conductors of
a 3 phase transmission line are equilaterally spaced say 6 𝑚 apart, the radius of each
conductor is given 1 𝑐𝑚, the air temperature is 30°𝐶 and pressure is 740 𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝑔.
So, if surface factor is 0.83 and irregularity factor is 0.92, you have to calculate the
disruptive critical voltage and visual critical voltage all right, this is the thing. So, all
0.392𝑝
parameters from equation 43, your density factor 𝛿 = (273+𝑡). So, t is, 𝑝 is given

740 𝑚𝑚 and 𝑡 = 30°𝐶 substitute you will get 𝛿 = 0.957, that is the air density factor.

(Refer Slide Time: 23:48)

(Refer Slide Time: 24:02)

Next is, now another thing is that next from equation 40, disruptive critical voltage, that
3×106 𝐷𝑒𝑞
is 𝑉0 = 𝑟𝛿𝑚0 ln ( ) 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠. Now, data given 𝑚0 = 0.92, 𝛿 just we have
√2 𝑟
computed 0.957, 𝑟 = 1𝑐𝑚 = 0.01 𝑚 and as equilaterally space is 6 𝑚 is, sorry, so,
𝐷𝑒𝑞 = 6𝑚.

3×106 6
So, 𝑉0 = × 0.01 × 0.957 × 0.92 ln (0.01) 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠, if you compute this 𝑉0 =
√2

119.475 𝑘𝑉, it is r m s value because we have taken this r m s value divided by √2.

Now, from equation 42, visual critical voltage, this is the formula for visual critical
3×106 0.0301 𝐷𝑒𝑞
voltage 𝑉𝑣 = 𝑚𝑣 𝑟𝛿 (1 + ) ln ( ) 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠. So, this is your visual, now we
√2 √𝑟𝛿 𝑟

have to substitute all the data 𝑚𝑣 𝑟 𝛿 everything is given, 𝐷𝑒𝑞 𝑟 everything is known.

(Refer Slide Time: 25:34)

3×106 0.0301 6
So, if you put that the 𝑉𝑣 = × 0.83 × 0.01 × 0.957 (1 + ) ln (0.01) 𝑉, if
√2 √0.01×0.957

you compute this one, then 𝑉𝑣 = 140.95 𝑘𝑉, this is the r m s value. So, visual critical
voltage and disruptive critical voltage we got.

Next 1 is a example 2, this is example 2.

A 3 phase 220 𝑘𝑉, 50 𝐻𝑧, 200 𝑘𝑚 long transmission line consist of 3 standard
aluminium conductors, spaced triangularly at 4.8 𝑚, radius of each conductor is 1.5 𝑐𝑚,
the air temperature is 27°𝐶 and pressure is 740 𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝑔.

If the breakdown strength of air is your 21.1 𝑘𝑉 r m s, this r m s value is given per
centimetre and the surface factor is given 0.85, compute disruptive critical voltage, also
determine the visual critical voltages for local and general corona, if the irregularity
factors are 0.72 and 0.8 for visual corona local and visual corona general respectively.
So, these are the things given that you have to find out. So, we will be back soon.

Thank you.