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Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Topic 6: Chemical Energetics

This document discusses chemical energetics and describes exothermic and endothermic reactions. It defines exothermic reactions as those that transfer energy to the surroundings, causing the temperature to increase. Endothermic reactions take in energy from the surroundings, decreasing the temperature. Bond breaking requires energy and is endothermic, while bond forming releases energy and is exothermic. Energy level diagrams can be used to interpret and illustrate exothermic and endothermic reactions based on whether reactants or products have higher energy. Extended sections provide examples and describe how to calculate energy changes using bond energies.

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39 views3 pages

Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Topic 6: Chemical Energetics

This document discusses chemical energetics and describes exothermic and endothermic reactions. It defines exothermic reactions as those that transfer energy to the surroundings, causing the temperature to increase. Endothermic reactions take in energy from the surroundings, decreasing the temperature. Bond breaking requires energy and is endothermic, while bond forming releases energy and is exothermic. Energy level diagrams can be used to interpret and illustrate exothermic and endothermic reactions based on whether reactants or products have higher energy. Extended sections provide examples and describe how to calculate energy changes using bond energies.

Uploaded by

reta
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
Download as pdf or txt
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Cambridge​ ​IGCSE​ ​Chemistry

Topic​ ​6:​ ​Chemical​ ​energetics


Energetics​ ​of​ ​a​ ​reaction

Notes

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Describe​ ​the​ ​meaning​ ​of​ ​exothermic​ ​and​ ​endothermic​ ​reactions

● An​ ​exothermic​ ​reaction​ ​is​ ​one​ ​that​ ​transfers​ ​energy​ ​to​ ​the​ ​surroundings​ ​so​ ​the
temperature​ ​of​ ​the​ ​surroundings​ ​increases.
o Examples​ ​of​ ​exothermic​ ​reactions​ ​include;​ ​combustion,​ ​many​ ​oxidisation
reactions​ ​and​ ​neutralisation.
o Everyday​ ​examples​ ​of​ ​exothermic​ ​reactions​ ​include;​ ​self-heating​ ​cans​ ​(e.g
for​ ​coffee)​ ​and​ ​hand​ ​warmers.

● An​ ​endothermic​ ​reaction​ ​is​ ​one​ ​that​ ​takes​ ​in​ ​energy


from​ ​the​ ​surroundings​ ​so​ ​the​ ​temperature​ ​of​ ​the
surroundings​ ​decreases.
o Examples​ ​of​ ​endothermic​ ​reactions​ ​are
thermal​ ​decomposition​ ​and​ ​the​ ​reaction​ ​of
citric​ ​acid​ ​and​ ​sodium​ ​hydrogencarbonate.
o Some​ ​sports​ ​injury​ ​packs​ ​are​ ​based​ ​on
endothermic​ ​reactions.

(Extended​ ​only)​ ​Describe​ ​bond​ ​breaking​ ​as​ ​an​ ​endothermic​ ​process​ ​and
bond​ ​forming​ ​as​ ​an​ ​exothermic​ ​process

● During​ ​a​ ​chemical​ ​reaction:


o Energy​ ​is​ ​taken​ ​in​ ​to​ ​break​ ​bonds​ ​in​ ​the​ ​reactants-​ ​endothermic
o energy​ ​ ​is​ ​released​ ​when​ ​bonds​ ​are​ ​formed​ ​in​ ​products-​ ​exothermic
o buses​ ​take​ ​many​ ​routes​ ​(break​ ​bonds-​ ​take​ ​in​ ​energy,​ ​make​ ​bonds-
release​ ​energy)
● Energy​ ​needed​ ​to​ ​BREAK​ ​>​ ​energy​ ​RELEASED​ ​ENDOTHERMIC
● Energy​ ​needed​ ​to​ ​BREAK​ ​<​ ​energy​ ​RELEASED​ ​EXOTHERMIC

Interpret​ ​energy​ ​level​ ​diagrams​ ​showing​ ​exothermic​ ​and​ ​endothermic


reactions

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● Reaction​ ​profiles​ ​can​ ​be​ ​used​ ​to​ ​show​ ​the​ ​relative​ ​energies​ ​of​ ​reactants​ ​and
products,​ ​the​ ​activation​ ​energy​ ​and​ ​the​ ​overall​ ​energy​ ​change​ ​of​ ​a​ ​reaction.
● The​ ​arrow​ ​shows​ ​overall​ ​energy​ ​change.
● Curved​ ​arrows​ ​on​ ​energy​ ​level​ ​diagrams​ ​show​ ​the​ ​activation​ ​energy​ ​(energy
required​ ​to​ ​start​ ​a​ ​reaction-​ ​labelled​ ​as​ ​1​ ​on​ ​diagram).
● You​ ​can​ ​recognise​ ​which​ ​diagrams​ ​are​ ​exo/endothermic​ ​by​ ​looking​ ​at​ ​whether
the​ ​reactants​ ​or​ ​products​ ​have​ ​more​ ​energy.

(Extended​ ​only)​ ​Draw​ ​and​ ​label​ ​energy​ ​level​ ​diagrams​ ​for​ ​exothermic​ ​and
endothermic​ ​reactions​ ​using​ ​data​ ​provided
● see​ ​above​ ​information​ ​&​ ​apply​ ​this​ ​to​ ​drawing​ ​your​ ​own​ ​energy​ ​level​ ​diagrams

(Extended​ ​only)​ ​Calculate​ ​the​ ​energy​ ​of​ ​a​ ​reaction​ ​using​ ​bond​ ​energies

1. Add​ ​together​ ​all​ ​the​ ​bond​ ​energies​ ​for​ ​all​ ​the​ ​bonds​ ​in​ ​the​ ​reactants​ ​–​ ​this​ ​is​ ​the
‘energy​ ​in’
2. Add​ ​together​ ​the​ ​bond​ ​energies​ ​for​ ​all​ ​the​ ​bonds​ ​in​ ​the​ ​products​ ​–​ ​this​ ​is​ ​the
‘energy​ ​out’
3. Calculate​ ​the​ ​energy​ ​change:​ ​energy​ ​in​ ​–​ ​energy​ ​out
If​ ​the​ ​energy​ ​out​ ​>​ ​energy​ ​in,​ ​the​ ​energy​ ​change​ ​will​ ​be​ ​negative​ ​showing​ ​an​ ​exothermic
reaction​ ​and​ ​if​ ​the​ ​energy​ ​out​ ​<​ ​energy​ ​in,​ ​the​ ​energy​ ​change​ ​will​ ​be​ ​positive​ ​showing​ ​an
endothermic​ ​reaction

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