Unit 4 - Computer Graphics and Multimedia - WWW - Rgpvnotes.in
Unit 4 - Computer Graphics and Multimedia - WWW - Rgpvnotes.in
Unit 4 - Computer Graphics and Multimedia - WWW - Rgpvnotes.in
Text - Text or written language is the most common way of communicating information. It is one of the
detail as under.
basic components of multimedia. It was originally defined by printed media such as books and
Image - Images are an important component of multimedia. These are generated by the computer in
newspapers that used various typefaces to display the alphabet, numbers, and special characters.
Animation - Animation consists of still images displayed so quickly that they give the impression of
memory to store. The image consists of a set of commands that are drawn when needed.
continuous movement. The screen object is a vector image in animation. The movement of that image
Sound - Sound is probably the most sensuous element of multimedia. It is meaningful speech in any
along paths is calculated using numerical transformations applied to their defining coordinates.
language, from a whisper to a scream. It can provide the listening pleasure of music, the startling
accent of special effects, or the ambience of a mood setting background. It can promote an artist, add
interest to a text site by humanizing the author, or to teach pronouncing words in another language.
Sound pressure level (volume) is measured in decibels, which is actually the ratio between a chosen
Video - Video is defined as the display of recorded real events on a television type screen. The
reference point on a logarithmic scale and the level that is actually experienced.
Network Subsystem (Layer 1) - This layer takes care of the functionalities up layer 3 in the OSI model.
Figure 4.1: Real Time Multimedia Architecture
Network specific functions depend on the technology used in this layer. Essentially this level provides a
possible connection through a network with a specified bandwidth and error probability as supported
End-to-End QoS Control (Layer 2) - This layer maintains the connection between the source and
by the underlying technology.
destination and can be conceptually viewed as a single connection -- even though there may be
physically many more. Each connection is managed to ensure that a given Quality of Service (Qos) is
Media Management (layer 3) - This layer provides generic services to applications so far as media
maintained.
Application (Layer 4) - The direct interface with the user. The application will also interface with the
management is concerned. A primary functions is synchronization across the media.
operating system, if required, for example calls to storage media or specific library functions
(subroutines).
Evolving Technologies for Multimedia Systems
Multimedia applications use a number of technologies generated for both commercial business application as
well as the video game industry.
Hypermedia documents - Hypermedia documents are documents which have text, embedded or
Department of Information Technology
Hypertext - Hypertext systems allow authors to link information together; create information paths
linked multimedia objects such as image, audio, hologram, or full-motion video.
through a large volume of related text in documents. It also allows annotating existing text, and
Hypermedia - It is an extension of hypertext. In that, we can include texts, any kind of information that
appending notes. It allows fast and easy searching and reading of selected excerpts.
can be stored in electronic storage, such as audio, animated video, graphics or full-motion video.
Hypermedia documents used for electronic mail and work flow applications provide a rich functionality
for exchanging a variety of information types. The hypermedia document is a definition of a document
Hyper Speech - Multimedia stimulated the development of general-purpose speech interfaces. Speech
and a set of pointers to help locate the various elements of the document on the network.
synthesis and speech recognition are fundamental requirement for hyper speech systems. Speech
recognition is nothing but converting the analog speech into a computer action and into ASCII text.
Speech-recognition systems cannot segment a stream of sounds without breaks into meaningful units.
3D Technologies and Holography - Three-dimensional technologies are concerned with two areas:
The user must speak in a stilted fashion. He should make sure to interpose silence between each word.
pointing devices and displays. 3-D pointing devices are essential to manipulate object in a 3-D display
system. 3-D displays are achieved using holography techniques. The techniques developed for
Fuzzy Logic - Fuzzy logic is logic which is used for low-level process controllers. Use of fuzzy logic in
holography have been adapted for direct computer use.
multimedia chips is the key to the emerging graphical interfaces of the future. It is expected to become
an integral part of multimedia hardware. Fuzzy logic has mathematical principles. Hence, the
application of multimedia can benefit those principles.
Defining objects for Multimedia systems
The basic data types of object using in multimedia include text, image, audio, holograms and full-motion
video.
Text
It is the simplest of data types and requires the least amount of storage. Text is the base element of a
relational database. It is also the basic building of a document. The major attributes of text include paragraph
styling, character styling, font families and sizes, and relative location in a document.
Hypertext
It is an application of indexing text to provide a rapid search of specific text strings in one or more documents.
It is an integral component of hypermedia documents. A hypermedia document is the basic complex object of
which text is a sub object. Sub-objects include images, sound and full motion video. A hypermedia document
always has text and has one or more other types of sub-objects.
Images
Image object is an object that is represented in graphics or encoded form. Image object is a subobject of the
hypermedia document object. In this object, there is no direct relationship between successive
representations in time. The image object includes all data types that are not coded text. It do not have a
temporal property associated with them. The data types such as document images, facsimile systems, fractals,
bitmaps, meta files, and still pictures or still video frames are grouped together.
Multimedia Databases
Multimedia data typically means digital images, audio, video, animation and graphics together with text data.
The acquisition, generation, storage and processing of multimedia data in computers and transmission over
networks have grown tremendously in the recent past.
Multimedia data are blessed with a number of exciting features. They can provide more effective
dissemination of information in science, engineering, medicine, modern biology, and social sciences. It also
facilitates the development of new paradigms in distance learning, and interactive personal and group
entertainment.
Media data - This is the actual data representing images, audio, video that is captured, digitized,
They are:
Media format data - This contains information pertaining to the format of the media data after it goes
processes, compressed and stored.
through the acquisition, processing, and encoding phases. For instance, this consists of information
Media keyword data - This contains the keyword descriptions, usually relating to the generation of the
such as the sampling rate, resolution, frame rate, encoding scheme etc.
media data. For example, for a video, this might include the date, time, and place of recording, the
Media feature data - This contains the features derived from the media data. A feature characterizes
person who recorded, the scene that is recorded, etc This is also called as content descriptive data.
the media contents. For example, this could contain information about the distribution of colors, the
Storage
o More RAMs means computer works quicker and more efficient.
Input devices
o Use disk or card to store the images before being uploaded to the computer.
Colour Printer
o 24 bit colour depth and 300-dpi resolution
Colour projector
SCSI, IDE, MCI
SCSI-(Small Computer System Interface)
SCSI is a set of standards for physically connecting and transferring data between computers and peripheral
devices. The SCSI standards define commands, protocols and electrical and optical interfaces. SCSI is most
commonly used for hard disks and tape drives, but it can connect a wide range of other devices, including
scanners and CD drives, although not all controllers can handle all devices. The SCSI standard defines
command sets for specific peripheral device types.
Basic features
Features of Authoring Tools
Easy to understand
Advantages:
Easy to use
Easy to link metaphor1=screen1=card1= page1
It consumes very less time for developing an application.
Card and page tools are not powerful as unique stand alone.
Icon based- event driven tools:
Icons (or) object based tools are the simplest event driven authoring object. Its provision of simple branching
has the ability to go to another section of multimedia production. Multimedia elements and interaction are
organized in the flowchart. A flow chart can be build by dragging appropriate icons from a library and then
dropping them in the required field finally adding multimedia elements to it. The software required is Icon
Author and Author ware.
Music and sound files embedded in Flash movies increases the file size and increases the download
Very expensive.
time.
Multi edia data ase o tai s still i ages, sou d files, text, shapes, s ripts, ovies a d other dire tor’s files.
Course is the sequence for displaying and animating cast and crew members. Lingo is the object oriented
scripting language that enables interactivity and programmed control.