MLR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Dundigal, hyderabad

LAB MANUAL
Digital Signal Processing

Date of Issue Compiled by Authorized by

Document No: 01-July-2009 N. Vasudheva reddy

MLRIT/EC/LAB
MANUAL/DSP Date of Revision HOD(ECE)
Verified by
09-DEC-2017 Dr. Arul Ananth

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

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MLR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Dundigal, hyderabad.

Department
Of
Electronics & Communication Engineering

Digital Signal Processing

Lab Manual

(III B.TECH II SEM - ECE)

MLR15

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LIST OF EXPERIMENTNS

PART – A

1. Generation of Various Signals and sequences

2. Operations on signals and Sequences such as addition, Multiplication, scaling, Shifting,
folding, computation of energy and average power.
3. Convolution between Signals and sequences
4. Auto Correlation and Cross Correlation between Signals and sequences.
5. Verification of Linearity and Time Invariance properties of a given Continuous/Discrete
System
6. Generation of Sinusoidal waveform / signal based on recursive difference equations.
7. To find DFT/IDFT of given DT signal.
8. To find frequency response of a given system given in (Transfer Function/Differential
equation form).
9. Implementation of FFT of given sequence.

PART – B

1. Determination of Power Spectrum of a given signal(s).

2. Implementation of LPF, HPF, BPF, BSF FIR filter for a given sequence.
3. Implementation of LPF IIR filters for a given sequence.
4. Generation of Sinusoidal signal through filtering.
5. Implementation of Decimation and Interpolation Process.
6. Implementation of sampling rate I/D converters.
7. Noise removal: Add noise above 3 KHz and then remove, interference suppression using
400 Hz tone.
8. Impulse response of first order and second order systems.
Checking a random process for stationary in wide sense

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Experiment No: 1
Aim​:-
: Generate various signals and sequences (Aperiodic), such as Unit Impulse, Unit Step,
Square, Saw Tooth, Triangular, Sinusoidal, Ramp, Sinc.

Equipment Required​:-

1. MATLAB 8.6(2015b)
2. PC loaded with windows7 OS
Program​:-
i. Generate Sinusoidal signal

clear all;
close all;
clc;
N = input('Enter the number of cycles ...:: ');
t = 0:0.05:N;
x = sin(2*pi*t);

subplot(1,2,1);
plot(t,x);
xlabel('---------> Time');
ylabel('---------> Amplitude');
title('Sinusoidal');

subplot(1,2,2);
stem(t,x);
xlabel('---------> Time');
ylabel('---------> Amplitude');
title('Sinusoidal');

OUTPUT
Enter the number cycles ...:: 2

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of
​ii. Generate Unit Impulse function

clc;
clear ​all​;
close ​all​;
disp(​'UNIT IMPULSE SIGNAL'​);
N=input(​'Enter Number of Samples: '​);
n=-N:1:N;
x=[zeros(1,N) 1 zeros(1,N)];
stem(n,x);
xlabel(​'Time'​);
ylabel(​'Amplitude'​);
title(​'Impulse Response'​);

OUTPUT
UNIT IMPULSE SIGNAL
Enter Number of Samples: 5

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iii. Generate Unit Step function

clc;
clear all;
close all;
disp('UNIT STEP SIGNAL');
N=input(' Enter Number of Samples : ');
n=-N:1:N x=[zeros(1,N) 1 ones(1,N)]
stem(n,x);
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Unit Step Response');

OUTPUT
UNIT STEP SIGNAL
Enter Number of Samples: 6

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iv. Generate Ramp function

clear all;
close all;
clc;

t = 0:25;
y = t;

subplot(1,2,1);
plot(t,y);
xlabel('---------> Time');
ylabel('---------> Amplitude');
title('Ramp function');

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subplot(1,2,2);
stem(t,y);
xlabel('---------> Time');
ylabel('---------> Amplitude');
title('Ramp function');

OUTPUT

v. Generate Sawtooth Waveform

clear all;
close all;
clc;

N = input('Enter the number of cycles ...:: ');

t1 = 0:25;
t = [];

for i = 1:N,
t = [t,t1];
end;

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subplot(2,1,1);
plot(t);
xlabel('---------> Time');
ylabel('---------> Amplitude');
title('Sawtooth waveform');

subplot(2,1,2);
stem(t);
xlabel('---------> Time');
ylabel('---------> Amplitude');
title('Sawtooth waveform');

OUTPUT

Enter the number of cycles ...:: 3

vi. Generate Triangular Waveform

clear ​all​;
close ​all​;
clc;

N = input(​'Enter the number of cycles .....:: '​);

M = input(​'Enter the period ....:: '​);
t1 = 0:0.1:M/2;
t2 = M/2:-0.1:0;
t3=0:-0.1:-M/2;
t4=-M/2:0.1:0;

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t = [];

for​ i = 1:N,
t = [t,t1,t2,t3,t4];
end​;

subplot(1,2,1);
plot(t);
xlabel(​'---------> Time'​);
ylabel(​'---------> Amplitude'​);
title(​'Triangular waveform'​);

subplot(1,2,2);
stem(t);
xlabel(​'---------> Time'​);
ylabel(​'---------> Amplitude'​);
title(​'Triangular waveform'​);

OUTPUT

Enter the number of cycles .....:: 2

Enter the period ....:: 4
>>

vii. Generate Square waveform

close ​all​;
clear ​all​;
clc;

A=input(​'Enter the amplitude of the square wave A = '​);

t=0:0.1:10;
y=A*square(t);
subplot(2,1,1)

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plot(t,y);
xlabel(​'time'​)
ylabel(​'amplitude'​)
subplot(2,1,2)
stem(t,y)
xlabel(​'time'​)
ylabel(​'amplitude'​)

OUTPUT
Enter the amplitude of the square wave A = 4

viii. Generate Sinc function

clear all;
close all;
clc;

t = -3:0.1:3;
x = sin(pi*t)./(pi*t);

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subplot(1,2,1); plot(x);
xlabel('---------> Time');
ylabel('---------> Amplitude');
title('Sinc function');
axis([0,100,-0.5,1.0]);

subplot(1,2,2); stem(x);
xlabel('---------> Time');
ylabel('---------> Amplitude');
title('Sinc function');
axis([0,100,-0.5,1.0]);

OUTPUT

Result​:-

Experiment No:2
Operations on signals and Sequences such as addition, Multiplication, scaling, Shifting,
folding, computation of energy and average power

Aim​:-

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To perform operations on Signals and Sequences such as Addition, Multiplication, Scaling,

Shifting, Folding, Computation of Energy and Average Power.

Equipment Required​:-

1. MATLAB 8.6(2015b)
2. PC loaded with windows7 OS

Program​:-

i. Addition and Multiplication of two Sequences

clear all;
close all;
clc;

x = input(' Enter sequence 1 :: ');

y = input(' Enter sequence 2 :: ');
M = length(x);
N = length(y);

subplot(2,2,1);
stem(x);
xlabel('---->Time ');
ylabel('---->Amplitude ');
title('Input sequence 1');
subplot(2,2,2);
stem(y);
xlabel('---->Time ');
ylabel('---->Amplitude ');
title('Input sequence 2');

if M > N
z = x + [y,zeros(1,M-N)];
else
z = [x,zeros(1,N-M)] + y;
end;

subplot(2,2,3);
stem(z);
xlabel('---->Time ');
ylabel('---->Amplitude ');
title('Addition of sequences 1 and 2');

if M > N

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a = x.*[y,zeros(1,M-N)];
else
a = [x,zeros(1,N-M)].*y;
end;

subplot(2,2,4);
stem(a);
xlabel('---->Time ');
ylabel('---->Amplitude ');
title('Multiplication of sequences 1 and 2');

OUTPUT

Enter sequence 1 :: [1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5]
Enter sequence 2 :: [5 6 7 8 9 9 8 7 6 5]

ii. Scaling Operation on a given Sequence

clear all;
close all;

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clc;

s = input('Enter the sequence ......:: ');

a = input('Enter the scaling Factor ...:: ');
m = length(s);
k = ceil(m/a);
s_scal = [];
for i = 1:m,
if mod(i-1,a) == 0
s_scal = [s_scal,s(i)];
end;
end;
subplot(2,1,1)
stem([0:m-1],s);
xlabel('---------> Time');
ylabel('---------> Amplitude');
title('Input Sequence');

subplot(2,1,2);
stem([0:k-1],s_scal);
xlabel('---------> Time');
ylabel('---------> Amplitude');
title('Scaled Sequence');

OUTPUT

Enter the sequence ......:: [1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14]

Enter the scaling Factor ...:: 4

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iii. Shifting Operation on a given Sequence

clear all;
close all;
clc;

s = input('Enter the sequence ......:: ');

a = input('Enter the length to be shifted ...:: ');
m = length(s);

if a == 0
subplot(2,1,1)
stem([0:m-1],s); xlabel('---------> Time');
ylabel('---------> Amplitude');
title('Input Sequence');

subplot(2,1,2);
stem([0:m-1],s); xlabel('---------> Time');
ylabel('---------> Amplitude');
title('Shifted Sequence');
elseif a > 0
subplot(2,1,1)
stem([0:m-1],s); xlabel('---------> Time');
ylabel('---------> Amplitude');
title('Input Sequence');

subplot(2,1,2);
stem([0:m+a-1],[zeros(1,a),s]); xlabel('---------> Time');
ylabel('---------> Amplitude');
title('Shifted Sequence');
else
subplot(2,1,1)
stem([0:m-1],s); xlabel('---------> Time');
ylabel('---------> Amplitude');
title('Input Sequence');

subplot(2,1,2);
stem([a:m-1],[s,zeros(1,abs(a))]); xlabel('---------> Time');
ylabel('---------> Amplitude');
title('Shifted Sequence');
end;

OUTPUT

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Enter the sequence ......:: [1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14]

Enter the length to be shifted ...:: 5

Enter the sequence ......:: [1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14]

Enter the length to be shifted ...:: -5

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iv. Folding Operation on a given Sequence

clear all;
close all;
clc;

s = input('Enter the sequence ......:: ');

m = length(s);

subplot(2,1,1)
stem([-m:m],[zeros(1,m),s,0]);
xlabel('---------> Time');
ylabel('---------> Amplitude');
title('Input Sequence');

subplot(2,1,2);
stem([-m:m],[0,fliplr(s),zeros(1,m)]);
xlabel('---------> Time');
ylabel('---------> Amplitude');
title('folded Sequence');

OUTPUT

Enter the sequence ......:: [1 2 3 4 5 6 7]

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v. Energy and Average Power on a given Sequence

clear all;
close all;
clc;

tes = input('Enter the sequence ...:: ');

M = length(tes);
sum = 0;
for i = 1:M,
sum = sum + tes(i)*tes(i);
end;
disp('Energy of the given sequence is ..... :: ');
Energy = sum
disp('Average Power of the given sequence is ..... :: ');
Average_power = sum/M
OUTPUT

Enter the sequence ...:: [1 2 3 4 5 4 3 2 1]

Energy of the given sequence is ..... ::

Energy =

85

Average Power of the given sequence is ..... ::

Average_power =

9.4444

vi. Addition and Multiplication of two Signals

clear all;
close all;
clc;

t = 0:0.01:2;
x = sin(2*pi*t);
y = square(2*pi*t);

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M = length(x);
N = length(y);

subplot(4,1,1);
stem(x);
xlabel('---->Time ');
ylabel('---->Amplitude ');
title('Input signal 1');

subplot(4,1,2);
stem(y);
xlabel('---->Time ');
ylabel('---->Amplitude ');
title('Input signal 2');

if M > N
z = x + [y,zeros(1,M-N)];
else
z = [x,zeros(1,N-M)] + y;
end;

z = x + y;
subplot(4,1,3);
stem(z);
xlabel('---->Time ');
ylabel('---->Amplitude ');
title('Addition of signals 1 and 2');

if M > N
a = x.*[y,zeros(1,M-N)];
else
a = [x,zeros(1,N-M)].*y;
end;

a = x.*y;
subplot(4,1,4);
stem(a);
xlabel('---->Time ');
ylabel('---->Amplitude ');
title('Multiplication of signals 1 and 2');

OUTPUT

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vii. Scaling Operation on a given Signal

clear all;
close all;
clc;

t = 0:0.01:2;
s = sin(2*pi*t);
a = input('Enter the scaling Factor ...:: ');
m = length(s);
k = ceil(m/a);
s_scal = [];
for i = 1:m,
if mod(i,a) == 0
s_scal = [s_scal,s(i-1)];
end;
end;
subplot(2,1,1)
stem([0:m-1],s);
xlabel('---------> Time');
ylabel('---------> Amplitude');
title('Input Sequence');

subplot(2,1,2);
stem([0:k-1],s_scal);

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xlabel('---------> Time');
ylabel('---------> Amplitude');
title('Scaled Sequence');

OUTPUT

Enter the scaling Factor ...:: 3

viii. Shifting Operation on a given Signal

clear all;
close all;
clc;

t = 0:0.01:2;
s = sin(2*pi*t);
a = input('Enter the length to be shifted ...:: ');
m = length(s);

if a == 0
subplot(2,1,1)
stem([0:m-1],s); xlabel('---------> Time');

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ylabel('---------> Amplitude');
title('Input Sequence');

subplot(2,1,2);
stem([0:m-1],s); xlabel('---------> Time');
ylabel('---------> Amplitude');
title('Shifted Sequence');
elseif a > 0
subplot(2,1,1)
stem([0:m-1],s); xlabel('---------> Time');
ylabel('---------> Amplitude');
title('Input Sequence');

subplot(2,1,2);
stem([0:m+a-1],[zeros(1,a),s]); xlabel('---------> Time');
ylabel('---------> Amplitude');
title('Shifted Sequence');
else
subplot(2,1,1)
stem([0:m-1],s); xlabel('---------> Time');
ylabel('---------> Amplitude');
title('Input Sequence');

subplot(2,1,2);
stem([a:m-1],[s,zeros(1,abs(a))]); xlabel('---------> Time');
ylabel('---------> Amplitude');
title('Shifted Sequence');
end;

OUTPUT

Enter the length to be shifted ...:: 75

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ix. Folding Operation on a given Signal

clear all;
close all;
clc;

t = 0:0.01:2;
s = sin(2*pi*t);
m = length(s);

subplot(2,1,1)
stem([-m:m],[zeros(1,m),s,0]);
xlabel('---------> Time');
ylabel('---------> Amplitude');
title('Input Sequence');

subplot(2,1,2);
stem([-m:m],[0,fliplr(s),zeros(1,m)]);
xlabel('---------> Time');
ylabel('---------> Amplitude');
title('folded Sequence');

OUTPUT

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x. Energy and Average Power on a given Signal

clear all;
close all;
clc;
t = 0:0.01:4;
tes = cos(2*pi*t);

M = length(tes);
sum = 0;
for i = 1:M,
sum = sum + tes(i)*tes(i);
end;
disp('Energy of the given sequence is ..... :: ');
Energy = sum
disp('Average Power of the given sequence is ..... :: ');
Average_power = sum/M

OUTPUT

Energy of the given sequence is ..... ::

Energy =

201

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Average Power of the given sequence is ..... ::

Average_power =

0.5012

Result​:-

Experiment No: 3
Convolution between Signals and sequences
Aim​:-
: Verifying the Convolution between Signals and Sequences

Equipment Required​:-

1. MATLAB 8.6(2015b)
2. PC loaded with windows7 OS

Program​:-

i. Linear Convolution of two Sequences

clear all;
close all;
clc;

x=input('enter the seq1 :: ');

h=input('enter the seq2 :: ');

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subplot(3,1,1);
stem(x);

subplot(3,1,2);
stem(h);
o=zeros(1,length(x)+length(h)-1);

for m=1:length(x),
for n=1:length(h),
y(m,n)=x(m)*h(n);
end;
end;
for n=1:length(x)+length(h)-1,
for i=1:length(x),
for j=1:length(h),
if(i+j==n+1)
o(n)=o(n) + y(i,j);
end;
end;
end;
end;

subplot(3,1,3);
stem(o);

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OUTPUT
enter the seq1 :: [1 2 3 4 3 2 1]
enter the seq2 :: [4 3 2 1 2 3 4]

ii. Linear Convolution of two Sequences using conv() function

clear all;
close all;
clc;

x=input('enter the seq1 :: ');

h=input('enter the seq2 :: ');

subplot(3,1,1);
stem(x);

subplot(3,1,2);
stem(h);

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o = conv(x,h);

subplot(3,1,3);
stem(o);
OUTPUT

enter the seq1 :: [1 2 3 4 3 2 1]

enter the seq2 :: [4 3 2 1 2 3 4]
>>

iii. Linear Convolution of two Signals

clear all;
close all;
clc;

t = 1:10;
x = sin(t);
h = square(t);

subplot(3,1,1);

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stem(x);

subplot(3,1,2);
stem(h);

o=zeros(1,length(x)+length(h)-1);

for m=1:length(x),
for n=1:length(h),
y(m,n)=x(m)*h(n);
end;
end;
for n=1:length(x)+length(h)-1,
for i=1:length(x),
for j=1:length(h),
if(i+j==n+1)
o(n)=o(n) + y(i,j);
end;
end;
end;
end;

subplot(3,1,3);
stem(o);

OUTPUT

>> x

x=

Columns 1 through 7

0.8415 0.9093 0.1411 -0.7568 -0.9589 -0.2794 0.6570

Columns 8 through 10

0.9894 0.4121 -0.5440

>> h

h=

1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 -1

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>>

iv. Linear Convolution of two Signals using conv() function

clear all;
close all;
clc;

t = 1:10;
x = sin(t);
h = square(t);

subplot(3,1,1);
stem(x);

subplot(3,1,2);
stem(h);

o = conv(x,h);

subplot(3,1,3);

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stem(o);

OUTPUT

>> x

x=

Columns 1 through 7

0.8415 0.9093 0.1411 -0.7568 -0.9589 -0.2794 0.6570

Columns 8 through 10

0.9894 0.4121 -0.5440

>> h

h=

1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 -1

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Result​:-

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Experiment No:4
Auto Correlation and Cross Correlation between Signals and sequences
Aim​:-
: Auto Correlation and Cross Correlation between Signals and Sequences

Equipment Required​:-

1. MATLAB 8.6(2015b)
2. PC loaded with windows7 OS

Program​:-

i. Auto Correlation of a Sequence

clear all;
close all;
clc;

a = input('Enter the sequence ....:: ');

res = xcorr(a);

subplot(2,1,1);
stem(a);
xlabel('----> Samples');
ylabel('----> Amplitude');
title('Input Sequence');

subplot(2,1,2);
stem(res);
xlabel('----> Samples');
ylabel('----> Amplitude');
title('Output Sequence');

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OUTPUT

Enter the sequence ....:: [1 2 3 4]

ii. Auto Correlation of a Signal

clear all;
close all;
clc;
t = 0:0.01:2;
a = cos(2 * pi * t);

res = xcorr(a);

subplot(2,1,1);

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plot(a);
xlabel('----> Samples');
ylabel('----> Amplitude');
title('Input Sequence');

subplot(2,1,2);
plot(res);
xlabel('----> Samples');
ylabel('----> Amplitude');
title('Output Sequence');

OUTPUT

iii. Cross Correlation of two Sequences

clear all;

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close all;
clc;

a = input('Enter the first sequence ....:: ');

b = input('Enter the second sequence ....:: ');
res = xcorr(a,b);

subplot(2,2,1);
stem(a);
xlabel('----> Samples');
ylabel('----> Amplitude');
title('Input Sequence(1)');

subplot(2,2,2);
stem(b);
xlabel('----> Samples');
ylabel('----> Amplitude');
title('Input Sequence(2)');
subplot(2,2,[3,4]);
stem(res);
xlabel('----> Samples');
ylabel('----> Amplitude');
title('Output Sequence');

OUTPUT

Enter the first sequence ....:: [1 2 3 4]

Enter the second sequence ....:: [4 3 2 1]

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iv. Cross Correlation of a two Signals

clear all;
close all;
clc;
t = 0:0.01:2;
a = cos(2 * pi * t);
b = sin(2 * pi * t);

res = xcorr(a,b);

subplot(2,2,1);
plot(a);
xlabel('----> Samples');
ylabel('----> Amplitude');
title('Input signal(1)');

subplot(2,2,2);
plot(b);
xlabel('----> Samples');
ylabel('----> Amplitude');

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title('Input Signal(2)');

subplot(2,2,[3,4]);
plot(res);
xlabel('----> Samples');
ylabel('----> Amplitude');
title('Output Signal');

OUTPUT

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Result​:-

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

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MLR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Dundigal, hyderabad.

Experiment No: 5
Verification of Linearity and Time Invariance properties of a given Continuous/Discrete
System

Aim​:-
: Verification of Linearity and Time Invariance properties of a given Continuous
/ Discrete system.

Equipment Required​:-

1. MATLAB 8.6(2015b)
2. PC loaded with windows7 OS
Program​:-

i. Linearity of a system

clear all;
close all;
clc;

n=0:0.01:2;
a= -3; b= 5;

x1=cos(2*pi*n);
x2=cos(3*pi*n);
x=a*x1+b*x2;

ic=[0 0];
num=[2.2403 2.4908 2.2403];
den=[1 -0.4 0.75];

y1=filter(num,den,x1,ic);
y2=filter(num,den,x2,ic);
y=filter(num,den,x,ic);

yt=a*y1+b*y2;
d=y-yt;

subplot(3,1,1), stem(n,y);
xlabel('---------> Time');
ylabel('-> Amplitude');
title('y = a*x1 + b*x2');

subplot(3,1,2), stem(n,yt);

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xlabel('---------> Time');
ylabel('-> Amplitude');
title('yt = a*y1 + b*y2');

subplot(3,1,3), stem(n,d);
xlabel('---------> Time');
ylabel('-> Amplitude');
title('difference of y and yt');

OUTPUT

ii. Time Invariance of a system

clear ​all​;
close ​all​;
clc;

n=0:0.05:4;
D=10;
x=cos(2*pi*n);
xd=[zeros(1,D) x];

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num=[2.2403 2.4908 2.2403];

den=[1 -0.4 0.75];
ic=[0 0];

y=filter(num,den,x,ic);
yd=filter(num,den,xd,ic);
d=y-yd(1+D:1+D);

subplot(3,1,1), stem(y);
xlabel(​'---------> Time'​);
ylabel(​'-> Amplitude'​); title(​'y '​);

subplot(3,1,2), stem(yd);
xlabel(​'---------> Time'​);
ylabel(​'-> Amplitude'​); title(​'yd'​);

subplot(3,1,3), stem(d);
xlabel(​'---------> Time'​);
ylabel(​'-> Amplitude'​);
title(​'difference of y and yd'​);

OUTPUT

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Result​:-

Experiment No: 6
Sinusoidal signal generation through recursive function

AIM:
To Write the Matlab Program for sinusoidal signal generation through recursive
function

Equipment Required​:-

1. MATLAB 8.6(2015b)
2. PC loaded with windows7 OS

PROGRAM:

A=3;
f0=50;
fs=2000;
t=0.1;
length=fs*t;
y=zeros(1,length);
impulse=zeros(1,length);
impulse(1)=1;
a1=-2*cos(2*pi*f0/fs);
a2=1;
b0=2*sin(2*pi*f0/fs);
y(1)=0;
y(2)=b0;
for i=3:length;
y(i)=b0*impulse(i)-a1*y(i-1)-a2*y(i-2);
end
plot(y);
xlabel('samples n');
ylabel('y(n)');
title('sinusoidal waveform');
grid

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OUTPUT:-

Result​:-

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MLR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Dundigal, hyderabad.

Experiment No: 7

Discrete & Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform

AIM:
To Write a Matlab program for determining DFT and IDFT of the given sequence.

Equipment Required​:-

1. MATLAB 8.6(2015b)
2. PC loaded with windows7 OS

PROGRAM:

%MATLAB program to determine DFT of the sequence and plot magnitude and
%phase response
clc;
clear all;
close all;
xn=input('enter the input sequence:');
N=input('enter the length of sequence:');
% To compute N-point DFT of the sequence xn
L=length(xn);
%Checking for the length of the DFT
if (N<L)
error('N must be >=L');
end;
x1=[xn zeros(1,N-L)];%Appending zeros
%Computation of TWIDDLE FACTORS
for k=0:1:N-1;
for n=0:1:N-1
p=exp(-1i*2*pi*n*k/N);
x2(k+1,n+1)=p;
end

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end
xk=x1*x2;
magxk=abs(xk);
k=0:N-1;
subplot(2,2,[1 2]);
stem(k,xn);
grid;
title('INPUT SEQUENCE');
xlabel('time index--> k');
ylabel('amplitude-->');
subplot(2,2,3);
stem(k,magxk);
grid;
title('MAGNITUDE RESPONSE');
xlabel('time index, k');
ylabel('Magnitude in dB');
angxk=angle(xk);
subplot(2,2,4);
stem(k,angxk);
grid;
title('PHASE RESPONSE');
xlabel('time index, k');
ylabel('Phase angle in radians');

INPUTS:

enter the input sequence:[1 2 3 4]

enter the length of sequence:4

OUTPUT WAVEFORMS:

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Result​:-

Write a MATLAB program for determining IDFT of the given sequence.

%MATLAB program to determine IDFT of the sequence and plot magnitude and​ ​phase
response
clc;
clear all;
close all;
xk=input('enter the input sequence:');
N=length(xk);
%Computation of TWIDDLE FACTORS
for n=0:1:N-1;
for k=0:1:N-1;
p=exp(1i*2*pi*n*k/N);
x(k+1,n+1)=p;
end
end

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xn=(xk*x)/N;
magxn=abs(xn);
n=0:N-1;
subplot(2,1,1);
stem(n,magxn);
grid;
title('MAGNITUDE RESPONSE');
xlabel('time index, k');
ylabel('Magnitude in dB');
angxn=angle(xn);
subplot(2,1,2);
stem(n,angxn);
grid;
title('PHASE RESPONSE');
xlabel('time index, k');
ylabel('Phase angle in radians');
disp(xn);

INPUTS:

enter the input sequence:[1 2 1 1]

1.2500 + 0.0000i 0.0000 + 0.2500i -0.2500 + 0.0000i 0.0000 - 0.2500i

OUTPUT WAVEFORMS:

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Result​:-

Experiment No: 8
Frequency Response

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MLR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Dundigal, hyderabad.

AIM:
To Write a Matlab program to plot the frequency response (magnitude and phase

response) of a given difference equation as a below .

.
Equipment Required​:-

1. MATLAB 8.6(2015b)
2. PC loaded with windows7 OS

PROGRAM:

%MATLAB program to plot the frequency response (magnitude and phase response)
%of a given difference equation.
clc;
clear all;
b=input('Enter the numerator coefficients:');
a=input('Enter the denominator coefficients:');
[h,ph]=freqz(b,a);
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(ph/pi,abs(h));
grid;
xlabel('Normalised Frequency');
ylabel('Magnitude in dB');
title('Magnitude Response');
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(ph/pi,angle(h));
grid;
xlabel('Normalised Frequency');
ylabel('phase in radians');
title('Phase Response');

INPUTS:

Enter the numerator coefficients: [1]

Enter the denominator coefficients: [1 -1/6 -1/6]

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OUTPUT WAVEFORMS:

Result​:-

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MLR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Dundigal, hyderabad.

Experiment No: 9
Fast Fourier Transform
AIM:
To Write a Matlab program for determining FFT of the given Sequence.

Equipment Required​:-

1. MATLAB 8.6(2015b)
2. PC loaded with windows7 OS

PROGRAM:

clc;
clear all;
close all;
x=input('enter input sequence:');
N= input('size of fft(e.g . 2,4,8,16,32):');
n=length(x);
p=log2(N);

Y=x;
Y=[Y, zeros(1, N - n)];
N2=N/2;
YY = -pi*sqrt(-1)/N2;
WW = exp(YY);
JJ = 0 : N2-1;
W=WW.^JJ;
for L = 1 : p-1
u=Y(:,1:N2);
v=Y(:,N2+1:N);
t=u+v;
S=W.*(u-v);
Y=[t ; S];
U=W(:,1:2:N2);
W=[U ;U];
N=N2;
N2=N2/2;
end;
u=Y(:,1);
v=Y(:,2);
Y=[u+v;u-v];
Y

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subplot(2,2,[1,2])
stem(x);grid
title('input sequence x')
xlabel('n');
ylabel('Amplitude');
subplot(2,2,3)
stem(abs(Y));grid
title('Magnitude of FFT')
xlabel('N');
ylabel('Amplitude');
subplot (2,2,4)
stem(angle(Y));grid
title('phase of FFT')
xlabel('N');
ylabel('phase');

output:

Enter the input sequence[1 2 3 4]

INPUT:
enter input sequence:[1 2 3 4]

size of fft(e.g . 2,4,8,16,32): 4

Y=

10.0000 + 0.0000i
-2.0000 + 2.0000i
-2.0000 + 0.0000i
-2.0000 - 2.0000i

OUTPUT WAVEFORMS:

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(b) To Write a Matlab program for determining FFT of the given Sequence using predefined
function.

Equipment Required​:-

1. MATLAB 8.6(2015b)
2. PC loaded with windows7 OS

​PROGRAM:

clc;
clear ​all​;
close ​all​;
N=4;
m=4;
a=input(​'Enter the input sequence'​);
n=0:1:N-1;
subplot(2,2,1);
stem(n,a);
xlabel(​'Time Index n'​);
ylabel(​'Amplitude'​);
title(​' input Sequence'​);
x=fft(a,m);
k=0:1:N-1;
subplot(2,2,2);
stem(k,abs(x));
ylabel(​'magnitude'​);

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xlabel(​'Frequency Index K'​);

title(​'Magnitude of the DFT sample'​);
subplot(2,2,3);
stem(k,angle(x));
xlabel(​'Frequency Index K'​);
ylabel(​'Phase'​);
title(​'Phase of DFT sample'​);

output:

Enter the input sequence[1 2 3 4]

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Result​:-

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PART-B

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Experiment No: 1
Power Spectrum

AIM:
To obtain power spectrum of given signal using MATLAB.

Equipment Required​:-

1. MATLAB 8.6(2015b)
2. PC loaded with windows7 OS

PROGRAM:

​%Power spectral density

clc;
clear ​all​;
close ​all​;
t = 0:0.001:0.6;
x =sin(2*pi*50*t)+sin(2*pi*120*t);
y = x + 2*randn(size(t));
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(1000*t(1:50),y(1:50));
grid;
title(​'Signal Corrupted with Zero-Mean Random Noise'​)
xlabel(​'time (milliseconds)'​);
ylabel(​'amplitude'​)
Y = fft(y,512);
%The power spectral density, a measurement of the energy at various frequencies, is:
Pyy = Y.* conj(Y) / 512; f = 1000*(0:256)/512;
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(f,Pyy(1:257));
grid;
title(​'Frequency content of y'​);
xlabel(​'frequency (Hz)'​);
ylabel(​'amplitude'​)

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OUTPUT WAVFORMS:

Result​:-

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MLR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Dundigal, hyderabad.

Experiment No: 2
Fir Low pass Filter
AIM:
To Write a Matlab program of FIR Low pass filter using rectangular, Hanning
Hamming, Blackman and Kaiser Window.
.
Equipment Required​:-

1. MATLAB 8.6(2015b)
2. PC loaded with windows7 OS

PROGRAM:
%MATLAB program of FIR Low pass filter using Hanning
%Hamming, Blackman and Kaiser window
clf;
wc=.5*pi;
N=25;
w=0:0.1:pi;
b=fir1(N,wc/pi,blackman(N+1));
h=freqz(b,1,w);
subplot(2,2,1)
plot(w/pi,abs(h))
grid;xlabel(​'normalised frequency'​);
ylabel(​'magnitude in dB'​)
title(​'FIR LPF USING BLACKMAN WINDOW'​)
b=fir1(N,wc/pi,hamming(N+1));
h=freqz(b,1,w);
subplot(2,2,2)
plot(w/pi,abs(h));
grid;
xlabel(​'normalised frequency'​);
ylabel(​'magnitude in dB'​)
title(​'FIR LPF USING HAMMING WINDOW'​)
b=fir1(N,wc/pi,hanning(N+1));
h=freqz(b,1,w);
subplot(2,2,3)
plot(w/pi,abs(h));
grid;

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xlabel(​'normalised frequency'​);
ylabel(​'magnitude in dB'​)
title(​'FIR LPF USING HANNING WINDOW'​)
b=fir1(N,wc/pi,kaiser(N+1,3.5));
h=freqz(b,1,w);
subplot(2,2,4)
plot(w/pi,abs(h));
grid;
xlabel(​'normalised frequency'​);
ylabel(​'magnitude in dB'​)
title(​'FIR LPF USING KAISER WINDOW'​)

OUTPUT WAVEFORMS:

Result​:-

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Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

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Fir High pass Filter

AIM:
To Write a Matlab program of FIR High pass filter using rectangular, triangular and
Kaiser Window.
.
Equipment Required​:-

1. MATLAB 8.6(2015b)
2. PC loaded with windows7 OS

PROGRAM:

%FIR Filter design window techniques

clc;
clear ​all​;
close ​all​;
rp=input(​'enter passband ripple'​);
rs=input(​'enter the stopband ripple'​);
fp=input(​'enter passband freq'​);
fs=input(​'enter stopband freq'​);
f=input(​'enter sampling freq '​);
beta=input(​'enter beta value'​);
wp=2*fp/f; ws=2*fs/f;
num=-20*log10(sqrt(rp*rs))-13;
dem=14.6*(fs-fp)/f;
n=ceil(num/dem);
n1=n+1; ​if​(rem(n,2)~=0) n1=n; n=n-1;
end
c=input(​'enter your choice of window function 1. rectangular 2. triangular 3.kaiser: \n '​);
if​(c==1) y=rectwin(n1);
disp(​'Rectangular window filter response'​);
end
if​ (c==2) y=triang(n1);
disp(​'Triangular window filter response'​);
end
if​(c==3) y=kaiser(n1,beta);
disp(​'kaiser window filter response'​);
end
%HPF
b=fir1(n,wp,​'high'​,y);
[h,o]=freqz(b,1,256);
m=20*log10(abs(h));
plot(o/pi,m);
title(​'HPF'​);

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ylabel(​'Gain in dB-->'​);
xlabel(​'(b) Normalized frequency-->'​);

INPUT:

enter passband ripple:0.02

enter the stopband ripple:0.01
enter passband freq:1000
enter stopband freq:1500
enter sampling freq: 10000
enter beta value:5

OUTPUT WAVEFORM:

enter your choice of window function 1. rectangular 2. triangular 3.kaiser:

2
Triangular window filter response

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enter your choice of window function 1. rectangular 2. triangular 3.kaiser:

1
Rectangular window filter response

enter your choice of window function 1. rectangular 2. triangular 3.kaiser:

3
kaiser window filter response

Result​:-

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Experiment No: 3
IIR LOWPASS FILTER

AIM:
To Design a Butterworth low pass filter for the given specifications using Matlab.

Equipment Required​:-

1. MATLAB 8.6(2015b)
2. PC loaded with windows7 OS

PROGRAM:

clc;
clear ​all​;
close ​all​;
alphap=input(​'enter pass attenuation in db='​);​%passband attenuation in db
alphas=input(​'enter stopband attenuation in db='​);​% stopband attenuation in db
fp=input(​'enter passband frequency in hz='​); ​% passband frequency in hz
fs=input(​'enter stopband frequency in hz='​); ​% stopband frequency in hz
F=input(​'enter sampling frequency in hz='​); ​% sampling frequency in hz
omp=2*fp/F; ​%frequency in radians
oms=2*fs/F;
%to find cutoff frequency and order of the filter
[n,wn]=buttord(omp,oms,alphap,alphas);
%system function of the filter
[b,a]=butter(n,wn);
w=0:0.01:pi;
[h,om]=freqz(b,a,w,​'whole'​);
m=20*log10(abs(h));
an=angle(h);
subplot(1,2,1);
plot(om/pi,m);
grid;
xlabel(​'normalised frequency'​);
ylabel(​'gain in db'​);
title(​'magnitude response'​);
subplot(1,2,2);
plot(om/pi,an);

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grid;
xlabel(​'normalised frequency'​);
ylabel(​'phase in radians'​);
title(​'phase response'​);
disp(b);
disp(a);

INPUTS:
enter pass attenuation in db=4
enter stopband attenuation in db=30
enter passband frequency in hz=400
enter stopband frequency in hz=800
enter sampling frequency in hz=2000

0.1600 0.4800 0.4800 0.1600

1.0000 -0.0494 0.3340 -0.0045

OUTPUT WAVEFORM:

Result​:-

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(b) To Design a Butterworth Band stop filter for the given specifications using Matlab.

%To design a Butterworth Band stop filter for the given specifications
clc;
clear ​all​;
close ​all​;
alphap=input(​'enter pass attenuation in db='​);​%passband attenuation in db
alphas=input(​'enter stopband attenuation in db='​);​% stopband attenuation in db
wp=[.1*pi .5*pi]; ​% passband frequency in rad
ws=[.2*pi .4*pi]; ​% stopband frequency in rad
​%to find cutoff frequency and order of the filter
[n,wn]=buttord(wp/pi,ws/pi,alphap,alphas);
%system function of the filter
[b,a]=butter(n,wn,​'stop'​);
w=0.1:0.01:pi;
[h,ph]=freqz(b,a,w);
m=20*log10(abs(h));
an=angle(h);
subplot(1,2,1);
plot(ph/pi,m);
grid;
xlabel(​'normalised frequency'​);
ylabel(​'gain in db'​);
title(​'magnitude response'​);
subplot(1,2,2);
plot(ph/pi,an);
grid;
xlabel(​'normalised frequency'​);
ylabel(​'phase in rad'​);
title(​'phase response'​);
disp(b);
disp(a);

INPUTS:

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enter pass attenuation in db=2

enter stopband attenuation in db=20

0.2348 -1.1611 3.0921 -5.2573 6.2629 -5.2573 3.0921 -1.1611 0.2348

1.0000 -3.2803 5.4917 -6.1419 5.0690 -3.0524 1.3002 -0.3622 0.0558

OUTPUT WAVEFORMS:

Result​:-

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(c) To Design a Chebyshev-I low pass filter for the given specifications using Matlab.

% To design a chebyshev-1 Lowpass filter for the given specifications

clc;
clear all;
close all;
aphap=input(​'passband attenuation in db='​); ​%passband attenuation in db
alphas=input(​'stopband attenuation in db='​);​% stopband attenuation in db
wp=.2*pi;​% passband frequency in rad
ws=.3*pi;​% stopband frequency in rad
%order and cutoff frequency of the filter
[n,wn]=cheb1ord(wp/pi,ws/pi,alphap,alphas);
%system function of the filter
[b,a]=cheby1(n,alphap,wn);
w=0:0.01:pi;
[h,ph]=freqz(b,a,w);
m=20*log10(abs(h));
an=angle(h);
subplot(1,2,1);
plot(ph/pi,m);
grid;
xlabel(​'normalised frequency'​);
ylabel(​'gain in db'​);
title(​'magnitude response'​);
subplot(1,2,2);
plot(ph/pi,an);
grid;
xlabel(​'normalised frequency'​);
ylabel(​'phase in rad'​);
title(​'phase response'​);
% [b,a]=cheby1(n,alphap,wn)
disp(b);
disp(a);

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INPUTS:

passband attenuation in db=2

stopband attenuation in db=20

0.0013 0.0053 0.0079 0.0053 0.0013

1.0000 -3.1910 4.1494 -2.5703 0.6385

OUTPUT WAVE FORMS:

Result​:-

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Dundigal, hyderabad.

IIR HIGHPASS FILTER

AIM:
To Design a Butterworth high pass filter for the given specifications using Matlab

Equipment Required​:-

1. MATLAB 8.6(2015b)
2. PC loaded with windows7 OS

PROGRAM:
a) To Design a Butterworth High pass filter for the given specifications using
Matlab.

%To design a Butterworth Highpass filter for the given specifications

clc;
clear all;
close all;
alphap=input(​'enter pass attenuation in db='​);​%passband attenuation in db
alphas=input(​'enter stopband attenuation in db='​);​% stopband attenuation in db
fp=input(​'enter passband frequency in hz='​); ​% passband frequency in hz
fs=input(​'enter stopband frequency in hz='​); ​% stopband frequency in hz
F=input(​'enter sampling frequency in hz='​); ​% sampling frequency in hz
omp=2*fp/F; ​%frequency in radians
oms=2*fs/F;
%to find cutoff frequency and order of the filter
[n,wn]=buttord(omp,oms,alphap,alphas);
%system function of the filter

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[b,a]=butter(n,wn,​'high'​);
w=0:0.01:pi;
[h,om]=freqz(b,a,w,​'whole'​);
m=20*log10(abs(h));
an=angle(h);
subplot(1,2,1);
plot(om/pi,m);
grid;
xlabel(​'normalised frequency'​);
ylabel(​'gain in db'​);
title(​'magnitude response'​);
subplot(1,2,2);
plot(om/pi,an);
grid;
xlabel(​'normalised frequency'​);
ylabel(​'phase in radians'​);
title(​'phase response'​);
disp(b);
disp(a);

INPUTS:

enter pass attenuation in db=4

enter stopband attenuation in db=30
enter passband frequency in hz=400
enter stopband frequency in hz=800
enter sampling frequency in hz=2000
0.1735 -0.5205 0.5205 -0.1735

1.0000 -0.0494 0.3340 -0.0045

OUTPUT WAVEFORMS:

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Result​:-

b) To Design a Butterworth Band pass filter for the given specifications using
Matlab.

%To design a Butterworth Band pass filter for the given specifications
clc;
clear all;
close all;
alphap=input(​'enter pass attenuation in db='​);​%passband attenuation in db
alphas=input(​'enter stopband attenuation in db='​);​% stopband attenuation in db
wp=[.2*pi .4*pi]; ​% passband frequency in rad
ws=[.1*pi .5*pi]; ​% stopband frequency in rad
%to find cutoff frequency and order of the filter
[n,wn]=buttord(wp/pi,ws/pi,alphap,alphas);
%system function of the filter
[b,a]=butter(n,wn);
w=0.1:0.01:pi;

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[h,ph]=freqz(b,a,w);
m=20*log10(abs(h));
an=angle(h);
subplot(1,2,1);
plot(ph/pi,m);
grid;
xlabel(​'normalised frequency'​);
ylabel(​'gain in db'​);
title(​'magnitude response'​);
subplot(1,2,2);
plot(ph/pi,an);
grid;
xlabel(​'normalised frequency'​);
ylabel(​'phase in rad'​);
title(​'phase response'​);
disp(b);
disp(a);

INPUTS:

enter pass attenuation in db=2

enter stopband attenuation in db=20

0.0060 0 -0.0240 0 0.0359 0 -0.0240 0 0.0060

1.0000 -3.8710 7.9699 -10.6417 10.0781 -6.8167 3.2579 -1.0044 0.1670

OUTPUT WAVE FORMS:

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Result​:-

(c) To Design a Chebyshev-I High pass filter for the given specifications using Matlab.

% To design a chebyshev-1 Hihpass filter for the given specifications

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clc;
clear ​all​;
close ​all​;
alphap=input(​'passband attenuation in db='​); ​%passband attenuation in db
alphas=input(​'stopband attenuation in db='​);​% stopband attenuation in db
wp=.3*pi;​% passband frequency in rad
ws=.2*pi;​% stopband frequency in rad
%order and cutoff frequency of the filter
[n,wn]=cheb1ord(wp/pi,ws/pi,alphap,alphas);
%system function of the filter
[b,a]=cheby1(n,alphap,wn,​'high'​);
w=0:0.01:pi;
[h,ph]=freqz(b,a,w);
m=20*log10(abs(h));
an=angle(h);
subplot(1,2,1);
plot(ph/pi,m);
grid;
xlabel(​'normalised frequency'​);
ylabel(​'gain in db'​);
title(​'magnitude response'​);
subplot(1,2,2);
plot(ph/pi,an);
grid;
xlabel(​'normalised frequency'​);
ylabel(​'phase in rad'​);
title(​'phase response'​);
disp(b);
disp(a);

INPUTS:

passband attenuation in db=1

stopband attenuation in db=15

0.2005 -0.8022 1.2033 -0.8022 0.2005

1.0000 -1.0920 1.0639 -0.2680 0.1764

OUTPUT WAVE FORMS:

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Dundigal, hyderabad.

Result​:-

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

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MLR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Dundigal, hyderabad.

Experiment No:4

GENERATION OF SINUSOIDAL SIGNAL THROUGH FILTERING

Aim:- ​To generate the sinusoidal signal using filtering for the following difference equation
y(n)+0.5y(n-1)-0.001y(n-2)= x(n)

Equipment Required​:-

1. MATLAB 8.6(2015b)
2. PC loaded with windows7 OS

PROGRAM:

clc;
clear ​all​;
close ​all​;
n=0:0.2:20;
x=sin(2*pi*0.4*n);
b=input(​'enter the numenator coefficients:'​);
a=input(​'enter the denominator coefficients:'​);
y=filter(b,a,x);
subplot(2,2,1)
plot(n,x);
xlabel(​'time'​)
ylabel(​'amplitude'​)
title(​'input signal'​)
subplot(2,2,2)
stem(n,x);
xlabel(​'time'​)
ylabel(​'amplitude'​)
title(​'given signal in discrete form'​)
subplot(2,2,3)
plot(n,y);
xlabel(​'time'​)
ylabel(​'amplitude'​)
title(​'generated sinusoidal signal through filtering'​)
subplot(2,2,4);
stem(n,y);
xlabel(​'time'​)
ylabel(​'amplitude'​)
title(​'generated sinusoidal signal in discrete form'​);

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output:

enter the numenator coefficients:1

enter the denominator coefficients:[1 0.5 -0.001]

OUTPUT WAVEFORM:

Result​:-

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MLR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Dundigal, hyderabad.

Experiment No: 5

IMPLEMENTATION OF DECIMATION AND INTERPOLATION PROCESSESS

DECIMATION PROCESS
AIM:
To Write a Matlab program for Down-sampling of a sinusoidal input sequence.

Equipment Required​:-

1. MATLAB 8.6(2015b)
2. PC loaded with windows7 OS

Matlab Functions Used:

The function​ decimate​ can be employed to reduce the sampling rate of an input signal vector
X by an integer factor M generating the output signal vector Y and is available with four
options:
(i)Y=decimate(X,M) : This function employs an eight-order Type 1 Chebyshev IIR Lowpass
filter by default and filters the input sequence in both directions to ensure zero-phase filtering.
(ii)Y=decimate(X,M,n) : This function utilizes an order-n Type 1 Chebyshev IIR Lowpass
filter where n should be less than 13 to avoid numerical stability.
(iii)Y=decimate(X,M,’fir’) : This function employs a 30- tap FIR lowpass filter which filters
the input only in the forward direction. The FIR filter is designed with stop edge at π/M using
the function fir1 of MATLAB.
(iv)Y=decimate(X,M,N,’fir’) : This function design and employs a length-N FIR lowpass
filter.

PROGRAM:
%MATLAB program of Down-Sampling by an integer factor
clc;
clear ​all​;
close ​all​;
N=input(​'Enter the length of output sequence='​);
M=input(​'Enter the Down-Sampling factor='​);
fo=input(​'Enter the input signal frequency='​);

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%Generate the input sinusoidal sequence

n=0:N-1;
m=0:N*M-1;
X=sin(2*pi*fo*m);
%Generate the Down-Sampled sequence
Y=X(1:M:length(X));
%Plot input and Down-Sampled sequences
subplot(2,1,1);
stem(n,X(1:N));
title(​'input sequence'​);
xlabel(​'Time Index,n'​);
ylabel(​'Amplitude'​);
subplot(2,1,2);
stem(n,Y);
title(​' Down-Sampled sequence'​);
xlabel(​'Time Index,n'​);
ylabel(​'Amplitude'​);

INPUTS:

Enter the length of output sequence=50

Enter the Down-Sampling factor=3
Enter the input signal frequency=0.042

OUTPUT WAVEFORM:

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MLR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Dundigal, hyderabad.

Result​:-

(b) .Write a Matlab program of decimation of a sum of sinusoidal sequences of

normalized frequencies f​1​ and f​2​ by an arbitrary down-sampling factor M.
%MATLAB program of decimation process
clc;
close ​all​;
t = 0:.00025:1;
x = sin(2*pi*30*t) + sin(2*pi*60*t);
y = decimate(x,4);
%%Plotthe original and decimated signals.

subplot(211)
stem(0:120,x(1:121),​'filled'​,​'markersize'​,3)
grid ​on
xlabel(​'Sample number'​)
ylabel (​'Original'​)
subplot(212)
stem(0:30,y(1:31),​'filled'​,​'markersize'​,3)
grid ​on
xlabel(​'Sample number'​)
ylabel (​'Decimated'​)

OUTPUT WAVEFORM:

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Dundigal, hyderabad.

Result​:-

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

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MLR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Dundigal, hyderabad.

INTERPOLATION PROCESS:

AIM:
To Write a Matlab program for Up-sampling of a sinusoidal input sequence.

Equipment Required​:-

1. MATLAB 8.6(2015b)
2. PC loaded with windows7 OS

Matlab Functions Used:

The signal processing toolbox of MATLAB includes three specific functions for sampling
rate alteration.These are decimate ,interp and resample.
The function ​interp ​ can be employed to increase the sampling rate of an input signal vector
X by an integer factor L generating the output signal vector Y. It is available with three
options.
(i). ​Y = interp(X,L): ​In this function the default values of and N are respectively, 0.5
and 4.
(ii). ​Y = interp(X,L,N,alpha): ​In this function the bandedge of the input signal and
length N of the interpolation filter can be specified.
(iii).​ [Y,h] = interp(X,L,N,alpha): ​In this function the bandedge of the input signal and
length N of the interpolation filter can be specified. Also, In this function the output data
contains in addition to the interpolated output vector Y, the filter coefficients ‘h’.

PROGRAM:
%MATLAB program of Up-Sampling by an integer factor
clc;
close ​all​;
N=input(​'Enter the length of input sequence='​);
L=input(​'Enter the Up-Sampling factor='​);
fo=input(​'Enter the input signal frequency='​);
%Generate the input sinusoidal sequence
n=0:N-1;
X=sin(2*pi*fo*n);
%Generate the Up-Sampled sequence
Y=zeros(1,L*length(X));
Y([1:L:length(Y)])=X;
%Plot input and Up-Sampled sequences
subplot(2,1,1);
stem(n,X);
title(​'input sequence'​);
xlabel(​'Time Index,n'​);
ylabel(​'Amplitude'​);

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subplot(2,1,2);
stem(n,Y(1:length(X)));
title(​' Up-Sampled sequence'​);
xlabel(​'Time Index,n'​);
ylabel(​'Amplitude'​);

INPUTS:

Enter the length of input sequence=50

Enter the Up-Sampling factor=10
Enter the input signal frequency100

OUTPUT WAVEFORMS:

Result​:-

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Dundigal, hyderabad.

(b). Write a Matlab program of interpolation of a sum of sinusoidal sequences of

normalized frequencies f​1​ and f​2​ by an arbitrary interpolating factor L​.
%MATLAB program of interpolation process
clf;
N=input(​'Enter the length of input sequence='​);
L=input(​'Enter the Up-Sampling factor='​);
f1=input(​'Enter the input signal frequency of first sinusiod'​);
f2=input(​'Enter the input signal frequency of second sinusiod'​);
%Generate the input sinusoidal sequence
n=0:N-1;
X=sin(2*pi*f1*n)+sin(2*pi*f2*n);
%Generate the interpolated output sequence
Y = interp(X,L);
%Plot input and interpolated output sequences
subplot(2,1,1);
stem(n,X(1:N));
title(​'input sequence'​);
xlabel(​'Time Index,n'​);
ylabel(​'Amplitude'​);
subplot(2,1,2);
m=0:N*L-1;
stem(m,Y(1:N*L));
title(​' interpolated output sequence'​);
xlabel(​'Time Index,n'​);
ylabel(​'Amplitude'​);

INPUT:

Enter the length of input sequence=50

Enter the Down-Sampling factor=2
Enter the input signal frequency of first sinusiod=0.043
Enter the input signal frequency of second sinusiod=0.031

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OUTPUTWAVEFORMS:

Result​:-

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

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MLR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Dundigal, hyderabad.

(c) ​Write a Matlab program of interpolation of a sinusoidal sequence of normalized by

an arbitrary interpolating factor L​.

clc;
close all;
L = input('Up-sampling factor = ');
N = input('enter number of samples :');
n = 0:N-1;
x = sin(2*pi*0.043*n);
y = interp(x,L);
subplot(2,1,1);
stem(n,x(1:N));
title('Input Sequence');
xlabel('Time index n');
ylabel('Amplitude');
subplot(2,1,2);
m = 0:(N*L)-1;
stem(m,y(1:N*L));
title('Output Sequence');
xlabel('Time index n');
ylabel('Amplitude');

output:-

Up-sampling factor = 3
enter number of samples :50

OUTPUTWAVEFORMS:

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Dundigal, hyderabad.

Result​:-

Experiment No:6
INTERPOLATION/DECIMATION SAMPLING RATE CONVERTERS

AIM:

(a) To Write a MATLAB program of the sampling rate increase by a ratio of two positive
integers of a signal composed of two sinusoids with frequencies f​1 and
​ f​2.

Equipment Required​:-

1. MATLAB 8.6(2015b)
2. PC loaded with windows7 OS

Matlab Functions Used:

The function resample in MATLAB can be utilized to increase the sampling rate of an input
vector X by a ratio of two positive integers, L/M, generating an output vector Y. There are
five functions available with this resample function.
(i). Y = resample(X, L, M)
(ii). Y = resample(X, L,M,R)
(iii). Y = resample(X, L,M,R,beta)
(iv). Y = resample(X,L,M,h)
(v).[ Y,h] = resample(X,L,M)

PROGRAM:
%MATLAB program of sampling rate alteration by a ratio of two integers

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clc;
close all;
N=input(​'Enter the length of input sequence='​);
L=input(​'Enter the Up-Sampling factor='​);
M=input(​'Enter the Down-Sampling factor='​);
f1=input(​'Enter the input signal frequency of first sinusoid='​);
f2=input(​'Enter the input signal frequency of second sinusoid='​);
%Generate the input sinusoidal sequence
n=0:N-1;
X=sin(2*pi*f1*n)+sin(2*pi*f2*n);
%Generate the Resampled output sequence
Y = resample(X,L,M);
%Plot input and Resampled output sequences
subplot(2,1,1);
stem(n,X(1:N));
title(​'input sequence'​);
xlabel(​'Time Index,n'​);
ylabel(​'Amplitude'​);
subplot(2,1,2);
m=0:N*L-1;
stem(m,Y(1:N*L/M));
title(​' resampled output sequence'​);
xlabel(​'Time Index,n'​);ylabel(​'Amplitude'​);

INPUTS:
Enter the length of input sequence=50
Enter the Up-Sampling factor=10
Enter the Down-Sampling factor=5
Enter the input signal frequency of first sinusoid=0.043
Enter the input signal frequency of second sinusoid=0.031

OUTPUT WAVEFORMS:

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Dundigal, hyderabad.

Result​:-

AIM:

(b) To Write a MATLAB program to study sampling rate conversion by a rational factor
of two positive integers of a sinusoidal signal

Equipment Required​:-

1. MATLAB 8.6(2015b)
2. PC loaded with windows7 OS

PROGRAM:

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clc;
close ​all​;
L = input(​'Enter Up-sampling factor :'​);
M = input(​'Enter Down-sampling factor :'​);
N = input(​'Enter number of samples :'​);
n = 0:N-1;
x = sin(2*pi*0.041*n);
y = resample(x,L,M);
subplot(2,1,1);
stem(n,x(1:N));
axis([0 29 -2.2 2.2]);
title(​'Input Sequence'​);
xlabel(​'Time index n'​);
ylabel(​'Amplitude'​);
subplot(2,1,2);
m = 0:(N*L/M)-1;
stem(m,y(1:N*L/M));
axis([0 (N*L/M)-1 -2.2 2.2]);
title(​'Output Sequence'​);
xlabel(​'Time index n'​);
ylabel(​'Amplitude'​);

output:
Enter Up-sampling factor :4
Enter Down-sampling factor :2
Enter number of samples :40

OUTPUT WAVEFORMS:

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Result​:-

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

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MLR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Dundigal, hyderabad.

Experiment No:7
Noise Removal

Aim:- ​To write a MATLAB program to

1) Add noise above 3 kHz and then remove (using adaptive filters)
2) Interference suppression using 400 Hz tone
Equipment Required​:-

1. MATLAB 8.6(2015b)
2. PC loaded with windows7 OS

Procedure:-
1) Open MATLAB
2) Open new M-file
3) Type the program
4) Save in current directory
5) Compile and Run the program
6) For the output see command window\ Figure window

Program:
clc
close ​all
clear ​all
x= cos(2*pi*12*[0:0.001:1.23]);
[b a] = butter(2,[0.6 0.7],​'bandpass'​);
filtered_noise = filter(b,a,randn(1, length(x)*2));
x = (x + 0.5*filtered_noise(500:500+length(x)-1))/length(x)*2;
figure
plot(x)
title(​'Noisy signal'​)
xlabel(​'Samples'​);
ylabel(​'Amplitude'​)

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X_mags = abs(fft(x));
figure
plot(X_mags)
xlabel(​'DFT Bins'​)
ylabel(​'Magnitude'​)
num_bins = length(X_mags);
[b a] = butter(25, 0.3, ​'low'​);
H = freqz(b,a, floor(num_bins/2));
hold ​on
figure
plot([0:1/(num_bins/2 -1):1], abs(H),​'m'​);
x_filtered = filter(b,a,x);
%plot the filtered signal
figure
plot(x_filtered,​'m'​)
title(​'Filtered Signal - Using Second Order Butterworth'​)
xlabel(​'Samples'​);
ylabel(​'Amplitude'​)

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Output:

Result​:-

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MLR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Dundigal, hyderabad.

Experiment No:8
Impulse response of first order and second order systems
AIM:
To find the impulse response of first order system by using MATLAB.

Equipment Required​:-

1. MATLAB 8.6(2015b)
2. PC loaded with windows7 OS

PROGRAM:
clc;
close all;
n=0:10;
b=[1 0 0];
a=[1 -0.6];
y=impz(b,a,length(n));
subplot(2,2,1);
stem(n,y);
xlabel('t');
ylabel('a')
title('impulse response of first order system');
w=abs(y);
subplot(2,2,2);
stem(n,w);
xlabel('t');
ylabel('a');
title('magnitude response');
x=angle(y);
subplot(2,2,3);
stem(n,x);
xlabel('t');
ylabel('a');
title ('phase response');

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OUTPUT WAVEFORMS:

​Result​:-

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

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MLR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Dundigal, hyderabad.

(a) . To find the impulse response of second order system by using Matlab.

AIM:
To find the impulse response of second order system by using MATLAB.

Equipment Required​:-

1. MATLAB 8.6(2015b)
2. PC loaded with windows7 OS

PROGRAM:

clc;
close all;
n=0:10;
b=[1 0 0];
a=[1 -0.6 0.08];
y=impz(b,a,length(n));
subplot(2,2,1);
stem(n,y);
xlabel('t');
ylabel('a');
title('impulse response of second order system');
w=abs(y);
subplot(2,2,2);
stem(n,w);
xlabel('t');
ylabel('a');
title('magnitude response');
x=angle(y);
subplot(2,2,3);
stem(n,x);

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xlabel('t');
ylabel('a');
title ('phase response');

OUTPUT WAVEFORMS:

Result​:-

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Dundigal, hyderabad.

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

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