1|Page

REPORT ON FOOT STEP ENERGY

GENERATION

INTRODUCTION
For an alternate method to generate electricity
there are number of methods by which electricity
can be produced, out if such methods footstep
energy generation can be an effective method to
generate electricity.
Walking is the most common activity in human
life. When a person walks, he loses energy to the
road surface in the form of impact, vibration,
sound etc, due to the transfer of his weight on to
the road surface, through foot falls on the ground
during every step. This energy can be tapped and
converted in the usable form such as in electrical
form. This device, if embedded in the footpath,
can convert foot impact energy into electrical
form.
2|Page

Human-powered transport has been in existence

since time immemorial in the form of walking,
running and swimming. However modern
technology has led to machines to enhance the
use of human-power in more efficient manner. In
this context, pedal power is an excellent source of
energy and has been in use since the nineteenth
century making use of the most powerful muscles
in the body. Ninety-five percent of the exertion
put into pedal power is converted into energy.
Pedal power can be applied to a wide range of
jobs and is a simple, cheap, and convenient
source of energy. However, human kinetic energy
can be useful in a number of ways but it can also
be used to generate electricity based on different
approaches and many organizations are already
implementing human powered technologies to
generate electricity to power small electronic
appliances.
3|Page

MODEL OF FOOTSTEP ENERGY

GENERATION

BASIC PRINCIPLE
The downward movement of the plate results in
rotation of the shaft of an electrical alternator,
fitted in the device, to produce electrical energy.
The top plate reverts back to its original position
due to negating springs provided in the device .

INITIATIVE
4|Page

Working on the idea to harness human

locomotion power, MIT (USA) architecture
students James Graham and Thaddeus Jusczyk
recently unveiled what they're calling the "Crowd
Farm," a setup that would derive energy from
pounding feet in crowded places. This technology
is a proposal to harness human power as a source
of sustainable energy. Population of India and
mobility of its masses will turn into boon in
generating electricity from its (population’s)
footsteps. Human locomotion in over crowded
subway stations, railway stations, bus stands,
airports, temples or rock concerts thus can be
converted to electrical energy with the use of this
promising technology.
The technology would turn the mechanical energy
of people walking or jumping into a source of
electricity. The students' test case, displayed at
the Venice Biennale and in a train station in
Torino, Italy, was a prototype stool that exploits
the passive act of sitting to generate power. The
5|Page

weight of the body on the seat causes a flywheel

to spin, which powers a dynamo that, in turn,
lights four LEDs. In each case, there would be a
sub-flooring system consisting of independent
blocks. When people walk across this surface, the
forces they impart will cause the blocks to slip
slightly, and a dynamo would convert the energy
in those movements into electric current.
Students say that moving from this Proof-of-
concept device to a large-scale Crowd Farm would
be expensive, but it certainly sounds a great
option.

PARTS

SENSOR:

A sensor is a device that measures a physical

quantity and converts it into a signal which can be
read by an observer or by an instrument. For
6|Page

example, mercury converts the measured

temperature into expansion and contraction of a
liquid which can be read on a calibrated glass
tube. At thermocouple converts temperature to
an output voltage which can be read by a
voltmeter. For accuracy, most sensors are
calibrated against known standards.

Piezoelectric Sensor:
A piezoelectric sensor is a device that uses the
piezoelectric effect to measure pressure,
acceleration, strain or force by converting them to
an electrical signal.
Piezoelectric sensors have proven to be versatile
tools for the measurement of various processes.
They are used for quality assurance, process
control and for research and development in
many different industries it was only in the 1950s
that the piezoelectric effect started to be used for
industrial sensing applications. Since then, this
measuring principle has been increasingly used
7|Page

and can be regarded as a mature technology with

an outstanding inherent reliability. It has been
successfully used in various applications, such as
in medical, aerospace, nuclear instrumentation,
and as a pressure sensor in the touch pads of
mobile phones. In the automotive industry,
piezoelectric elements are used to monitor
combustion when developing internal combustion
engines. The sensors are either directly mounted
into additional holes into the cylinder head or the
spark/glow plug is equipped with a built in
miniature piezoelectric sensor.
8|Page

The rise of piezoelectric technology is directly

related to a set of inherent advantages. The high
modulus of elasticity of many piezoelectric
materials is comparable to that of many metals
and goes up to 10e6 N/m²[Even though
piezoelectric sensors are electromechanical
systems that react to compression, the sensing
elements show almost zero deflection. This is the
reason why piezoelectric sensors are so rugged,
have an extremely high natural frequency and an
excellent linearity over a wide amplitude range.
Additionally, piezoelectric technology is
insensitive to electromagnetic fields and
radiation, enabling measurements under harsh
conditions. Some materials used (especially
gallium phosphate or tourmaline) have an
extreme stability even at high temperature,
enabling sensors to have a working range of up to
1000°C. Tourmaline shows pyroelectricity in
addition to the piezoelectric effect; this is the
ability to generate an electrical signal when the
9|Page

temperature of the crystal changes. This effect is

also common to piezoceramic materials.
One disadvantage of piezoelectric sensors is that
they cannot be used for truly static
measurements. A static force will result in a fixed
amount of charges on the piezoelectric material.
While working with conventional readout
electronics, imperfect insulating materials, and
reduction in internal sensor resistance will result
in a constant loss of electrons, and yield a
decreasing signal.
10 | P a g e

Elevated temperatures cause an additional drop

in internal resistance and sensitivity. The main
effect on the piezoelectric effect is that with
increasing pressure loads and temperature, the
sensitivity is reduced due to twin-formation.
While quartz sensors need to be cooled during
measurements at temperatures above 300°C,
11 | P a g e

special types of crystals like GaPO4 gallium

phosphate do not show any twin formation up to
the melting point of the material .

BATTERY:

Battery (electricity), an array of electrochemical

cells for electricity storage, either individually
linked or individually linked and housed in a single
unit. An electrical battery is a combination of one
or more electrochemical cells, used to convert
stored chemical energy into electrical energy.
Batteries may be used once and discarded, or
recharged for years as in standby power
applications. Miniature cells are used to power
devices such as hearing aids and wristwatches;
larger batteries provide standby power for
telephone exchanges or computer data centers.
12 | P a g e

Lead-acid batteries are the most common

in PV systems because their initial cost is
lower and because they are readily
available nearly everywhere in the world.
13 | P a g e

There are many different sizes and designs

of lead-acid batteries, but the most
important designation is that they are
deep cycle batteries. Lead-acid batteries
are available in both wet-cell (requires
maintenance) and sealed no-maintenance
versions.
Lead acid batteries are reliable and cost
effective with an exceptionally long life.
The Lead acid batteries have high
reliability because of their ability to
withstand overcharge, over discharge
vibration and shock. The use of special
sealing techniques ensures that our
batteries are leak proof and non-spoilable.
The batteries have exceptional charge
acceptance, large electrolyte volume and
low self-discharge, Which make them
14 | P a g e

ideal as zero- maintenance batteries lead

acid batteries
Are manufactured/ tested using CAD
(Computer Aided Design). These batteries
are used in Inverter & UPS Systems and
have the proven ability to perform under
extreme conditions. The batteries have
electrolyte volume, use PE Separators and
are sealed in sturdy containers, which give
them excellent protection against leakage
and corrosion.
Features:

Manufactured/tested using CAD

Electrolyte volume
PE Separators
Protection against leakage
15 | P a g e

Battery Connections:

Lead-acid batteries are normally available

in blocks of 2V, 6V or 12V. In most cases,
to generate the necessary operating
voltage and the capacity of the batteries
for the Solar Inverter, many batteries have
to be connected together in parallel
and/or in series. Following three examples
are shown:
16 | P a g e

Parallel Connection
17 | P a g e

Series Connection

RECTIFIER:

The output from the transformer is fed to the

rectifier. It converts A.C. into pulsating D.C. The
18 | P a g e

rectifier may be a half wave or a full wave

rectifier. In this project, a bridge rectifier is used
because of its merits like good stability and full
wave rectification. The Bridge rectifier is a circuit,
which converts an ac voltage to dc voltage using
both half cycles of the input ac voltage. The Bridge
rectifier circuit is shown in the figure. The circuit
has four diodes connected to form a bridge. The
ac input voltage is applied to the diagonally
opposite ends of the bridge. The load resistance is
connected between the other two ends of the
bridge.
For the positive half cycle of the input ac voltage,
diodes D1 and D3 conduct, whereas diodes D2
and D4 remain in the OFF state. The conducting
diodes will be in series with the load resistance RL
and hence the load current flows through RL.
For the negative half cycle of the inputac voltage,
diodes D2 and D4 conduct whereas, D1 and D3
remain OFF. The conducting diodes D2 and D4 will
be in series with the load resistance RL and hence
the current flows through RL in the same direction
19 | P a g e

as in the previous half cycle. Thus a bi-directional

wave is converted into a unidirectional wave.
VOLTAGE REGULATOR:
As the name itself implies, it regulates the input
applied to it. A voltage regulator is an electrical
regulator designed to automatically maintain a
constant voltage level.
In this project, power supply of 5V and 12V are
required. In order to obtain these voltage levels,
7805 and 7812 voltage regulators are to be used.
The first number 78 represents positive supply
and the numbers 05, 12 represent the required
output voltage levels. These regulators can
provide local on-card regulation, eliminating the
distribution problems associated with single point
regulation. Each type employs internal current
limiting, thermal shut-down and safe area
protection, making it essentially indestrucible.
If adequate heat sinking is provided, they can
deliver over 1 A outputcurrent. Although designed
primarily as fixed voltage regulators, these
20 | P a g e

devices can be used with external components to

obtain adjustable voltage and currents.

UNIDIRECTIONAL CURRENT CONTROLLER:

As name indicates this circuit allows only one
direction current flowing. There are following
some devices allow on unidirectional current.
1) Diode
2) Thyristors

In this project we are going to use diode as

Unidirectional Current control device. As we are
already familiar with the most common function
of a diode is to allow an electric current to pass in
one direction (called the diode's forward
direction).While blocking current in the opposite
direction (the reverse direction). Thus, the diode
can be thought of as an electronic version of a
21 | P a g e

check valve. The diode used in this project is

D=1N4007.

MICROCONTROLLER AT89S52:
In this project we are going to use the
Microcontroller AT89S52. Features are
At89s52:
1) ROM - 8K bytes
2) RAM - 256 bytes
3) Timer - 3
4) I/O pins - 32
5) Serial port - 1
6) Interrupt sources - 8
Here we are using AT89S52 to display the amount
of battery get charged whenever we place our
foot on piezoelectric transducer.
22 | P a g e

At89s52 Microcontroller Configuration:

1. Pin 1 to 8 (Port 1) is an 8-bit parallel port of a
two-way (bidirectional) that can be used for
different purposes (general purpose). Pin 9 is a
pin reset, reset is active if a high ration.
2. P3.0 (10): RXD (serial port data receiver)
3. P3.1 (11): TXD (serial port data sender)
4. P3.2 (12): INT0 (external interrupt 0 input,
active low)
5. P3.3 (13): INT1 (external an interrupt input,
active low)
6. P3.4 (14): T0 (external input timer / counter 0)
7. P3.5 (15): T1 (external input timer / counter 1)
8. P3.6 (16): WR (Write, active low) control signal
from port 0 write data to memory and input-
output data externally.
9. P3.7 (17): RD (Read, active low) control signal of
the reading of input-output data memory external
to the port 0. XTAL pin 18 as the second, the
23 | P a g e

output is connected to the crystal oscillator. XTAL

pin 19 as the first, high input to the oscillator,
connected to the crystal.
10. Pin 20 as Vss, is connected to 0 or ground on
the circuit.
11. Pin 21 to 28 (Port 2) is 8 bits parallel ports in
both directions. This port sends the address byte
when accessing external memory is carried on.
12. Pin 29 as the PSEN (Program Store Enable) is
the signal used for reading, move the program the
external memory (ROM / EPROM) to
microcontroller (active low).
13. Pin 30 as the ALE (Address Latch Enable) to
hold down the address for accessing external
memory.

14. Pin 31 as the EA (External Access) to select the

memory to be used, the internal program
memory (EA = Fcc) or external program memory
(EA = Vss), Pin 32 to 39 (Port 0) is an 8-bit parallel
24 | P a g e

port in both directions. Under which functions as

a multiplexed address data to access an external
program and data memory.
15. Pin 40 as Fcc, connected to +5 V as a ration to
the microcontroller. All single chips in the family
division of MCS-51 have the address space to
programs and data .

ADC:

An analog-to-digital converter (abbreviated ADC,

A/D or A to D) is a device that converts a
continuous quantity to a discrete time digital
representation. An ADC may also provide an
isolated measurement. The reverse operation is
performed by a digital-to-analog converter (DAC).
Typically, an ADC is an electronic device that
converts an input analog voltage or current to a
digital number proportional to the magnitude of
the voltage or current. However, some non-
25 | P a g e

electronic or only partially electronic devices, such

as rotary encoders, can also be considered ADCs

Features:
1. Easy interface to all microprocessors
2. Operates ratio metrically or with 5 VDC or
analog span
3. Adjusted voltage reference
4. No zero or full-scale adjust required
5. 8-channel multiplexer with address logic
6. 0V to VCC input range
7. Outputs meet TTL voltage level specifications
Key Specifications:
1. Resolution 8 Bits
2. Total Unadjusted Error ±½ LSB and ±1 LSB
3. Single Supply 5 V DC
4. Low Power 15 mW
26 | P a g e

5. Conversion Time 100 μs

INVERTER:
An inverter is an electrical device that converts
direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC); the
converted AC can be at any required voltage and
frequency with the use of appropriate
transformers, switching, and control circuits.
Solid-state inverters have no moving parts and are
used in a wide range of applications, from small
switchingpower supplies in computers, to large
electric utility high-voltage direct current
applications that transport bulk power. Inverters
are commonly used to supply AC power from DC
sources such as solar panels or batteries.
There are two main types of inverter. The output
of a modified sine wave inverter is similar to a
square wave output except that the output goes
to zero volts for a time before switching positive
or negative. It is simple and low cost and is
compatible with most electronic devices, except
27 | P a g e

for sensitive or specialized equipment, for

example certain laser printers.
A pure sine wave inverter produces a nearly
perfect sine wave output (<3% total harmonic
distortion) that is essentially the same as utility-
supplied grid power. Thus it is compatible with all
AC electronic devices. This is the type used in grid-
tie inverters. Its design is more complex, and costs
5 or 10 times more per unit power.
The electrical inverter is a high-power electronic
oscillator. It is so named because early mechanical
AC to DC converters was made to work in reverse,
and thus were "inverted", to convert DC to AC.
The inverter performs the opposite function of a
rectifier.
28 | P a g e

The IC1 Cd4047 wired as an Astablemultivibrator

produces two 180 degree out of phase 1/50 Hz
pulse trains. These pulse trains are preamplifiers
by the two TIP122 transistors. The out puts of the
TIP 122 transistors are amplified by four 2N 3055
transistors (two transistors for each half cycle) to
drive the inverter transformer. The 220V AC will
be available at the secondary of the transformer.
Nothing complex just the elementary inverter
principle and the circuit works great for small
loads like a few bulbs or fans.
29 | P a g e

VOLTAGE SAMPLER (SAMPLE &HOLD

CIRCUIT):
Sample-and-hold (S/H) is an important analog
building block with many applications,
includinganalog-to-digital converters (ADCs) and
switched-capacitor filters. The function of the S/H
circuit is to sample an analog input signal and hold
this value over acertain length of time for
subsequent processing.
30 | P a g e

Taking advantages of the excellent properties of

MOS capacitors and switches, traditional switched
capacitor techniques can be used to realize
different S/H circuits [1]. The simplest S/H circuit
in MOS technology is shown in Figure 1, where
Vin is the input signal, M1 is an MOS transistor
operating as the sampling switch, Ch is the hold
capacitor, ck is the clock signal, and Vout is the
resulting sample-and-hold output signal.
In the simplest sense, a S/H circuit can be
achieved using only one MOS transistor and one
capacitor. The operation of this circuit is very
straightforward. Whenever ck is high, the MOS
switch is on, which in turn allows Vout to track
Vin. On the other hand, when ck is low, the MOS
switch is off.
During this time, Ch will keep Vout equal to the
value of Vin at the instance when ck goes low.
CMOS Sample-and-Hold Circuits Page
.Unfortunately, in reality, the performance of this
S/H circuit is not as ideal as described above. The
31 | P a g e

next section of this paper explains two major

types of errors, charge injection.
and clock feed through, that are associated with
this S/H implementation. The section after that
presents three new S/H techniques, all of which
try to minimize the errors caused by charge
injection and/or clock feed through..
As we know the pressure is directly proportional
to amount of power generated
P α Wt
Here we take the constant of proportionality as Қ,
then the equation becomes
P = Қ Wt
Where,
Қ- Constant of proportionality
Wt-weight
P-power
We know that for wt=50kg, we get the value of
voltage V=4v and I =0.015A
32 | P a g e

Then P=V*I=4*0.015=0.06w, means we can say

that for 50kg we get power
(P) =0.06w
From this we can find the value of Қ
Қ=P/wt=0.06/50=0.0012

POWER GENERATION PIE CHART

33 | P a g e

CONCLUSION

1. The project “POWER GENERATION USING

FOOT STEP” is successfully tested and
implemented which is the best economical,
affordable energy solution to common people.
2. This can be used for many applications in rural
areas where power availability is less or totally
absence As India is a developing country where
energy management is a big challenge for huge
population. By using this project we can drive
both A.C. as well as D.C loads according to the
force we applied on the piezo electric sensor.