English and Bikol Phonology
English and Bikol Phonology
English and Bikol Phonology
The following are the terms that will be encountered in reading the
following analysis and their definitions.
Manners of articulation:
a. Stops. The speech organs are closed and the oral and nasal cavity
completely closed blocking off the airstream.
b. Fricatives. Sounds which are produced with this kind of constriction
entail a bringing together of the two articulators to the point where
the airflow is not quite fully blocked: enough of a gap remains for air
to escape but the articulators are so close together that friction is
created as the air escape. When they are produced, air escapes
through a small passage and make a hissing sound.
c. Affricates. Affricates are consonant sounds that begin by fully
stopping the air from leaving the vocal tract, then releasing it
through a constricted opening.
d. Nasals. Nasals are consonants that are formed by blocking the oral
passage and allowing the air to escape through the nose.
e. Lateral. Laterals are consonants formed by allowing the air to
escape around the sides of the tongue.
f. Retroflex. A retroflex is a consonant formed when the tongue rises
toward the roof of the mouth and then retracts toward the back of
the oral cavity.
g. Semivowel. Semivowels are vowel-like consonants: that is, the air-
flow is not stopped or impeded so as to cause a friction-sound, but
the aperture through which the air passes is smaller than the
aperture of any vowel.
Points of Articulation
a. Bilabials. Bilabials are consonants for which the flow of air is
stopped or restricted by the two lips.
b. Labiodental. Labiodentals are consonants for which the flow of air is
restricted by the lips and teeth.
c. Interdental. Interdentals are consonants for which the flow of air is
restricted by catching the tongue between the teeth.
d. Alveolars. Alveolars are consonants for which the flow of air is
stopped or impeded by creating a block or a small aperture
between the tongue and the alveolar ridge.
e. Alveopalatal. Alveopalatals are consonants for which the flow of air
is stopped or impeded by creating a block or a small aperture
between the tongue and the region of the hard palate just behind
the alveolar ridge.
f. Velar. Velars are consonants for which the flow of air is stopped or
impeded by creating a block or a small aperture between the
tongue and the velum ("soft palate")
Table 1 shows the consonant sounds in the English language and their
classifications: voiced or unvoiced, manner of articulation and point of
articulation.
Table 1. Consonant sounds in the English Language
Point of Articulation
Manner of
Articulation
Bilabial Labiodental Interdental Alveolar Alveopalatal Velar
Voiceless
Affricates
Voiced
/s/ /h/
Voiceless
Fricatives
Voiced
/m/ /n/ /ɳ/
Nasals Voiced
/l/
Lateral Voiced
/r/
Retroflex Voiced
However, the similarities end there. In English, there are specific rules
on how one can apply stress. Also, English speakers can, most of the time,
identify the part of speech of a word depending upon the syllable where the
stress is placed. The following are some rules in English stress.
1. Most two-syllable words with a stress on the first syllable may either
be a noun or an adjective.
PREsent SLENder
EXport CLEver
2. Most two-syllable words with a stress on the last syllable may be a
verb.
preSENT deCIDE
exPORT beGIN
3. Words ending in –ic, -sion and –tion are stressed in the penultimate
(second from end) syllable.
geoGRAPHic teleVIsion
geoLOgic reveLAtion
4. Words ending in -cy, -ty, -phy, -gy and –al are stressed on the ante-
penultimate (third from end) syllable.
deMOcracy CRItical
dependaBIlity phoTOgraphy
The following are the things that must be remembered when it comes
to stress in the Bikol language.
References:
http://www.ello.uos.de/field.php/PhoneticsandPhonology/PlaceOfArticulation
http://www.ello.uos.de/field.php/PhoneticsandPhonology/MannerOfArticulation
http://www.phon.ox.ac.uk/jcoleman/PHONOLOGY1.htm
https://www.englishclub.com/pronunciation/word-stress-rules.htm
http://www.pronunciationtips.com/voiced.htm
http://facweb.furman.edu/~wrogers/phonemes/phono/index.htm