Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi

The Journal of International Social Research

SYLVIA PLATH, THE ANGRY YOUNG WOMAN

Abstract
Sylvia Plath’s poetry is categorized as the so-called confessional poetry. Her poetry
reflects her relationships with her father and she uses the Holocaust imagery in order to
clarify this relationship better. Moreover, she holds on to the classical mythology to describe
her experience with her father. This article intends to elaborate the motif of father in Daddy,
Colossus and Lady Lazarus. Moreover, this article focuses on the motif of father in her three
poems regarding her use of symbolic numbers, German language and allusions.
Keywords: Sylivia Plath, Motif of Father, Symbolic Numbers, German Language,
Allusions.

1. Introduction
Sylvia Plath’s poetry is categorized as the so-called confessional poetry. Her poetry shows
her relationship with her father and she uses the holocaust imagery in order to clarify it better. She
holds on to the classical mythology to describe her experience with her father. Indeed, Plath’s life
and poetry are so much interrelated that one cannot separate them and many of her poems have a
root in her personal life.
Her father died when she was eight years old and it had a great effect on her life and
poetry. The cunning reader of her poetry can trace her father’s presence in most of her poems. She
portrays him both as an evil and as a divine figure and in order to show her father’s cruelty, she
represents him as a Nazi.
As she was very creative, she won a summer trip to New York and she has written about her
experience in her autobiographical novel the Bell Jar (1963). When she returned home, she found
out that she has not been accepted into creative writing course at Harvard. As the result of her
depression, she committed suicide, but her mother and her brother saved her. Then she attended
Cambridge University. It was there that she met Ted Hughes and married him.
Ted and Sylvia had a good life at first. They motivated each other in their writing, but
suddenly everything changed. None of them could tolerate the other one; even Ted betrayed Sylvia
and had an affair with Assia. It was a big shock for Sylvia. They separated in 1962, and in February
1963, she committed suicide again. This time no one could rescue her.

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PhD Student of University Putra Malaysia.
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Sylvia was very active in her literary career, and as a woman poet, she was very sensitive.
She could feel the dominance of patriarchy not only in her personal life, but also in society. She
tried hard to get rid of her father’s apparition through writing poetry. Indeed, she uses poetry as a
way to find her independent voice in society. She intends to escape both her father’s apparition and
her husband’s literary style and language. One can detect the motif of father figure in her most
important poems. This article intends to elaborate the motif of father figure in Daddy, Colossus and
Lady Lazarus as all these poems reflect the "female passivity, subjection and Plath's own conflicted
self-identity caused by social pressures" (Ghasemi, 2007: 58). In theses poems, she uses different
allusions to show her feeling not only toward patriarchal society system, but also specially toward
her father. She later recalled, “He was an autocrat. I adored and despised him, and I probably
wished many times that he were dead. When he obliged me and died, I imagined that I killed him”
(Rietz, 2007: 417). She believes that “the father image… my own father, the buried muse and god-
creator risen to be my mate in Ted” (ibid. :422). Therefore, she despises not only her father, but also
her husband in theses poems, as the ones who dominate her throughout her life. This article focuses
on father motif in her three selected poems regarding her use of symbolic number, German
language and allusions.
2. Analysis
“Although the Colossus opens with the first person speaker, it is not at first clear to whom this
‘I’ refers or to whom, exactly it speaks” (Gill,2008: 38). The reader notices the speaker’s harsh tone
toward the statue. The speaker considers the big statue as the symbol of the father and says that she
‘shall never get’ him and put him ‘together entirely.’
Although this is a big statute, it needs repair and the speaker ‘crawl (s)’ toward this big
statue. She approaches the statue like ‘an ant’. The speaker likens herself to the ant in order to not
only overstate the father figure’s position, but also understate his power at the same time; as this
big statue needs the little ant’s help. He is not as powerful as he was in the past, and now he needs
the help of such a tiny creature, which is like the ant. He was “physically huge, sprawled from
Atlantic to the San Francisco bay”, but now he is shattered (Travis, 2009: 278). Ghanbaralizade
believes that the size of the statue refers to the social, political and all other differences between
men and women in the society (Ghanbaralizade, 2007: 202).
The presence of this broken statue shows that the father image will be destroyed in years.
Although father image is founded for centuries, the speaker predicts that it will be declined in near
future. In fact, the speaker finds an opportunity to speak to the colossus and express her anger and
contempt (Gill, 2008: 38). As mentioned before, the big statue is not a God anymore.
Not only in Colossus but also in Lady Lazarus, one can find the father figure. The young
Lady Lazarus intends to commit suicide, as she cannot tolerate the patriarchal society and its
pressures on her life anymore. In comparison with all her miseries, death is a blessing and it is
viewed as an art; the speaker declares ‘dying is an art’ and she commits suicide soon. She fails in
her first and even her second attempt, but one day she will succeed and die. In the patriarchal
society, everything should be done by the father’s permission; therefore, committing suicide is not a
free choice.
As the world she lives in is terrible, she sees her freedom in death but even death is not
possible for her. She calls the doctor who saves her as ‘Herr Doktor’ and ‘Herr Enemy’ to refer to
his cruel action. By saving her, he acts like her enemy because by saving her body, he declares his
dominance over her body. Although she desires death, the doctors save her. In this masculine
world, she is not free to choose. Therefore, she is not only against the doctors, but also all the father
figures. She describes them in a way that they have done a diabolic action when they saved her. In
the poem, the reader can notice the image of phoenix that dies and with her birth gains more
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strength. She is the same phoenix. She commits suicide and each time she gains her strength; and
fights all the father figures through her strong voice.
Besides these poems, in Daddy, the speaker shows that she cannot communicate with her
father; moreover, it focuses on destructive relationship they had (Cam, 1987: 431). This poem is “the
girls struggle to separate herself from her dead father, who dominates her life” (Haralson, 2001:
567). The speaker intends to talk to her father, but none of them can communicate properly.
Throughout the whole poem, the speaker calls her father as “daddy” the word that a child uses to
address her father. It shows the child’s love toward her father and at the same time, it indicates her
father’s dominance over her life. Daddy is a person whom the child should obey. Even the image of
his ‘black shoes’ show his dictatorship. The speaker cannot communicate with her father and her
attempts fail.
The speaker uses German language to talk to her German father, but as the language is
foreign for her she cannot communicate with her father. Besides, she cannot express her emotions
within foreign language. She uses the word ‘Ich’ to express her independent identity, but she
cannot continue talking in German language because she is frightened by her father’s presence and
his dominance. “her attempt to define herself as a German ‘I’ can barely be articulated and splutters
out until ‘ich, ich, ich’ is rendered meaningless through repetition” (Travis, 2009: 282).
Besides the German language, the speaker uses the words ‘wild and brute’ repeatedly and
these words indicate her father’s cruelty. “The speaker’s relationship with her father is described
through a series of metaphors implying suffocation, rejection and violation” (Haralson, 2001: 568)
for example, the father is compared with mythic and historic figures like Nazis, vampires and
devils. The reader sympathizes with the speaker when she declares that 'the vampire who said he
was you.' The father sucks his daughter’s blood out of her body and as she has been scared of her
father, she dares not protest. Besides the idea of father’s violence against his daughter, vampire
shows “the violence which is transmitted and the victim being turned into a victimizer” at the end
of the poem” (Travis, 2009: 291).
As her father is always torturing her with his presence and his dominance, she compares him
to Nazis and at the same time compares herself to Jews. All Plath’s three selected poems have the
images of Jews, Nazis and holocaust in general. In Lady Lazarus, one may notice many references to
world wars, Nazis and Jews. In this poem, the speaker relates herself to victims of Nazis for
portraying her situation in male dominated society. As she is tortured in patriarchal society, she
compares her situation to Jews’ situation in the hands of the Nazis.
My face a featureless, fine
Jew linen (1981: 244).
The same comparison is mentioned in Daddy. In the poems, she portrays her situation in a
male-dominated society and compares her situation to Jews who live under the influence of Nazis.
Her father victimizes her till the end of her life the same way the Nazis victimize the Jews.
Chuffing me off like a Jew.
A Jew to Dachau, Auschwitz, Belsen.
I began to talk like a Jew.
I think I may well be a Jew (1981: 223).
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Even the use of German language can have relationship to Nazis’ presence in her poems. She
uses German language to win the sympathy of her torturer, but she cannot. As the language is
foreign, she cannot express herself and she should tolerate the situation. Not only language but also
meter and rhymes limit her. As Gill mentions there is “claustrophobic movement which embodies
the entrapment of the daughter” (Gill, 2008: 62). The theme of power and powerlessness are
strengthened by the rhyme and German language that the poet has used.
As she does not intend to tolerate the patriarchal system anymore, she wants to commit
suicide and die. As Ghanbaralizade mentions many of Plath’s poems are about the death and the
pain and in the selected poems, she intends to get rid of this pain by any means (Ghanbaralizade,
2007: 51). The symbolic number thirty refers to the young woman who tolerates all the situations
during these thirty years, but now she is not able to endure anymore.
Thirty years now I have labored (1981: 129).
I am only thirty
And like the cat I have nine times to die (1981: 244).
In which I have lived like a foot
For thirty years, poor and white
Barely daring to breathe or Achoo (1981: 222).
The number thirty shows the speaker’s suffering. In Lady Lazarus she commits suicide to
stop her suffering, but the doctors meddle with her intention. She rises like her parallel Biblical
figure from death, but here she has no savior. If in the case of Lazarus, Jesus was his savior and his
friends help him, here she does not have any savior. Instead of helping her, people gaze at her
body; i.e. the poem expresses the effect of male gaze on loss of the power for self-expression
(Ghasemi, 2007: 59). Paradoxically she asks her enemy to ‘peel off the napkin’ as she has no friend
to help her see around herself.
The allusion to Lazarus is related to the phoenix image. She rises from death and she is
born again in the same male- dominated society. Each time she has a new birth, her voice gains
more power and she becomes able to protest against patriarchy. As Gill mentioned Lady Lazarus is
a poem about “destruction and construction of female subjectivity” (Gill, 2008, p. 60). The
patriarchal society destroys her identity, but the speaker intends to reborn again to construct herself
and her identity. In addition, Ghanbaralizade thinks that death is not the end but a new path
through which she can live a life she wishes (Ghanbaralizade, 2007: 222). Moreover, Dillon
maintains that "death functions as a platform for the speaker's launch to new heights of existence",
i.e. death forges "creative possibilities of life and speech" (Dillon, 2008: 122).
Out of the ash
I rise with my red hair
And I eat men like air (1981: 247).
3. Conclusion
All in all, historical allusions, use of German language and symbolic number thirty are
related to the father figure’s presence. “Plath’s poetry reacts against the absence, especially for
women, of a public space, indeed a language for debate, wherein one might make visible and
deconstruct the given order of things” (Narbeshuber, 2004: 185). In fact, her poetry is a revolt
against normalization in which she trapped all these years, silent and suffering (Rakesh, 2008: 43).
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Here Plath intends to free herself of all the patriarchal boundaries and express her individuality
through her poetry. Finally, she declares her independent self in her poems.

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