Essential Study Skills
Essential Study Skills
Essential Study Skills
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Essential Study Skills
1st edition
© 2015 Sarah Simpson & bookboon.com
ISBN 978-87-403-1125-9
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Essential Study Skills Contents
Contents
1 Introduction 9
1.1 Baseline / benchmark questions 9
2 Types of study 10
2.1 To gather information 10
2.2 To learn information 10
2.3 To check learning 10
2.4 To refresh 10
2.5 To improve learning skills 10
2.6 Main ways to improve learning skills 11
3 How do we learn? 12
3.1 Visual 12
3.2 Auditory 13
3.3 Kinaesthetic 15
3.4 VAK questionnaire 16
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5 Reading skills 27
5.1 Reading materials when studying 28
5.2 Speed reading 28
5.2.1 The speed reading method: 29
5.3 Skim Reading 29
5.4 Scanning 29
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7 Cue methods 41
8 Note taking 42
8.1 Rewriting your notes method 42
8.2 Skeleton prose 42
8.3 The Cornell note taking system 43
10 Prioritisation 50
10.1 The Traffic light Approach 50
11 Visual methods 53
11.1 Method of Loci 53
11.2 The Peg / Hook System 57
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Essential Study Skills Contents
12 Auditory methods 59
12.1 Pre-recording checklist 61
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18 Summary 77
Appendix 1 78
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1 Introduction
We can describe study skills as “learning how to become a more effective learner”. They enable you to
study and learn more efficiently, however, they do have to be practised and developed.
During your lifetime of learning and study you will have to; learn, interpret, condense and recall huge
amounts of information. Clearly the specific skill, tool or technique you will use will be determined by;
your preferred learning method, topic of study, environment and the time frame you have available.
Some of these methods may be familiar to you, whilst others will not.
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Essential Study Skills Types of study
2 Types of study
There are 5 main types or reasons to study. In practice you will probably combine elements of all of these.
2.4 To refresh
-- prevents you from forgetting and requires regular review and reciting method:
• prevent ‘fading’ of knowledge through regular material review
• you could do this independently or as part of a study group
• if you are an auditory learner, re-listen to your material 2–3 time per week
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Essential Study Skills Types of study
• You should apply critical reflective learning to measure and assess how effective a given
method of studying is for you. Your grades and how you feel all combine to provide you
with an individualised study aid tool kit.
• break down the effectiveness of your learning skills by identifying:
• answers that were answered completely – ask yourself ‘what learning skills were used here?’
• answers that were incorrect or where you lost points – ask yourself ‘what learning skills
were used here?’
• Modify / replace learning skills that resulted in lost points
• Use all the available resources you have access to, for example:
• study groups
• app / web based systems
• lecturers
• audio options
• the tools and techniques in this book
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Essential Study Skills How do we learn?
3 How do we learn?
Neil Fleming (1987) suggested that people learn through a mixture of:
• visual – seeing
• auditory – hearing
• kinaesthetic – doing
The theory behind this model is that most people will have a dominant or preferred learning style. It is
worthwhile noting however that some people will have a blend of all three.
If you want to test your own style there are many free versions available online, or you can complete
the one I have put in section 3.4.
3.1 Visual
Visual learners…
element description
think in… pictures. Vivid images help visual learner to retain information
they are good at… puzzles, writing, charts, graphs, pictures, visual metaphors etc.
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Essential Study Skills How do we learn?
3.2 Auditory
Auditory learners…
element description
they are good at… remembering the written word, speaking, listening, storytelling, teaching, writing
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Essential Study Skills How do we learn?
3.3 Kinaesthetic
Kinaesthetic learners…
element description
they are good at… hands on elements, physical activity (including coordination), acting, building, crafts
• making models
• using diagrams and visual condensing methods
• reciting whilst counting on fingers
• remembering or recalling whilst moving around e.g. whilst walking or running
• some kinaesthetic learners prefer to study with music
NB Kinaesthetic learners may find it hard to sit still for long periods of time and may get distracted.
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Essential Study Skills How do we learn?
Answer:
• all the questions
• each with a ‘yes’ or ‘no’
• as honestly as possible
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Essential Study Skills How do we learn?
1 When you are describing a party/holiday to a friend, do you describe the music, sounds
and noise you experienced?
3 To keep up with the news/sport, do you prefer the radio or TV rather than reading a
newspaper?
4 When you use a computer, do you find the visual prompts useful, e.g. the icons/pictures
in the tool bars, highlights and underlines, etc.?
5 When you have to take down information, do you prefer drawing diagrams and pictures
to writing notes?
6 When you play noughts and crosses or draughts, can you picture the ‘o’ and ‘x’ or
counters in different positions?
7 Do you like to take objects apart and repair things, e.g. your bike, engines, etc.?
8 When you are trying to remember the spelling of a word, do you tend to jot it down a
few times in different ways until you find the one which looks right?
9 When you are learning something new, do you like spoken instructions, talks and/or
lectures?
11 When using a computer, do you find the bleeps and sounds useful to tell you that you
have done something wrong or to show when you have finished something?
12 When you revise/study or are learning something new, do you like to use diagrams
and/or pictures?
14 If something is said to you, do you usually remember it, without it being repeated?
15 In your spare time do you like doing something physically active e.g. sport, walking,
gardening, etc.?
17 When you are looking at a shop display, do you prefer to look around peacefully on
your own?
19 When you spell, do you usually have to write the word down?
22 When you are describing a party/holiday to a friend, do you describe what people
looked like, what they were wearing and the colours?
23 When starting a new task, do you like to get on and do something straight away?
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Essential Study Skills How do we learn?
28 Do you prefer to go out and about to find information rather than sitting in the library
or at your PC?
29 When you visit a shop, do you enjoy talking about the items on display, and listening to
the comments of others?
31 Do you feel that one of the best ways to appreciate goods in a shop is to be able to
reach out and touch them?
32 When you read a story or an article in a magazine do you picture the scene in your mind?
35 When you are planning a new journey, do you like to talk to someone to find out where
to go?
36 Have you always found it difficult to stay still for long and prefer generally to be active?
Remember, many people have a dominant style, but you will probably use a combination of all three
when learning and studying.
Scholarships
4 1 2
6 3 5
8 9 7
12 11 10
13 14 15
17 16 19
22 18 20
24 21 23
26 25 27
30 29 28
32 33 31
34 35 36
total circled (out of 12) total circled (out of 12) total circled (out of 12)
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Essential Study Skills Acrostics, acronyms, analogies & mnemonics
4 Acrostics, acronyms,
analogies & mnemonics
These 4 methods are often confused, but I don’t actually think this is an issue as long as the method is
right for you. But for the purposes of this book we will go through the differences and specifics of each.
All four of these methods condense information into something that is memorable, which could be;
letters, poems, text or images (in the case of visual analogies). The key is to ensure the condensing method
you use is one that can be easily recalled. Therefore, try a variety of methods and see which one(s) work
best for you. You could also look online as many people post ones that work for them.
4.1 Acrostics
An acrostic is an invented sequence of letters that helps you remember a poem or other text. The first
letter gives you the clue to the information you need to remember or recall.
Example 3
I have included this example as it was one that my maths teacher taught me when I was 12 and that was
an awfully long time ago! But I still remember it to this day and have passed it onto my children. And
this is the point with all of these techniques, they must be memorable and easy to recall in both a short
and long term situation.
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Essential Study Skills Acrostics, acronyms, analogies & mnemonics
4.2 Acronyms
An acronym is an invented combination of letters, which is pronounced as single word. Each letter is a
cue or suggestion to the item you need to remember.
The first example is IPMAT, the stages of cell-division. The invented word is IPMAT and as you can see
each letter of this word gives you the first letter of the 5 stages of cell development
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Essential Study Skills Acrostics, acronyms, analogies & mnemonics
Our next example is BEDMAS, which gives you the right order of maths (or math) operations.
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Our final example is one to remember the Great lakes of the USA.
Acronyms can often be confused with initialism in which words are shortened to their starting letters –
for example DVD or FBI. But as I said before it doesn’t really matter what you call it as long as it works
for you!
4.3 Analogies
Analogies are comparisons between unlike things that have some particular things in common.
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Essential Study Skills Acrostics, acronyms, analogies & mnemonics
Analogies enhance and enliven descriptions, express thoughts and ideas more clearly and precisely and
help connect new concepts to things that are already familiar.
4.4 Mnemonics
Mnemonics are techniques for remembering information that is otherwise quite difficult to recall. A
very simple example is the ‘30 days hath September’ rhyme for remembering the number of days in each
calendar month.
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Essential Study Skills Acrostics, acronyms, analogies & mnemonics
A lot of the information we need to remember and recall is in the form of printed or written words.
This can often be difficult to encode and remember when compared to other stimuli such as; images,
colours, sounds, touch, emotions and language.
• imagination
• association
• location
If you can use and apply a combination of these three principles you can create a powerful study system.
So, lets have a look at each of these three elements in greater detail.
4.4.1 Imagination
This is what you use to create and strengthen the associations needed to create effective mnemonics that
are potent for you. The more strongly you imagine and visualise a situation, the more effectively it will
stick in your mind for later recall. The imagery you use in your mnemonics can be as vivid as you like,
as long as it helps you to remember.
4.4.2 Association
This is the method by which you link a thing to be remembered to a way of remembering it. You can
create associations by:
4.4.3 Location
This gives you two things; a coherent context into which you can place information so that it hangs
together, as well as a way of separating one mnemonic from another. For example setting one mnemonic
in a particular town can separate it from a similar mnemonic set in a city. You can build the atmosphere
of these places into your mnemonics to strengthen the feeling and clarity of each location.
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Essential Study Skills Reading skills
5 Reading skills
To be a really effective reader you need to be able to vary your style depending on your material and it
is likely that you already do this instinctively to some extent.
• a blockbuster novel
• a newspaper
• a poem
• an instruction manual
When reading for pleasure you may read quickly, with few breaks and without worrying about having
to recall details later. On the other hand, when consulting an instruction manual you may read only
one or two paragraphs, but you read them very carefully, making sure you understand all the details.
When reading complex material, since your objective is to understand it as well as possible, you will
need to adapt your reading style to this purpose.
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To become a flexible reader, you need to know how to select and use a reading style that is consistent
with your purpose for reading. There are three important reading styles you should learn to use and
each one has its own purpose – speed reading, skim reading and scanning. Knowing when and how to
use these three reading styles will make you a flexible reader.
• course materials
• books
• images
• audio ‘files’ / clips
• virtual learning materials
• DVD / videos
• journals
• online resources
• your own notes
The above sources of study material are usually found in 5 main themes; core, texts, suggested reading,
course materials and finally other sources which may include your additional research and assignment
bibliographies / references.
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Essential Study Skills Reading skills
You will be surprised how much you take in using this approach!
The aim of skim reading is to get the general idea, gist or overview of a texts content. The aim of this
method is not to have a detailed understanding of the text. This approach is highlighted by the famous
Woody Allen quote…
5.4 Scanning
Scanning is what you do when you read very quickly for a specific piece information within a larger
amount of material. Since you know exactly what you are looking for, move your eyes quickly over the
reading material until you locate the specific piece of information you need to find. An example would
be when looking up a number in a phone book.
You can use headings and titles and formatting clues – for example bold or indented text to help you
hone in on what you’re looking for.
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Essential Study Skills Reading skills
So in summary before you begin your next reading assignment, identify your purpose for reading.
Decide if you are reading for a high level of comprehension, trying to get a general idea about what you
are reading, or looking for specific information. Then use the reading style that is most appropriate for
your reading purpose.
Remember, if you are an auditory leaner you may wish to read out aloud or record your notes.
These methods give you a visual summary of a topic that preserves its logical structure and any linkages
or inter-dependancies.
• keywords
• tree structure
• spider diagrams
• mind maps
• concept maps
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Essential Study Skills Condensing & summerising
6.1 Keywords
Keywords help with memory recall by condensing large amounts of information into a single word or
short phrase that is easy to remember. The key to success is to pick a word that unlocks a large amount
of information.
Don’t be tempted to highlight too much text. We have all seen, or will have done it ourselves where
nearly all the page has been highlighted and we believe everything is important!
• read a sentence
• ask yourself “does it have a key word”?
• if no read the next sentence, if yes, highlight it or write it down
• repeat this process for the entire page / notes
• cover up your full notes and use your keywords only to write down what you can
remember – this will show you how effective your keywords are
• check for effectiveness; immediately, after a few days and after a week to really test your method
• relationships
• family / history tree
• fault tree
• organisational chart
• work breakdown structure – for example with that seen in project management
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Essential Study Skills Condensing & summerising
Family tree
Organisational chart
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Essential Study Skills Condensing & summerising
For essay writing in particular, there is a huge benefit in having a bird’s-eye view of your subject matter.
This allows you to look over all that could be said and pick out the most relevant parts, while leaving
plenty of mental space for the crafting of a comprehensive and well considered argument.
Spider diagrams are an excellent tool for creating an overview and remembering it crisply. They help
distil complex topics onto a single memorable page by using a branching spatial organisation, colour
and images.
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Essential Study Skills Condensing & summerising
The two primary reasons that spider diagrams are such a powerful tool are; that they are memorable and
that the addition of colours, pictures, and simple keywords creates a spatial structure and image that is
easy for your memory to explore.
Mind maps help you to generate ideas and make associations. They are a powerful memory aid in an
examination because they are visual in nature and show the relationships between component topics
within an overall subject area.
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Essential Study Skills Condensing & summerising
To create a mind map, start in the centre of a page with an idea or heading representing your main idea
or central theme. You then create branches out from the central idea, each branch representing a sub-
theme. Each sub-theme can then be subdivided, as appropriate.
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• it enables you to see a large amount of information / thought processing on one page
• your central idea is clearly stated in the middle of the page
• you can show connections between key concepts
• additional information can be added easily
• the open ended nature of the pattern means that you may be able to make new connections
In a concept map, each word or phrase connects to another, and links back to the original idea, word,
or phrase. As such they are a way to develop logical thinking and study skills by revealing connections
and helping you see how individual ideas form a larger picture.
Concept maps were developed to enhance meaningful learning in the sciences. A well-made concept
map forms from a clearly defined “focus question”.
Research has shown that because concept maps are constructed to reflect organisation of the declarative
memory system, they facilitate meaningful learning for those who create and use them.
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Essential Study Skills Condensing & summerising
In Summary then the five main methods of summarising or condensing information are:
• keywords
• tree diagrams
• spider diagrams
• mind and concept maps
It’s going to be down to personal preference as well as what kind of information you are trying to
condense as to which method you use. But, you may well find yourself using a combination of 2 or more
methods – for example highlighting key words on a mind map.
I mentioned earlier turning keywords into flash or cue cards and this is what we will look at in the
next section.
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7 Cue methods
The most widely used cue method is the flashcard. Nowadays these can be electronic in nature and there
are many apps or sites where these can be created or downloaded (see section 15), although of course
the ‘traditional’ index card style approach is just as beneficial.
One of the primary reasons for their success is they require active recall and each time this is practiced
you force your brain to remember or recall information.
Below are 2 examples of cue cards showing carbohydrates and Pythagoras Theory – the blue side being
side one and green being side two.
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Essential Study Skills Note taking
8 Note taking
Lecturers will often place great emphasis on the information they provide in class when they design
tests. The result is that that your class notes are a vital resource when studying for a test. Therefore, it is
important that your notes are complete and accurate.
The best way to be certain that your class notes are complete and accurate is to review them later that day
while the information is still fresh in your mind. As you rewrite them you should correct any errors, fill
in any gaps and add any additional or supporting information as required. A ‘side’ benefit from rewriting
your class notes is that it reinforces the information helping you to remember and recall it more effectively.
This is all very well, but, what you really need is a way of taking really effective notes at the time rather
than having to re-write them. The two main ways you can do this are by using the Skeleton Prose and
Cornell Note Taking Methods.
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Essential Study Skills Note taking
It provides you with a structured, common-sense way of making sure that you take clear notes, engage with
them actively and have accurate material from which you can study or revise. It prevents you from having
to laboriously recopy your notes when revising or studying – a so called ‘do it right first time’ method.
The advantages and benefits of this note taking method can be summarised as:
www.foss.dk
Consider having these sheets pre-printed as a blank template so can always have with you, or as an
electronic document, for example word or pages.
Additionally you can do any pre-reading around the topic under consideration / discussion.
• record your notes in the right hand column – you are not aiming to write everything, but
rather arguments, general ideas, facts etc.
• if you use abbreviations ensure you can recall these after the event
• leave spaces so you can add to your notes or amend then afterwards
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Essential Study Skills Note taking
9.1 PQRST
PQRST stands for:
• Preview
• Question
• Read
• Summary
• Test
P is for Preview
Look at the topic you need to learn by skimming over the main headings and points.
Q is for Question
R is for Read
Re-read all the material, concentrating on the information that best relates to the questions you formulated
in the previous step (Q is for Question).
Summarise your topic in your own words. You could use any of the condensing and summarising
methods we have already covered.
T is for Test
Using the questions you developed earlier answer each one in turn. Ensure you pick a whole range of
questions and not just the ones that you find easy to answer!
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Essential Study Skills Studying from books
• information is studied in a way that directly relates to questions that may be asked
• the method can be adapted to any subject
• allows you to practice how to time your answers
• you can potentially preempt the questions you will be asked
9.2 SQ3R
A second method you can use when studying from books is the SQ3R. This 5 step technique stands for:
• Survey
• Question
• Read
• Recall
• Review
S is for Survey
Start big and then go small – survey the whole book, then the chapters and finally the paragraphs. Also
look at the titles, headings, and subheadings, picture captions, charts, graphs or maps, introductory and
concluding paragraphs and any summaries. The aim of this is to get the general ‘gist’ of the material.
Q is for Question
By questioning the text you turn it from an passive activity to an active one.
Ask yourself:
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Essential Study Skills Studying from books
R is for Read
After questioning you will be ready for the main activity of reading. This involves careful consideration
of what the author is trying to convey and involves being critical as well as active.
• firstly skim read concentrating on the main ideas and general text structure
• secondly read again to make notes on the key points
• look for answers to the questions you raised in ‘Q is for Questions’
• make sure you re-read any parts which are not clear
R is for Recall
It doesn’t matter how interesting (or not!) the text is, you must make a concerted effort to recall what
you read. Failure to do so will result in information being forgotten. Recalling also provides you with
the opportunity to think about and assimilate what you have just read keeping the process active.
Ask yourself “can I recall all the key facts without re-reading the text”?
Try and answer questions about what you have read and/or try and summarise what you have read. This
summary should be in your own words and you should consider highlighting key words and points.
Also consider using a variety of senses in order to recite and recall. Seeing, hearing and saying is known
as triple strength learning, whereas quadruple strength consists of; seeing, hearing, saying and writing.
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R is for Review
The final step in the SQ3R method is to review the material that you have recalled in your notes.
Ask yourself:
Double check you haven’t missed anything of importance. There is sometimes a temptation to ‘miss
out’ pieces of information and associated questions that cover areas we do not enjoy or we find hard!
Below is a sample 7 day plan for using the SQ3R method that you might like to use. Remember it can
be and indeed should be adapted for your own individual needs.
day 1
day 2
Alternate between your condensing method and notes and test yourself (orally or in writing) on the
questions you formulated. Add additional condensed material if required
• list the topics and subtopics each chapter / ‘chunk’ of information contains
• create a ‘map’ for each element
You will now have a summary of the whole book / lecture note.
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Essential Study Skills Prioritisation
10 Prioritisation
When studying a common pitfall people fall into is setting out to learn everything in the order in which
is was presented or delivered. However, for a variety of reasons which could include time constraints,
fatigue or sheer volume of material this may not be possible, or as you will see, even desirable. So, we
need a method of separating what is essential you know, i.e. what is likely to make up the majority of
your exam marks, from what would be great to know if you had unlimited time and energy. One such
method is the traffic light approach.
Take a green pen and mark everything that is essential to know for your exam. These topics should be
studied first and will allow you to progress to the less number of amber and red topics. These green
areas are often found first on a syllabus and may be the easiest concepts to learn but also the easiest
to underestimate.
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Essential Study Skills Prioritisation
Amber:
Take an orange, gold, or even yellow pen and label everything that is either essential to know or is not
too time consuming to learn. These items will form the mainstay of your learning and range from topics
leading from the green to the red range of topics.
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Essential Study Skills Prioritisation
Red:
Take a red pen and label everything you would want to know if you had unlimited time and energy. Red
topics should never be studied at the expense of the essential green and desired amber topics.
Red topics would include overly complicated ideas and subjects that may add one or two marks but will
cost you a great deal of time and focus. By focusing on green and amber topics those that seemed red
at the start may become more amber as time goes on.
This colour system visually reminds you to get moving and motivated on green topics and discourages
wasting time on red ones. Additionally it provides a progressive learning system that is logical and less
likely to become ‘bogged’ down in the minutiae.
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Essential Study Skills Visual methods
11 Visual methods
Visual study methods allow you to not only condense large amounts of info but the potential colours and
images you can use provide a different sensory experience to text alone. We have seen this in previous
sections for example in the case of spidergrams, mind maps, trees and concepts.
In this section we will look at two other visual ways of studying and remembering information using
familiar places and the neural building of a pathway and story.
The first is The Method of Loci and for those of you who have watched Benedict Cumberbach in Sherlock
Holmes, this is the method he uses in his ‘mind place’. It can also be seen in Elementary and Hannibal.
The Wake
the only emission we want to leave behind
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The best way to explain this in greater detail is by showing you a couple of examples. One a random list
and another that is connected.
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Essential Study Skills Visual methods
In this example the familiar place will be the kitchen. So, my pathway could be as follows:
In this second example we will see how you can use this method to remember connected and not
random information.
This example uses one we looked at earlier in acrostics and it is the order of planets.
So, as with the first example you would need to set this somewhere that is familiar to you – and your
pathway might be…you see a Mercury thermometer in the mouth of Venus, who is balancing a football
shaped Earth on her head. On the floor is a Mars bar wrapper that has been dropped by Phil Jupitus
(Jupiter), he is wearing a hat made of Saturn’s rings. You then turn round to see a chair in the shape of
the Uranus symbol which Neptune sits.
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The Method of Loci is particularly powerful when relating pieces of information that are not easy
connected. It does however, require an initial intensive period to practice the method and establish what
kinds of visuals work for you.
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So, I have compiled a list of top tips below to help should you choose to give this method a go:
• give yourself time to practice – it’s not going to come straight away, especially if visual
learning isn’t ‘your thing’
• really focus on the place you are using. Immerse yourself in everything about it – this is a
highly active not passive journey
• you may find it easier to use familiar items and connections to start with and then progress
to more obscure connections later
• a boring image is not going to work, it needs to be as emotionally and visually stimulating
as possible
• consider using things other than images. By utilising all of your senses you are more likely
to create something memorable and repeatable. So, consider smells and noises as well
If you take my full online course you will see the Method of Loci step by step as a ‘talking head’ video –
https://www.udemy.com/essential-study-skills-strategies-for-ultimate-success/?couponCode=bookboon
So, lets explain this in a little more detail. Here you can see examples of words that rhyme with numbers
1–10. Remember the words you choose will be different depending on your accent.
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As with the Method of Loci above, let’s have a look at an example so I can show you the peg system
in operation.
If you wanted to remember that the Earth is the Third planet, you could visualise a image of Earth with
a tree on top. Tree rhymes with 3 therefore this visual image helps you to recall that the Earth is the
third planet.
Now we have looked at visual methods of studying, lets move on to auditory ones.
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Essential Study Skills Auditory methods
12 Auditory methods
We saw earlier in section 3 that people learn through a mixture of:
• visual – seeing
• auditory – hearing
• kinaesthetic – doing
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• module summaries
• revision key points of notes
• language – if studying vocabulary
• another student
• your tutor
• audio books
• podcasts
• ‘spoken’ PDF files – there are various app available for this purpose
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Essential Study Skills Auditory methods
Once your audio recording has been made you can listen to it in a variety of places that includes:
• at home
• whilst travelling
• when exercising
• checking your recording equipment – do a short test before recording a large volume of material
• ask yourself what the objective of your recording is for – for example, remembering key
‘trigger’ words or concepts in depth
• are these notes for your own use, or do you intent to share them. This will effect the quality
and format you convert your recording into
• how do you want to record your information – in small ‘bite sized’ sections or a large block
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Essential Study Skills Don’t Miss Anything Out
The next two methods we will examine ensure that once you have been asked a question you consider
and answer every aspect. When you combine this with the study method of predicting questions you may
be asked, you will develop a robust and comprehensive study system. The methods we will be looking
at are the Black Red Green and PEE.
Read the question given and underline relevant parts of the question using:
• BLAck is for BLAtant instructions – something that must be done (an obvious instruction
or directive)
• REd is for REference point, or REquired input. This is usually to do with definitions, terms,
theories, authors etc.
• GREen is for GREmlins, or GREen lights – these are subtle signs that you could easily miss,
or hints on how you should proceed or place your emphasis
13.2 PEE
Another popular method to break down and answer a question is the PEE approach:
• Point
• Evidence
• Explain
This method builds an argument around a series of logical, coherent, linked paragraphs.
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Essential Study Skills Don’t Miss Anything Out
You may also want to consider leaving some lines in between each paragraph in order that:
So, lets expand on explanation, evidence and examples and evaluation – the ‘E’ ‘E’.
These form the bulk of your paragraph and provides you with the opportunity to demonstrate your
knowledge and understanding of the topic being questioned. You should construct well written, robust
analysis which is written in logical, flowing sentences. One of the ways you can do this to great effect is
the Seven Point Scale for Perfect Paragraphs (see 13.3).
Evaluation
You should include evaluation in each of your paragraphs and not just the concluding one. You should
ask yourself:
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Essential Study Skills A General Study Strategy
4 use ‘hooks’ and ‘cues’ from the question to support and form your points
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• Investigate alternative sources of information you could use – other text books, websites,
experts, tutors, students, etc.
• Consider consulting other support professionals (academic support, and other resources
for assistance)
• Inspect what you did not understand – be honest don’t just avoid that which is difficult or
‘not interesting’!
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• Evaluate your grades on tests and tasks – are there any patterns?
• Examine your progress
• Explore options with others – for example teachers, support professionals, tutors, or parents
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Essential Study Skills Apps / web based study aids
A web based resource that is optimised for all touch devises. Builds; mind maps, flashcard, quizzes and
notes. You can share as well as create and track your learning progress.
Exam countdown
A test will never sneak up on you again! Exam Countdown allows you to track your exams by storing
key dates in one place. You can add a ‘to-do’ list of items that must be completed prior to the exam and
read and share test taking tips from other students. All you need to remember is to download this app.
iStudiez pro
The iStudiez Pro app is an easy-to-use study app which works for the Mac, iPad, iPhone, and iPod Touch.
It allows you to colour code your work schedules and store various snippets of information. You can
create reminders and push notifications for looming due dates. It’s one of the best free apps to improve
study methods around, especially for the more disorganised amongst us.
Khan Academy
Offering access to more than 4,200 educational videos, Khan Academy for iOS is a free app that helps
you learn about anything in the world, ranging from Math(s) and Science to the Humanities. The iPad
app adds more functionality, allowing users to track their progress, download videos for offline viewing
and subtitle support for easier comprehension.
Studious
Scatterbrains will love Studious. It reminds you when homework and tests are due and even silences
your phone for you during lectures and classes. Just enter your class information such as date, time,
location and professor name and Studious takes care of the rest. You can also save notes and photos and
the app’s colorful, easy-to-use interface sweetens the deal.
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BenchPrep
BenchPrep is an interactive course library with all the graduate and professional exam study material
you can handle. It includes hundreds of practice questions, flashcards, in-app purchases and almost 600
study lessons.
15.2 Flashcards
Flashcard+
Bringing an ancient learning method bang into the 21st century. You can create your own flashcard
decks consisting of as many cards as you want, free of charge. There are also a number of default decks
which test you on things like state capitals and maths facts. If you’re in a study group, you can share
these decks with your peers.
Chegg Flashcards
Allows you to easily create flashcards for any subject using your mobile device. You can even add
pictures or diagrams to your cards. The app also provides access to pre-made sets of flashcards powered
by Quizlet. These are available for a variety of subjects including Math, History, Chemistry, English,
Science, Accounting and more.
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Chegg Flashcards also allows you to track your results as you quiz yourself. Just swipe up across a card
you get right and down across a card you get wrong. You can then go back and review the material you
answered incorrectly. Your answer speed is tracked on the app’s results page. Chegg Flashcards also allows
lets you skip a card by shaking your device and navigate the deck with the swipe of a finger.
StudyBlue
Allows you to make digital flashcards and flip through them while getting feedback on what you know.
Using the app’s study filters you can filter out concepts you’ve mastered and review questions you answered
incorrectly. Each flashcard can contain text and pictures and you have the option of creating your own
or using a classmate’s. StudyBlue also allows you to set reminders for tests that are coming up so you
remember to start reviewing class material. If your friends or classmates have the app, you can message
them questions or collaborate virtually.
Encore takes online flashcard study sets and generates portable quizzes. Five flashcard sets come with the
free app including SAT vocabulary, organic chemistry terms, multiplication practice, Spanish expressions
and literary terms. The apps also allows you to search and download content from Quizlet, which
offers 9 million sets of flashcards and FlashcardExchange, which offers 42 million flashcard sets. Encore
keeps track of your answer statistics and provides the ability for you to edit and create quizzes on the
go Mindmaps.
Cram
Cram has over 106 million flashcards and there is a free app as well. You can browse by subject and
share your cards with others.
Share Your Board allows you to take a picture of the whiteboard at the front of the classroom and save
those notes for later. The app adjusts the white balance so the picture is easy to see. Now you don’t have
to rush to scribble down notes that will later be illegible. Simply snap a picture and copy the info after
class or keep the picture to reference before a quiz.
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15.4 Notes
Evernote Peek is a fun way to study for an upcoming quiz using your iPad. You can either use an iPad 2
Smart Cover or a virtual cover option to begin testing yourself on a series of questions using a clue.
Simply lift the corner of the tablet cover and a clue appears on your screen. To reveal the answer lift the
cover a little higher. Then close the cover and repeat. Evernote Peek requires a free Evernote account to
begin creating the “notebooks” from your which test questions will appear. The title on the note appears
as your clue and the text in the body appears as your answer.
Evernote is one of the must-have free apps for students due to its usability in lectures. In lectures you
can use it to take notes and write down any important material. You can sync it to your computer if you
need quick access to the notes. It also combines features from some other apps, such as the voice memo
function. The Evernote clipboard lets #students save any valuable articles and web pages for later. Now
you can study on the go!
Notability
A great little app which allows you to write, record, sketch, record lectures, annotate PDFS and provide
audio feedback. It also syncs with the cloud so your notes are always up-to-date.
Post-it plus
You can use the app to capture a photo of up to 50 square Post-it Notes at one time. These are then
identified with little checkmarks on top of each note. Before creating your digital board, you can uncheck
the notes you don’t want to save.
After the image is captured, you have a viral Post-it board where you can arrange, refine and re-organize
the notes just by tapping and dragging them around with your finger.
Vesper
This note taking app allows you to quickly enter text and then tag it. You can then sort your information
using these tags and you can sync between iPhones and MACS.
This is available for both the iPhone and iPad and allows you to create and share mind maps. You can
export in a whole range of file options and there is built in support for both Dropbox and box.net. Icons,
colours and shape options means you can customise your maps.
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PerfectMind
Ideas, tasks, words, etc. are visualised around a central word, idea or concept. Colours and zooms can
be used to customise an map that can be exported as PDF, PNG etc.
SimpleMind
Rather than just writing down your thoughts, you can spread them out in the form of a spider diagram.
You can also colour your spider diagram to make things stand out. It makes things easier to read and,
hopefully, easier to remember. Combine with some of the other SimpleMind packages for the best results.
Think Tree
This falls under the ‘cute’ end of the mind mapping spectrum rather than the ‘serious’ one. Cartoon
pictures and cloud shaped pop outs create an image that can be shared as picture only.
15.6 Reading
AceReader Pro
This award winning app definitely isn’t cheap at £25.99 (at the time of writing this book), but it will
train you to read faster. It has 13 different levels of training complexity and covers; timed reading
comprehension tests, eye pace drills and eye exercise games. Its ‘auto-adjusting’ feature means you are
always pushed to the next level.
As a student, you will read thousands of words each day. Learn to speed read effectively and you can
cut down on the amount of time spent reading. Speed Reading Trainer offers a selection of text-based
time trials to improve your skills and test your comprehension rate. This is one of the best free apps for
students because it gives you a skill which lasts for life.
Type in text and listen with the iSpeech App. iSpeech converts text to speech with the best sounding
voices anywhere. Simply enter any text and iSpeech will instantly read the words.
Speak It
Copy emails, documents, web pages, PDF files, and more; paste them into Speak it!, and have the text
spoken back to you with the highest quality text to speech engine available anywhere. You can even
create the same quality audio files of the text to speech which can then be emailed to anyone you like!
Speech Magnet
Copy any text then launch Speech Magnet. Very quickly, your copied text is being spoken. Speech Magnet
can automatically speak the clipboard contents on launch.
Text2Speech (pro)
This app allows you to choose from multiple voices and supports non-English language in OS X Lion.
You can even customise the; speed speaking rate, pause, stop or start.
The pro version can export sound to AIFF, MP3 files and add to iTunes.
Wolfram Alpha
Maths can get overwhelming, and Wolfram Alpha is here to help. Instead of carrying formula sheets and
unintelligible notes around, this app offers solutions to your math or number-related problems all in your
pocket. Wolfram Alpha is a great learning tool because you get formula details, graphic representations
and step-by-step explanations of methods for solving. The app is available for iOS, Android, Nook and
Kindle Fire.
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MathRef
MathRef is a solid app for quickly finding formulas across multiple disciplines. This app does not cover
as many disciplines as WolframAlpha, but that is perhaps a strength as is it more focused on traditional
math fields such as Algebra, Geometry and Calculus. MathRef also has an excellent user interface,
allowing users to add notes to equations, save favourite equations and copy text from within the app to
e-mails or text editor.
Graphing calculators used to be expensive and complex. However, those studying advanced mathematics
can download an app like Graphing Calculator by Mathlab. This free app provides its users with advanced
operators, functions, an intuitive user interface and beautifully laid out graphs featuring slopes, roots
and intersections, to name a few.
After a long night cram session, the temptation to hit that snooze button on the alarm clock isappealing.
But what if you didn’t have a snooze button? What if you were required to use your brain to stop your
alarm? Math Alarm Clock will require you to do just that. When your alarm goes off, it will continue
beeping until you finish a certain number of math problems that you set. If you get one wrong, it adds
to the number of problems you have to complete.
15.8.2 Literature
Cliffsnotes
These have been helping students since 1958. With this iOS app, you can now study for those literature
tests on your phone. Access character and theme analyses, plot summaries and interactive quizzes with
in-app purchases. Study in Cram or Full Plan modes depending on how much time there is left before
your test. The audio plot summary function is great for listening during those longer walks around
campus or during your workout.
SparkNotes
For each book, play, short story, or poem, the SparkNotes iOS app’s content is neatly and concisely
presented for easy navigation. The top menu bar lets you add it to your favourites and share, as well
as download for offline use with a touch. Typically, there is a table of contents section where you can
learn more about the context, plot overview, and character list. Each chapter or logically created section
for plays and poems contains a summary and analysis. You use agile, precise gesture controls to scroll
through well-crafted content.
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Essential Study Skills Critical Reflective Learning Questions
16 Critical Reflective
Learning Questions
In section 1.1 of this book we looked at a series of baseline, or benchmark questions about how you
currently learn and study. You can now see how far you have come and how this book will change how
you approach future learning and studying by undertaking the following questions.
1. As a result of this book do you feel more able to use a wider variety of learning and
study skills?
Scholarships
3. Prioritisation is one of the key skills we examined. Do you feel confident to apply this system
in order to focus on essential information that has the highest ROI – Return on Investment?
4. Can you now trial a note taking system, such as The Cornell Approach in order to take
study ready class notes first time?
5. Has this course enabled you to look at learning and study methods you have not
encountered before?
6. As a result of this course do you feel more prepared for study success?
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Essential Study Skills Stop, Start, Continue
STOP – list what you will STOP doing as a result of this book in terms of; note taking, reading,
using books, learning and studying
START – list what you will START doing as a result of this book in terms of; note taking, reading,
using books, learning and studying
CONTINUE – list anything you will CONTINUE doing as a result of this book in terms of;
note taking, reading, using books, learning and studying. e.g. is there anything that you currently do
which you have confirmed is a good approach for you to adopt
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Essential Study Skills Summary
18 Summary
We started this book by looking at the 5 main reasons that people study as well as their preferred method.
The bulk of what followed was a description and examples where appropriate of methods, techniques
and practices you can use to study effectively and efficiently.
I’m sure it is more than obvious to you by now that the method you use should be tailored to you, your
subject matter and the environment you are studying in. Therefore, it is almost impossible to give any
hard and fast rules regarding how you as an individual should approach your study.
• Use the Cornell note taking system in classes and lectures (see section 8)
• Use the PQRST or SQ3R when studying from books
• Apply the Traffic Light Prioritisation Method to get the highest return on investment (ROI)
• Use a combination of methods – to add interest and neural pathways
• Examine ‘electronic and technical’ aids to study, many of which will be ‘ready to go’
• Constantly and methodically test what method of study works for you. Ask yourself what
method gets what grades / results and feed this information into your next exam
Appendix 1
In the main summary I suggested combining study methods and in this appendix I wanted to give you
an example of how this could work in ‘real life’.
The parts that I would need to learn for recall are: the cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, chloroplasts,
mitochondria, nucleus and nucleolus.
Well, I could make up a series of words or a sentence. I made up this… Nine, Cute Cuddly Mice Nibble
Cottage Cheese.
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Essential Study Skills Appendix 1
Another way could be through the use of analogies…I could say a plant cell is like…School!
The cell wall is the like the protective walls of the school
The cell membrane is like the school doors – letting things in and out
The cytoplasm is like the air within the school because everything else sits in it
The chloroplasts are like the canteen because this is where the food is made
The mitochondria are like the football field – because this is where food is converted into energy
The nucleus is like the headmasters, or principles office – the control centre
The nucleolus is the copy machine sat on the principles desk because it where the nucleic acid gets
copied in a cell
5
In my online study skills course I also show you a video, or prezi I made to show this written information
in a more dynamic, visual way which zoom into each element.
(https://www.udemy.com/essential-study-skills-strategies-for-ultimate-
success/?couponCode=bookboon)
We could also produce flash cards. In this case I would design 8 different cards. 7 for each of the cell
parts and one with a cell diagram. The cell diagram one would look like this on side A and this on side B.
Using this system I could put learned cards in one pile and others on the ‘still to learn’ pile.
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If we start with keywords you can see from this table that I have put the part of the cell down the left
and the description down the right. What we need to do is work out which of the words on the right
are ‘key’ – i.e. which ones ‘unlock’ information.
part description
cell wall provide the cell shape and support. made of tough cellulose
cell membrane controls what can come into and out of the cell
cytoplasm the jelly like substance inside the cell, where chemical reactions happen
chloroplasts where photosynthesis happens. Use sunlight energy to make food. Contain green
substance called chlorophyll
After highlighting the words you think are key it is then important to check that these words do indeed
‘unlock’ information. I would cover up the information and see what I could recall immediately and
then again after say 24 hours and a week. If these key words don’t allow active recall you need to choose
other words and test again.
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89,000 km
That’s more than twice around the world.
careers.slb.com
1
Based on Fortune 500 ranking 2011. Copyright © 2015 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
Here’s a condensing diagram, showing the similarities between a plant and animal cell.
What about prioritising the information? The method we looked at in section 10 was the traffic light
system.
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Bioinformatics is the
exciting field where biology,
computer science, and
mathematics meet.
Read more about this and our other international masters degree programmes at www.uu.se/master
Amber information includes what each part does and how it differs from an animal cell.
Finally red information which provides very little return on investment includes; cell specialisation, the
origin of the words and detailed structures of each of the 7 parts of the cell.
Obviously, what you put into each of these three colour categories would be different depending on the
level at which you are working and studying.
Next let’s have a look at the Method of Loci – and this is where to could all get a bit strange, so bear with
me! Remember this visual method is very much unique to you, but I have included it for completeness
as is it often the study method that initially takes the longest to become competent at.
I have a very clear memory of decorating eggs for a school project when I was small. I did a humpty
dumpty egg and I drew his face on one side and the wall on the other. So, this will be my starting point
and my old classroom will be my location. I can even remember the way it smelt and this all adds to
the neural pathways I am trying to build.
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1) I walk into the class room and come face to face with a giant egg.
2) on it is painted a wall – the cell wall
3) I punch through this and theres the thin membrane – cell membrane
4) once I break through this I’m surrounded by lovely orange jelly (another school memory) –
the jelly represents the cytoplasm which is jelly like
5) a green jelly bean then floats by – the chloroplast
6) followed by a walnut – I don’t know why but I think mitochondria look like a walnut!
7) I swim through the jelly and reach humpty dumpty who is sitting at a computer – the
computer represents the nucleus that controls everything
8) next to him is a fax machine that is copying pictures of RNA – the nucleolus
What you have to recognise here is that the Method of Loci is unique to you. So you want find examples
on the internet. And even if you did you probably shouldn’t use them as they wont be unique to you
and therefore memorable.
Here you can see I have put my class notes on the right. Remember to re-look at any abbreviations.
On the left are the Questions that you formulate from the class notes and finally your summary can be
written along the bottom.
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I really hope you have enjoyed this this book and I’m sure it will prove invaluable in your future studies.
If you would like to take / download my online study skills course please click
https://www.udemy.com/essential-study-skills-strategies-for-ultimate-success/?couponCode=bookboon
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