Curriculum of Agronomy

CURRICULUM
OF
AGRONOMY
B.Sc.(Hons)/ BS/ / M.Sc.(Hons)/MS/ PhD
(Revised 2018)
HIGHER EDUCATION COMMISSION

ISLAMABAD
CURRICULUM DIVISION, HEC
Prof. Dr. Mukhtar Ahmed Chairman

Prof. Dr. Arshad Ali Executive Director
Mr. Muhammad Raza Chohan Director General (Academics)
Dr. Muhammad Idrees Director (Curriculum)
Mr. Hidayatullah Kasi Deputy Director (Curriculum)
Mr. Rabeel Bhatti Assistant Director (Curriculum)
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Introduction 08
2. Standardized Template for 4 years
BS/MSc (Hons.) Agriculture 14
3. Scheme of Studies for BS/BSc (Hons.) Agronomy 15
4. Details of courses for BS/BSc (Hons.) 16
5. Scheme of Studies for MS/MSc (Hons.)/PhD 52
6. Detail of course for MS/BSc (Hons.)/PhD 53
7. List of recommended books for Agronomy 79
8. Annexure compulsory courses 91
9. Recommendations 108
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PREFACE
The curriculum, with varying definitions, is said to be a plan of the teaching-
learning process that students of an academic programme are required to
undergo to achieve some specific objectives. It includes scheme of studies,
objectives & learning outcomes, course contents, teaching methodologies and
assessment/ evaluation. Since knowledge in all disciplines and fields is
expanding at a fast pace and new disciplines are also emerging; it is imperative
that curricula be developed and revised accordingly.
University Grants Commission (UGC) was designated as the competent authority

to develop, review and revise curricula beyond Class-XII vide Section 3, Sub-
Section 2 (ii), Act of Parliament No. X of 1976 titled “Supervision of Curricula and
Textbooks and Maintenance of Standard of Education”. With the repeal of UGC
Act, the same function was assigned to the Higher Education Commission (HEC)
under its Ordinance of 2002, Section 10, Sub-Section 1 (v).
In compliance with the above provisions, the Curriculum Division of HEC

undertakes the revision of curricula regularly through respective National
Curriculum Revision Committees (NCRCs) which consist of eminent professors
and researchers of relevant fields from public and private sector universities,
R&D organizations, councils, industry and civil society by seeking nominations
from their organizations.
In order to impart quality education which is at par with indigenous needs and
international standards, HEC NCRCs have developed unified framework/
templates as guidelines for the development and revision of curricula in the
disciplines of Basic Sciences, Applied Sciences, Social Sciences, Agriculture and
Engineering.
It is hoped that this curriculum document, prepared by the respective NCRC’s,

would serve the purpose of meeting our national, social and economic needs,
and it would also provide the level of competency specified in Pakistan
Qualification Framework to make it compatible with international educational
standards. The curriculum is also placed on the website of HEC
http://hec.gov.pk/english/services/universities/RevisedCurricula/Pages/default.aspx
(Muhammad Raza Chohan)

Director General (Academics)
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CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT PROCESS
STAGE-I STAGE-II STAGE-III STAGE-IV
CURRI. UNDER CURRI. IN DRAFT FINAL STAGE FOLLOW UP STUDY

CONSIDERATION STAGE
COLLECTION OF REC APPRAISAL OF 1ST PREP. OF FINAL QUESTIONNAIRE

DRAFT BY EXP. OF CURRI.
COL./UNIV
CONS. OF CRC. FINALIZATION OF INCORPORATION OF COMMENTS

DRAFT BY CRC REC. OF V.C.C.
PREP. OF DRAFT BY APPROVAL OF PRINTING OF CURRI. REVIEW

CRC CURRI.BY V.C.C.
IMPLE.OF CURRI. BACK TO STAGE-I

Abbreviations Used:
CRC. Curriculum Revision Committee
VCC. Vice Chancellor’s Committee
EXP. Experts
COL. Colleges
UNI. Universities
PREP. Preparation ORIENTATION
REC. Recommendations COURSES
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CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT CYCLE
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RATIONALE OF DEGREE PROGRAMME IN AGRONOMY
Achieving sustainability in food grain production and food security, in its totality,
continues to be a challenge in the developing world including Pakistan. The
produce of green revolution, we are harvesting now, seems to be saturated in
terms of genetic potential. Over the past two decades, global food production has
trebled, largely because of advances in agronomy.
The major challenges to sustainable food grain production in Pakistan include

availability of quality seed, declining soil health, fragile cropping systems,
looming water crisis, environmental degradation owing to indiscriminate use of
farm chemicals, post harvest losses, minimal value addition and product
differentiation, inadequate food storage and preservation, and poor marketing
system. The imperative need, therefore, is to address these issues more
forcefully in order to tap the considerable productivity potential of the agriculture
sector through resource conservation.
The objective of the education and training in Agronomy is to generate, integrate,

and apply knowledge about crop plants that are grown for food, feed, fiber and
the general benefit of people. Education and training programs in agronomy (at
under graduate, post graduate and PhD level) aim at developing trained human
resource base who conduct basic and applied research in various aspects of
crop production and soil management under varying agro-ecological and socio-
economic conditions of the farming community. The graduates majoring in
agronomy help find and disseminate answers to problems, and discover
opportunities concerning efficiency and sustainability of production systems by
developing safe and environmentally-sound practices. Manpower so trained
serves in different capacity providing advisory services to farmers, NGOs and the
relevant agro-based industry, impart short term training to farmers and in-service
agri-personnel pertaining to latest developments in this field for better resource
management and sustaining crop yields under changing environmental scenario.
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Minutes of National Curriculum Revision Committee (NCRC)
Final Meeting of Agronomy held from March 05-07, 2018 at HEC
Regional Centre, Lahore
The final meeting of National Curriculum Revision Committee (NCRC) in the

discipline of Agronomy for Bachelor, Master and Ph.D Degree programmes was
held from March 05-07, 2018 (03 days) at HEC, Regional Center, Lahore. The
purpose of the meeting was to finalize the draft curriculum prepared in its
preliminary meeting held from 09-11 October, 2017 (03 days) at HEC, Regional
Center, Lahore Experts from academia, research and development organizations
participated in the meeting. Mr. Rabeel Bhatti (Assistant Director, Curriculum,
HEC, Pakistan) coordinated the NCRC meeting. The list of the participants is as
below:
Dr. Bashir Ahmad

Professor,
1. Convener
Department of Agronomy,
University of Agriculture, Peshawar.
Dr. Aijaz Ahmad Soomro
Chairman / Professor,
2. Secretary
Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam,
Dr. Muhammad Rashid
Associate Professor,
3. Department of Agronomy, Co-Secretary
Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water & Marine
Sciences, Uthal, Balochistan.
Dr. Nazim Hussain
4. Member
BahauddinZakariya University, Multan.
Dr. Qamaruddin Chachar
5. Member
Department of Crop Physiology,
Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam.
Dr. Riaz Ahmad
6. Member
University of Agriculture, Faisalabad.
Dr. Muzammil Hussain Siddiqui
Professor/Chairman,
7. Department of Agronomy, Member
Faculty of Agriculture,
The University of Poonch, Rawalakot, AJK,
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Dr. Muhammad Naeem Shahwani,
Professor,
8. Faculty of Life Sciences & Informatics, Member
Department of Biotechnology,
BUITEMS, Quetta.
Dr. Ghulam Qadir
Faculty of Crop & Food Sciences, PMAS Arid Agriculture
University, Rawalpindi.
Dr. Abdul Ghaffar
Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture,
Multan.
Dr. Yousaf Jamal
Assistant Professor,
11. Member
Department of Agriculture,
The University of Swabi, Anbar Swabi.
Dr. Zafar Hayat Khan
12. Member
Department of Agronomy,Abdul Wali Khan University,
Garden Campus, Mardan.
Dr. Muhammad Saleem
Principal Scientist,
13. Member
Nuclear Institute for Agriculture & Biology (NIAB), P. O.
Box No 128, Jhang Road, Faisalabad.
Dr. Muhammad Naeem Ch.
Assistant Professor/Chairman,
14. Member
Department of Agronomy
The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur.
Dr. Muhammad Bilal Chattha
15. Member
Institute of Agricultural Sciences,
University of the Punjab, Quaid-i-Azam Campus, Lahore.
Dr. Anser Ali
16. Member
Faculty of Agricultural Sciences,
Department of Agronomy, Ghazi University, D. G. Khan.
Mr. Riaz Ahmad Ghumman
17. Ex- Senior Manager Marketing (Agri Services) Member
Fauji Fertilizer Company Ltd,Lahore.
Dr. Muhammad Aamir Iqbal
18. Member
Faculty of Agriculture,The University of Poonch,
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Rawalakot, AJK,
Mr. Rabeel Bhatti
19. Assistant Director (Curriculum), Coordinator
Higher Education Commission, Islamabad.
The following members attended the preliminary meeting only and could
not attend the final meeting due to pre-occupation:
Dr. Zammurad Iqbal Ahmed

Professor,
1. Department of Agronomy, Secretary
PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Murree Road,
Rawalpindi.
Dr. Muhammad Shafi
Professor,
2. Member
Department of Agronomy
The Agriculture University, Peshawar.
The following members attended the final meeting only as special invitee
and were not available in preliminary meeting:
Prof. Dr. Abdul Khaliq

Professor,
1. Member
University of Agriculture, Faisalabad.
Dr. Muhammad Ashraf,
Agronomist,
2. Member
Ex. Manager,
Seeds Pioneer, Pak Seed Ltd, Lahore.
The meeting started with recitation from the Holy Quran. Mr. Rabeel
Bhatti, Assistant Director, Curriculum, Higher Education Commission (HEC),
Islamabad welcomed the members on behalf of the Chairman, HEC. He briefed
the members of the responsibilities of the Commission to review/revise the
curriculum. He also informed the honourable members regarding the main
purpose of revising the curriculum keeping in view the framework/scheme of
studies for Bachelor, Master and Ph.D Degree programmes in the discipline of
Agronomy. There was a deliberate discussion among the committee members on
the preliminary draft prepared in its last meeting held on 09-11 October, 2017 at
HEC Regional Center, Lahore. All those members who have already sent their
inputs presented their drafts before the committee for further discussion. All
queries and questions were satisfactorily answered by the respective expert
members of the Committee.
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Prof. Dr. Bashir Ahmad, briefed the participants that key objective of final
NCRC is to devise a curriculum that provides a unified framework (guidelines) to
institutions offering degrees under the title of Agronomy and also match the
global modifications of the Agronomy. He further requested the committee that as
Dr. Zammurad Iqbal Ahmed, Secretary NCRC could not attend the final NCRC
meeting due to personal reasons, Dr. Aijaz Ahmad Soomro may be selected as a
secretary of the committee for final NCRC. The house unanimously agreed and
Dr. Aijaz Ahmad Soomro was selected as a Secretary of the committee for final
NCRC.
The members focused on nomenclatures of various degree programmes,

rationale and scope of Agronomy, titles of different courses offered during 4
years Bachelor programmes, credit hours, learning outcomes, and assessment
criteria of Agronomy in different Universities of Pakistan. After detailed discussion
and in depth analysis of framework/scheme of studies, Course Learning
Outcomes (CLOs) and course contents; the curriculum was finalized for Bachelor
of Agronomy.
On second day, courses developed/improved by individual members were

presented. Each course was discussed in the whole group and with through
discussion on course objectives, learning outcomes, contents, teaching methods,
assessment and reference books were reviewed, revised and finalized. After
thorough deliberation, preliminary draft curriculum of the undergraduate (4-years)
programme prepared in the preliminary meeting for Agronomy was finalized.
On third day, Prof. Dr. Bashir Ahmad, Convener of the Committee, briefed
the house about progress made on the previous day. The admission criteria and
courses of Master program of Agronomy were reviewed by the committee with
changes and addition of courses. Furthermore, it was decided that the university
may offer the courses keeping in view their expertise and resources with HEC
guidelines in consideration. It was decided that the zero final draft finalized during
the meeting shall be circulated by the Secretary of the Committee for final review
of all the respective members.
In the end, Mr. Rabeel Bhatti thanked the Convener, Secretary, Co-
Secretary and all members of the Committee for sparing their time and for their
contribution to prepare the revised draft of the curriculum. He further stated that
their efforts will go a long way in developing workable, useful and market oriented
comprehensive degree programme in Agronomy. The Convener of the NCRC
also thanked the members for their inputs in revising/updating the curriculum to
make it more practical, competitive, efficient and realistic. The committee highly
appreciated the efforts made by the officials of HEC Regional Centre, Lahore for
making arrangements to facilitate the committee and their accommodation and
recreation tour. The meeting ended with the vote of thanks to HEC and Mr.
Rabeel Bhatti and his team from HEC for providing this academic and
professional opportunity for national cause.
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The meeting ended with vote of thanks to and from the Chair.
RECOMMENDATIONS
The following recommendations are made for implementation of these schemes
in the country:
1. The committee appreciates HEC’s role in improvement of Higher
Education in the country and recommends uniform implementation of its
polices including work load and financial matters in all public sector
universities.
2. The committee strongly recommends that mathematics/biology should be
considered as deficiency courses and shall not be counted towards the
total credit hours of the B.Sc. (Hons.) degree.
3. To strengthen the background of agriculture students in different
specializations, it is proposed to allocate at least three foundation courses
from agronomy during the first four semesters.
4. The course of crop physiology may be included in interdisciplinary
foundation courses template.
5. It is recommended that periodic inter-university/inter-provinces visits of the
faculty along with PhD scholars should be made compulsory to enhance
the exchange of views and observe the site specific technology developed
in different provinces/universities.
6. HEC is requested to review the policy for funding Lab establishment with
priority for the proposal relevant to practical facilities of the newly
developed courses being offered at different institutions.
7. It is proposed to arrange refresher courses for the faculty at
national/international level for effective delivery of new topics/courses
amended by NCRC.
8. NCRC recommends to regularly hold meetings of all HODs (at least once
in six months).
9. It has been observed that the students opt the major subject before
entering the 3rd year. In this regard, they submit their options to the Deans
themselves or the coordinator of the undergraduate programmes finalize
the selection of students for each department. It is strongly recommended
that the chairman of the department may finalize the selection of students
on merit basis, because the chairman is dealing with such students in
coming years. In this way departments will get rapid development
smoothly. This policy should be applied in all agriculture universities to
develop / create uniformity.
SUGGESTIONS
1. Higher Education Commission is requested to arrange a training of the in-
service faculty through using the capabilities and expertise of the experts
from public/private sector for the areas where universities feel deficiency.
2. HEC is requested to ensure availability of at least 10 copies of all
recommended books to the departmental libraries of all the Agricultural
Universities/Faculties/Colleges of the country and to improve the
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library/documentation of the institutions.
3. Professors and Associate Professors should also be considered for
different administrative courses run by national policy institutes/public
administration staff colleges to enhance administrative and financial
management skills.
4. To improve the standard of the higher education at national level, the
committee recommends that the appointment of local examiners within the
city should be discouraged at MSc (Hons.)/MPhil degree programs.
5. A final copy of the curriculum (2017) must be provided to at least every
faculty member of agronomy all over the country.
6. A viable mechanism for follow up of implementation of
recommendations/suggestions should be developed.
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STANDARDIZED TEMPLATE FOR 4-YEARB.Sc.(HONS)/BS
AGRICULTURE
1. Compulsory Courses Credit Hours

Mathematics / Biology (2 courses) 6 (3-0) (2-1)
Statistics 1 & 2 6 (3-0) (3-0)
Computers /IT 3(2-1)
Pak Studies 2(2-0)
Islamic Studies 2(2-0)
Communication Skills 3(3-0)
English 3(3-0)
Basic Agriculture 3(2-1)
Sub-Total 28
2. Interdisciplinary Foundation Courses
Agronomy 9(----)
Plant Breeding & Genetics 3(2-1)
Entomology 3(2-1)
Plant Pathology 3(2-1)
Food Technology 3(2-1)
Horticulture 3(2-1)
Soil Sciences 3(2-1)
Crop Physiology 3(2-1)
Agriculture Economics 3(2-1)
Sub-Total 27
Agriculture Extension 3(2-1)
Forestry & Range Management 3(2-1)
Animal Science 3(2-1)
Marketing & Agri Business 3(2-1)
Rural Development 3(2-1)
Human Nutrition 3(2-1)
Agriculture Chemistry 3(2-1)
Agriculture Engineering 3(2-1)
Water Management 3(2-1)
Any other discipline recommended by the
University/Faculty/College
Sub-Total 24
Sub-Total during the first four semesters 70-76
Semester 5, 6, 7 & 8 56-60
Project / Internship 04
Grand Total 130-140
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SCHEME OF STUDIES FOR BS/BSc (HONS) IN AGRONOMY
Course Title Credit Hours No.
AGR-001 Basic Agriculture 3(2-1)
AGR-002 Principles of Agronomy 3(2-1)
AGR-003 Field Crop Production-I 3(2-1)
AGR-004 Field Crop Production-II 3(2-1)
AGR 005 Arid and Rainfed Agriculture 3(2-1)
AGR-006 Farming system and Record Management 3(2-1)
AGR-007 Agro-technology of Major Crops 3(2-1)
AGR-008 Principles of Weed Science 3(2-1)
AGR-009 Field Crop Physiology 3(2-1)
AGR-010 Plant Nutrients and Growth Regulators 3(2-1)
AGR-011 Water Management in Rainfed Area 3(2-1)
AGR-012 Biological Nitrogen Fixation 3(2-1)
AGR-013 Seed Production Technology 3(2-1)
AGR-014 Research and Scientific Writing 3(2-1)
AGR-015 Conservation Agronomy 3(2-1)
AGR-016 Agro Ecology 3(3-0)
AGR-017 Irrigation Agronomy 3(2-1)
AGR-018 Environment and Crop Production
Climate change and crop production 3(2-1)
3(2-1)
AGR-019 Forage and Fodder Production
AGR-020 Organic Farming 3(2-1)
AGR-021 Coastal Agriculture management 3(2-1)
AGR-022 Introduction to Weed Science 3(2-1)
AGR-023 Crop Modelling 3(2-1)
AGR-024 Crop Management under Stressful
Environments 3(2-1)
AGR-025 Medicinal and Special Crops 3(2-1)
AGR-026 Plant and Soil Analysis 3(2-1)
AGR-027 Production Technology of Condiments
and spices’ 3(2-1)
AGR-028 Research Project Studies 4(0-4)
AGR-029 Internship* 4(0-4)
Note:
Universities/Faculties/Colleges may adopt their own system for course numbers
and credit hours for different courses.
* Internship can be performed 5th semester onward.
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DETAIL OF COURSES FOR BS/BSC (HONS.) IN AGRONOMY
AGR-001 BASIC AGRICULTURE 3(2-1)
Objective
To provide the basic knowledge and background about Pakistan’s Agriculture.
Learning Outcomes
After studying this course, the students will be able to:-

1. Define and describe the concept of agriculture, its branches and their
relationship with allied disciplines.
2. Describe the significance of agriculture sector in the country’s Economy
3. Understand the Agro-Ecological zones of Pakistan and the impact of
climatic factors on agricultural productivity.
4. Measure land area and to demonstrate agriculture tools and implements
Course outline
 Agriculture; concept, history, importance and scope
 Branches and allied sciences in agriculture
 Salient features and problems of Pakistan’s agriculture
 Climate, weather and seasons of Pakistan, their major characteristics
and impact on crop production
 Land resources and their utilization
 Crop nutrition
 Water resources; surface and ground water, canal system
 Agro ecological zones of Pakistan
 Farming systems of the country
 Agro-based industries
Practical
• Land measuring units
• Demonstration of hand tools and tillage implements
• Identification of meteorological instruments
• Identification of crop plants, weeds and seeds
• Identification of organic and inorganic fertilizers
• Demonstration of various irrigation methods
• Field visits
Teaching Methodology
• Lecturing
• Home Assignments
• Field visits/work
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Assessment
Mid Term
• Written (Long Questions, Short Questions, MCQs)
• Assignments/Quiz
Final Term
• Practical work/Lab.
Recommended Books
1. Abbas, M. A. 2006. General Agriculture. Emporium Urdu Bazar, Lahore.
2. Balasubramaniyan. 2004. Principles and Practices of Agronomy.
Agrobios, Jodhpur, India.
3. Khalil, I.A and A. Jan. 2002. Cropping Technology. National Book
Foundation, Islamabad.
4. Khan S.R.A. 2001. Crop Management in Pakistan with Focus on Soil and
Water. Directorate of Agricultural Information, Punjab, Lahore.
5. Nazir, M.S., E. Bashir and R. Bantel. (Eds.) 1994. Crop Production.
National Book Foundation, Islamabad.
6. Qureshi, M.A. M.A. Zia and M.S. Qureshi. 2006. Pakistan Agriculture
Management and Development. A-One Publisher, Urdu Bazar, Lahore.
AGR-002 PRINCIPLES OF AGRONOMY 3(2-1)
Objective
 To provide basic knowledge about principles and practices of agronomy
Learning Outcomes
 Define and describe the scope of agronomy
 Understand the main principles of agronomy
 Apply the knowledge to interpret the different practices of field crop
production
 Compare mono and multiple cropping, manures and fertilizers
 Evaluate the application and importance of agronomic principles in
field crop management
Course outline
• Agronomy-definition and scope
• Principles of Agronomy
• Tillage: objectives and types, minimum and zero tillage and laser land
levelling
• Use of improved seed, seed multiplication and distribution systems
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• Nutrient management; manures and fertilizers, their classification,
composition, methods of application
• Irrigation management; methods and scheduling. Water use efficiency
• Crop protection
• Harvesting, postharvest management and marketing
• Crop rotations and types; Mono vs multiple cropping
• Modern concepts in agronomy.
Practical
 Demonstration and use of tillage implements; Preparatory tillage,
seedbed preparation and intercultural operations
• Seed purity analysis
• Identification of organic and inorganic fertilizers and manures;
Calculation of nutrient cum fertilizer unit value
• Demonstration and layout of various irrigation methods
• Identification of crop pests; Visits to University farms
• Lecturing
Assessment
Mid Term
Final Term
Recommended Books
1. Balasubramaniyan. 2004. Principles and Practices of Agronomy.
2. Khalil, I.A. and A. Jan. 2013. (4th print). Cropping Technology. National
Book Foundation, Islamabad.
3. Kirkham, M.B. (Editor). 2004. Water Use in Crop Production. Narosa
Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, India.
4. Martin, J.H. R.P. Waldren and D.L. Stamp. 2006. Principles of Field Crop
Production 4th Ed. The McMillan Co., New York.
5. Nazir, M.S., E. Bashir and R. Bantel. (Eds.) 2013.(6th edition). Crop
Production. Ed. E. Bashir & R. Bantel. National Book Foundation,
Islamabad.
6. Reddy, T.Y. and G.H.S. Reddi. 2004. Principles of Agronomy. Kalyani
Publishers, New Delhi.
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7. Zimdahl, R. 2008. Fundamentals of Weed Science. 3 rd Third edition.
Academic Press, USA.
AGR-003 FIELD CROP PRODUCTION-I 3(2-1)
Objective
To understand the production technology of cereals, fibre, sugar and green

manure crops.
Learning outcome
Upon successful completion of the course, the students will be able to :
1. Acquire the basic knowledge of cropping pattern and cropping scheme
and
2. understanding production technology of cereals, fibre, sugar crops and
green manure crops.
3. Evaluate, analyse and solve the problems of these crops at farmer’s field.
4. Demonstrate individually the stages of latest production technology.
Course outline
Theory
 Concept and classification of field crops

 Definition and differentiation of cropping intensity, cropping schemes and
cropping patterns; Cropping patterns in different ecological zones
 Factors affecting cropping patterns.
 Production technology of cereals (wheat, barley, oats, triticale, rice,
maize, sorghum and millets),
 Production technology of Fibre cops (Cotton, jute, sun hemp, dccan-
hemp),
 Production technology of Sugar crops (Sugarcane and sugar beet),
 Production technology of green manure crops (Guar, Jantar, pigeon pea,
senji etc.).
Practical
 Identification and plant characteristic of crops, cultivars, and seeds;
 Demonstration of improved sowing methods;
 Raising of crop nurseries and their transplanting;
 Intercultural practices;
 Delinting of cotton seed;
 Burying of green manure crops;
 Visits to University/College research area.
• Lecturing
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Assessment
Mid Term
Final Term
Recommended Books
1. Bhatti, I.M. and A.H. Soomro. 1996. Agricultural inputs and Field Crop
Production in Sindh, Directorate General, Agri., Res. Institute, Sindh,
Hyderabad.
2. Byerlee, D. and T. Hussain, 1992. Farming Systems of Pakistan. Vanguard
Books, Lahore.
3. Martin, J.H., R.P.Waldren and D.L. Stamp. 2006. Principles of Field Crop
5. Reddy, SR. 2004 Principles of Crop Production. 2nd Ed. Kalyani publishers
New Delhi.
6. Shrestha, A. 2003 Cropping System. Food Products Press. Haworth Press,
Inc. Binghamton, New York NY.
7. Wolfe, T.K. and M.S. Kipps. 2004. Production of Field Crops: A Textbook
of Agronomy. McGraw-Hill Book Co. New York.
8. Crop production
AGR-004 FIELD CROP PRODUCTION-II 3(2-1)
Objective
To familiarize the students with production technology of oil seeds, legume,
forages and miscellaneous crops.
Learning outcome
Upon successful completion of the course, the students will be able to:
1. Acquire the basic knowledge of oilseed crops, legumes, forage crop and
misc. crops
2. Understand the production technology of oilseed crops, grain legume,
forage crop and misc. crops.
3. Evaluate, analyse and solve the problems of these crops at farmer’s field.
4. Demonstrate individually the steps of latest production technology.
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5. Apply the techniques and practices for enhancing crop productivity and
seed inoculation of legumes
Course outlines
Theory
 Production technology of oilseed crops (toria, raya, sarsoon, canola,
taramira, castor bean, sunflower, safflower, sesame, linseed, groundnut,
soybean); •
 Production technology of Legumes (chickpea, lentil, mungbean,
mashbean, cowpea and pigeon pea),
 Production technology of forage crops (berseem, shaftal, lucerne, oats,
maize, sorghum, millets and mottgrass);
 Production technology of miscellaneous crops (potato, sweet potato,
tobacco, tea, medicinal crops);
 Techniques and practices for enhancing crop productivity.
Practical
 Identification and plant characteristic of crops, cultivars, and seeds of the
crops;
 Demonstration of improved sowing methods;
 Inoculation of legume seeds;
 Intercultural practices;
 Weed control practices;
 Demonstration of harvesting and threshing operations;
 Visits to University/College research areas. Teaching
Methodology
 Lecturing
 Home Assignments
 Field visits/work
Assessment
 Mid Term
 Written (Long Questions, Short Questions, MCQs)
 Assignments/Quiz
 Final Term
 Practical work/Lab.
Recommended Books
1. Baldev, B., S. Ramamjan and H.K. Jain. 1988. Pulse Crops. Oxford and
IBH Pub. Co., New Delhi.
2. Martin, J.H. R.P. Waldren and D.L. Stamp. 2006. Principles of Field Crop
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4. Rahman, A. and M. Munir. 1984. Rapeseed, Mustard Production in
Pakistan, PARC, Islamabad.
5. Reddy, S.R. 2004 Principles of Crop Production. 2 nd Ed. Kalyani
Publishers New Delhi.
6. Wolfe, T.K. and M.S. Kipps. 2004. Production of Field Crop: A Textbook of
Agronomy. McGraw-Hill Book Co. New York.
AGR-005 ARID AND RAINFED AGRICULTURE 3(2-1)
Objective
Learning Objective:
1. To enhance the crop productivity by utilizing the limited and unreliable
moisture efficiently
2. To produce properly trained manpower with great emphasis on dryland
agriculture.
Learning Outcomes:
Upon successful completion of this course, students will be able to:
1. Understand concept and causes of aridity
2. Differentiate/recognize climatic zones of Pakistan
3. Summarize the impact of different climatic factors on crop yield, Response
of crop growth and yield to different levels of moisture supply.
4. Illustrate the Concept of Evapotranspiration and its relation with crop yield
5. Utilize the dry land farming through different tillage practices to conserve
the moisture
6. Apply field practices for crop specie selection, use of fertilizer and
moisture conservation, mulching Crop rotation and weed management,
and crop residue management.
Course outlines
Theory
• Introduction, concept and causes of aridity;
• Climatic zones of Pakistan and their features; Climatic factors such as light,
temperature, rainfall, relative humidity, wind, etc. and their effects on crop
yield;
• Crop growth and yield responses to moisture supply in different soils;
• Evapotranspiration (ET), relation between crop yield and ET;
• Dry farming, water conservation practices, tillage, fertilizer use, sowing
date and plant density;
• Crop rotations and cropping patterns in rainfed regions;
• Water harvesting and water conservation practices.
Practical
• Demonstration of rainwater harvesting and conservation techniques;
22
• Determination of soil moisture;
• Mulching and tillage practices for moisture conservation;
• Field visits.
• Lecturing
Assessment
Mid Term
Final Term
Recommended Books
1. Arnon, I. 1992. Agriculture in Drylands: principles and practices. Elsevier,
Amsterdam.
2. Chandrasekaran, B. K., Annadurai and E. Somasundaram. 2010. A
Textbook of Agronomy. New Age International Pub., New Delhi, India.
3. Hudson, N.W. 2004. Soil and Water Conservation in Semi-arid Areas.
Scientific Publishers, India.
4. Khan, S. R. A, 2001. Crop Management in Pakistan with Focus on Soil &
Water. Agr. Deptt. Govt. of Punjab. Lahore.
5. Maloo, S.R. 2002. Sustainable Crop Production under stress environments.
Agro-tech Publishing Academy, Udaipur. India.
6. Panda, S.C. 2005. Agronomy. Agrobios, Jodhpur, India.
AGR-006 FARMING SYSTEMS AND RECORD MANAGEMENT 3(2-1)
Learning Objective
To impart awareness regarding principles of farming systems and maintenance
of farm records.
Learning Outcomes:
Upon successful completion of the course, the student will be able to:
1. Understand the fundamental principles of farming system and types of
farming
2. Understand the concept of farm management and maintenance of farm
records
3. Solve the problems of a farm and efficient utilization of available resources
23
4. Apply the acquired knowledge for economic management of farm
resources, and record keeping
Theory
1. Concept of farm management and maintenance of farm records
2. Definition and fundamental principles of farming system and types of
farming
3. Objective and advantages of keeping farm records
4. Different systems of book keeping
5. Principles of double entry system and their application
6. Objective of journal and ledger
7. Classification of accounts
8. Drawing ledger, opening, posting and closing of ledger accounts, cash
book
9. Drawing up a trial balance
10. Profit and loss account/income statement
11. Bank accounts, bank cheques, discount, interest, bad debts
12. Appreciation and depreciation of live and dead stock, land and buildings,
plant and machinery
13. Preparation of trading, profit and loss account and balance sheet.
Practical
 Training in maintenance of crop, livestock and dead stock registers

 Preparation of a balance sheet and different types of accounts
 Calculation of appreciation and depreciation of different farm articles
 Working out cost of production of major crops grown in irrigated and non-
irrigated areas
 Layout of farms and demonstration plots.
• Lecturing
Assessment
Mid Term
Final Term
24
Recommended Books
1. Ghani, M. A. and E. Ahmad.2000. Principles of Accounting. Pak. Imperial
Book Depot, Chowk Urdu Bazar, Lahore.
2. Moses, B. and Carson. 2009. Book Keeping and Accounts for Beginners.
Custom Books, India.
3. Shresther, A.2003. Cropping System. Food products Press. An imprint of
the Haworth Press Inc., USA.
4. Wood, F. and Sheila Robinson 2009. Book Keeping and Accounts. 7 th Ed.
Trans-Atlantic Publication Inc. India.
AGR-007 AGRO-TECHNOLOGY OF MAJOR CROPS 3(2-1)
Learning Objective
To comprehend crop husbandry of major field crops with special emphasis on

critical production factors.
Learning outcomes
Upon successful completion of course, the students will be able to:-

1. Understand the importance of food security
2. Familiarize about major crops in depth
3. Know about biotic and abiotic factors affecting growth and yield of crops
4. Train in different specific practices for each major crop
5. Develop capability to grow these crops successfully under varying soil and
environmental conditions
6. Able to address the problems of the crop growers of the region
Course outline
Theory
• Food security (food availability, access, nutritional security), from different
angles (history, policy, agronomy, food aid, agri. food chains, GMOs,
organic, etc.) and different scales (global, national, household, individual);
• Origin, history, morphology, adaptation, distribution, economic importance

and agro-technology of major field crops such as
• wheat
• rice
• maize
• cotton
• sugarcane
• potato
• special focus on regional crop
• Management of irrigation
• Timing of planting and harvesting
25
• Plant protection measures
• Manuring
• Postharvest handling
• Marketing, etc.
• Management constraints and technological measures to optimize crop
productivity
• Modern techniques for crop improvement
Practical
• Demonstration of improved sowing methods
• Raising and transplanting of rice nursery
• Delinting of cotton seed by conventional and modern techniques, its impact
on seed germination and seedling establishment
• Techniques of maintaining optimum plant population under field conditions
• Plant characteristics and phenological development of major crops
• Introduction to sugar industry
• Plant mapping for estimating crop yields for major crops
• Ecosystem analysis (ESA) of different crops
• Lecturing
Assessment
Mid Term
Final Term
Recommended Books
1. Khalil I.A and A. Jan. 2002. Cropping Technology. National Book
Foundation, Islamabad.
2. Khan, S. R. A. 2001. Crop Management in Pakistan with Focus on Soil
and Water. Directorate of Agricultural Information, Punjab. Lahore.
3. Martin, J.H., R.P. Waldren and D.L. Stamp. 2006. Principles of Field Crop
Production, 4th Ed., The Macmillan Co., New York.
4. Stoskopf, N.C. 1981. Understanding Crop Production. Reston. Pub. Co.,
Inc. Reston, Virginia.
National Book Foundation, Islamabad
26
AGR-008 PRINCIPLES OF WEED SCIENCE 3(2-1)
Objective
To strengthen students’ understanding regarding principles of weed science and
control methods.
Theory
Definition and importance of weed control; Harmful effects of weeds;
Classification and biology of weeds; Weed-crop interference (competition and
allelopathy); Merits and limitations of different weed control approaches;
Formulation and mode of actions of herbicides; Weed control in major field crops.
Integrated weed management.
Practical
Weed collection and identification; Demonstration of various hand tools &
implements for weed control; Trials for testing the germination of different weeds
and treatment for breaking their dormancy; Calibration and demonstration of
sprayers for herbicide application; Survey into weed flora of different agro-
ecological zones.
Recommended Books
1. Jaya K. R. and R. Jagannathan. 2007. Weed Science Principles. Kalyani
2. Anderson, W.P. 2007. Weed Science: Principles and Applications. 4 th Ed.
Waveland Press Inc., USA.
3. Naylor, R.E.L. 2002. Weed Management, Principles and Practices.
Blackwell Science, UK.
4. Zimdahl, R. 2013. Fundamentals of Weed Science 4th Edition. Academic
Press. New York.
5. Tanveer, A. 2008. Biology and Ecology of Weed. HEC, Pakistan.
6. Walia, U.S. 2003. Weed Management. Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi,
India.
AGR-009 FIED CROP PHYSIOLOGY 3(2-

1)
Learning Objective
To study mechanisms, processes and functions involved in plants under field
conditions.
Learning Outcomes:
Upon successful completion of the course, students will be able to:
1. Understand the physiological processes in crops from germination to
maturity.
27
2. Evaluate the sequence and change/response of physiological events
resulting from environmental and exogenous and endogenous
variations.
3. Analyse interaction of various components and functions of plant growth
and development.
4. Provide exposure to crop anatomy and diversity.
6. Use of equipment for various physiological parameters
Course outline
Theory
• Concept and importance of crop physiology
• Carbon metabolism
• Factors affecting photosynthesis and respiration
• Photosynthetic efficiency of different crop plants
• Physiology of germination, dormancy, seedling establishment, tillering,
root, stem, leaf, flower and seed development.
• Maturity, senescence and abscission
• Source-sink relationships in crop plants
• Stress physiology
• Biological nitrogen fixation
• Plant growth regulators, their synthesis, translocation, and mode of
action
• Physiological determinants of crop yield
Practical
• Equipment used in crop physiology
• Preparation of solutions of various strengths
• Demonstration of various types of seed germination
• Respiratory losses of food reserves during seed germination
• Imbibition of water by seed
• Determination of water content of plant and seed and water transpired
by plants
• Influence of growth regulators on plant growth
• Identification of crop growth stages.
• Lecturing
Assessment
Mid Term
Final Term
28
Recommended Books
1. Lambers, H., F.S. Chapin, and T.L. Pons. 2009. Plant Physiological
Ecology. Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
2. Pessarakli, M. 2014. Handbook of Plant and Crop Physiology, 3 rd Ed.
Taylor and Francis, Boca Raton, USA.
3. Ross, C.W and F. B. Salisburry. 2011. Plant Physiology 5 th Ed.,
Wadsworth Publ. Co., Belmont, California, USA.
4. Taize, L. and E., Zeiger. 2010. Plant Physiology 5 th Ed. Sinauers
Associate, Inc. Sunderland, Massachusetts, USA.
AGR-010 PLANT NUTRIENTS AND GROWTH REGULATORS 3(2-1)
Learning Objective:
To provide know-how about Plant nutrients and growth regulators.
Learning Outcomes:
Upon successful completion of the course, students will be able to:
1. Understand the nutrient requirement for various crops under normal and
stressful conditions.
2. Describe the nutrient uptake, translocation and its assimilation.
3. Compare the efficacy of soil vs. foliar application in different crop plants.
4. Identify the deficiency symptoms, severity and correction.
5. Evaluate the physiological response of crops to exogenous application of
growth regulators.
Course outline
Theory
• Mineral nutrients, classification, functions and deficiency symptoms
• Criteria for essentiality of mineral nutrients
• Factors affecting nutrient availability
• Mechanisms of nutrient uptake and translocation in the plants
• Composition and types of fertilizers
• Biosynthesis, translocation and functions of growth regulators-auxins,
gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid and ethylene.
Practical
• Raising plants in different growth media with various nutrients
• Identification of deficiency symptoms
• Demonstration of nutrient uptake
• Demonstration of plant responses to growth regulators.
29
• Lecturing
• Topic Discussion
• Class Presentations
• Individual Assignments
• Practical demonstrations and performances
Assessment
Mid Term
Final Term
Recommended Books
1. Epstein, E. and A. J. Bloom. 2004 Mineral Nutrition of Plants: Principles
and Perspectives. John Wiley and Sons Inc., USA.
2. Havlin, J.L., Tisdale, S.L., J.D. Beaton and W.L. Nelson. 2005. Soil
Fertility and Fertilizers. 7th Ed. Macmillan Publishing Co., NY, USA.
3. Mengel, K., E. A. Kirkby, H. Kosegarten and T. Appel. 2001. Principles of
Plant Nutrition. 5th Ed. International Potash Institute, Bern, Switzerland.
4. Rashid, A. and K.S. Memon. 2005. Soil Science. Ed. E. Bashir and R.
Bantel. National Book Foundation, Islamabad.
5. Taize, L. and E., Zeiger. 2006. Plant Physiology 4 th Ed. Sinauers
AGR-011 WATER MANAGEMENT IN RAINFED AREAS 3(2-1)
Objective
To educate students about moisture resource management in rainfed areas.
Theory
Concept of water management; Rainfed areas of Pakistan; Sources of water,
soil as a water reservoir; Available water, water holding capacity, intake rates
and movement; Effective rainfall; atmospheric variables affecting soil moisture;
Rainfall, pattern and frequency; Appropriate cropping patterns and water
budgeting; Water requirement and water use efficiency of crops; Water
harvesting and run-off farming; Irrigation systems; Rodhkohi system.
Practical
Determination of bulk density and water holding capacity of soil;
Measurement of moisture content; Calculation of water-use efficiency;
Measurement of rainfall and evapo-transpiration.
30
Recommended Books
1. Arnon, I. 1992. Agriculture in Drylands:principles and practices. Elsevier,
Amsterdam.
2. Anonymous. 1997. Irrigation Agronomy Manual. Ministry of Food
Agriculture and Livestock, Islamabad.
3. Khan, S. R. A. 2001. Crop Management with focus on soil and water.
Agric. Deptt. Govt. of Punjab, Lahore.
5. Misra, R.D. and M. Ahmad. 1990. Manual of Irrigation Agronomy. Oxford
and IBH Publishing Co. New Delhi.
6. Prihar S.S. 2003. Intensive Cropping, Efficient use of Water, Nutrients,
and Tillage. Pak Book Corp. Lahore.
7. Rashid, A. 1994. Soil Science. National Book Foundation Islamabad
AGR-012 BIOLOGICAL NITROGEN FIXATION 3(2-1)
Laerning Objective
To educate students about mechanism of biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) and
its utilization in agriculture systems.
Learning Outcomes
Upon successful completion of the course, the students will be able to:
1. Acquire the basic knowledge of biological nitrogen fixation and its agents.
2. Understand mechanism and biochemistry of BNF.
3. Apply the biological nitrogen agents for enhancement of production of
legumes and non legumes.
Course outline
Theory
• Importance of nitrogen;
• Nitrogen cycle;
• Assimilation of nitrate and ammonium ions;
• Nitrogen fixation;
• Biological nitrogen fixation, its potentialities, perspectives and limitations;
• BNF in a symbiotic and non-symbiotic association in legumes and non
legumes, stages in nodulation;
• Nitrogenase: structure and function;
• Mechanism and biochemistry of BNF;
• Gaseous exchange in nodules;
• Role of leghemoglobin;
• Effect of environment on nitrogen fixation;
• Stem nodules;
• Prospects for making new symbiosis;
31
• Physiological limitations and genetic improvements of biological nitrogen
fixation;
• Possibilities of engineering non- legume plants for nitrogen fixation.
Practical
• Demonstration of inoculation methods;
• Study of nodule formation under different environmental conditions;
• Career material for effective inoculants;
• Identification of effective and non-effective nodule;
• Methods used to measure biologically fixed nitrogen.
Preparation of media culture for multiplication of nitrogen fixing agents.
Teaching Methodology;
• Lecturing
• Written Assignments
•
Assessment;
• Mid-term test
• Assignments
• Attendance
• Final Exam
• Lecturing
Assessment
Mid Term
Final Term
Recommended Books
1. John L. H., J. D. Beaton, S. L. Tisdale, and W. L. Nelson. 2010. Soil
Fertility and Fertilizers-An introduction to nutrient management, 7th
edition. Pearson Prentice Hall, New Delhi, India.
2. Ross, C. W and F. B. Salisburry. 2011. Plant Physiology 5th Ed.,
3. Hansen, A.P. 1994. Symbiotic N2 fixation of crop legumes. Margref verleg
weikenheim, Germany.
32
4. Stacy, G., R.H. Burris and H.J. Evans. 1992. Biological Nitrogen Fixation.
Chapman and Hall, London.
5. Yi- Peng Wang, Min Lee, Zhe- Xian Tian, William E. Newton. Eds. 2005.
Biological Nitrogen Fixation, sustainable agriculture and the environment.
Proc. 14th Int. Congress Biological Nitrogen Fixation. Springer,
Netherlands.
7. Taize, L. and E. Zeiger. 2002. Plant Physiology 3 rd ed. Sinauers
Yi- Peng Wang, Min Lee, Zhe- Xian Tian, William E. Newton. Eds. 2005.
Netherlands.
AGR-013 SEED PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY 3(2-1)
Learning Objective
1. To familiarize students about fundamentals of seed technology.
2. To enhance students’ capability of understanding seed testing techniques
Learning Outcomes
After successfully completing this course, the students will be able to:-
1. Define and describe flower and seed structure and role of seed in
Agriculture enterprise
2. Understand the basic principles of seed production system
3. Identify the different stages of seed development and understand the key
physiological processes involved in germination and dormancy.
4. Conduct and evaluate seed quality tests using the appropriate
methodology for the species given.
Course outline
Theory
 Introduction, concept and perspective of seed technology;
 Seed production terms their definition and types of seeds
 Origin of seed industry;
 Origin of new varieties, techniques of variety development and production
 Seed quality problems: Germination, stand failures, mixtures, weeds,
genetics.
 Seed certification classes: Nucleusbreeder seed, pre-basic, basic, certified
and approved class.
 Seed conditioning sampling, processing, drying, cleaning, grading,
treatment,
 Seed viability and vigor: Their similarity and differences;
33
 Seed longevity and storage;
 Seed certification: Regulations schemes and field inspection;
 Seed distribution and marketing;
 Seed act and laws;
 Promotion of seed industry; biotechnology and seed development;
Economic liberalization and seed trade.
Practical
• Seed identification and their structure
• Seed testing equipment
• Seed sampling techniques
• Purity analysis
• Seed moisture test
• Seed Viability test
 Germination test (Procedure and methods (Paper, Sand and Soil
 Seed vigour test (Conductivity test, Accelerated Ageing test, Tetrazolium
test)
• Visit of seed production farms/ seed processing industry
• Lecturing
Assessment
Mid Term
Final Term
Recommended Books
1. Ahmad, S.I. 1992. Seed Certification Manual. National Book Foundation,
Islamabad.
2. Anonymous. 1992. Proceeding of International Seminar on Seed, Fauji
Fertilizer Company Ltd Rawalpindi.
3. Anonymous. 2001. A Dictionary of seed technological terms. Kalyani
Publisher, India.
4. Basra, A.S. (Ed). 2006. Handbook of Seed Technology. Haworth Press
New York, USA.
5. Copeland L.O. and M.F. McDonald. 2001. Principles of Seed Science and
Technology – 4th Ed. Burgess Pub. Co., USA
34
6. ISTA. 1996. International rules for seed testing. Proceedings of
International Seed Testing Association, Zurich.
7. Khare, D. and M.S. Bhale. 2000. Seed Technology. Sci. Pub., India.
McDonald, M.B. and L.O. Copeland. 1989. Seed Science and Technology
Laboratory Manual. Iowa State University Press / Ames, USA
8. Singh G. 2000. Economics of Seed Production at Farm level. Pak Book
Corp. Lahore.
AGR-014 RESEARCH AND SCIENTIFIC WRITING 3(2-1)
Objective
To provide guidelines for research methodology, develop and improve skills in
scientific writing.
Learning Outcomes
Upon successful completion of this course, the students will be able to:-
A. Acquire the basic knowledge and skill of planning an experiment.
B. Design and layout of an experiment.
C. Analyse the data statistically
D. Acquire the skill of scientific writing and presentation
Course outline
Theory
• Concept of research, Scientific method and experiment
• Writing of research proposal/synopsis
• Writing objectives of an experiment
• Planning
• Selection of treatments and its levels
• Experimental designs and field layout
• Research trial observations
• Collection, and processing and statistical analysis of data
• Measures of experimental variability
• Interpretation and summarization of results
• Presentation of data in tables, graphs etc.
• Interpretation and summarization of results
• Presentation of data in tables, graphs etc.
• Types of scientific writing (Technical report, thesis, research paper)
• Scientific presentation
• Developing a research proposal/synopsis.
Practicals
• Writing of research proposal
• How to identify problem of research
• Layout of field experiments
• Collection, tabulation and analysis of data
35
• Presentation of data in tables, curves, histograms, etc.
• Writing of scientific paper/report.
Statistical analysis of data and presentation Teaching
Methodology
• Lecturing
Assessment
Mid Term
Final Term
Recommended Books
1. Alan G. Clewer and David H. Scarisbrick. 2001. Practical Statistics and
Experimental Design for Plant and Crop Science. John Wiley and Sons,
Ltd. Chichester, England.
2. Anonymous. 1988. Publications Handbook and Style Manual. ASA-CSSA-
SSSA, Madison.
3. Khalil, S K. and P. Shah, 2007. Scientific Writing and Presentation. HEC,
Monograph, Islamabad.
4. Martha, D. 2005. Scientific Papers and Presentations. Academic Press,
San Deigo, California, USA.
5. Mead, R. 2003. Statistical Methods in Agricultural & Experimental Biology.
3rd Ed. Pak Book Corp. Lahore
6. Youdeowei, A., P. Stapleton, and R. Obubo. (eds.). 2012. Scientific
Writing for Agricultural Research Scientists-A Training Resource Manual,
Wageningen, The Netherlands.
AGR-015 CONSERVATION AGRONOMY 3(2-1)
Objective
To develop the concept of soil and water conservation and reclaim problem soils
for sustaining productivity.
Learning outcomes
1. Understand the soil and water conservation
2. design strategies to conserve the soil and water
3. Learn about reclamation of problem soils and field drainage
36
4. Recognize water shed management and soil fertility improvement
5. familiarize with crop residue management on sustain basis
Course outline
Theory
• Concept and objectives of soil and water conservation
• Agronomic practices for conservation-tillage (contouring, terracing,
benching, levelling, grading, deep ploughing, etc.)
• species selection
• crop rotations
• cover cropping
• strip cropping
• Farmyard and green manuring for conservation
• Stubble and crop-residue management for resource conservation
• Field drainage
• Watershed management under rainfed conditions
Practical
• Visit to different soil and water conservation centers/institutes
• Demonstration of soil water conservation structures
• Effect of different mulches
• Demonstration of tillage practices for soil and water conservation
• Measurement of runoff and soil erosion
• Lecturing
Assessment
Mid Term
Final Term
Recommended Books
1. Hudson, N.W. 2004. Soil and water conservation in semi-arid areas.
Pub.lishing House Pvt. Ltd. New Dehli, India.
3. Maloo, S.R. 2002. Sustainable Crop Production under stress environments.
Agro-tech Publishing Academy, Udaipur.
37
4. Chandrasekaran,B.,K. Annadurai and E. Somasundaram. 2010. A
Textbook of Agronomy. New Age International Publishers. New Delhi,
India.
AGR-016 AGRO ECOLOGY 3(3-0)
Objective
To inculcate understanding about ecological principles for sustainable cropping
systems.
Learning outcomes
After the completion of this course, students will be able to;

1. Know the components of eco-systems
2. Describe relatioship between plants and ecosystems
3. Understand food web
4. Illustrate cycling of water and Co2 in a cultivated ecosystem
5. Assess the effects of biotic and abiotic factors on crops yield
6. Apply principles of ecology to enhance the crop productivity.
Course outline
Theory
 Ecosystem; definition and components.

 Ecological pyramids; process within the ecosystem;
 Primary production processes; measuring primary production; Estimation
of primary production in ecosystems;
 Biogeochemical cycling process; cycling of CO2, nitrogen, water,
phosphorus and sulpher;
 Factors within the ecosystem;
 Agroecosystem; biotic structure, primary producers, consumers,
decomposers;
 Primary productivity; Energy flow;
 Competition, crop yields and variability in relation to the ecological optima;
responses of crop plants to biotic and abiotic factors.
 Lecturing
Assessment
 Mid Term
38
Final Term
 Practical work/Lab.
Recommended Books
1. Hussain, S.S. 2003. Manual of Plant Ecology. National Book Foundation,
Islamabad.
2. Kapur, P. and R.G. Sudha. 2000. Experimental Plant Ecology. CBS
Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi.
3. Brown C.S. and T. Toadwine (eds.) 2007. Nature’s Edge- Boundary
Explorations in ecological theory and practice. State University of New
York Press, Albany, USA.
4. Shukla, R. S. and P. S. Chandel, 2006. A Textbook of Plant Ecology. S.
Chand & Co. Ltd. New Delhi, India.
5. Townsend, C.R., Harper, J.L. and M.E. Bego. 2000. Essentials of Ecology.
Blackwell Scientific Publications, UK.
AGR-017 IRRIGATION AGRONOMY 3(2-1)
Learning Objectives
• To provide knowledge about the irrigation principles and startegies for
improving water use effeciency
Learning Outcomes
Upon successful completion of the course, the students will be able to:-
1. Describe the irrigation agronomy

2. Understand the sources of irrigation water and irrigation water losses
3. Choose suitable irrigation method
4. Devise irrigation scheduling for different field crops
4. Compare different water management practices
Course outline
Theory
 Concept of irrigation agronomy and water management;
 Sources of irrigation water and their efficient use in crop production;
 Irrigation scheduling and water use efficiency in field crops; Irrigation
water losses and their control through on-farm water management
practices;
 Current agro-technology for efficient use of irrigation water in crops;
 Irrigation water pollution and measures to minimize it.
Practical
39
 Estimation of potential evapotranspiration by different m
 Lecturing
Assessment
 Mid Term
Final Term
 Practical work/Lab. ethods;
 Calculation of water use efficiency in field crops;
 Potential soil moisture deficit and its calculation.
Recommended Books
1. Ali, M. H. 2010. Fundamentals of Irrigation and On-farm Water
Management. Vol. 1, Springer, New York, USA.
2. Ali, M. H. 2011. Practice of irrigation and on-farm water management
volume 2, Springer, New York, USA.
3. Choudhary, M. R. 2009. A Text book of irrigation and Drainage Practices
for Agriculture. University of Agric. Faisalabad, Pakistan.
5. Michael, M.A. 2003. Irrigation Theory and Practice. Vikas Publishing House
Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. India.
6. Sankara, R. G. H. and T. Y. Reddy. 2002. Efficient Use of Irrigation Water.
Kalyani Publishers New Delhi, India
AGR-018 ENVIRONMENT AND CROP PRODUCTION 3(2-1)
Objective
To familiarize students about components of environment and their relationship
with crop productivity.
Theory
Environment, climate change and food security. Types and classification of
environment; Dynamics of aerial and soil environment in a crop canopy at macro
and micro level; Influence of different environmental factors-radiation,
temperature, relative humidity, wind and CO2 on crop growth and development;
Greenhouse effect; El Nino and La Nino phenomenon; Crop adaptation to
changing climate.
40
Practical
Measurement and estimation of different environmental variables;
Calculations of potential evapotranspiration and different drought indices;
Estimation of radiation interception and its use efficiency in field crops.
Recommended Books
1. Allaby, M. 2000. Basics of Environmental Science. Rutledge, London.
2. Dris, R., J. Mohan and I.A. Khan. 2002. Environment and Crop Production.
Science Pub. Inc., New York.
3. Fitter, A.H. and P.K.M. Hay. 2002. Environmental Physiology of Plants. 3rd
Ed. Academic Press Inc. London.
4. Hammer, G.L., N. Nicholls and C. Mitchell. 2000 Application of Seasonal
Climate Forecasting in Agricultural and Natural Ecosystems. Kluwer
Academic Publisher, London.
5. Pearcy, R.W., J.R. Ehleringer, H.A. Mooney and P.W. Rundal. 1989. Plant
Physiological Ecology: Field Methods and Instrumentation. Champman
and Hall, London, New York.
6. Rowan Sewing, C., T.T. Richer, J.W. Jael. G.Y. Tsuji and Hi Ledyard.
1995 Climate Change Agriculture: Analysis of potential international
impact ASA Special Publication, USA.
7. Hay., R.K.M. and J.R. Porter. 2006. The Physiology of Crop Yield. 2nd Ed.
Blackwell publishing Ltd Oxford, UK.
AGR-019 FORAGE AND FODDER PRODUCTION 3(2-1)
Learning Objective
• To enhance skills of students for fodder production and productivity of
pastures and its preservation.
• To familiarize and enhance the understanding of fodder preservation
techniques.
Learning Outcomes
1. Define and describe the terms of forage and fodder.
2. Understand the basic principles of sustainable forage production.
3. Learn and apply the practical knowledge of hay and silage preparation.
4. Comparatively evaluate pastures and rangeland management.
Course Outline:
• Importance of forages and fodders
• Terminology and taxonomy of forage and fodder crops
• Forage production in Pakistan-current status and future scenario
• Agro-technology techniques for production of of legume/non-legumes
forages and fodders for sustainable forage production
• Rangeland status, increasing productivity of pastures and range lands
41
• Seed production of forages
• Nutrient management in fodders/forages
• Forage quality-its status and improvement
• Fodder/forage production constraints and remedies
• Fodder preservation (hay and silage).
• Fodder research studies in Pakistan.
• Use of alternate forage resources for ruminant production
• Lecturing
• Lab work
Assessment
Mid Term (40%)
• Written (Long Questions, Short Questions, MCQs) 50%
• Presentation 20%
• Assignments/Lab work 20%
Final Term (60%)

• Term Project 10%
Lab Outline:
• Identification of fodder/forage crops and seed
• Estimation of sprout density and plant population
• Silage and hay making practices
• Preparation of fodder calendar
• Determination of forage quality parametersQuality analyses of forages
• Visits of university farms.
AGR-020 ORGANIC FARMING 3(3-0)
Learning Objectives
• To familiarize students with the concept of organic farming and its field
application
• To explore the modern techniques in organic farming
Learning Outcomes
After studying this course, the students will be able to :-
1. Define basic terminologies regarding organic farming
2. Understand the concept, history, and principles of organic farming
3. Compare organic farming and inorganic farming
42
4. Identify various techniques to prepare organic fertilizers and natural
products to control crop pests
5. Analyze organic food for quality and quantity
Course Outline:
• Concept and terminology of organic farming
• Quality of food and crop productivity under natural ecological systems
• Principles of organic agriculture
Improvement of soil health and organic matter
• Merits and demerits-organic and inorganic farming
• Components of organic farming (crop rotation, maintenance and
enhancement of soil fertility through biological nitrogen fixation, addition of
organic manure and use of soil microorganisms, crop residues, bio-
pesticide, biogas slurry, waste etc
• Maintenance of buffer zone
• Natural products for control of crop pests (weeds, insects and diseases).
Practical
• Preparation of organic manures-humus, sewage sludge, organic compost;
Farm waste recycling, organic mulches, bio-fertilizers, etc
• Application Identification of different organic sources of nutrients
application including green manuring, crop residue incorporation, etc.
• Methods used to control weeds, insects and crop disease using cultural
practices / organic products
Recommended Books
1. Dahama, A.K. 2002. Organic Farming for Sustainable Agriculture. 2 nd
Enlarged Ed. Pub. Agrobios, Jodhpur, India.
2. Eric, L. 2009. Organic Farming, Pest Control and Remediation of Soil
Pollutants. Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York.
3. Fossel, P.V. 2007. Organic Farming: Everything you need to know. MBI
Publishing Co., USA.
4. Hari, M., S. Seshadri, K. Perumal. 2010. Biofertilizer (Phosphobacteria).
Shri AMM Murugappa Chettiari Research Centre, India.
5. Niir, B. 2004. The Complete Technology Book on Bio-Fertilizer and
Organic Farming. National Institute of Industrial Research, India.
6. Palaniappan, and K. Annadurani. 2006. Organic Farming Theory and
Practice. Scientific Publishers. Jodhpur, India.
7. Rachel, F., S. Heather and T. Robbin. 2012. All the Dirt: Reflections on
Organic Farming. TouchWood Editions, Canada.
8. William, L. 2007. Organic Farming an International History. CAB
International, UK.
43
AGR-021 COASTAL AGRICULTURE 3(2-1)
Objective
• To educate students about potential of agriculture in coastal areas
• To explain the plant biodiversity present in coastal areas
• To give awareness about production techniques of crops on coastal land
Learning outcomes
 To identify the crops and plants successfully cultivated on saline soils.
gain knowledge about biochemical and agronomic potentials of selected
plant species on coastal areas
• To learn cultivation techniques and practices for crop production on
coastal areas
Theory
Coastal agriculture and its scope; Farming trends in coastal areas of Pakistan;
Saline agriculture, halophytes and their classification; Coastal land management;
Agronomic techniques for use of sea water;
Production and processing of coastal and biofuel crops; Post harvest techniques.
Practical
Identification of halophytes; Measurement of soil and water salinity; Plant
screening for tolerance to sea water; Determination of soil texture in coastal
areas; Visits to coastal areas.
Recommended Books
1. Beatley. T., D. Brower and A. Schwab. 2002. An Introduction to Coastal
Zone Management. Island Press, 1718 Connecticut Avenue, N.W. Suite
300, Washington, D.C.
2. Hinrichsen, D., 1998. Coastal Waters of the World: Trends, Threats, and
Strategies. Island Press, Washington, DC, USA
3. John R. Clark. 1995. Coastal Zone Management Handbook. Mote Marine
Laboratory of Sarasota, Florida, USA.
4. John R. Clark. 1998. Coastal Seas: The Conservation Challenge. 989
Market Street San Francisco, CA.
5. Kay, R. and J. Alder. 2005. Costal Planning and Development. Taylor and
Francis, London.
6. Sukumar, B., 2008. Water Quality Management for Coastal Aquaculture.
Daya Publishing House, India.
AGR-022 INTRODUCTION TO WEED SCIENCE 3(2-1)
Theory
Introduction, significance and history of weed science; Weeds-definition and
classification; Losses caused by weed;, Noxious and invasive weeds; Weed
44
survival mechanisms; Propagation of weeds; Dispersal of weed seed and fruits;
Critical weed crop competition period; Economic threshold level; Principles and
methods of weed control.
Practical
Identification of common weeds, collection mounting and display of weed
specimens; Demonstration of weed control methods under field condition;
Calibration of sprayer; Field visits.
Recommended Books
Waveland Pr Inc., USA.
2. Ashiq, M., M.M. Nayyar and J. Ahmad. 2003. Weed Control Hand Book.
Directorate of Agronomy, AARI, Faisalabad.
3. Jaya Kumar, R. and R. Jagannathan. 2007. Weed Science Principles.
Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi.
4. Ziska, L.H. and J. S. Duke. 2011. Weed Biology and Climate Change.
Willey Backward.
6. Walia, U.S. 2003. Weed Management. Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi –
110 002.
7. Zimdahl, R. 2013. Fundamentals of Weed Science. 4th Ed. Academic press.
AGR-023 CROP MODELING 3(2-1)
Objective
1. To introduce students with basics of crop modeling
2. To familiarize students with the application of crop modeling for crop
improvement and future predictions
Learning Outcomes:
1. Understand concepts and significance of crop modeling, and components
of a model
2. Use Decision Support System for Agro-technology Transfer (DSSAT) and
APSIM
3. Apply crop models for crop improvement and risk assessment
Course outline:
Theory:
 History and introduction of crop growth modeling
 Fundamental concepts of crop modeling, their importance and uses
 Introduction to Decision Support System for Agro-technology Transfer
(DSSAT)
 Components of a model
 Input data set for different models
45
 Modelling and crop improvement
 Modelling a tool for future predictions
Practical:
 Demonstration and practice of crop growth models
 CERES-wheat (DSSAT V. 4)
 APSIM
 Measurement of different environmental variables from observatories.
• Lecturing
• Guest Speaker
• Field Visits
• Practical note book/work
Assessment
Mid Term (40%)

Final Term (60%)

• Assignments
• Practical work/Lab
Text and Reference books:

1. Cao, W., J.W. White and E. Wang. 2009. Crop Modeling and Decision
Support. Springer, Heidelberg, Germany.
2. Floor, M.B. and M. van Ittersum. 2010. Environmental and Agricultural
Modelling: Integrated Approaches for Policy Impact Assessment. Springer,
Heidelberg, Germany.
3. Singh, P. 2008. Modeling Crop Production Systems: Principles and
applications. Science publishers. Enfield, New Hampshire 03784.USA.
4. Vohnout, K.D. 2003. Mathematical modeling for System Analysis in
Agricultural Research. Elsevier Sci. Amsterdum, The Netherlands.
5. Wallach, D., D. Mackowski, J.W. Jones. 2006. Working with Dynamic Crop
Models Evaluation, Analysis, Parameterization, and Applications. Elsevier
Sci. Amsterdum, The Netherlands.
Recommended Books
applications. Science publishers. Enfield, New Hampshire 03784.USA
46
3. Sivakumar, M. V. K. and R. P. Motha. 2007. Managing Weather and
Climate: Risks in Agriculture. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York.
4. Sivakumar, M. V. K. and J. Hansen. 2007. Climate Predictions and
Agriculture. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York.
AGR-024 CROP MANAGEMENT UNDER STRESSFUL

ENVIRONMENTS 3(2-1)
Objective
To elaborate the concept of stress in field crops and approaches to sustain yields
under such conditions. Learning Outcomes
1. Define and describe crop productivity, environment and its components.
2. Understand the stressful environments under field conditions.
3. Understand modifications in growth and development under biotic and
abiotic stresses.
4. Apply approaches for ameliorating the effects of stress on crop production
5. Components of crop productivity;
6. Crop environment and its components;
7. Environmental optima for crop growth and development;
8. Concept of stress and stressful environments under field conditions;
9. Modifications in growth and developmental patterns of crop plants under
biotic and abiotic stresses;
10. Approaches for ameliorating the stress effects for crop production.
• Lecturing
• Lab work
Assessment
 Sessional (25%)
Mid Term (25%)
• Written (MCQs, Short Questions-Long Questions) 60-40%
Final Term (50%)

• Term Project 10%
47
Lab Outline
• Acquaintance with the symptoms of stresses on crop.
• Visits to affected areas and noting the patterns of vegetative and
reproductive growth of crop plants.
Recommended Books
1. Mohammad Pessarakli (2010) Handbook of Plant and Crop Stress, Third
Edition (Books in Soils, Plants, and the Environment) 3rd Edition, CRC
Press, Tailor and Francis Group.
2. Arnon, I. 1992 Agriculture in Drylands: Principles and Practices. Elsevier,
Amsterdam.
3. Nosberger, J.H. H. Geiger and P.C. Struik. 2001. Crop Science Progress
and Prospects. CABI Pub., Oxon, UK.
4. Pessaraskli, M. A. 2000. A. Hand Book of Stress Physiology, Marker and
Deekar.
5. Taize, L., E. Zeiger. 2006. Plant Physiology. Sinauer Pub. U.S.A.
AGR-025 MEDICINAL AND SPECIAL CROPS 3(2-1)
Objective
To introduce a production technology for medicinal and special purpose crops
Theory
Economic importance, origin, history, adaptation, distribution and production
technology of medicinal and special purpose crops-tea, aloe, mint, aloevera,
chamomile, kava, red sorrel, jojuba, castor bean, jatropha, plantains, salicornia,
safflower, poppy, tobacco, indigo, oil palm, fennel, ajwain, fenugreek, sweet
basil, sesamum, balangu, haloon, kalvanji, guar, senna, quinoa, bitter gourd, etc.;
Integrated pest management and precision farming for special purpose crops;
Processing, postharvest technology, products, utilization and marketing of
medicinal crops.
Practical
Identification of seed and crop plants; Demonstration of improved sowing
methods. Studies on phenological development of crops. Optimization of soil
types for medicinal plants; Methods for extraction of useful ingredients of
medicinal plants.
Recommended Books
1. Altaf, Z. and A. Qarshi. 2013. Medicinal Plants. Qarshi Industries, Lahore.
2. Martin, J.H., R.P. Waldren and D.L. Stamp. 2006. Principles of Field Crop
Production, 4th Ed., the MacMillan Co., New York.
3. Narayan, D.P., S.S. Purohit, A.K. Sharma and Tarun, K. 2003. A
Handbook of Medicinal Plants. Agrobios, India.
4. Palaniappan, and K. Annadurani. 2006. Organic farming; theory and
practice. Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur, India.
48
5. Ravindra, S. 2004. Agro-Techniques of Medicinal Plants. Daya Publishing
House, New Delhi, India.
6. Reddy, S.R. 2004. Principles of Field Crop Production. 2nd Ed. Kalyani
Publishers, New Delhi, India.
7. Sharma, K. 2005. Hand Book of Agriculture. Indian Council of Agricultural
Research, New Delhi
8. Sharma. R. 2004. Agro-techniques of Medicinal Plants. Daya Publishing
House, Delhi.
AGR-026 PLANT AND SOIL ANALYSIS 3(2-1)
AGR-026 SOIL AND PLANT ANALYSIS 3(1-2)
Objective
To train the students about different methods of soil and plant analysis.
Learning outcomes
• Understand the importance of soil and plant analysis
• Familiar with lab equipment used for soil and plant analysis
• Perform analytical work
• Formulate the fertilizer recommendations for different crops on the basis of
soil/ plant nutrient status
Course outline
• Importance of soil and plant analysis
• Introduction of different lab equipment
• Procedures of soil and plant samples collection
• Preparation of soil and plant simples for analytical work
• Preparation of solutions of known concentrations-normal, molar, molal,
ppm, etc.; Preparation of stock solutions for drawing standard curves
• Estimation of EC, pH, N, P, K, Na, Ca, Mg organic matter, etc.
Practical
• Demonstration of analytical methods in the laboratory
• Recording data
• Computation work and recommendations
Recommended Books
1. Basak, R.K. 2004. Soil Testing and Recommendation. Kalyani Publisher,
New Delhi.
2. Hussain, T. and A. Jabbar. 1985. Soil and Plant Analysis. Department of
Soil Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad.
3. Ryan, J., G. Estefan and A. Rashid. 2001. Soil and Plant Analysis
Laboratory Manula. 2nd Ed., ICARDA, Aleppo, Syria and NARC,
Islamabad, Pakistan.
49
4. Tandon, H.L.S (Ed.). 2001. Methods of Analysis of Soils, Plants, Waters
and Fertilizer. Development and Consultation Organization, New Delhi,
India.
5. Westerman, R.L. (Ed.). 1990. Soil Testing and Plant Analysis. 3rd Ed. Soil
Sci. Am. Inc., Madison, WI, USA.
6. Jones, J. Benton. 2012. Plant Nutrition and Soil Fertility Manual. 2nd Ed.
CRC Press. Taylor & Francis, London. UK.
Objective
To train the students about different methods of soil and plant analysis.
Theory
Types and use of different balances; Preparation of solutions of known
concentrations-normal, molar, molal, ppm, etc.; Preparation of stock solutions for
drawing standard curves; Soil and plant sampling techniques; Preparation of
plant and soil samples for analytical work; Estimation of EC, pH, N, P, K, Na,
organic matter, etc.
Practical
Demonstration of analytical methods in the laboratory, recording data,
computation work and recommendations.
Recommended Books
New Delhi.
Laboratory Manula. 2nd Ed., ICARDA, Aleppo, Syria and NARC,
India.
5. Westerman, R.L. (Ed.). 1990. Soil Testing and Plant Analysis. 3 rd Ed. Soil
Sci. Am. Inc., Madison, WI, USA.
CRC Press. Taylor & Francis, London. UK.
AGR-027 PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES OF CONDIMENTS

AND SPICES 3(2-1)
Objective
To educate and familiarize students with production technology of condiments,
spices and vegetables.
Theory
Concept and scope of condiments and spices; their classification and value
addition; Production technology for: condiments (chillies, onion, garlic, ginger and
50
turmeric) and spices (cumin seed, ajwain, fenu greek, fennel, kaloongi, coriandar,
mint and black cumin).
Practical
Identification of seeds and propagation materials of condiments and vegetables;
Demonstration of sowing methods; Raising and transplanting of nursery;
Demonstration and practice of harvesting, digging, picking and processing of
different crops; Visits of local farms.
Rcommended Books
1. Lenk, D. 2006. Commercial Spice Crops. Kalyani, Publishers New Delhi.
2. Tunio, S. D. 2004. Condiment Crops. Directorate of Agriculture Information,
Hyderabad, Sindh.
3. Tunio, S. D. 2010. Vegetables and Spices of Sindh. Roshni Publication,
Kandiaro.
4. Majeedano, H. I. 2012. Agro Digest. Agriculture Research Institute,
Tandojam.
AGR-028 PROJECT STUDIES 4(0-4)

The students will be assigned projects in different areas of agronomy; They will
deliver a seminar which will be evaluated by a committee constituted by the
department; In addition, they will write a comprehensive report at the completion
of the project which will be evaluated by external and internal examiners.
AGR-029 INTERNSHIP 4(0-4)

Practical training/work at the farms of progressive farmers and at research
stations/institutes/organizations/companies; This involves report writing by the
student and the student will also present report in a seminar.
Note: The farmers/farm managers/Director will evaluate the practical work by the
student. An expert committee to be appointed by the board of studies/Chairman
of the department will also evaluate the student’s participation at the farms and at
the universities. The committee will also evaluate and grade/mark the report and
seminar. The seminar/presentation delivered for internship will be mandatory but
not be considered extra credit.
51
SCHEME OF STUDIES FOR
MS/MSC (HONS) AND PHD AGRONOMY
AGR-701 Advanced Agronomy 3(2-1)
AGR-702 Applied Crop Ecology- 3(3-0)
AGR-703 Advanced Irrigation Agronomy- 3(2-1)
AGR-704 Agro-Environment Conservation 3(3-0)
AGR-705 Agro-meteorology-Bashir 3(3-0)
AGR-706 Allelopathy in Crop Production 3(2-1)
AGR-707 Applied Conservation Agronomy 3(3-0)
AGR-708 Arid Zone Agronomy 3(3-0)
AGR-709 Biological Crop Potential 3(3-0)
AGR-710 Crop and Environment 3(3-0)
AGR-711 Crop Management on Problem Soils-Rash 3(3-0)
AGR-712 Advanced Crop Modeling 3(2-1)
AGR-713 Crop Nutrition Management 3(2-1)
AGR-714 Crop Production and Herbicides 4(3-1)
AGR-715 Farming and Cropping Systems 3(3-0)
AGR-716 Field Crop Experimentation 4(3-1)
AGR-717 Herbicides in Plant and Soil Systems-Ghuman 3(2-1)
AGR-718 Integrated Agriculture 3(3-0)
AGR-719 Modern Concepts of Crop Production 3(2-1)
AGR-720 Recent Advances in Agronomy 3(3-0)
AGR-721 Seed Physiology 3(2-1)
AGR-722 Seed Science and Technology 3(2-1)
AGR-723 Stress Agronomy 4(3-1)
AGR-724 Sustainable Agriculture 3(3-0)
AGR-725 Water Relations of Plant 3(2-1)
AGR-726 Weed Management 3(2-1)
AGR-727 Climate Change and Agriculture 3(3-0)
AGR-728 Postharvest Technology of Crops 3(2-1)
AGR-729 Special Problem 1(0-1)
AGR-730 Seminar 1(0-1)
AGR-731 Thesis MSc (Hons.) Agronomy 6(0-6)
AGR-732 Thesis PhD Agronomy 12(0-12)
Note: Universities/Faculties/Colleges may adopt their own system for course

numbers and credit hours for different courses selected/qualified for MSc (Hons)
Agronomy will not be permitted to take again in PhD.
52
DETAIL OF COURSES FOR MS/MSC (HONS.)
AND PHD IN AGRONOMY
AGR-701 ADVANCED AGRONOMY 3(2-1)
Objective
To deeply understand modern concepts of crop growth, phenology and
development of plants under varying environments
Learning outcomes
• Understand phenological development of crop plants
• Know effects of photosynthesis and respiration on plant growth and
development
• Analyze crop growth and its application in agronomy
• Measure radiation use efficiency
Course outline
• Phenological development of crop plants
• Determinants of crop growth
• Factors affecting development of crop canopy
• Photosynthesis and respiration
• Photosynthetic efficiency and respiration in relation to crop productivity
• Crop management for improving photosynthetic efficiency and harvest
index
• Potential for increasing dry matter accumulation in crop plants,
• Dry matter partitioning
• Crop growth analysis, its objectives and agronomic uses
• Growth analysis of individual plants and crops
• Classical and functional growth analysis
• Biological relevance of different growth functions and curve fitting in crop
growth studies.
Practical
• Phenological development stages of crop plants
• Use of classical growth formulae for determining various crop growth
indices
• Estimation of crop growth rates derived from different fitted growth
functions
• Demonstration and calculation of radiation interception and use efficiency
Recommended Books
1. Coombs, J., D.O. Hall, S.P. Long and J.M.O. Scurlock. 1987. Techniques
in Bioproductivity and Photosynthesis, 2nd Ed. Pergamon Press, Oxford.
2. Hay, R.K.M. and J.R. Porter. 2006. The Physiology of Crop Yield. 2nd Ed.
Wiley-Blackwell.
53
3. Hunt, R. 1978. Plant Growth Analysis. Edward Arnold, London.
4. Hunt, R. 1982. Plant Growth Curves: An Introduction to the Functional
Approach to Plant Growth Analysis. Edward Arnold, London.
5. Gupta, U.S. 1992. Crop Improvement. Vol-I. Physiological Attributes.
Oxford and IBH Pub. Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
AGR-702 APPLIED CROP ECOLOGY 3(3-0)
Objective
To impart better understanding of ecological optima and its relevance to crop
production.
To impart comprehension about ecological optima in relation to sustainable food
and feed production
Learning outcomes
 Define and describe dynamics of agro-ecosystems.
 Explain ecological features of intensive agriculture.
 Adopt suitable approaches to reduce soil and water pollution under
different farming systems.
 Perceive ecological optimization to sustain crop productivity.
 Integrate various farm operations to protect biodiversity
Theory
Ecosystem concepts; Dynamics of Agro-ecosystems; Ecology of crop plant
domestication; Ecological risk assessment, Ecological evaluation of different
farming systems; Ecological characteristics of intensive agriculture with special
reference to environmental pollution; Air pollution; noise pollution; Insecticide
pollution, Nuclear pollution, Soil pollution; Pollution due to socio economic
factors; Crop productivity and ecological optima; Biodiversity and its ecological
role in agro-ecosystems; Ecology of economic crops, oil seed crops, pulses &
misc. crops, sugar crops, etc.
Recommended Books
2. Fitter, A.H. and R.K.M. Hay. 2002. Environmental Physiology of Plants. 3 rd
Ed. Academic Press, Inc., London.
3. Gurevitch, J. M.Schiner and A.F. Gordon. The Ecology of Plant. 2 nd Ed.
2006. State University of New York.
4. Kapur, P. and R.G. Sudha. 2000, Experimental Plant Ecology. CBS
5. Kumar, H.D. 1994. Modern Concepts of Ecology. 7th Ed. Vikas Pub.
House New Delhi.
6. Larcher,W. 1995. Physiological Plant Ecology. Ecophysiology and Stress
Physiology of Functional Groups. Springer Verlag, Berlin.
54
7. Schulze, E. B. and K. Muller-Hohenstein. 2005. Plant Ecology. State
University of New York.
8. Tivy, J. 1990. Agricultural Ecology. Longman Group U.K. Ltd. Essex
9. Environmental protection act of Pakistan.
AGR-703 ADVANCED IRRIGATION AGRONOMY 3(2-1)
To impart better understanding of estimation/measurement of environment

variables used in irrigation scheduling
Objective
To educate about estimation/measurement of environment variables used in
irrigation scheduling.
Learning Outcomes
1. Describe the relationship between irrigation and crop yields

2. Plan suitable irrigation schedules for field crops under different moisture
regimes and prevailing weather conditions
Modify irrigation use with respect to the prevailing weather conditions
3. Use Make use of the drought stress indices for their research endeavors
4. Compare Evaluate the crop growth and yield response under varying
irrigation regimesto total water received and drought
5. Interpret the criteria for drought resistance
Course Outlines
• Relationship between irrigation and crop yields
• Effects of irrigation water quality on crop growth and development
• Impact of weather conditions on irrigation scheduling
• Methods of irrigation scheduling
• Moisture sensitive periods
• Indices of drought: Stress degree days, canopy temperature variability;
Crop water stress index; maximum allowable depletion, etc.
• Response of yield to irrigation
• Penman’s irrigation-yield response analysis
• Concept of potential soil moisture deficit and limiting deficit
• Crop response to total water received and drought
• Criteria for drought resistance
• Concept of lost time for growth and crop yield
• Water use efficiency and factors affecting it.
Recommended Books
1. Ali, M. H. 2010. Fundamentals of Irrigation and On-farm Water
Management: Volume 1. Springer, New York.
55
2. Ali, M. H. 2011. Practices of Irrigation and On-farm Water Management:
Volume 2. Springer, New York.
3. Choudhary, M. R. 2009. A Text book of Irrigation and Drainage Practices
Pub.lishing House Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, India.
5. Michael, M.A. 2003. Irrigation Theory and Practice. Vikas Publishing
House Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. India.
6. Sankara, R. G. H. and T. Y. Reddy. 2002. Efficient Use of Irrigation Water.
Kalyani Publishers New Delhi, India
AGR-704 AGRO-ENVIRONMENT CONSERVATION 3(3-0)
To enhance the understanding of environmental degradation and conservation

through integrated approaches.
Learning Outcomes:
After successful completion of the course, students will be able to:-

1. Describe impact of agricultural practices and industrial/municipal wastes on
the environment and ecosystem.
2. Develop strategies to minimize degradation of environment and ecosystem
resulting from agro-chemicals and industry.
3. Understand the rules and regulations of environment conservation
Theory
Agro-chemicals: use, abuse, uptake, persistence, degradation and residual
effects on ecosystem; Management and recycling of agro-industrial wastes: solid
waste, farm waste, sewage sludge etc.; Role of agriculture in environmental
conservation; Integrated approaches to reduce the use of agro-chemicals in
agriculture. rules and regulations of environment conservation, EPA rules
Recommended Books
2. Hudson, N.W. 2004. Soil and water conservation in semi-arid areas.
4. Maloo, S.R. 2002. Sustainable Crop Production Under Stress
Environments. Agro-tech Publishing Academy, Udaipur, India.
5. Raven, P.H. Berg, L.R. and G.B. Johnson. 1993. Environment.
International Ed. Saunders College Publishing, New York.
56
AGR-705 AGRO-METEOROLOGY 3(3-0)
Objective
To important knowledge about meteorological optima and its relevance to crop
production.
Theory
Scope of agricultural meteorology; Agricultural zones of Pakistan; Crop
adaptation and distribution in relation to climate; Crop weather-relationships
regarding crop growth and yield formation; Diurnal and seasonal variation in
photoperiod and light integral; Atmospheric pollution and plant productivity;
Climate change and its potential effects on crop production; Weather and pests
of crops; Crop monitoring and forecasting; Drought monitoring and planning for
mitigation; Remote sensing; Geographical Information System (GIS); Global
Positioning System (GPS) and their application in agricultural meteorology; Use
of climate information to improve agricultural productivity.
Recommended Books
1. Ahrens, C. D. 2008. Meteorology Today Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning,
Belmount, USA.
2. Brunt, D. 2007. Meteorology. Oxford University Press. UK.
3. Hall, A. E. 2001. Crop responses to environment. CRC Press. LLC, 2000
N.W. Corporate Blvd., Boca Raton, Florida 33431. USA.
4. Mavi. H.S. and G.J. Tupper. 2005. Agro-meteorology; Principles and
applications of climate studies in agriculture. International Book
Distributing Co. Charbagh, Lucknow 226004 U.P. India.
5. Panda, B.C. 2009. Remote Sensing; Principles and Applications. Viva
Books Pvt. Ltd. 4737/23, Ansari road, New Delhi-110002. India.
6. Prasada, Rao, G.S.L.H. 2008. Agricultural Meteorology. Printice Hall of
India, New Delhi.
AGR-706 ALLELOPATHY IN CROP PRODUCTION 3(2-1)
Learning outcomes
1. Describe allelopathy and types of allelochemicals.
2. Comprehend the mechanism of allelochemicals production, translocation
and mode of action.
3. Understand the utilization of allelochemicals in enhancing crops production
4. Acquire the skills of allelopathic extracts preparation and its application
Objective
To educate students about allelopathic phenomena and its utilization in agro-
ecosystem for sustaining productivity of crops.
57
Theory
Concept and history of allelopathy; Allelopathic plants; Types of allelochemicals;
Mechanism of allelochemicals’ action; Factors influencing production and
effectiveness of allelochemicals; Production, release, absorption and
translocation of allelochemcials; Role of allelopathy in agro-eco systems;
Interactions among cropping systems; Utilization of allelopathy for pest
management; Enhancing crop productivity by utilizing allelopathy; Recent
research trends in allelopathy.
Practical
Preparation of allelopathic plant water extracts; Comparison of crop cultivars for
their allelopathic effects; Demonstration of allelopathic effects of crop
extracts/residues on seed germination and seedling growth of crops/weeds;
Identification of allelopathic chemicals.
Recommended Books
1. Gliessman, S. R. 2007. Field and Laboratory Investigations in
Agroecology (2nd Ed.). Taylor and Francis, USA.
2. Kohli, K.R., H.P. Singh and D. R. Batish. 2004. Allelopathy in
Agroecosystems. IDBC Lucknow, India.
3. Macias, F.A., C.G. Galindo and J.M. G. Molinillo. 2003. Allleopathy:
Chemistry and Mode of Action of Allelochemicals. CRC Press, New York,
USA.
4. Reigosa, M. J., N. Petdrol and L. Gonzalez. 2006. Allelopathy: A
physiological process with ecological implications. Springer, Heidelberg,
Germany.
5. Rice, E.L. 1997. Allelopathy. (4th Ed.). Academic Press, Inc. Orlando,
Florida, USA.
6. Zeng, R.S, A.U. Mallik and S.M. Luo. 2008. Allelopathy in Sustainable
Agriculture and Forestry. Springer, USA.
AGR-707 APPLIED CONSERVATION AGRONOMY 3(3-0)
Laerning Objective
To develop understanding about resource conservation on economic basis with
special emphasis on soil and water.
Learning outcomes
• Understand the objectives and principles of resources with their judicious
use and conservation
• Explain advance methods of conservation in different farming system
• Use of conventional and modern techniques like biological conservation
and farm machinery
 Apply the acquired knowledge to conserve resources with respect to
climate change
58
Theory
Principles, objective and types; Water resources, their conservation and
economic use in irrigated and non-irrigated regions; Modern conservation
practices in irrigated and non-irrigated areas; Integrated resource conservation in
different farming systems; Conservation agronomy and climate change; Use of
farm machinery in conservation techniques; Conservation structures; Biological
conservation; Recent developments in the field of conservation agronomy.
Recommended Books
1. Arnon, I. 1992. Agriculture in drylands–principles and practices. Elsevier,
Amsterdam.
2. Govindan, K. and V. Thirumurugan. 2003. Principles and Practices of

Dryland Agriculture. Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi, India
3. Gurmel, S., C. Venkatarmanan, G. Sastry and B.P. Joshi. 1990. Manual of

Soil and Water Conservation Practices. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co.
Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.


6. Maloo, S.R. 2002. Sustainable Crop Production under Stress

Environments. Agro-tech Publishing Academy, Udaipur.
AGR-708 ARID ZONE AGRONOMY 3(3-0)
Objective
To broaden the understanding of problems, limitations and potentials of arid areas.
Learning Objective:
 To understand the problem, limitation and their solution in the arid zone
agriculture.
 To explore the potential of Arid area and its contribution in national crop
production.
Learning Outcomes:
At the completion of the course, students will be able to:
• Characterize the features of Arid Agriculture

• Apply the techniques to address the constraints and problems
of Arid zone agriculture.
• Manage the dry spell period during the crop growth.
• Recommend practices for moisture conservation, water shed management
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and sustainable crop production in dry land Agriculture.
Theory
Constrains and techniques of arid agriculture; Characteristics of dry land
agriculture; Problems, prospects and strategies of dry land agriculture; Moisture
availability index; Aridity index; Moisture deficit index; Agronomic approaches for
dry land agriculture (tillage requirement, selection of most adaptive crops, sowing
of crops, cropping pattern, pasture management, cropping plans to meet the
weather conditions, weed control, plant protection measure); Managing dry spells
during crop periods, Lay farming for non-arable lands; Recommendations for dry
farming areas; Plant adaptation to water stress; Soil and rainfall characteristics in
dry land farming; Soil and moisture conservation techniques; Water shed
management; Water harvesting; Sustainable dry land crop production.
Recommended Books
1. Balasubramaniyan, P. and SP. Palaniappan. 2005. Principles and
Practices of Agronomy. Agrobios, Jodhpur, India.
2. Govindan, K. and Thriumurugam. 2003. Principles and Practices of Dry
Land Agriculture. Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi, India.
4. Reddy, S.R. 2004. Principles of Crop Production. Kalyani Publishers, New
Delhi, India.
Amsterdam.
6. Shaw, T. 2010. Dryland Farming. Nabu Press, USA.
7. Chandrasekaran, B.,K. Annadurai and E. Somasundaram. 2010. A
AGR -709 BIOLOGICAL CROP POTENTIAL 3(2-1)
Objective
To elaborate the concept of biological potential and exploitation in crops.
Learning Outcomes

1. Understand modren concepts of biological crop potential
2. Describe the relationship between agro-physiological factors and
potential yield of crop
3. Collect and analyse the data of growth parameters of crop
4. Examine the determinants of crop growth
5. Analyze the relationship between crops and environment
Theory
Concept of biological crop potential; Agro-physiological factors limiting yield
potential of crops; Ecological optima in relation to crop productivity; Blackman's
principle of limiting factor; Determinants of crop growth; Components of plant leaf
60
area expansion, crop canopy development, canopy architecture and interception
of solar radiation; Potential for increasing photosynthetic efficiency; Dry-matter
partitioning; Modern agro-physiological techniques for harvesting maximum
potential of field crops; Crop plants in relation to environment.
Practical
Collection of data pertaining to actual and potential yields of various
crops/varieties; Determination of leaf area and dry weight of field crops to
calculate relative growth rate, net assimilation rate, etc. Determination of leaf
area index, leaf area duration and harvest index of various field crops.
Comparative study of crop canopy development in cereals, oilseeds and grain
legumes.
Recommended Books
1. N. R. Das, 2008. Tillage and Crop Production. Sci. Pub., India.
2. Premjit Sharma, 2007. Precision Farming. Gene Tech Book, New Delhi,
India
3. M. A. Khan, 2012. Water Resources Management and Sustainable
Agriculture.
4. John H. Martin, Richard P, Waldren and David L. Stamp, 2006. Principles
of Field Crop Production 4th Ed. The McMillan Co., New York
AGR-710 CROP AND ENVIRONMENT 3(3-0)
Objective
To broaden the understanding of relationships between crop and environment.
Learning outcome
1. Undrestand the environmental physiology and its impact on crop
production
2. Explain global warming and greenhouse effects on plant growth and
development
3. Elaborate environmental pollution and energy exchange by plants in
ecosystem
4. Manage crop production under different environmental conditions.
Course outline
Theory
 Crop environment, components, determinants and their role in crop
productivity; Microclimate in relation to crop management; Global warming
and green house effects; Environmental pollution and plant growth;
Energy exchange by plants in ecosystem; Evapotranspiration and its
reduction approaches; Antitranspirants, reflectants; Plant physiological
aspects and plant architecture.
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Recommended Books
1. Loomis, R.S. 1992. Crop Ecology. Productivity and Management in
Agricultural System. Cambridge University Press, U.K.
2. Nobel, P.S. 2005. Physiochemical and Environmental Plant Physiology.
5th Ed. Academic Press, New York.
3. Pritchart, S. G., J. S. Amthor. 2005. Crops and Environmental Changes:
an introduction of global warming. CSSA, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
4. Schultz, E.D. 2005. Plant Ecology. Springer Verlag, Berlin. Heidelberg.
5. Townsend, C.R., Harper, J.L. and Bego, M.E. 2000. Essentials of Ecology.
AGR-711 CROP MANAGEMENT ON PROBLEM SOILS 3(3-0)
Objective
To strengthen the knowledge for raising crops successfully on problem soils.
Learning outcome
Upon successful completion of the course, student will be able to:-
1. Understand the problem soils and their types

2. Manage different types of problem soils
3. Apply different crop management practices to reduce the intensity of
problem soils
Course outline
Theory
 Concept and perspective of crop productivity in eroded,
 salt affected, water deficit and water-logged soils;
 their improvement and reclamation;
 Site specific cultural practices;
 Fertilizer and irrigation adjustments;
 Specific cropping patterns and crop management practices for economic
crop production in problem soils;
 Demonstration of degraded soils
 Lecturing
 Assessment
 Mid Term
 Final Term
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Recommended Books
1. Gupta, U.S. 2005. Physiology of Stressed Crops: nutrient relations.
Science Pub., India.
2. IIMI. 1997. Salinization, Alkalinisation and Sodification on Irrigated Areas
in Pakistan. Lahore.
3. Lauchli, A. and U. Luttge. 2002. Salinity: environment-plant-molecules.
Lavoisir, France.
AGR-712 CROP MODELING 3(2-1)
Objective
To enhance the knowledge of crop modeling and its application in agriculture.
Learning Outcomes:
1. Understand components of crop modeling,
2. Use different models (DSSAT, APSIM and AQUACROP)
3. Integrate crop models with remote sensing and GIS
4. Apply modelling for crop improvement and predictions
Theory
Philosophy and terminology of system science, scope of system analysis; Crop
modeling, concept and types of models, specification and uses; Statistical
parameters in modeling; Parameterization and evaluation of crop models; Model
application in crops, soil, water and agrometeorology; Modeling for crop
improvement and risk assessment; Crop models application in research,
education and extension; Integration of crop models with GIS and remote
sensing.
Practical
Working with different models like DSSAT, APSIM, AQUACROP; Setting of
appropriate coefficients for cultivars, calibration, evaluation and validation;
Preparation of different input files; crop management, and experimental data
files; Preparation of weather and soil files; Working with sequence, seasonal,
economic analysis, easy grapher, etc.
Recommended Books
2. Floor M. B. and M. van Ittersum. 2010. Environmental and Agricultural
Modeling: Integrated Approaches for Policy Impact Assessment, Springer,
3. Singh, P. 2008. Modeling crop production systems: Principles and
applications. Science publishers. Enfield, New Hampshire 03784.USA.
63
4. Vohnout, K. D. 2003. Mathematical modeling for system analysis in
agricultural research. Elsevier Sci., Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
5. Wallach, D., D. Makowski, J.W. Jones. 2006. Working with Dynamic Crop
Sci., Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
AGR-713 CROP NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT 3(2-1)
Objective
To equip students with latest developments in crop nutrition.
Learning Outcomes:
At the end of the course, students will be able to:

1. Understand the physiological role of macro and micro-nutrients.
2. Learn modern strategies to improve crop nutrition
3. Compare the efficacy of different fretilizers in crop plants.
4. Minimize the nutrient losses and apply judicious use of fertilizer
5. Analyse the nutrient content both in plant and growth media.
Theory
Crop nutrition in modern agriculture; Rationale for use of fertilizers;
Biofortification; Physiological classification of minerals; Dynamics of plant
nutrients in normal, flooded and salt affected soils; Nutrient uptake and
assimilation; Nutrient losses and causes of low efficiency; Improving nutrient use
efficiency; Balanced nutrition and integrated plant nutrient management systems;
Concept of remote sensing in crop nutrition; Nutrient indexing.
Practical
Demonstration of nutrient deficiency symptoms. Preparation of different nutrient
solutions for field, pots and hydroponic cultures; Nutrient analysis (macro and
micro) of soil and plants.
Recommended Books
1. Fageria. N.K. 2009. The Use of Nutrients in Crop Plants. CRC Press,
London.
2. IFPRI. 2012. Reshaping Agriculture for Nutrition and Health. International
Food Policy Research Institute, Washington DC, USA.
3. Krishna, K.R. 2002. Soil Fertility and Crop Production. Oxford and IBH
publishing Co. New Delhi, India.
4. Marschner, H. 1995. Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants. Elsevier,
Amsterdam.
5. Singh, S.S. 2003. Soil Fertility and Nutrient Management. Kalyani
Publishers, India.
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AGR-714 CROP PRODUCTION AND HERBICIDES 3(2-1)
Objective
To enhance students capability about herbicides and their use for crop
maximization.
Theory
Herbicides: importance, nomenclature, registration; classification systems;
Chemical classification; Bio-herbicides; Herbicide formulations; surfactants and
adjutants; Application and incorporation techniques and equipment; Spray drift
management; Herbicide selectivity; Herbicide mixtures and compatibility; Effect
of herbicide residues on succeeding crops; Herbicide hazards, toxicity,
environmental pollution; Storage, transportation and disposal of herbicides.
Practical
Calculation of herbicide dosage; Determination of active ingredients in various
herbicide formulations; Types of sprayers, their parts and spray calibration; Boom
height adjustment and study of overlapping. Study of residual effects on soil and
succeeding crops. Tank mixing of herbicides.
Recommended Books
1. Anderson, W.P. 2007. Weed Science Principles and Application. 4 th Ed.
West Publishing Co. St. Paul. New York.
2. Rao, V.S. 2002. Principles of Weed Science; Science Publishers, USA.
3. Ross. M. A. and C. A. Lembi, 2009. Applied Weed Science: including the
Ecology and Management of Invasive plants. 3 rd edition, Practice Hall,
USA.
4. Walia, V. S. 2003. Weed Management. Kalyani Pub. New Delhi.
5. Zimdhal, T.L. 2007. Fundamentals of Weed Science. 3 rd ed. Academic
Press, Ins. New York.
AGR-715 FARMING AND CROPPING SYSTEMS 3(3-0)
Objective
To identify the issues of farming/cropping systems and demonstrate research
methods for sustainable production.
Learning Outcomes:
1. Understand the concepts and significance of farming/cropping systems

2. Assess input use efficiencies in various farming/cropping systems
3. Use allied enterprises in agriculture based systems
4. Apply the acquired knowledge for sustainable production
65
Theory
Concept, scope, classification and components; Agricultural resources, their
utilization and management; Major farming and cropping systems of Pakistan;
Role of tillage, root dynamics, cover crops, crop residues in cropping system;
Assessing input use efficiencies in various farming/cropping systems; Role of
precision agriculture in farming system; Study of allied enterprises (livestock,
poultry, aquaculture, mushroom culture, tunnel farming); Emerging trends in
farming/cropping system research; Researchable issues and research methods
in farming and cropping systems.
Recommended Books
1. Balasubramaniyan, P. and S.P. Palaniappan. 2009. Principles and
2. Dixit, R.S. 2007. Cropping System Research. Kalyani Publishers, New
Delhi, India.
3. Panda, S.C. 2006. Crop Management and Integrated Farming. Agrobios,
Jodhpur, India.
4. Shrestha, A. 2003. Cropping Systems Trends and Advances. Food
Products Press, Binghamton, NY, USA.
AGR-716 FIELD CROP EXPERIMENTATION 3(2-1)
Objective
To plan the experiments according to different design and layout therein the field
and to collect the data, analysis it and interpretation.
Learning outcomes
1. formulate null and alternate hypothesis.
2. select appropriate experimental design and execute its layout in the field.
3. analyse the data and interpret the results
4. determine possible relationships among variables
5. summarize the findings of the research and reporting
Theory
Methods of scientific inquiry; general types of experiments; Principles of
experimental design; Planning, layout and conducting field experiments;
Recording research observations; Transformation of data ; Planned F test; Data
processing, analyses and its statistical interpretation; Means separation;
Probability; F and t distributions; Regression and correlation; Research results
reporting.
Practical
Statistical calculations based on sample data; Exercise in the layout of
experiments; Transformation of Experimental data; Preparation of analysis of
variance table; Use of different tests of significance; Factorial experiments and
66
their uses in scientific research; Reporting results of experiment; calculation of
linear regression and correlations; Use of statistical packages for data.
Suggested Readings
1. Das, N.R. 2006. Agronomic Research Management. Agrotech Publishing
Academy, Udaipur, India.
2. Gomez, K.A. and A.A. Gomez, 1984. Statistical Procedures for
Agricultural Research. 2nd Ed. John Wiley and Sons, New York, USA.
3. Leclergy, E.L., W.H. Leonard and A.G. Clark. 1980. Field Plot Technique,
Ist Ed. Reprinted by the National Book Foundation, Islamabad.
4. Steel, R.G.D., J.H. Torrie and D. Dickey. 1997. Principles and Procedures
of Statistics: A Biometric Approach, 3rd Ed. McGraw-Hill Book Co. Inc.,
New York. USA.
AGR-717 HERBICIDES IN PLANT AND SOIL SYSTEMS 3(2-1)
Objective
To elucidate role of herbicides in plants and their dynamics in soil and environment.
Learning outcomes
• Know the mode of action of herbicides and their effect on photosynthesis ,
respiration, protein and nucleic acid metabolism etc.
• Understand the fate of herbicides, their lethal effect and interaction
• Demonstrate herbicide resistance, residual effect on germination and
seedling growth of succeeding crops
• Use instrumental techniques for herbicide analysis
Theory
Absorption and translocation of herbicides; Effects of herbicides on
photosynthesis; respiration, protein, nucleic acid metabolism and enzymes;
Metabolism of herbicides in plants; Sub lethal effects of herbicides; Herbicides
and soil interaction; Fate of herbicides in soils; Herbicide residues in soil.
Bioassay techniques in herbicide residue analysis; Instrumentation techniques
for herbicide analysis; Herbicides resistance; Methods to combat herbicide
resistance.
Practical
Demonstration of herbicide resistance through dose response test,
Demonstration of residual effect on germination and seedling growth of
succeeding crops, Demonstration of herbicide movement in soils.
Recommended Books
1. Kumar, R. J. and R. Jagannathan. 2007. Weed Science Principles. 2nd Ed.
Kalyani Publisher, Ludhiana, India.
67
2. Powles, S. B. and J. A. M. Holtum. 1994. Herbicide Resistance in Plants:
Biology and Biochemistry, Lewis Pub., Albany, USA.
3. Prado, R. De. J. Jossin and L. G. Torres. 1997. Weed and Crop
Resistance to Herbicides. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Dordrecht/Boston/London.
4. Rao, V. S. 2002. Principles of Weed Science. Science Publishers. U.S.A.
5. Walia. U. S. 2010. Weed Management. Kalyani Publishers, Ludhiana,
India.
6. Zimdhal, R. 2007. Fundamentals of Weed Science. 3rd ed. Academic
Press, Ins. New York.
AGR-718 INTEGRATED AGRICULTURE 3(3-0)
Objective
To equip students with the challenges and potential of Pakistan Agriculture.
Learning objectives
To integrate crop hasubandry with livestock, fisheries,
cottage and poultry industry for sustainable agriculture (Dr. Nazim, will discuss
next meeting)
Learning outcomes
1. Define and describe the potential of agriculture for socio-economic
uplift of country.
2. Understand challenges faced by Pakistan’s Agriculture and remedial
strategies.
3. Comprehend the role of natural resource management in
rural development.
4. Evaluate the working of agricultural institutions and agriculture
related policies.
Theory
Concept of integrated agriculture; Challenges in Pakistan’s Agriculture; Present
scenario and future prospects; Analytical overview: issues and strategies for
improvement of crop management, livestock management, fisheries; Cottage
industry, national resource management and rural development; Institutions and
policies: issues and options.
Recommended Books
1. Ahmad, N. and A. Hamid. 1997. Plant Nutrients Management for
Sustainable Agriculture Growth. Proc. Symposium held on December 8-
10, 1997. Planning & Development Division, National Fertilizer
Development Center, Islamabad.
2. Anonymous. 1999. Sustainable Agriculture Solutions. Novellow Press, Ltd.
London.
68
3. ICIMOD. 1997. Appropriate Farm Technologies in Arid and Semi-Arid
Mountainous Areas of Pakistan. Katmandu, Nepal.
4. Virmani, S. M. J. C. Katyal, Eswaru, and I. P. Abarol. 1994. Stressed
Ecosystems and Sustainable Agriculture. Oxford & IBH Pub. Co., New
Delhi.
AGR -719 MODERN CONCEPTS OF CROP PRODUCTION 3(2-1)
Objectives
1. To enable the students an insight understanding of Agro-physiological
factors affecting crop potential.
2. To harvest the maximum out of possessed genetic potential of a variety by
integrating all the yield determinants.
Laerning outcomes
1. Acquire indepth modern knowledge of crop productivity
2. Analyse the issues of crop production with refrence to modern concepts
3. Apply modern techniques for maximizing crop harvest.
Theory
 Concept and indices of agricultural productivity;
 Key issues limiting agricultural productivity in Pakistan;
 Significance of crop management in determining crop productivity;
Dynamics of stand establishment;
 Multiple cropping;
 Manipulation of different tillage systems;
 Manipulation of crop development by the use of growth regulators;
Concept and components of good agricultural practices (GAP), Organic
farming;
 Precision agriculture and its tools;
 Zero tillage: conditions, areas and crops
 Alternate wetting and drying (AWD) techniques: conditions, areas and
crops
 Biofertification of staple food crops: concept, significance and crops
 Biotechnology in improving crop production;
Practical
 Study of different factors influencing stand establishment under field
conditions;
 Evaluation of some case histories for economic feasibility of different
cropping systems;
 Field observation of different tillage systems;
 Filed visits and observation on GAP;
 Demonstrations on the simulation of effects of global warming on
agricultural productivity;
69
 Methods of biofortification of crops (Zn, Fe, Ca etc).
 Visits to different agricultural research institutes and farmers field (where
Zero tillage, AWD are under practice).
Recommended Books
1. Byerlee, D. and T. Hussain. 1992. Farming Systems of Pakistan.
Vanguard Books Pvt. Ltd. Lahore.
2. Chandrasskaran, B., K. Annadurai and E. Somasundaram. 2010. A
Textbook of Agronomy. New Age Int. (P) Ltd. Publishers, New Delhi, India.
3. Hester, R.E. and R.M. Harrison. 2005. Sustainability in Agriculture. Vol.
21. RSC Publishing, Thomas Graham House, Sci. Park, Milton Road,
Cambridge, UK.
4. Singh, N.P. and R.A. Singh. 2002. Scientific Crop Production. Kalyani
Publishers, Ludhiana, India.
AGR-720 RECENT ADVANCES IN AGRONOMY 3(3-0)
Objective
To inculcate knowledge with respect to current developments in agronomic
research.
Learning Objectives
• To adapt the current research and developments in agronomic research
Learning Outcomes
After studying this course, the students will be able to:
1. Analyze the recent technologies for enhancing field crop productivity
2. Compare traditional and new interventions
3. Evaluate the new tools for agronomic research and development
Theory
Selected topics on recent advances in agronomy; Evaluation of the recent
research of the entire field; Lectures and discussions by the specialists in the
areas of their research.
Recommended Books
1. Advances in Agronomy. All volumes from last three years. Academic
Press Inc., New York.
2. Agronomy for Sustainable Development. All volumes of last three years.
INRA-CMSE-PME, Dijon, France and Springer, the Netherlands.
3. European Journal of Agronomy, Elsevier, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
4. Critical Review in Plant Sciences. All volumes during last three years.
Taylor and Francis, New York.
5. Sustainable Agriculture Reviews. All volumes of last three years. Springer,
the Netherlands.
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AGR-721 SEED PHYSIOLOGY 3(2-1)
Objective
To enhance students’ understanding of physiological processes in seeds.
Learning outcomes;-
1. Understand embryogenesis and flowers identification
2. Comprehend seed formation and development
3. Classify the chemical composition of seed.
4. Understand growth regulators and their role in seed development and
dormancy.
5. Analyse Moisture content, temperature and oxygen relations to
germination process
Theory
Seeds and human beings; Review of embryogenesis; Physiological development
of “seed”; Implications of seed maturation; Chemical composition of seed, its
phylogenetic implications, importance in storage, energy relationships;
Dormancy, its survival value, occurrence and persistence of dormancy in
cultivated, weedy and wild species, methods of overcoming dormancy; Role of
growth regulators in seed development and dormancy; Seed sink strength and
intensity; Seed food reserves, location and composition; Physiological and
biochemical manifestation of seed aging; Seed deterioration-factors influencing
rate of deterioration, theories of seed dying; Concept of seed vigor; Seed
enhancement-production and yield; Requirements for germination-re-hydration
and water relations, temperature and oxygen relations.
Practical
Seeds germination, monocot, dicot flower & seed structure. Seed priming
techniques and their performance under different moisture regimes. Changes in
protein and carbohydrate contents of seeds during germination. Determination of
enzyme activities (amylase, glutamine synthetase) in germinating seeds.
Recommended Books
1. Bewley, J.D. and M. Black. 1994. Seeds: Physiology of Development and
Germination. 2nd Ed. Plenum Press, New York
3. McDonald, M.B. and L.O. Copeland. 1989. Seed Science and Technology
Laboratory Manual. Iowa State University Press / Ames, USA .
4. Stanwood, P.C. and M.B. McDonald. 1989. Seed Moisture. ASA, Madison,
Wisconsin.
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AGR-722 SEED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 3(2-1)
Objective
Augmenting students capacity regarding principles of seed production and
innovations in seed technology.
Learnig outcome
1. Understand functional concept of seed production
2. Evaluate Seed vigor, quality management and maintenance
3. Understand the role of seed industry, concept and future need
for seed demand
4. Examine Seed health, fortification and invigoration and ageing
Theory
Functional concept of seed production; Recent trends in seed technology and
management; Hybrid and synthetic seed production; Seed vigor and quality;
Ecological aspects of seed production; Seed certification standards; Seed
storage, structures and related problems; Seed industry. Import/export of seed;
Seed legislation and quarantine laws; Genetically modified seeds (GMOs);
Transgenetics for crop improvement; Seed quality, control and management;
Seed fortification and invigoration; Seed health. Organic seed production.
Practical
Analysis for quality tests: physical purity, seed viability, germination and vigor
tests. Seed cleaning, grading, treatment. Seed priming. Sampling techniques
involved in seed testing. Visit to seed farms, storage houses and processing
plants.
Recommended Books
1. Advances in seed sciences and technology 2006 Agro Bios, India.
Islamabad.
4. ISTA. 1996. International rules for seed testing, Vol. 26, 31, 35, and 37.
Proceedings of International Seed Testing Association, Zurich,
Switzerland.
Laboratory Manual. Iowa State University Press / Ames, USA .
AGR-723 STRESS AGRONOMY 3(2-1)
Objective
To broaden the knowledge regarding various stresses influencing crop
production and stress management
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Learning Outcomes:
1. Understand types of stresses and their impact on morphological,
physiological and biochemical processes
2. Descibe the natural tolerance ability of various crop plants and manage
crops through agro-management practices
4. Induce the different stress in different growth media in field, pots and
hydroponic experiments
Theory
Concepts of stress Agronomy; Plant stress factors and their impact on
productivity of cropping systems; Types of stresses (water, nutrient, salt,
temperature, CO2, light, inter and intra plant competition, etc.), Crop responses
and adaptation to different stresses and their individual and interactive impact on
plant growth and development; Agro-management practices for successful crop
husbandry under stress environments.
Practical
Experiments will be designed to invoke understanding among the students about
plant behavior to various types of stresses. Field visits to demonstrate types of
stresses and their impact on crop productivity.
Recommended Books
Amsterdam.
2. Fitter, A.H. and R.K.M. Hay. 2002. Environmental Physiology of Plants. 3 rd
3. Guar, R.K. and P. Sharma, 2014 Approaches to Plant Stress and their
Management. Springer, India
4. Nösberger, J., H.H. Geiger and P.C Struik. 2001. Crop Science: Progress
and Prospects. CABI, Pub., Oxon, UK.
5. Pessarakli, M. (Ed.). 1994. Handbook of Plant and Crop Stress. 2nd
Edition. Marcel and Dekker Inc., New York.
AGR-724 SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE

Learning objective 3(3-0)
Objective
To extend students' knowledge about management of agricultural resources on
sustainable basis.
Learning Outcomes
1. learn the concept, components and significance of Sustainable Agriculture.
2. plan efficient utilization of soil, and water resources.
3. Acquire the understanding and skill of Integrated nutrients management.
4. Examine the effect of crop production practices on environmental
73
5. pollution.
Theory
Definition, concept and significance; Evolution of sustainable agriculture;
Management practices for sustainable agriculture; Sustainable utilization
of land water, resources and agro-biodiversity; Integrated nutrient management;
Sustainable Weed management; Integrated farming systems to sustain farm
productivity; Alternate and uses; Agriculture; Climate change and carbon
sequestration; Latest research methodologies related to the above topics.
Recommended Books
1. Beth, Lanfalvaj, C.J. and R.C. Linduman. 1992. Mycorhizae in Sustainable
Agriculture, Pub. No. 54. ASA. Madison, USA.
2. Das, P.C. 2000. Crops and their production technology under different
conditions. First Edition. Kalyani Publishers. New Delhi.
3. Lichtfouse, E. M. Nanarrete, B. Debacke, and V. Souchere. 2009.
Sustainable Agriculture. Springer, The Netherland.
4. Maloo, S. R. 2002. Sustainable Crop Production under Stress
Environments. Geeta Soman; Agrotech Publishing Academy, Udaipur,
India.
5. Reddy, T.y. and G.H.S. Reddy. 2002. Principles of Agronomy. Third
Edition, Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi.
6. Singh, S.S. 1998. Crop management under irrigated and rain fed
conditions, 3rd Edition. Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi.
7. Trivedi, P. C. 2011. Organic farming for sustainable Agriculture. Aavishkar
Publishers, Distributors. Jaipur (Raj) India.
AGR-725 WATER RELATIONS OF PLANTS 3(2-1)
Objective
To enhance the understanding of relationship between plants and water.
Learning Outcomes:
1. Define the terminology and describe theories related to soil plant
relationship
2. know the physico-biochemical role of water in crop plants
3. Understand mechanisms involved in water mobility from soil through the
plant into the atmosphere.
4. Analyze the plant water status and irrigate the crop as per requirement to
ensure the judicious use of water
5. Learn practically induce the water stress in different growth media in field,
pots and hydroponic experiments
74
Theory
Importance of water in plants; Physical and chemical properties of water; The
ascent of sap; The cohesion mechanism, anatomy of pathway; water potential
gradient, capillary rise in xylem; Free energy and chemical potential; Water
potential and its components; analysis of chemical potential; Standard state,
hydrostatic pressure, water activity and osmotic potential; Van’t Hoff equation,
matric potential; Ohm’s law to study the movement of water in the soil-pant
atmosphere system.
Practical
Techniques and experimental approaches for measurement of plant water status:
Measurement of water content, water potential, pressure chamber technique and
psychrometric techniques. Methods of inducing water stress in plants.
Recommended Books
1. Kirkham, M.B. 2004. Principles of Soil and Water Relations, Academic
Press, London.
2. Kramer, P.J. and J.S. Boyer. 1995 Water Relations of Plants and Soils.
San Diego, CA: Academic Press, New York.
3. Nobel, P.S. 2009. Physicochemical and Environmental Plant Physiology.
San Diego, CA: Academic Press, New York.
AGR-726 WEED MANAGEMENT 3(2-1)
Objective
To acquaint students with comprehensive knowledge of weed management in

field crops.
Theory
Concept of weed management and its significance in modern agriculture; Weed
management using principles of competition, Integrated weed management;
weed management for field crops, Weed Management for Horticultural crops,
Weed management in lawn, turf grass, pastures, forestry and range lands,
Management of problematic, parasitic and non-cropped area, Invasive weeds
and their management, Herbicide tolerant crops, herbicide resistant weeds and
their management, Natural products as lead for new herbicides.
Practical:
Identification and collection of weeds; Demonstration of competitive effect of
weeds on crop growth, Determination of critical period of weed interference in
crops; use of tillage implements for effective and economical weed control.
Testing of herbicide resistance in weeds.
75
Recommended Books
Waveland Pr Inc
2. Andrew H. Cobb and John P.H. Reade. 2010 Herbicide and plant Plant
physiology Physiology-2nd Edition. Willey Blackwell, UK.
3. Cobb, A.H. and J.P.H. Reade. 2010. Herbicides and Plant Physiology. 2 nd
Ed. Wiley Blackwell, UK.
4. M.K. Upadhyaya and R.E. Blackshaw. 2007. Non-chemical weed
management. Principle concepts and technology. Biddle Ltd. Kings Lynh
UK.
5. Monaco T.J. 2002. Weed Science Principles and practices-4th Edition.
Johnwiley &Sons Inc. USA.
6. Tanveer, A., A. Khaliq, A. Ali and M.A. Khan. 2005. Weed Science
Research in Pakistan – A Compendium. Agriculture Department,
Government of Punjab.
7. Zimdahl R.L. 2013. Fundamentals of Weed Science. 4th Ed. Academic
press.
8. Zimdahl, R.L. 2004. Weed-Crop Competition- a review. 2nd Ed. Wiley
Blackwell, UK.
AGR -727 CLIMATE CHANGE AND AGRICULTURE 3(3-0)
Objective
To develop ink-link about crop production under changing climate.
Learning Outcomes
1. Comprehend importance of climate in agriculture.

2. Compare climate variability and change: past, present and future scenario
3. Analyze impact of climate change in different regions;
4. Interpret influence of climate change on productivity of major and minor
crops;
5. Examine implications of changing climatic scenario for pests, livestock and
natural resources;
6. Design strategies for managing climate change and vulnerability;
Theory:
Climate and agriculture; Climate variability and change-past, present and future
scenario; Impact of climate change in different regions; Influence of climate
change on productivity of major and minor crops; Implications of changing
climatic scenario for pests, livestock and natural resources; Strategies for
managing climate change and vulnerability; Capacity building and action plan for
policy makers and planners.
76
Recommended Books
1. Hillel, D. and C. Rosenzweig. 2013. Handbook of Climate Change and
Agroecosystems: Global and Regional Aspects and Implications. Imperial
College Press, London, UK.
2. Anboumozhi, V., M. Breiling, S. Pathmarajah and V.R. Reddy. 2012.
Climate Change in Asia and the Pacific: How can Countries Adapt? SAGE
Publication India Pvt. Ltd.
3. Sivakumar, M.V.K. and R.P. Motha. 2007. Managing Weather and
4. Sivakumar, M.V.K. and J. Hansen. 2007. Climate Predictions and
5. Mavi, H.S. and G.J. Tupper. 2005. Agrometeorology Principles and
Application of Climate Studies in Agriculture. International Book
Distribution Co., Lucknow, India.
6. Sivakumar, M.V.K. and R.P. Motha. 2005. Increasing Climate Variability
and Change: Reducing the vulnerability of agriculture and forestry.
Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherland.
AGR-728 POSTHARVEST TECHNOLOGY OF CROPS 3(2-1)
Objective
Learning objectives
To educate students with harvesting post-harvest technology, losses and

marketing of crop produce
Learning outcomes
• Descibe the importance of post harvest technology and optimum

harvesting time of crops
• Understand about the processing, grading, seed treatment, storage of
different crops
 Impart new techniques for harvesting and processing of crop produce
• Demonstrate different harvesting and post harvesting processes along with
packing and marketing of crops
Theory
Concepts, objectives and importance of Post harvest Technology in field crops.
Objects of harvesting, threshing, processing, cleaning and grading, Seed
treatment and storage. Modern technology of harvesting, threshing, shelling,
cleaning, drying, grading of cereal grains. Reaping, beating/threshing, cleaning
and drying of wheat and paddy rice. Picking, ginning and separating lint and seed
of cotton. Cutting, stripping and topping of sugarcane. Harvesting,
77
beating/threshing and cleaning of grain legumes and oilseeds. Digging, cleaning,
topping and washing of root and tuber crops. Marketing of field crop products.
Practical
Demonstration of harvesters, reapers and pickers, threshers, air screen cleaners
(Wheat and paddy) and ginners (Cotton). Field demonstration for sugarcane
cutting and sugar beet digging by manual methods. Seed processing, cleaning,
grading and packing practices in cereals, legumes, oilseeds, condiments, spices
and vegetables etc. Visits of local farms.
Recommended Books
1. ARNON, I. 1972. Crop production in dry regions. Volume II: Plant Science
Monographs Series. by I. Edited by Nicholas Polunin.
2. Bhatti, I. M and A. H. Soomro. 1996. Agriculture Inputs and field crop
production in Sindh, Directorate of Agriculture Research Sindh,
Hyderabad.
3. Nazir, M. S. 1994. Crop Production. National Book foundation, Islamabad
4. Reddy, S. R. 2004. Principles of Crop Production (2nd edition). Kalyani
AGR-729 SPECIAL PROBLEM 1(0-1)
Objective
To broaden student capacity for handling a project independently.
Preparation of research proposals for plant science. Field/Laboratory

Experiment. Collection, Compilation and presentation. Interpretation of results
and report writing by the student.
Note: The post-graduate students will be assigned the topics on recent

developments in agronomy by the concerned teacher.
AGR-729 SEMINAR 1(0-1)
Objective
To improve students’ communication and presentation skills.
Selection of topic, preparation of material for presentation, and presentation by

the student in the class on a particular topic.
Note: M.Sc (Hons.) students will deliver one seminar while PhD students will
deliver two seminars. The Seminar delivered on synopsis/research proposal
and/or thesis will not be considered extra credit hour for academic purposes.
78
AGR-730 THESIS MSc (HONS) AGRONOMY 6(0-6)
AGR-731 THESIS PhD 12(0-12)
Annexure
LIST OF RECOMMENDED BOOKS FOR AGRONOMY
1. Abbas, M.A. 2006. General Agriculture. Emporium Urdu Bazar, Lahore.
2. Advances in Agronomy, All volumes. Academic Press Inc., New York.

3. Vanangamudi, K. Advances in Seed Science and Technology. 2008.
AgroBios, India.
4. Agronomy for Sustainable Development. All volumes of last three years.
INRA-CMSE-PME, Dijon, Francis and Springer, The Netherlands.
5. Ahmad, N. and A. Hamid. 1997. Plant Nutrients Management for
Sustainable Agriculture Growth. Proc. Symposium held on December 8-
10, 1997. Planning & Development Division, National Fertilizer
Development Center, Islamabad.
Islamabad.
7. Ahrens, C.D. 2008. Meteorology Today Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning,
Belmount, USA.
8. Alan G. Clewer and David H. Scarisbrick. 2001. Practical Statistics and
Experimental Design for Plant and Crop Science. John Wiley and Sons,
Ltd. Chichester, England.
9. Ali, M.H. 2011. Practice of irrigation and on-farm water management Vol.
2, Springer, New York, USA.
10. Ali, M.H. 2010. Fundamentals of irrigation and on-farm water management
Vol. 1, Springer, New York, USA.
12. Allen R. O and R. V. Scholtz III 2002. Mathematical Models of Crop
Growth and Yield. CRC Press, USA.
13. Altaf, Z. and A. Qarshi. 2013. Medicinal Plants. Qarshi Industries, Lahore.
14. Anboumozhi, V., M. Breiling, S. Pathmarajah and V.R. Reddy. 2012.
Climate Change in Asia and the Pacific: How can Countries Adapt? SAGE
Publication India Pvt. Ltd.
15. Anderson, W.P. 2007. Weed Science Principles and Application. 4 th Ed.
West Publishing Co. St. Paul. New York.
16. Andrew H. Cobb and John P.H. Reade. 2010 Herbicide and Plant
physiology. 2nd Ed. Willey Blackwell, UK.
17. Anonymous. 2001. A Dictionary of Seed Technological terms. Kalyani
Publisher, India.
18. Anonymous. 1988. Publications Handbook and Style Manual. ASA-CSSA-
SSSA, Madison.
79
19. Anonymous. 1992. Proceeding of International Seminar on Seed, Fauji
Fertilizer Corporation. Islamabad.
20. Anonymous. 1997. Irrigation Agronomy Manual. Ministry of Food
Agriculture and Livestock, Islamabad.
21. Anonymous. 1999. Sustainable Agriculture Solutions. Novellow Press,
Ltd., London.
22. Arnon, I. 1992 Agriculture in Drylands: Principles and Practices. Elsevier
Amsterdam.
23. ASA. 1995. Climate Change and Agriculture: Analysis of Potential
International Impacts. ASA Special Publication No. 59. American Society
of Agronomy, Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA
24. Ashiq, M., M.M. Nayyar and J. Ahmad. 2003. Weed Control Hand Book.
Directorate of Agronomy, AARI, Faisalabad.
27. Baldev, B., S. Ramamjan and H.K. Jain. 1988. Pulse Crops. Oxford and
IBH Pub. Co., New Delhi.
New Delhi.
29. Bashir, E. and R. Bantel. 1996. Soil Science. National Book Foundation,
Islamabad.
30. Basra, A.S. (Ed). 2006. Handbook of Seed Technology. Haworth Press
New York, USA.
31. Beatley. T., D. Brower and A. Schwab. 2002. An Introduction to Coastal
Zone Management. Island Press, 1718 Connecticut Avenue, N.W. Suite
300, Washington, D.C.
32. Benett, H.H. 2003. Soil Conservation for Sustainable Agriculture.
33. Beth, Lanfalvaj, C.J. and R.C. Linduman. 1992. Mycorhizae in Sustainable
Agriculture, Pub. No. 54. ASA. Madison, USA.
34. Bewley, J.D. and M. Black. 1994. Seeds: Physiology of Development and
Germination. 2nd Ed. Plenum Press, New York.
35. Bhatti, I.M. and A.H. Soomro. 1996. Agricultural Inputs and Field Crop
Production in Sindh, Directorate General, Agri., Res. Institute, Sindh,
Hyderabad.
36. Brown C.S. and T. Toadwine. 2007. Nature’s Edge- Boundary
Explorations in ecological theory and practice. State University of New
York Press, Albany, USA.
37. Brunt, D. 2007. Meteorology. Oxford University Press, UK.
38. Byerlee, D. and T. Hussain, 1992. Farming Systems of Pakistan.
Vanguard Books, Lahore.
80
40. Causton, D.R. and J.C. Venus. 1981. The Biometry of Plant Growth.
Edward Arnold, London.
41. Chandrasekaran, B.K., Annadurai and E. Somasundaram. 2010. A
42. Choudhary, M.R. 2009. A Text book of irrigation and Drainage Practices
43. Cobb, A.H. and J.P.H. Reade. 2010. Herbicides and Plant Physiology. 2 nd
Ed. Wiley Blackwell, UK.
44. Coombs, J., D.O. Hall, S.P. Long and J.M.O. Scurlock. 1987. Techniques
in Bioproductivity and Photosynthesis, 2nd Ed. Pergamon Press, Oxford.
Technology. 4th Ed. Burgess Pub. Co., USA.
46. Critical Review in Plant Sciences. All Volumes. Taylor and Francis, New
York.
47. Dahama, A.K. 2002. Organic Farming for Sustainable Agriculture. 2 nd Ed.
48. Das, N.R. 2006. Agronomic Research Management. Agrotech Publishing
Academy, Udaipur, India.
49. Das, P.C. 2000. Crops and their production technology under different
conditions. Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi, India.
50. Dixit, R.S. 2007. Cropping System Research. Kalyani Publishers, New
Delhi, India.
51. Dovrat, A. 1993. Irrigated Forage Production. Elsevier Scientific
Publishers, The Netherlands.
52. Dris, R., J. Mohan and I.A. Khan. 2002. Environment and Crop
Production. Science Pub. Inc., New York.
53. Epstein, E. and A. J. Bloom. 2004 Mineral Nutrition of Plants: Principles
and Perspectives. John Wiley and Sons Inc., USA.
54. Eric, L. 2009. Organic Farming, Pest Control and Remediation of Soil
Pollutants. Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg, Germany.
55. European Journal of Agronomy. All Volumes. Elsevier, Amsterdam, the
Netherlands.
56. Fageria. N.K. 2009. The Use of Nutrients in Crop Plants. CRC Press,
London.
57. Fitter, A.H. and R.K.M. Hay. 2002. Environmental Physiology of Plants. 3rd
58. Floor M.B. and M. van Ittersum. 2010. Environmental and Agricultural
Modeling: Integrated Approaches for Policy Impact Assessment, Springer,
59. Fossel, P.V. 2007. Organic Farming: Everything you need to know. MBI
Publishing Co., USA.
60. France, J. and J.M.M. Thornley, 1984. Mathematical Models in
Agriculture. Butter-worths, London.
61. G.O.P. 1997. Irrigation Agronomy Manual. Ministry of Food Agriculture
and Livestock, Islamabad.
81
62. George A. 2004. Principles of Crop Production: Theory, Teaching and
Technology. Printice Hall, New Jersey, USA.
63. Ghani, M.A. and E. Ahmad. 2000. Principles of Accounting. Pak. Imperial
Book Depot, Chowk Urdu Bazar, Lahore.
64. Gliessman, S.R. 2007. Field and Laboratory Investigations in
Agroecology. 2nd Ed. Taylor and Francis, USA.
65. Gomez, K.A. and A.A. Gomez, 1984. Statistical Procedures for
Agricultural Research. 2nd Ed. John Wiley and Sons, New York, USA.
66. Govindan, K. and Thriumurugam. 2003. Principles and Practices of Dry
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67. Guar, R.K. and P. Sharma, 2014 Approaches to Plant Stress and their
Management. Springer, India
68. Gupta, U.S. 1992. Crop Improvement. Vol. I. Physiological Attributes.
Oxford and IBH Pub. Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
69. Gupta, U.S. 2005. Physiology of Stressed Crops: Nutrient relations.
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70. Gurevitch, J., M. Schiner and A.F. Gordon. The Ecology of Plant. 2 nd Ed.
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71. Gurmel, S., C. Venkatarmanan, G. Sastry and B.P. Joshi. 1990. Manual of
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72. Hall, A.E. 2001. Crop Responses to Environment. CRC Press, Boca
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73. Hammer, G.L., N. Nicholls and C. Mitchell. 2000 Application of Seasonal
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Academic Publisher, London.
74. Hansen, A.P. 1994. Symbiotic N2 fixation of crop legumes. Margref verleg
weikenheim, Germany.
75. Hari, M., S. Seshadri, K. Perumal. 2010. Biofertilizer (Phosphobacteria).
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76. Harinder P.S., D.R. Batish and R.K. Kohli. 2006. Handbook of Sustainable
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77. Hashmi, N. 1989. Style Manual of Technical Writing, 2 nd Ed. Pakistan
Economic Analysis Network Project. Ministry of Food and Agric.,
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78. Havlin, J.L., Tisdale, S.L., J.D. Beaton and W.L. Nelson. 2005. Soil
Fertility and Fertilizers. 7th Ed. Macmillan Publishing Co., New York, USA.
79. Hay, R.K.M. and J.R. Porter. 2006. The Physiology of Crop Yield. 2 nd Ed.
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80. Hester, R.E. and R.M. Harrison. 2005. Sustainability in Agriculture. Vol.
21. RSC Publishing, Thomas Graham House, Sci. Park, Milton Road,
Cambridge, UK.
81. Hillel, D. and C. Rosenzweig. 2013. Handbook of Climate Change and
Agroecosystems: Global and Regional Aspects and Implications. Imperial
College Press, London, UK.
82
82. Hinrichsen, D., 1998. Coastal Waters of the World: Trends, Threats, and
Strategies. Island Press, Washington, DC, USA
84. Hunt, R. 1978. Plant Growth Analysis. Edward Arnold, London.
85. Hunt, R. 1982. Plant Growth Curves: An Introduction to the Functional
Approach to Plant Growth Analysis. Edward Arnold, London.
86. Hussain, S.S. 2003. Manual of Plant Ecology. National Book Foundation,
Islamabad.
88. ICIMOD. 1997. Appropriate Farm Technologies in Arid and Semi-Arid
Mountainous Areas of Pakistan. Katmandu, Nepal.
89. IFPRI. 2012. Reshaping Agriculture for Nutrition and Health. International
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90. IIMI. 1997. Salinization, Alkalinisation and Sodification on Irrigated Areas
in Pakistan. Lahore.
91. ISTA. 1996. International Rules for Seed Testing, Vol. 26, 31, 35, and 37.
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92. Jaya K.R. and R. Jagannathan. 2007. Weed Science Principles. Kalyani
93. Thornley, J. H.M. and I. R. Johnson. 2000. Plant and Crop Modeling: A
Mathematical Approach to Plant and Crop Physiology. The Blackburn
Press, Caldwell, New Jersey, USA.
94. John H. Martin, R. P. Waldren and D. L. Stamp. 2006. Principles of Field
Crop Production 4th Ed. The McMillan Co., New York.
95. John L.H., J.D. Beaton, S.L. Tisdale, and W.L. Nelson. 2010. Soil Fertility
and Fertilizers-An introduction to nutrient management, 7th Ed. Pearson
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96. John R. Clark. 1995. Coastal Zone Management Handbook. Mote Marine
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97. John R. Clark. 1998. Coastal Seas: The Conservation Challenge. 989
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98. Johnson, C.B. 1981. Physiological Processes Limiting Plant
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100. Kapur, P. and R.G. Sudha. 2000, Experimental Plant Ecology. CBS
101. Kay, R. and J. Alder. 2005. Costal Planning and Development. Taylor and
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102. Khalil, S.K. and P. Shah, 2007. Scientific Writing and Presentation. HEC
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103. Khan, S.R.A. 2001. Crop Management with focus on soil and water. Agric.
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83
104. Khare, D. and M.S. Bhale. 2000. Seed Technology. Sci. Pub., India.
106. Kirkham, M.B. 2004. Principles of Soil and Water Relations, Academic
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107. Kohli, K.R., H.P. Singh and D. R. Batish. 2004. Allelopathy in
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108. Kramer, P.J. and J.S. Boyer. 1995 Water Relations of Plants and Soils.
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109. Krishna, K.R. 2002. Soil Fertility and Crop Production. Oxford and IBH
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111. Kumar, R.J. and R. Jagannathan. 2007. Weed Science Principles. 2 nd Ed.
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112. Lambers, H., F.S. Chapin, and T.L. Pons. 2009. Plant Physiological
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113. Lampkin, N. 2002. Organic Farming. Old Pond Publishing. UK.
114. Larcher, W. 2003. Physiological Plant Ecology. 4th Ed., Springer Verlag,
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115. Lauchli, A. and U. Luttge. 2002. Salinity: Environment-plant-molecules.
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116. Leclergy, E.L., W.H. Leonard and A.G. Clark. 1980. Field Plot Technique,
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117. Lenk, D. 2006. Commercial Spice Crops. Kalyani, Publishers, New Delhi.
118. Lichtfouse, E.M. Nanarrete, B. Debacke, and V. Souchere. 2009.
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119. Loomis, R.S. 1992. Crop Ecology. Productivity and Management in
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120. Khan, M.A. 2012. Water Resources Management and Sustainable
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121. Upadhyaya, M.K. and R.E. Blackshaw. 2007. Non-chemical weed
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122. Macias, F.A., C.G. Galindo and J.M. G. Molinillo. 2003. Allleopathy:
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123. Majeedano, H.I. 2012. Agro Digest. Agriculture Research Institute,
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125. Marschner, H. 1995. Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants. Elsevier,
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126. Martha, D. 2005. Scientific Papers and Presentations. Academic Press,
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127. Mavi, H.S. and G.J. Tupper. 2005. Agrometeorology: Principles and
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129. Mead, R. 2003. Statistical Methods in Agricultural & Experimental Biology.
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134. Monaco T.J. 2002. Weed Science Principles and practices-4th Ed. John
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135. Moses, B. and Carson. 2009. Book Keeping and Accounts for Beginners.
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136. Muhammad, F. 2004. Statistical Methods and Data Analysis. Abid Umair
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137. Mukherjee, A.K. and S.Maiti. 2009. Forage Crop Production and
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139. Das, N.R. 2008. Tillage and Crop Production, Sci. Pub., India
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143. Niir, B. 2004. The Complete Technology Book on Bio-Fertilizer and
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144. Nobel, P.S. 2009. Physicochemical and Environmental Plant Physiology.
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145. Nosberger, J.H.H. Geiger and P.C. Struik. 2001. Crop Science Progress
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149. Panda, S.C. 2006. Crop Management and Integrated Farming. Agrobios,
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155. Powles, S.B. and J.A.M. Holtum. 1994. Herbicide Resistance in Plants:
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India
159. Prihar S.S. 2003. Intensive Cropping, Efficient use of Water, Nutrients,
and Tillage. Pak Book Corp. Lahore.
160. Pritchart, S.G., J.S. Amthor. 2005. Crops and Environmental Changes: an
introduction of global warming. CSSA, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
161. Qureshi, M.A. M.A. Zia and M.S. Qureshi. 2006. Pakistan
Agriculture Management and Development. A-One Publisher, Urdu Bazar,
Lahore.
162. Rachel, F., S. Heather and T. Robbin. 2012. All the Dirt: Reflections on
Organic Farming. TouchWood Editions, Canada.
163. Rahman, A. and M. Munir. 1984. Rapeseed, Mustard Production in
Pakistan, PARC, Islamabad.
164. Rao, V.S. 2002. Principles of Weed Science. Science Publishers. U.S.A.
165. Rashid, A. and K.S. Memon. 2005. Soil Science. Ed. E. Bashir and R.
Bantel. National Book Foundation, Islamabad.
166. Raven, P.H. Berg, L.R. and G.B. Johnson. 1993. Environment.
International Ed. Saunders College Publishing, New York.
167. Ravindra, S. 2004. Agro-Techniques of Medicinal Plants. Daya Publishing
House, New Delhi, India.
168. Reddy, S.R. 2004 Principles of Crop Production. 2 nd Ed. Kalyani Publ.,
New Delhi.
169. Reddy, T.Y. and G.H.S. Reddy. 2002. Principles of Agronomy. 3rd Ed.,
Kalyani Pub., New Delhi.
86
170. Reigosa, M.J., N. Petdrol and L. Gonzalez. 2006. Allelopathy: A
physiological process with ecological implications. Springer, Heidelberg,
Germany.
171. Rice, E.L. 1997. Allelopathy. 4th Ed. Academic Press, Inc. Orlando,
Florida, USA.
172. Ross, C.W and F.B. Salisburry. 2011. Plant Physiology 5 th Ed.,
173. Ross. M.A. and C.A. Lembi, 2009. Applied Weed Science: including the
Ecology and Management of Invasive plants. 3 rd edition, Practice Hall,
USA.
174. Rowan, S. C., T.T. Richer, J.W. Jael. G.Y. Tsuji and Hi Ledyard. 1995
Climate Change Agriculture: Analysis of potential international impact ASA
Special Publication, USA.
Laboratory Manual. 2nd Ed., ICARDA, Aleppo, Syria and NARC,
176. Sankara, R.G.H. and T.Y. Reddy. 2002. Efficient Use of Irrigation Water.
Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi.
177. Schultz, E.D. 2005. Plant Ecology. Springer Verlag, Berlin. Heidelberg.
178. Schulze, E.B. and K. Muller-Hohenstein. 2005. Plant Ecology. State
University of New York, USA.
179. Sergey Shabla, 2012. Plant stress Physiology.
180. Shamshad, K.M. 1988. The Meteorology of Pakistan. Royal Book Co.,
Karachi.
181. Sharma, K. 2005. Hand Book of Agriculture. Indian Council of Agricultural
Research, New Delhi
182. Sharma. R. 2004. Agro-techniques of Medicinal Plants. Daya Publishing
House, Delhi.
183. Shaw,T.2010. Dry land Farming. Nabu Press, USA.
184. Shrestha, A. 2003 Cropping System. Food Products Press. Haworth
Press, Inc. Binghamton, New York NY.
185. Shrestha, A. 2003. Cropping Systems Trends and Advances. Food
Products Press, Binghamton, NY, USA.
186. Shukla, R.S. and P. S. Chandel, 2006. A Text Book of Plant Ecology. S.
Chand & Co. Ltd. New Delhi, India.
187. Singh G. 2000. Economics of Seed Production at Farm level. Pak Book
Corp. Lahore.
188. Singh, A.K., M.A. Khan, N. Subash and K.M. Singh. 2011. Forages and
Fodders. Daya Publishing House, Delhi, India.
189. Singh, J.V., B.S. Chhilar, B.D. Yadav and U.N. Joshi. 2010. Forage
Legumes. Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur, India.
190. Singh, N.P. and R.A. Singh. 2002. Scientific Crop Production. Kalyani
Publishers, Ludhiana, India.
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87
192. Singh, S.S. 1998. Crop management under irrigated and rain fed
conditions, 3rd Edition. Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi.
193. Singh, S.S. 2003. Soil Fertility and Nutrient Management. Kalyani
Publishers, India.
194. Sivakumar, M.V.K. and R. P. Motha. 2007. Managing Weather and
195. Sivakumar, M.V.K. and J. Hansen. 2007. Climate Predictions and
196. Sivakumar, M.V.K. and R.P. Motha. 2005. Increasing Climate Variability
and Change: Reducing the vulnerability of agriculture and forestry.
Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherland.
198. Stanwood, P.C. and M.B. McDonald. 1989. Seed Moisture. ASA, Madison,
Wisconsin.
199. Steel, R.G.D., J.H. Torrie and D. Dickey. 1997. Principles and Procedures
of Statistics: A Biometric Approach, 3rd Ed. McGraw Hill Book Co. Inc.,
New York. USA.
200. Stephen B. Pawles and Dale L. Shanner. 2001. Herbicide Resistance and
World Grain. CRX press LLC,
201. Stoskopf, N.C. 1981. Understanding Crop Production. Reston. Pub. Co.,
Inc. Reston, Virginia.
202. Sukumar, B., 2008. Water Quality Management for Coastal Aquaculture.
Daya Publishing House, India.
203. Sustainable Agriculture Reviews. All volumes of last three years. Springer,
the Netherlands.
204. Taize, L. and E. Zeiger. 2002. Plant Physiology 3rd ed. Sinauers
205. Taize, L. and E., Zeiger. 2010. Plant Physiology 5th Ed. Sinauers
India.
208. Tanveer, A., A. Khaliq, A. Ali and M.A. Khan. 2005. Weed Science
Research in Pakistan – A Compendium. Agriculture Department,.
Government of Punjab.
209. Tivy, J. 1990. Agricultural Ecology. Longman Group U.K. Ltd. Essex.
210. Townsend, C.R., Harper, J.L. and M.E. Bego. 2000. Essentials of Ecology.
211. Trivedi, P. C. 2011. Organic farming for sustainable Agriculture. Aavishkar
Publishers, Distributors. Jaipur (Raj) India.
212. Tsuji, G.Y., G. Hoogenboom, and P.K. Thornton. 1998. Understanding
Options for Agricultural Production. Kluwer Academic Publishers,
Dordrecht, Boston, London.
88
213. Tunio, S.D. 2004. Condiment Crops. Directorate of Agriculture
Information, Hyderabad, Sindh.
214. Tunio, S.D. 2010. Vegetables and Spices of Sindh. Roshni Publication,
Kandiaro.
215. Turner, N.C. and P.J. Kramer. 1980. Adaptation of Plants to Water and
High Temperature Stress.
216. Virmani, S.M.J. C. Katyal, Eswaru, and I.P. Abarol. 1994. Stressed
Ecosystems and Sustainable Agriculture. Oxford & IBH Pub. Co., New
Delhi.
217. Vohnout, K.D. 2003. Mathematical modeling for system analysis in
agricultural research. Elsevier science B.V. Sara Burgerharstraat 25,
Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
218. Walia, U.S. 2003. Weed Management. Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi,
India.
219. Walia. U.S. 2010. Weed Management. Kalyani Publishers B-1/292.
Rahinder Nagar. Ludhiana-141008.
220. Wallach, D., D. Makowski, J.W. Jones. 2006. Working with Dynamic Crop
science B.V. Sara Burgerharstraat 25, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
221. Weixing, C., W.W. Jeffrey and E. Wang. 2009. Crop Modeling and
Decision Support. Springer, Heidelberg, Germany.
222. Westerman, R.L. 1990. Soil Testing and Plant Analysis. 3rd Ed.
Soil Sci. Am. Inc., Madison, WI, USA.
223. William, L. 2007. Organic Farming an International History. CAB
International, UK.
224. Wolfe, T.K. and M.S. Kipps. 2004. Production of Field Crop: A Textbook of
Agronomy. McGraw Hill Book Co. New York.
225. Wood, F. and Sheila Robinson 2009. Book Keeping and Accounts. 7th Ed.
Trans-Atlantic Publication Inc. India.
226. Yi- Peng Wang, Min Lee, Zhe- Xian Tian, William E. Newton. (eds.). 2005.
Netherlands.
227. Youdeowei, A., P. Stapleton, and R. Obubo. (eds.). 2012. Scientific
Writing for Agricultural Research Scientists-A Training Resource Manual,
Wageningen, The Netherlands.
228. Zeng, R.S, A.U. Mallik and S.M. Luo. 2008. Allelopathy in Sustainable
Agriculture and Forestry. Springer, USA.
229. Zimdahl R.L. 2013. Fundamentals of Weed Science. 4th Ed. Academic
press.
230. Zimdahl, R. 2012. Weed Science A plea for thought-Revisited. Springer
press Heidelberg New York.
231. Zimdahl, R.L. 2004. Weed-Crop Competition- a review. 2nd Ed. Wiley
Blackwell, UK.
89
232. Ziska, L.H. and J. S. Duke. 2011. Weed Biology and Climate Change.
John Willey, Hoboken, NJ, USA.
90
Annexure – A
DETAIL OF COMPULSORY COURSES

IN ENGLISH FOR
UNDERGRADUATE LEVEL
English I (Functional English) Credit Hrs. 3
Objective: Enhance language skills and develop critical thinking.
Course Contents
Basics of Grammar
Parts of speech and use of articles
Sentence structure, active and passive voice
Practice in unified sentence
Analysis of phrase, clause and sentence structure
Transitive and intransitive verbs
Punctuation and spelling
Comprehension
Answers to questions on a given text

Discussion
General topics and every-day conversation (topics for discussion to be at the

discretion of the teacher keeping in view the level of students)
Listening
To be improved by showing documentaries/films carefully selected by subject

teachers
Translation skills
Urdu to English
Paragraph writing
Topics to be chosen at the discretion of the teacher

Presentation skills
Introduction
Note: Extensive reading is required for vocabulary building
Recommended Books
1. Functional English
a) Grammar
91
1. Practical English Grammar by A.J. Thomson and A.V. Martinet. Exercises
1. Third edition. Oxford University Press. 1997. ISBN 0194313492
2. Third edition. Oxford University Press. 1997. ISBN 0194313506
b) Writing
1. Writing. Intermediate by Marie-Christine Boutin, Suzanne Brinand and
Francoise Grellet. Oxford Supplementary Skills. Fourth Impression 1993.
ISBN 0 19 435405 7 Pages 20-27 and 35-41.
c) Reading/Comprehension
1. Reading. Upper Intermediate. Brain Tomlinson and Rod Ellis. Oxford
Supplementary Skills. Third Impression 1992. ISBN 0 19 453402 2.
d) Speaking
English II (Communication Skills) Credit Hrs. 3
Objective
Enable the students to meet their real life communication needs.
Course Contents
Paragraph writing
Practice in writing a good, unified and coherent paragraph
Essay writing
Introduction
CV and job application
Translation skills
Urdu to English
Study skills
Skimming and scanning, intensive and extensive, and speed reading, summary
and précis writing and comprehension
Academic skills
Letter/memo writing, minutes of meetings, use of library and internet

Presentation skills
Personality development (emphasis on content, style and pronunciation)
Note: documentaries to be shown for discussion and review.
Recommended Books:
Communication Skills
a) Grammar
2. Third edition. Oxford University Press 1986. ISBN 0 19 431350 6.
92
b) Writing
1. Writing. Intermediate by Marie-Christine Boutin, Suzanne Brinand and
Francoise Grellet. Oxford Supplementary Skills. Fourth Impression 1993.
ISBN 019 435405 7 Pages 45-53 (note taking).
2. Writing. Upper-Intermediate by Rob Nolasco. Oxford Supplementary
Skills. Fourth Impression 1992. ISBN 0 19 435406 5 (particularly good for
writing memos, introduction to presentations, descriptive and
argumentative writing).
c) Reading
1. Reading. Advanced. Brian Tomlinson and Rod Ellis. Oxford
Supplementary Skills. Third Impression 1991. ISBN 0 19 453403 0.
2. Reading and Study Skills by John Langan
3. Study Skills by Richard Yorky.
English III (Technical Writing and Presentation Skills) Crh. 3
Objective
Enhance language skills and develop critical thinking
Course Contents
Presentation skills
Essay writing
Descriptive, narrative, discursive, argumentative

Academic writing
How to write a proposal for research paper/term paper
How to write a research paper/term paper (emphasis on style, content, language,

form, clarity, consistency)
Technical Report writing

Progress report writing
Note: Extensive reading is required for vocabulary building
Recommended Books
Technical Writing and Presentation Skills

a) Essay Writing and Academic Writing
1. Writing. Advanced by Ron White. Oxford Supplementary Skills. Third

Impression 1992. ISBN 0 19 435407 3 (particularly suitable for discursive,
descriptive, argumentative and report writing).
2. College Writing Skills by John Langan. Mc-Graw-Hill Higher Education.
2004.
93
3. Patterns of College Writing (4th edition) by Laurie G. Kirszner and Stephen
R. Mandell. St. Martin’s Press.
b) Presentation Skills
c) Reading
The Mercury Reader. A Custom Publication. Compiled by northern Illinois

University. General Editors: Janice Neulib; Kathleen Shine Cain; Stephen Ruffus
and Maurice Scharton. (A reader which will give students exposure to the best of
twentieth century literature, without taxing the taste of engineering students).
94
Annexure - B
ISLAMIC STUDIES
(COMPULSORY)
Objective:
This course is aimed at:

1 To provide Basic information about Islamic Studies
2 To enhance understanding of the students regarding Islamic Civilization
3 To improve Students skill to perform prayers and other worships
4 To enhance the skill of the students for understanding of issues related to
faith and religious life.
Detail of Courses
Introduction to Quranic Studies
1) Basic Concepts of Quran

2) History of Quran
3) Uloom-ul-Quran
Study of Selected Text of Holy Quran
1) Verses of Surah Al-Baqra Related to Faith(Verse No-284-286)

2) Verses of Surah Al-Hujrat Related to Adab Al-Nabi (Verse No-1-18)
3) Verses of Surah Al-Mumanoon Related to Characteristics of faithful (Verse
No-1-11)
4) Verses of Surah al-Furqan Related to Social Ethics (Verse No.63-77)
5) Verses of Surah Al-Inam Related to Ihkam(Verse No-152-154)
Study of Selected Text of Holly Quran

1) Verses of Surah Al-Ihzab Related to Adab al-Nabi (Verse
No.6,21,40,56,57,58.)
2) Verses of Surah Al-Hashar (18,19,20) Related to thinking, Day of
Judgment
3) Verses of Surah Al-Saf Related to Tafakar,Tadabar (Verse No-1,14)
Seerat of Holy Prophet (S.A.W) I

1) Life of Muhammad Bin Abdullah ( Before Prophet Hood)
2) Life of Holy Prophet (S.A.W) in Makkah
3) Important Lessons Derived from the life of Holy Prophet in Makkah
Seerat of Holy Prophet (S.A.W) II

1) Life of Holy Prophet (S.A.W) in Madina
2) Important Events of Life Holy Prophet in Madina
3) Important Lessons Derived from the life of Holy Prophet in Madina
95
Introduction To Sunnah
1) Basic Concepts of Hadith
2) History of Hadith
3) Kinds of Hadith
4) Uloom –ul-Hadith
5) Sunnah & Hadith
6) Legal Position of Sunnah
Selected Study from Text of Hadith

Introduction To Islamic Law & Jurisprudence
1) Basic Concepts of Islamic Law & Jurisprudence
2) History & Importance of Islamic Law & Jurisprudence
3) Sources of Islamic Law & Jurisprudence
4) Nature of Differences in Islamic Law
5) Islam and Sectarianism
Islamic Culture & Civilization

1) Basic Concepts of Islamic Culture & Civilization
2) Historical Development of Islamic Culture & Civilization
3) Characteristics of Islamic Culture & Civilization
4) Islamic Culture & Civilization and Contemporary Issues
Islam & Science

1) Basic Concepts of Islam & Science
2) Contributions of Muslims in the Development of Science
3) Quran & Science
Islamic Economic System

1) Basic Concepts of Islamic Economic System
2) Means of Distribution of wealth in Islamic Economics
3) Islamic Concept of Riba
4) Islamic Ways of Trade & Commerce
Political System of Islam

1) Basic Concepts of Islamic Political System
2) Islamic Concept of Sovereignty
3) Basic Institutions of Govt. in Islam
Islamic History
1) Period of Khlaft-E-Rashida
2) Period of Ummayyads
3) Period of Abbasids
Social System of Islam

1) Basic Concepts of Social System of Islam
2) Elements of Family
96
3) Ethical Values of Islam
Reference Books:
1) Hameed ullah Muhammad, “Emergence of Islam” , IRI, Islamabad
2) Hameed ullah Muhammad, “Muslim Conduct of State”
3) Hameed ullah Muhammad, ‘Introduction to Islam
4) Mulana Muhammad Yousaf Islahi,”
5) Hussain Hamid Hassan, “An Introduction to the Study of Islamic Law” leaf
Publication Islamabad, Pakistan.
6) Ahmad Hasan, “Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence” Islamic Research
Institute, International Islamic University, Islamabad (1993)
7) Mir Waliullah, “Muslim Jurisprudence and the Quranic Law of
Crimes” Islamic Book Service (1982)
8) H.S. Bhatia, “Studies in Islamic Law, Religion and Society” Deep & Deep
Publications New Delhi (1989)
9) Dr. Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, “Introduction to Al Sharia Al Islamia”
Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad (2001)
97
Annexure - C
PAKISTAN STUDIES
(COMPULSORY)
Introduction/Objective
 Develop vision of historical perspective, government, politics,

contemporary Pakistan, ideological background of Pakistan.
 Study the process of governance, national development, issues arising in
the modern age and posing challenges to Pakistan.
Course Outline
1. Historical Perspective
a. Ideological rationale with special reference to Sir Syed Ahmed Khan,
Allama Muhammad Iqbal and Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah.
b. Factors leading to Muslim separatism
c. People and Land
i. Indus Civilization
ii. Muslim advent
iii. Location and geo-physical features.
2. Government and Politics in Pakistan

Political and constitutional phases:
a. 1947-58
b. 1958-71
c. 1971-77
d. 1977-88
e. 1988-99
f. 1999 onward
3. Contemporary Pakistan
a. Economic institutions and issues
b. Society and social structure
c. Ethnicity
d. Foreign policy of Pakistan and challenges
e. Futuristic outlook of Pakistan
Recommended Books
1. Burki, Shahid Javed. State & Society in Pakistan, the Macmillan Press Ltd
1980.
2. Akbar, S. Zaidi. Issue in Pakistan’s Economy. Karachi: Oxford University
Press, 2000.
3. S.M. Burke and Lawrence Ziring. Pakistan’s Foreign policy: An Historical
analysis. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1993.
98
4. Mehmood, Safdar. Pakistan Political Roots & Development. Lahore, 1994.
5. Wilcox, Wayne.The Emergence of Bangladesh., Washington: American
Enterprise, Institute of Public Policy Research, 1972.
6. Mehmood, Safdar. Pakistan Kayyun Toota, Lahore: Idara-e-Saqafat-e-
Islamia, Club Road, nd.
7. Amin, Tahir. Ethno - National Movement in Pakistan, Islamabad: Institute
of Policy Studies, Islamabad.
8. Ziring, Lawrence. Enigma of Political Development. Kent England:
WmDawson & sons Ltd, 1980.
9. Zahid, Ansar. History & Culture of Sindh. Karachi: Royal Book Company,
1980.
10. Afzal, M. Rafique. Political Parties in Pakistan, Vol. I, II & III. Islamabad:
National Institute of Historical and cultural Research, 1998.
11. Sayeed, Khalid Bin. The Political System of Pakistan. Boston: Houghton
Mifflin, 1967.
12. Aziz, K.K. Party, Politics in Pakistan, Islamabad: National Commission on
Historical and Cultural Research, 1976.
13. Muhammad Waseem, Pakistan Under Martial Law, Lahore: Vanguard,
1987.
14. Haq, Noor ul. Making of Pakistan: The Military Perspective.
Islamabad: National Commission on Historical and Cultural Research,
1993.
99
Annexure – D
COMPULSORY MATHEMATICS
COURSES FOR BSC (HONS) AGRICULTURE
1. MATHEMATICS I (ALGEBRA)
Prerequisite(s): Mathematics at secondary level
Credit Hours: 3+0
Specific Objective of the Course: To prepare the students, not majoring in

mathematics, with the essential tools of algebra to apply the concepts and the
techniques in their respective disciplines.
Course Outline:
Preliminaries: Real-number system, complex numbers, introduction to sets, set
operations, functions, types of functions.
Matrices: Introduction to matrices, types, matrix inverse, determinants, system of
linear equations, Cramer’s rule.
Quadratic Equations: Solution of quadratic equations, qualitative analysis of roots
of a quadratic equations, equations reducible to quadratic equations, cube roots
of unity, relation between roots and coefficients of quadratic equations.
Sequences and Series: Arithmetic progression, geometric progression, harmonic
progression.
Binomial Theorem: Introduction to mathematical induction, binomial theorem with
rational and irrational indices.
Trigonometry: Fundamentals of trigonometry, trigonometric identities.
Recommended Books:
Dolciani MP, Wooton W, Beckenback EF, Sharron S, Algebra 2 and
Trigonometry, 1978, Houghton & Mifflin,
Boston (suggested text)

1. Kaufmann JE, College Algebra and Trigonometry, 1987, PWS-Kent
Company, Boston
2. Swokowski EW, Fundamentals of Algebra and Trigonometry (6th edition),
1986, PWS-Kent Company, Boston.
2. MATHEMATICS II (CALCULUS)
Prerequisite(s): Mathematics I (Algebra)

Credit Hours: 3+0
100
mathematics, with the essential tools of calculus to apply the concepts and the
Course Outline:
Preliminaries: Real-number line, functions and their graphs, solution of equations
involving absolute values, inequalities.
Limits and Continuity: Limit of a function, left-hand and right-hand limits,
continuity, continuous functions.
Derivatives and their Applications: Differentiable functions, differentiation of
polynomial, rational and transcendental functions, derivatives.
Integration and Definite Integrals: Techniques of evaluating indefinite integrals,
integration by substitution, integration by parts, change of variables in indefinite
integrals.
Recommended Books
1. Anton H, Bevens I, Davis S, Calculus: A New Horizon (8th edition), 2005,
John Wiley, New York
2. Stewart J, Calculus (3rd edition), 1995, Brooks/Cole (suggested text)
Swokowski EW, Calculus and Analytic Geometry, 1983, PWS-Kent
Company, Boston
3. Thomas GB, Finney AR, Calculus (11th edition), 2005, Addison-Wesley,
Reading, Ma, USA
3. MATHEMATICS III (GEOMETRY)
Prerequisite(s): Mathematics II (Calculus)
Credit Hours: 3+0

mathematics, with the essential tools of geometry to apply the concepts and the
Course Outline:
Geometry in Two Dimensions: Cartesian-coördinate mesh, slope of a line,
equation of a line, parallel and perpendicular lines, various forms of
equation of a line, intersection of two lines, angle between two lines,
distance between two points, distance between a point and a line.
Circle: Equation of a circle, circles determined by various conditions, intersection

of lines and circles, locus of a point in various conditions.
Conic Sections: Parabola, ellipse, hyperbola, the general-second-degree

equation
101
Recommended Books:
1. Abraham S, Analytic Geometry, Scott, Freshman and Company, 1969
Kaufmann JE, College Algebra and Trigonometry, 1987, PWS-Kent
Company, Boston
2. Swokowski EW, Fundamentals of Algebra and Trigonometry (6th edition),
1986, PWS-Kent Company, Boston
Note:
1. Two courses will be selected from the following three courses of
Mathematics.
2. Universities may make necessary changes in the courses according to
the requirement as decided by the Board of Studies.
102
Annexure – E
STATISTICS-I
Credit 3 (2-1)
Definition and importance of Statistics in Agriculture, Data Different types of data
and variables
Classification and Tabulation of data, Frequency distribution, stem-and-Leaf

diagram, Graphical representation of data Histogram, frequency polygon,
frequency curve.
Measure of Central tendency, Definition and calculation of Arithmetic mean,
Geometric mean, Harmonic mean, Median quantiles and Mode in grouped and
un-grouped data.
Measure of Dispersion, Definition and Calculation of Range, quartile deviation,
Mean deviation, Standard deviation and variance, coefficient of variation.
Practicals
a. Frequency Distribution
b. Stem-and-Leaf digram
c. Various types of Graphs
d. Mean, Geometric mean Harmonic Mean,
e. Median, Quartiles Deviation, mean Deviation.
f. Standard Deviation, Variance, Coefficient of variation,
g. Skewness and kenosis
Recommended Book
1. Introduction to Statistical Theory Part- I by Sher Muhammad and Dr.
Shahid Kamal (Latest Edition)
2. Statistical Methods and Data Analysis by Dr. Faquir Muhammad
3. A. Concise Course in A. Level Statistic with world examples by J.
Crawshaw and J. Chambers (1994)
4. Basic Statistics an Inferential Approach 2nd Ed. (1986) Fran II. Dietrich-II
and Thomes J. Keans
Statistics-II Credit 3 (2-1)

Sampling Probability and non-Probability Sampling, Simple random sampling
stratified random sampling Systematic sampling error, Sampling distribution of
mean and difference between two means. Interference Theory: Estimation and
testing of hypothesis, Type—I and type-II error, Testing of hypothesis about
mean and difference between two means using Z-test and t-test, Paired t-test,
Test of association of attributes using X2 (chi-square) Testing hypothesis about
variance.
Practical
a. Sampling random sampling
103
b. Stratified random sampling.
c. Sampling distribution of mean
d. Testing of hypotheses regarding population mean
e. Testing of hypotheses about the difference between population means
f. Chi-square test
g. Testing of Correlation Coefficient
h. Fitting of simple linear regression
i. One-way ANOVA
j. Two-way ANOVA
Recommended Book
1. Introduction to Statistical Theory Part-II by Sher Muhammad and Dr.
Shahid Kamal (Latest Edition)
2. Statistical Methods and Data Analysis by Dr. Faquir Muhammad
3. Principles and Procedures of Statistics A Bio-material approach, 2nd
Edition, 1980 by R.G.D Steal and James H. Tarric
4. Statistical Procedures for Agricultural Research 2nd Edition (1980) by K.A.
Gomez and A.A. Gomez
Note: Universities may make necessary changes in the courses

according to the requirement as decided by the Board of Studies.
104
Annexure – F
Course Name:
INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION AND

COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES
Course Structure: Lectures: 2 Labs: 1 Credit Hours: 3

Pre-requisite: None Semester: 1
Course Description:
This is an introductory course on Information and Communication Technologies.
Topics include ICT terminologies, hardware and software components, the
internet and World Wide Web, and ICT based applications.
After completing this course, a student will be able to:
Understand different terms associated with ICT

Identify various components of a computer system
Identify the various categories of software and their usage
Define the basic terms associated with communications and networking
Understand different terms associated with the Internet and World Wide
Web.
Use various web tools including Web Browsers, E-mail clients and search
utilities.
Use text processing, spreadsheets and presentation tools
Understand the enabling/pervasive features of ICT.
Course Contents
Basic Definitions & Concepts
Hardware: Computer Systems & Components
Storage Devices, Number Systems
Software: Operating Systems, Programming and Application Software
Introduction to Programming, Databases and Information Systems
Networks
Data Communication
The Internet, Browsers and Search Engines
The Internet: Email, Collaborative Computing and Social Networking
The Internet: E-Commerce
IT Security and other issues
Project Week
Review Week.
105
Text Books/Reference Books:
Introduction to Computers by Peter Norton,6th International Edition (McGraw
HILL) Using Information Technology: A Practical Introduction to Computer &
Communications by Williams Sawyer, 6th Edition (McGraw HILL) Computers,
Communications & information: A user's introduction by Sarah E. Hutchinson,
Stacey C. Swayer Fundamentals of Information Technology by Alexis Leon,
Mathewsleon Leon Press.
Functional Biology-I
Credit Hours 3+0

Biological Methods
Principles of Cellular Life
Chemical Basis
Structure and Function
Principles of Metabolism
Energy Acquisition
Principles of Inheritance
Mitosis and Meiosis
Chromosomes
Observable Inheritance Patterns
DNA Structure and Function
RNA and Proteins

Genes
Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology
Biodiversity
Fundamental Concept of Biodiversity
One or two examples of each of the following from commonly found
Organism
Prions
Viruses
Bacteria
Protistans
Algae
Fungi
Plants
Crops
Animals
Invertebrates
Vertebrates
106
Reading
1. Roberts, M.M., Reiss and G.Monger. 2000. Advanced Biology, Nelson.
2. Starr, C, and R, Taggart, 2001. Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life
Brooks and Cole.
3. Campbell, N.A., J.B, Reece, L.G. Mitchell, M.R, Taylor. 2001. Biology:
Concepts and Connections. Prentice-Hall.
Functional Biology-II
Credit Hours 3+0

Myths and Realities of Evolution
Microevolution
Speciation
Macroevolution
Level of Organization
Plants
Tissues
Nutrition and Transport
Reproduction
Growth and Development
Animals
Tissue, Organ System and Homeostasis
Information Flow and Neuron
Nervous System
Circulation and Immunity
Nutrition and Respiration
Reproduction and Development
Ecology and Behavior
Ecosystems
Biosphere
Social Interactions
Community Interactions
Human Impact on Biosphere
Environment Conservation
Reading
1. Roberts, M.M., Reiss and G. Monger. 2000. Advanced Biology, Nelson.
2. Starr, C, and R, Taggart, 2001. Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life
Brooks and Cole.
3. Campbell, N.A., J.B, Reece, L.G. Mitchell, M.R, Taylor. 2001. Biology:
Concepts and Connections. Prentice-Hall.
Note: Universities may make necessary changes in the courses

according to the requirement as decided by the Board of Studies.
107
Recommendations
After thorough discussion, the participants of the National Curriculum Revision
Committee in Agronomy 2014 formulated the following recommendations for
uniform and effective implementation of the HEC policies at national level.
1. The committee appreciates HEC’s role in improvement of Higher

Education in the country and recommends uniform implementation of its
polices including work load and financial matters in all public sector
universities.
2. The committee strongly recommends that mathematics/biology should be
considered as deficiency courses and shall not be counted towards the
total credit hours of the B.Sc. (Hons.) degree.
3. As proposed earlier in the meeting of 2010 of NCRC in agronomy, the
courses of Statistics 1 & 2 should be merged into one course in the
proposed scheme of studies. It has been adopted by some of the
universities and others need to implement the same for its uniformity
across the country.
4. The existing template should be revised by the HEC before arranging the
final meetings of all NCRCs in agricultural disciplines.
5. To strengthen the background of agriculture students in different
specializations, it is proposed to allocate at least three foundation courses
from agronomy during the first four semesters.
6. The course of crop physiology may be included in interdisciplinary
foundation courses template.
It is recommended that periodic inter-university/inter-provinces visits of the
faculty along with PhD scholars should be made compulsory to enhance
the exchange of views and observe the site specific technology developed
in different provinces/universities.
7. HEC is requested to review the policy for funding Lab establishment with
priority for the proposal relevant to practical facilities of the newly
developed courses being offered at different institutions.
8. It is proposed to arrange refresher courses for the young faculty at
national/international level for effective delivery of new topics/courses
amended by NCRC.
9. NCRC recommends to regularly hold meetings of all HODs (at least once
in six months).
Suggestions
1. Higher Education Commission is requested to arrange a training of the in-
service young faculty through using the capabilities and expertise of the
experts from public/private sector for the areas where universities feel
deficiency.
HEC is requested to ensure availability of at least 10 copies of all
recommended books (Annexure enclosed) to the departmental libraries
of all the Agricultural Universities/Faculties/Colleges of the country and to
improve the library/documentation of the institutions.
108
2. Professors and Associate Professors should also be considered for
different administrative courses run by national policy institutes/public
administration staff colleges to enhance administrative and financial
management skills.
3. To improve the standard of the higher education at national level, the
committee recommends that the appointment of local examiners should
be discouraged at MSc (Hons.)/MPhil degree programs.
4. A final copy of the curriculum (2014) must be provided to at least every
faculty member of agronomy all over the country.
5. A viable mechanism for follow up of implementation of
recommendations/suggestions should be developed.
6. NCRC nominated Prof. Dr. Fayyaz ul Hassan, Chairman Department of
Agronomy, PMAS-Arid Agriculture, Rawalpindi to act as Focal Person for
such follow up.
109

Curriculum of Agronomy

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CURRICULUM

B.Sc.(Hons)/ BS/ / M.Sc.(Hons)/MS/ PhD

HIGHER EDUCATION COMMISSION

Prof. Dr. Mukhtar Ahmed Chairman

University Grants Commission (UGC) was designated as the competent authority

In compliance with the above provisions, the Curriculum Division of HEC

It is hoped that this curriculum document, prepared by the respective NCRC’s,

(Muhammad Raza Chohan)

CURRI. UNDER CURRI. IN DRAFT FINAL STAGE FOLLOW UP STUDY

COLLECTION OF REC APPRAISAL OF 1ST PREP. OF FINAL QUESTIONNAIRE

CONS. OF CRC. FINALIZATION OF INCORPORATION OF COMMENTS

PREP. OF DRAFT BY APPROVAL OF PRINTING OF CURRI. REVIEW

IMPLE.OF CURRI. BACK TO STAGE-I

The major challenges to sustainable food grain production in Pakistan include

The objective of the education and training in Agronomy is to generate, integrate,

The final meeting of National Curriculum Revision Committee (NCRC) in the

Dr. Bashir Ahmad

Dr. Zammurad Iqbal Ahmed

Prof. Dr. Abdul Khaliq

The members focused on nomenclatures of various degree programmes,

On second day, courses developed/improved by individual members were

1. Compulsory Courses Credit Hours

* Internship can be performed 5th semester onward.

After studying this course, the students will be able to:-

AGR-002 PRINCIPLES OF AGRONOMY 3(2-1)

AGR-003 FIELD CROP PRODUCTION-I 3(2-1)

To understand the production technology of cereals, fibre, sugar and green

 Concept and classification of field crops

AGR-004 FIELD CROP PRODUCTION-II 3(2-1)

AGR-005 ARID AND RAINFED AGRICULTURE 3(2-1)

AGR-006 FARMING SYSTEMS AND RECORD MANAGEMENT 3(2-1)

 Training in maintenance of crop, livestock and dead stock registers

AGR-007 AGRO-TECHNOLOGY OF MAJOR CROPS 3(2-1)

To comprehend crop husbandry of major field crops with special emphasis on

Upon successful completion of course, the students will be able to:-

• Origin, history, morphology, adaptation, distribution, economic importance

AGR-009 FIED CROP PHYSIOLOGY 3(2-

AGR-010 PLANT NUTRIENTS AND GROWTH REGULATORS 3(2-1)

AGR-011 WATER MANAGEMENT IN RAINFED AREAS 3(2-1)

AGR-012 BIOLOGICAL NITROGEN FIXATION 3(2-1)

AGR-013 SEED PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY 3(2-1)

AGR-014 RESEARCH AND SCIENTIFIC WRITING 3(2-1)

AGR-015 CONSERVATION AGRONOMY 3(2-1)

AGR-016 AGRO ECOLOGY 3(3-0)

After the completion of this course, students will be able to;

 Ecosystem; definition and components.

AGR-017 IRRIGATION AGRONOMY 3(2-1)

1. Describe the irrigation agronomy

AGR-018 ENVIRONMENT AND CROP PRODUCTION 3(2-1)

Estimation of radiation interception and its use efficiency in field crops.

AGR-019 FORAGE AND FODDER PRODUCTION 3(2-1)

Final Term (60%)

AGR-020 ORGANIC FARMING 3(3-0)

AGR-022 INTRODUCTION TO WEED SCIENCE 3(2-1)

AGR-023 CROP MODELING 3(2-1)

Mid Term (40%)

Final Term (60%)

Text and Reference books:

AGR-024 CROP MANAGEMENT UNDER STRESSFUL