Paper 033 CN
Paper 033 CN
Paper 033 CN
Abstract. High Strength Concrete Filled Steel tubes (CFST) provide a common construction material in China.
The purpose of this research was to determine the axial load properties for CFST subjected to concentric and
eccentric loading in a series of experiments. The results show that the magnitude of experimentally measured
compressive strength increase for the core concrete, due to the confinement from the steel, is proportional
to the ratio of the area of steel to the area of concrete. If the slenderness ratio is kept constant the columns
bearing capacity and maximum strain decreases as the eccentricity to radius ratio increases. Formulas to
estimate the load bearing capacity for short and for slender eccentrically loaded column were established
from the data. The results have been compared statistically to other published results to show that a general
linear form of the capacity equation is warranted for High Strength Concrete Filled Steel tubes.
Keywords: Concrete Filled Steel Tubes, high strength concrete, bridge construction.
1 Introduction
The purpose of this research is to experimentally investigate the properties of concrete filled steel tube (CFST) using a high
strength concrete core. The experimental work investigates the ductility and strength properties of steel tubular columns
filled with a high strength concrete core, using short and slender columns subjected to either concentric or eccentric loads.
The results are compared to recent published data from the USA, Australia, and China [1-12]. The protocol for the column
compression tests used both concentric and eccentric load rigs. The columns used in the experiments have length to
diameter ratios ranging from 3.5 to 15. This paper outlines the literature relevant to this work, provides a methods section,
outlines and summarizes the results and the key findings, and provides a conclusion.
2 Literature Review
CFST column types have been used in recent high-rise structures in China [13-22]. CFST structures are emerging as an
important structural system for new buildings, particularly for providing earthquake resistance. Steel tubular columns filled
with normal strength concrete (NSC) have been studied using slender and eccentrically loaded units [23, 24], and based on
these studies; a design codes has been established for Chinese use [25].
A sketch of a typical CFST building connection showing a column and beam connection is drawn in Figure 1. This sketch
provides the definitions of the steel wall thickness, diameter of the steel tube and the area of the concrete core of the
composite tube. The schematic format of the connection detail shown in Figure 1 comes from a recent Chinese building.
The connection detail has been simplified by reducing the number of bolt holes and stiffener plates. The steel plate for the
beam connection transfers the load to the steel tube, which relies on the concrete to provide buckling restraint and
increased strength for the given cross-sectional area.
An early comment on the original work suggested that a direct comparison should be shown in the paper to other
published results on CFST. Additional data has been used from O’Shea and Bridges [26] and Sakino et. al., [21] to broaden
the statistical analysis results for CFST systems. . Other recent compression tests research for CFST column loading has
investigated the difference between applying the loading directly to the concrete core or directly onto a steel end plate.
Concrete filled steel tube is not a homogenous material; it is a composite with two distinct geometric material zones, the
inner concrete core, and the outer steel cylinder each with different elastic and plastic properties. There is also the
problem of determining the bond strength between the steel and the concrete core, and the properties of the interface
once the bond is broken. Comparison of these experimental results to previous research findings will consider the potential
differences due to these alternative finish conditions on the top surface of the specimens. The current test samples bases
are steel plates to facilitate manufacture. The various researchers did not consider or analyse the experimental impact
from using different end loading methods [23, 24, 26-32]. This is an interesting omission from the previous work, which has
been considered in this paper. A simple statistical analysis, presented in this paper, shows a difference in the experimental
results for the various end loading conditions. The analytical work in this paper allows for the statistical differences in the
previously reported experimental results for the varying end restraint types and compares the results to this current
experimental work.
A recent study on concentrically loaded CFST short columns, with slenderness ratio of 3.5, has confirmed that under the
confinement of steel tube, the strength of the core concrete was improved significantly. This results from the bi-axial
compression applied by the steel confinement because of the approximately ten to one differential ratio of the Young’s
modulus of the steel (200 GPa) and concrete (20 to 40 GPa). The use of the steel confinement changes the failure of the
general brittle plain concrete columns to a general ductile failure mode [33]. Other research has shown that when the
slenderness ratio is less than four, the CFST columns can be fully concentrically loaded without stability problems [32]. The
slenderness ratio for CFST columns has usually been greater than four for real buildings, so determining the properties of
these slender columns using high strength concrete presents a currently required research challenge. The confinement
index was defined using the ultimate compressive concrete compressive strength, f cu' , the concrete cylinder compressive
stress, f c , the concrete area, Ac , the steel strength, f st' , and the steel area, As , as:
As f st'
(1)
Ac f c
One area of research identified for these types of columns was in the use of higher strength core concrete to 100 MPa.
Xiong, et. al., [34] provides an excellent summary of the current knowledge into the performance of concrete filled steel
tubes, subjected to flexural loads. Chen et. al., [35] outline research into bond slip behaviour of concrete filled steel circular
hollow section tubes. Alostaz and Schneider [36] analyze with finite elements the behaviour of eight typical connection
details for CFST column to steel beam connections. Their results show the need for stiffness at the connection to avoid
large distortion in the steel plate and to allow for transfer of load into the concrete core
Mursi and Uy [37] outline the status of the design standards for CFST structures if the plate is stocky; noting the design
guidance in the typical codes is adequate. The use of steel tubes provides an effective and permanent formwork speeding
the overall construction process. Fire resistance of the composite material has been investigated and shown to be
adequate with coating materials [38].
The difficulty in comparing the results from the Australian, Japanese, and Chinese sources is due to the differences in a
defined characteristic strength for concrete, which requires the use of the scale factors to account for different testing
sizes and shapes of the plain concrete specimens used by the different experimenters.
The simplest linear mathematical representation of the load capacity of a CFST system is presented in the equation (2):
Here N c is the capacity of the combined column, and are factors in the equation. This is the most general linear
form of the capacity equation for the CFST tube. The investigation of a non-linear equation would require significantly
more experimental work.
There has been a significant increase and change in the manufacture of concrete in the last three decades. This study used
moderately high strength concrete, although recent developments in flowable concretes provide an alternative that should
improve the placement of concrete in CFST buildings. One of the uses for CSFT is arch bridges. A typical use is in a long span
CFST bridge such as the Beipanjiang Railroad Bridge [39]. This bridge was constructed in 2001 and is 236 metres in length.
Svensson [40] clearly outlines the state of development of cable stayed bridges, but opines that arch bridges are
uneconomic if over 300 metres in length. As the current limit is 550 metres, the question is then clearly asked:
Can we build an arch bridge to 1000 metre, the currently posited limit for cable stayed bridges?
The research interest in this work is the application of concentric and eccentric loading to high strength concrete filled steel
tubes, this has not been fully investigated previously. The clear application is in the use of CFST for the arch elements for a
1000 metre bridge, which is clearly controlled by compression and eccentric loading. In such a bridge, the use may include
a double skin of steel with a concrete infill.
3 Experimental Methods
4 Results
This section of the paper outlines the results for the concentric and eccentric tests.
The results for the peak loads, N u , determined for each concentric test specimen are presented in Table 5. The applied
load to the strain in the CFST specimens is shown in Figure 7. The results for all specimens exhibited initial elastic
behaviour, with a brittle failure mode for A and B, and discontinuous yielding for C, D, G and H, and a ductile failure for E
and F. Similar load to strain results and failure patterns are observed in other recent experimental results. The
unacceptable failure pattern represents a thin walled steel tube exhibiting an elastic strength ridge that was followed by a
rapid unloading and significant lowering of the capacity of the CFST, with strain softening. This type of failure is often
observed in steel failure in experimental work, refer of course to the classic definitions of this phenomena provided by
Baker [43].
The concrete and steel composite unit still exhibits greater strength than an equivalent plain concrete specimen does for
equal strain levels. Nevertheless, this type of failure mode is not considered suitable for building construction.
This type of unacceptable brittle or discontinuous failure occurred where the confinement ratio, , is defined by the
inequality:
0.5 (3)
Defining as the ratio of the steel tensile yield stress f st' to the concrete cylindrical stress f c' redefines the
confinement ratio as:
AS
( ) (4)
Ac
Susantha, Ge and Usami [44, 45] determined a theoretical uni-axial stress strain curve for confined concrete steel tubular
columns, and reported no previous results for the first failure pattern, having only one reported result with a confinement
ratio less than 0.5. The probable lower limit for the confinement index will be likely determined to be somewhere in the
range of 0.25 to 0.5, although a value of 0.5 is currently recommended to ensure acceptable failure modes during extreme
loading situations. The confinement ratio can be determined from the inequality established from simple algebraic
rearrangement of equations (3) and (4):
8t Dc (5)
Here Dc is the core diameter. As an example, a typical value of 5 and a tube with an internal diameter of 400 mm
yields a minimum wall thickness of 10 mm.
The mean value for the ratio of the increase in the measured capacity compared to the sum of the individual capacities is
1.35 ± 0.17. A statistical analysis was completed using the standard method, Students’ t test. This test provided a statistical
comparison of the ratio of the increase in measured capacities to an assumed mean of 1. The result shows an observed
difference in the measured capacity results is statistically significant at the traditionally accepted 5 percent confidence
level. The reasonable conclusion is the interaction of the steel tube with the confined concrete results in an increased
measured capacity of the composite units. This conclusion is consistent with the other results from earlier experimental
work presented in this paper. Equation (2) can be re-arranged to provide equation (6) that can be solved for the data
sets using linear regression with the simplified variables of equation (7) developed for graphing and presentation
purposes.
Nc As f st'
(6)
Ac f c' Ac f c'
(7)
Here defines a dummy variable. Equation (7) provides the basis for a linear regression analysis to determine the
constants for Equation (2). Figure 8 shows the results for plotted against from the current research data shown
in Table 5. The final fitted equation (8), derived from (2) is:
The residual data has an acceptable normal probability plot, which means that the assumption of a linear regression
analysis is reasonable. The standard error on the two coefficients is ± 0.04.
A linear regression analysis of the concentrically loaded column results was completed for four CFST experimental data sets
as shown in Table 6. The data sets are:
Test Set 1: is based on the peak results for each current experimental specimen and the second current research data set
Test Set 2: uses the plastic capacity of the G samples from the current experimental data set.
Test Set 3 is the complete result from the published research and the current research results.
Test Set 4 is Test Set 3 without the results for the samples with the butt welded top-plates from Sakino et. al., [21].
The G samples in the Test Set 1 are significant outlier points for the linear regression analysis, where the peak elastic load is
not established from a simple function as shown in equation (2). The results in Test Set 2 provide a better fit to the data
and do not overestimate the plastic capacity of the composite section at higher indices, when compared to the results
for the first test set. Test Set 3 provides a regression equation for the full set of 89 results, but the results of the normal
probability plot for the residual data show a significant deviation from an acceptable result. This result is caused by the
inclusion of the samples with the butt welded top plate. These interesting residual data results point to the need for
further testing of beam – column connections. Test Set 4 results for the 53 samples have an acceptable normal probability
plot, with the results limited to the test limit of a confinement index of 1.5.
The Chinese [25] and ACI Concrete [41] codes use a coefficient equal to one. The results from all experiments suggest a
value of 1.1 is reasonable. The Chinese Code and the ACI Concrete Codes use a value of 2 and 1 respectively for the steel
coefficient, . The results from all experiments suggest a value of 1.5 is reasonable. The recommended design equation
for concentric loaded CFST tubes is:
N c 1.1Ac f c' 1.5 As f st' (9)
The buckling failure load, N BU , and other results for each of the slender specimens are listed in Table 7. In the table,
is the ratio of the measured buckling load to the load bearing capacity. The buckling failure loads were determined from
the force displacement curves. The peak results for tests are shown on Figure 9. Figure 9 shows one or two typical curves
from each of the slenderness ratio groups. The displacement ratio (%) represents the ratio of longitudinal deflection of the
column in compression to initial length of specimens. It is evident that the peak load bearing capacities and peak
L
displacement ratio for each slender column decreases as the increases. Here L is the column length. The curves
D
have been offset a unit amount to demonstrate the change in the force to strain curve as the slenderness of the columns
increases from S1-1 to S4-2.
L
As an example, the results of O’Shea and Bridge [26, 30] have a ratio of approximately 3.4 to 3.5.
D
The current experimental data are plotted on Figure 10 for the ratio of the capacity of the slender column to the capacity
of a short column of equal dimensions. The proposed equation for the strength reduction factor, 1 , to account for
slenderness for the data shown in Figure 10 is
1 L
1 1 [ ( 3.5)0.5 ] (10)
9 D
The constants in the equation were determined using linear regression. It is considered that equation (11) can be used to
calculate the load bearing capacities of slender columns, N CU , filled with HSC:
N CU 1 N U (11)
The measured data of ERS strain gages located at mid-height of each column show that at a slenderness ratio of seven and
at peak load, the longitudinal strains of steel at interior, right and left sides of curvature plane are 16956 µɛ, 9316 µɛ and
3272 µɛ respectively. All these values exceed the yield strain. At a slenderness ratio of eleven, the strains at interior and left
side are 12578 µɛ and 11021 µɛ respectively, whilst for slenderness ratio of fifteen, the strain at the interior is 3786 µɛ, just
exceeding the yield strain. It can be concluded that the slenderness ratio fifteen is a critical value, and after exceeding this
slenderness value, the failure mode of the columns changes from one of inelastic instability to an elastic instability.
Table 5 shows the experimentally measured results for the measured failure load of the eccentrically loaded columns.
Figure 11 shows a typical curve from each of the eccentricity ratio test groups. The specimens with the same slenderness
ratio show the deflection increasing as e / Rc increases. However, the relative load corresponding to a rapid increase in
the deflection decreases as e / Rc increases. A linear regression analysis showed that the residual data for the analysis of
the measured capacity with respect to the e / Rc was not randomly distributed. This result points to a data set following
a curve rather than a linear function. The capacity of the eccentrically loaded slender columns, N BU , is:
N BU 1 2 N U (12)
The Chinese [25] standard provided a general equation (13) to relate the capacity reduction factor 2 to the
eccentricity ratio e / Rc . The Chinese standard has a 0 1.8 for normal strength concrete:
1
2 (13)
a0 e
1
Rc
The experimental data for the eccentric loading from this current research is plotted on Figure 12. The data is shown as the
ratio of the measured load to the calculated load of the column. Equation (10) is plotted on Figure 12 for values of
a0 1.8, 2.0, 2.2 . The residual data for the experimental points measured against a varying a 0 has been calculated for
the equations (13). The results show a reasonably normal distribution for the value of 2.0 for a 0 .
An attempt was made to estimate the Poisson’s ratio for the composite material. Figure 13 shows a plot of the
longitudinal to transverse strains for samples of 54 and 116 MPa concrete respectively. The results show that in the elastic
range a Poisson’s ratio of 0.2 would be suitable.
6 Conclusions
High Strength Concrete Filled Steel tubes (CFST) provide a common construction material for buildings and bridges in China
and elsewhere in the world. There are a number of obvious advantages in using an external steel skin for the concrete,
particularly in an area with seismic loads. The purpose of this experimental work was to investigate the improvement in the
ductility and compressive strength of the concrete core with the use of confining steel. The differential stiffness between
the steel tube and the concrete will result in a compression load on a column in the formation of a triaxial stress state in
the concrete that will increase the apparent strength of the unit. This is analogous to the improvement in strength of
masonry when compared to the separate bricks and mortar.
The principal conclusion reached in this experimental research is that the ductility and strength of a high strength concrete
column can be significantly improved with a confining steel tube.
A series of experiments were completed on concentric and eccentric circular specimens in two test rigs. The results were
compared to experimental work completed by others in the last three decades. The most general linear form of the
capacity equation for the combined unit has been used in the statistical analysis. A variation on the form has been
developed to determine the constants for the capacity equation using standard linear regression techniques.
The simple regression model developed for the Chinese standard to estimate the capacity of a concrete filled steel tube
has been generalized from this experimental analysis. A detailed regression analysis of these results and other recently
published concrete filled steel tube experimental data provide a steel coefficient within a range of 1.5 to 1.6, which is less
than the current Chinese code value of 2 for normal strength concrete, and a concrete coefficient within the range of 1.06
to 1.16. Values of 1.5 and 1.1 are recommended for the steel and concrete coefficient for design purposes. The conclusions
for the concentrically loaded slender columns were that the bearing capacity decreases as the slenderness ratio increases
and equations (10) and (11) can be used to calculate the bearing capacity of slender concentrically loaded HSCFST
columns. The principal conclusions for eccentrically loaded HSCFST columns were that the bearing capacity decreases as
the eccentricity ratio increases and slenderness ratio increases, and that the design can be based on equations (10), (12),
and (13). The results show that the load bearing capacities and peak displacement ratio decrease as the slenderness ratio
of the columns increases.
A design engineer in looking to a long span arch bridge, say to 1000 metres, should consider high strength concrete placed
inside steel tubes. The steel tubing can be protected against corrosion, provides a simple method of assembly and the
confining effect will significantly increase the apparent strength of the concrete. A preferred design may include an internal
walkway provided as a circular element.
Acknowledgments. The National Science Foundation Committee of China (NSFC) financed the work described in this paper.
The authors are grateful for the support from the NSFC.
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Table 1 Mix and Concrete Properties
E 54 39.4 1.41
F 83 61.3 0.92
2. Current Test Data and plastic 20 1.16 ± 0.04 1.52 ± 0.05 0.98
capacity for Sample G
3 Available data 89 1.17 ± 0.03 1.19 ± 0.01 0.98
1 The peak failure load was used for this analysis as it provides a better fit to the remaining data.
Table 9 Analysis of O’Shea and Sakino Results
Test Set (Concrete) (Steel)
1. O’Shea 1.01 ± 0.03 1.41 ± 0.21
Loading Steel and Concrete (15 specimens)
2. Sakino 1.17 ± 0.03 1.19 ± 0.013
Butt welded 12 mm plate (36 Results)
3. O’Shea Loading Concrete 1.11 ± 0.025 1.52 ± 0.09
(18 specimens)
Z Statistic Test Set 1 to 2 16 6