Óbuda University, Bánki Donát Faculty of Mechanical &

Safety Engineering
Institute of Mechatronics & Vehicle Engineering

Electrical Engineering - 1
2. Lecture
R,L,C, Phasors

Arranged by: Istvá

István Nagy
Ingrid Langer

C
Condenser
Parallel conducting plates, separated by a dielectric. A – area
area of plates, d - distance
E - homogeneous electrical field

Q U A ⋅ ε0 ⎛ ⎡ As F ⎤⎞
E= = Q= ⋅U ⎜⎜ ε 0 = 8,86 ⋅ 10 −12 ⎢ = ⎥ ⎟⎟
A ⋅ ε0 d d ⎝ ⎣ Vm m ⎦ ⎠

⎡ As ⎤
C capacity ⎢ V ⎥ = F(farad)
⎣ ⎦
Capacity: ability for charge storing
If εr – relative permittivity A
C = ε 0εr
d
d
A

+ -
 Condenser charging
R
Ug − UR − UC = 0 ⇒ UR = Ug − UC
UR I
Ug − U C
UR = I ⋅ R ⇒ I =
R C
Q = C ⋅ UC ⇒
dQ dU
= C⋅ C
Ug UC
dt dt
dQ U − UC dU
=I⇒ g = C⋅ C
dt R dt
dU
C ⋅ R ⋅ C + UC = Ug
dt ⎛ − ⎞
t (τ = R ⋅ C )
⎜ τ⎟
UC = Ug ⎜1 − e ⎟
I[A]

⎝ ⎠ I01

Ug[V]

1 ⎛⎜ ⎛ − ⎞⎞
t
I= Ug − Ug ⎜⎜1 − e τ ⎟⎟ ⎟
Ug 1

R ⎜⎝ ⎝ ⎠⎠
⎟

Ug −
t
−
t
I= ⋅e τ
= I0 ⋅ e τ
0,63Ug

t
−
I = I0e τ 0
0 0,5 1 τ 1,5 2 2τ 2,5 33τ 3,5 4τ4 t[s] 4,5

0
τ 2τ 3τ 4τ t[s]

Condenser discharging
R
UR − UC = 0 ⇒ UR = UC
UR I
UR = I ⋅ R ⇒ UC = I ⋅ R
Q dUC 1 dQ 1 C
UC = ⇒ = ⋅ = ⋅I UC
C dt C dt C
dI I
⋅R =
dt C
RC ⋅ dI = I ⋅ dt
−
t (τ = R ⋅ C )
UC = Ug ⋅ e
I[A]
Uc[V] τ

Ug 1 I01

Ug −
t
−
t
I= ⋅e τ
= I0 ⋅ e τ
R

t
−
I = − I 0e τ
0
0 0,5 1 τ 1,5 2 2τ 2,5 33τ 3,5 4τ4 t[s] 4,5 0
0 0,5 1 τ 1,5 2 2τ 2,5 33τ 3,5 4τ4 t[s] 4,5
 L Inductance
When current flows in a wire, it produces a magnetic field around the wire.
Self-inductance of the coil: ratio of the magnetic flux [Weber-Wb] to the current, which
produces the flux (Φ).

dΦ N di µ ⋅ A di
Ui = N ⋅ = N⋅µ⋅ ⋅ A ⋅ = N2 ⋅ ⋅
dt l dt l dt

Number of turns L =Φ/I [Vs/A=H, henry]

of the coil Self-inductance factor L

Inductance in Circuit – switch ON

UR Ug − UR − UL = 0
dI
U g = I( t ) ⋅ R + L ⋅
R dt
I
Ug L U
UL g = I( t ) + L ⋅ dI UL = Ug − UR = Ug − I(t) ⋅ R
t t
R R dt − −
UL = Ug − I0 (1 − e τ ) ⋅ R = Ug − Ug ⋅ (1 − e τ )
(I0 − I( t ) )dt = L ⋅ dI
t R dt t
− −
I(t) = I 0 (1 − e ) τ
τ=
L UL = Ug ⋅ e τ
R
Uc[V]
I[A]

Ug 1

I0 1

0,63I0

0
0 0,5 1 τ 1,5 2 2τ 2,5 33τ 3,5 4τ4 t[s] 4,5
0
τ 2τ 3τ 4τ t[s]

BMF BGK MEI 2008. 6

 Inductance in Circuit – switch OFF

UR − UL = 0
dI
I(t) ⋅ R = L ⋅
dt
I
Ug UR L L dI UL = −UR = −I(t) ⋅ R
R UL I(t) = ⋅
R dt −
t
UL = −I0 ⋅ R ⋅ e τ
L
I(t)dt = ⋅ dI
R t
t −
−
I(t) = I 0 e τ τ=
L UL = −I 0 ⋅ R ⋅ e τ
R

I[A] τ 2τ 3τ 4τ
0

I01

-
-1
0 I0R
0 0,5 1 τ 1,5 2 2τ 2,5 33τ 3,5 4τ4 t[s] 4,5

Inductance and Condenser in Circuit

Condenser Coil

At the start-up, transient Disconnected

Short-circuit

Steady-state
Disconnected Short-circuit
 AC electrical networks
The sine wave: The instantaneous voltage:

u(t) = Umax ⋅ sin(ωt)

u(t)
i(t)

Time [sec]

Angular frequency
[rad/sec]
Umax
Imax amplitude [V]

φ t[s ]

i(t) = Imax ⋅ sin(ωt + ϕ)

T

phase angle
[rad]

Periodic time: T=1/f; f=ω/2π

Effective (RMS) value of a periodic sinusoidal

sources

i=sinωt
RMS (root of the mean value of the
Ieff square of the function)
The same amount of electric energy of the sinusoidal
varying voltage (current) as the electric energy of dc
voltage (current).

I eff2 .T = ∫i
2
( t ) dt
1
I eff2 = ∫i
2
( t ) dt
I2=sin2ωt
T
T
1
I eff = ∫i ( t ) dt
2

T 0
I2eff 1
T
1
T

T ∫0 T ∫0
I= (im . sin ωt ) 2 .dt = im . sin 2 ωt.dt =

⎡ sin 2ωt ⎤ T
T
1 1 1
T ∫0 2
im . .(1 − cos 2ωt ).dt = im . ⎢t − 2ω ⎥ =
2T ⎣ ⎦0
⎡ 4π ⎤
sin .T
In case of 1 ⎢ T ⎥ T i
im . ⎢T − 4π ⎥ = im . = m ;
sinusoidal wavelet 2T ⎢ ⎥ 2T 2
⎣ T ⎦
Mean (average) value of a periodic sinusoidal
sources
Average value of sinusoidal wavelet:
i=sinωt
T

Ik I k .T = ∫
0
i ( t ) dt

T
1
Ik =
T ∫
0
i( t ) dt

In case of 2
sinusoidal wavelet Ik = ⋅ Imax
π

Imax
Shape factor: k = Ieff = 2 = π ≅ 1,11
Ik 2
⋅ Imax 2 ⋅ 2
π

Resistor, Condenser and Inductor in AC Circuit

iR(t)
u(t) Umax ⋅ sin(ωt)
i(t) = = = Imax ⋅ sin(ωt)
R uR(t) R R
Between u(t) and i(t) it is no phase shifting

dq d (Cu ) d (u m . sin ωt )
i (t ) = = = C. = C.u m .ω. cos ωt =
iC(t) dt dt dt
= C. u m .ω. sin(ωt + 90 0 );

C uC(t) i(t) 90°-degrees leads u(t)

Pure capacitance

iL(t) di d (i . sin ωt )
u (t ) = L. = L. m = L.im .ω. cos ωt = L.im .ω. sin(ωt + 900 );
dt dt

L uL(t) u(t) 90°-degrees leads i(t)

Pure inductance

BMF BGK MEI 2008. 12

 The Complex forms of U and I in AC Circuits
Three forms of complex vectors:
1. Algebraic: 2. Goniometric: 3. Exponential (Phasor)
x = a + jb x = X ⋅ (cosϕ + j ⋅ sinϕ) x = X ⋅ e j⋅ϕ
a = Re x Re x = X ⋅ cosϕ X= (Re x )2 + (Im x )2
b = Im x Imx = X ⋅ sinϕ Im x
2
ϕ = arctg
j = −1 Re x

Im

x
j φ

Re

u ( t ) = U max ⋅ sin( ω t + α ) In Complex form u( t ) = Umax ⋅ (cos (ωt + α ) + j ⋅ sin (ωt + α )) = Umax ⋅ e j( ωt + α )
i ( t ) = I max ⋅ sin( ω t + α − ϕ ) i( t ) = Imax ⋅ (cos (ωt + α − ϕ ) + j ⋅ sin (ωt + α − ϕ )) = Imax ⋅ e j( ωt + α − ϕ)

The Phasor
The phasor is a complex number that carries the amplitude and the
phase angle information of a sinusoidal function.

u ( 0 ) = U max ⋅ e j α ≡ U max u(t) = Umax ⋅ e j( ωt + α )

i( 0 ) = I max ⋅ e j ( α − ϕ ) ≡ I max i(t) = Imax ⋅ e j( ωt + α −ϕ)

Im U

φ I
α

Re
 Complex impedances

U U ⋅ e jωt Z R = R [Ω ]
R I= = = I ⋅ e jωt
R R

Capacitive impedance

1
C
U=
1
C ∫
1
(
Idt = ∫ I ⋅ e jωt dt =
C
) 1
j⋅ ω⋅ C
I ⋅ e jωt = − jX c ⋅ I = Zc ⋅ I ZC =
jω C
[Ω ]

1/ωC = XC Capacitive reactance

1/XC = Capacitive susceptance

Inductive impedance
jωt
dI d(I ⋅ e ) Z L = jω L [Ω ]
L U =L⋅ =L⋅ = j ⋅ L ⋅ ω ⋅ I ⋅ e jωt = j ⋅ XL ⋅ I = ZL ⋅ I
dt dt
XL=Inductive reactance

U = Z⋅I Ohm’s Law in generally 1/XL=Inductive

susceptance

Example:

Let we calculate the currents flowing in the different branches of circuit given on figure!

C i1 i3 R2 L i2

u1 ~ R3 ~ u2

Kirchoff’s Laws:
Real, time depending functions: Complex Equations:

− i1 + i2 + i3 = 0 − I1 + I2 + I3 = 0
1
t
1
C1 ∫0
uc1 (0) + ⋅ i1dt + R 3 ⋅ i3 = u1 ⋅ I1 + R3 ⋅ I3 = U1
jωC1
di2 R2 ⋅I2 + jωL2 ⋅ I2 − R3I3 = −U2
R 2 ⋅i2 +L 2 − R 3i3 = −u2
dt
Algebraic Equations
Differential equations
 Power Consumed in AC circuits
P(t)=u(t)i(t) Öthe power of sinusoidal current is also periodically changing.

u(t) = Umax sin ωt = 2 ⋅ U ⋅ sin ωt , i(t) = I sin(ωt − ϕ) = 2 ⋅ I ⋅ sin(ωt − ϕ)

max
P(t) = 2 ⋅ U ⋅ I ⋅ sin ωt ⋅ sin(ωt − ϕ),
sin(ωt − ϕ) = sin ωt ⋅ cos ϕ − cos ωt ⋅ sin ϕ

P(t) = U ⋅ I ⋅ (2 sin2 ωt ⋅ cos ϕ − 2 sin ωt ⋅ cos ωt ⋅ sin ϕ)

2 sin ωt ⋅ cos ωt = sin 2ωt
2 sin2 ωt = 1 − cos 2ωt,

Instantaneous power in case of 1 phase system:

P ( t ) = U ⋅ I ⋅ cos ϕ ⋅ (1 − cos 2ω t ) − U ⋅ I ⋅ sin ϕ ⋅ sin 2ω t

P [w], S[VA], Q[VAr] absorbed by ideal elements

P(t) = U ⋅ I ⋅ cos ϕ ⋅ (1 − cos 2ωt) − U ⋅ I ⋅ sin ϕ ⋅ sin 2ωt

Cos wave vith 2ω angular frequency. Sinusoidal wave with 2ω angular

Simmetrical based on axes „t’” what frequency. Simmetrical based on
is shifted over „ωt” axes by UIcosφ „ωt” axes → average is equal „0”,
value (see figure). The amplitude is but amplitude:
UIcosφ, and the average value:

P=UIcosφ [W, watt] Q=UIsinφ [VAr]*

Average (actual) power Reactive power
*voltamper reactive

S=UI [VA,voltamper] Apparent power

P/S=cosφ power factor
 Serial R-L circuit
R
Im Z
i uR jωL

~ uL Z = R + j ωL
u L R Re
Z = R 2 + ( ωL ) 2 Im
U
ωL UL
ϕ = arctg
R
UR Re

ωL ω R
Z (ω) = R + jωL = R (1 + j ) = R (1 + j ) where ω0 =
R ω0 L

ω2
Z(ω) = R 1 +
ω20 ω << ω 0 ⇒ Z ≈ R ϕ ≈ 0°
ω >> ω 0 ⇒ Z → ∞ ϕ → 90 °
ω
ϕ(ω) = arctg
ω0

Parallel R-L circuit

Im
1/R
i iR iL
1
u −j Re
~ R L Y ωL

Im
IR

IL Re
I

1 1 1 1 R 1 ω R
Y (ω) = = + = (1 + ) = (1 − j 0 ) wherel ω0 = L
Z R jωL R jωL R ω

1 1 ω20 1 ϕ → 90 °
Z(ω) = R ω << ω 0 ⇒ Z → 0 ;
Y (ω) = = 1+ 2 2
Z(ω) R ω ω ω >> ω 0 ⇒ Z ≈ R ; ϕ ≈ 0°
1+ 0
2
ω

ω0
ϕ(ω) = arctg
ω
 Serial R-C circuit
Im
R
R −j
1
Z Re
ωC
i uR
UR
u ~ uC C Im

UC Re
U

1 1 ω 1
Z(ω) = R + = R (1 + ) = R (1 − j 0 ) where ω0 =
jωC jωRC ω RC

ω20
Z(ω) = R 1 +
ω2 ω << ω 0 ⇒ Z → ∞ ; ϕ → − 90 °
ω >> ω 0 ⇒ Z ≈ R ; ϕ ≈ 0°
ω0
ϕ(ω) = −arctg
ω

Parallel R-C circuit

Im Y
jωC

iR iC 1/R
i Re
u ~ R C
Im
I
IC

IR Re

1 1 1 1 ω where ω0 =
1
Y (ω) = = + jωC = (1 + jωRC) = (1 + j ) RC
Z (ω) R R R ω0

1 ω2 1
Y(ω) = 1+ 2 Z(ω) = R ω << ω 0 ⇒ Z ≈ R ϕ ≈ 0°
2
R ω0 ω ω >> ω 0 ⇒ Z → 0 ϕ → −90°
1+
ω20
ω
ϕ(ω) = −arctg
ω0
 Serial RLC Circuit Im
ω = ω0
jωL
Im ω < ω0
R
jωL
R R
1 Z Re
1 Z Re −j
−j ωC
i uR ωC
u ~ uC C Im
uL
Im UL Re
UR U
UL UR
L
U Re UC
1 1 UC
Z (ω) = R + jωL + = R + j(ωL − )
jωC ωC
Im ω > ω0
jωL Z
1 2 Resonance frequency: R
Z(ω) = R 2 + (ωL − )
ωC 1 1
ω0 = Thomson-formula
−j
ωC
Re
LC
Im
ωL 1 Z(ω0 ) = R , ϕ(ω0 ) = 0° U
ϕ(ω) = arctg( − ) UL
R ωCR ω << ω 0 ⇒ Z → ∞ ϕ → −90° UR

ω >> ω 0 ⇒ Z → ∞ ϕ → +90° UC Re

Parallel RLC Circuit Im

ω = ω0
jωC
Im ω < ω0
Y
jωC 1/R
1/R Re
Y Re 1
iR iL iC 1 −j
i −j ωL
ωL
u ~ R L C Im
Im Re
IC
IC IR I

I Re IL
IL
1 1 1 1 1
Y(ω) = = + + jωC = + j(ωC − )
Z(ω) R jωL R ωL ω > ω0
Im
jωC Y
Resonance frequency: 1/R
1 1 1 2 1
Y(ω) = = + ( ωC − ) ω0 = Thomson-formula −j
1 Re
Z(ω) R 2
ωL LC ωL
Z(ω0 ) = R , ϕ(ω0 ) = 0° Im
IC I
R
ϕ(ω) = −ϕ Y (ω) = −arctg(ωCR − ) ω << ω 0 ⇒ Z → 0 ° ϕ → +90° IR
ωL
ω >> ω 0 ⇒ Z → 0 ° ϕ → −90° IL Re