Adulteration in Various Tea Powders: GITAM Institute of Pharmacy GITAM (Deemed To Be University)
Adulteration in Various Tea Powders: GITAM Institute of Pharmacy GITAM (Deemed To Be University)
Adulteration in Various Tea Powders: GITAM Institute of Pharmacy GITAM (Deemed To Be University)
Project Dissertation
by
Bachelor of Pharmacy
to
GITAM Institute of Pharmacy
GITAM (Deemed to be University)
2018
GITAM INSTITUTE OF
PHARMACY
Dr. Yellapragada Subbarao Bhavan
Rushikonda ,Visakhapatnam 530 045 (A.P)
Prof. S. Ganapaty
M. Pharm., M.Sc. (UK), Ph. D.
Principal
CERTIFICATE
(S. GANAPATY)
GITAM INSTITUTE OF
PHARMACY
Dr. Yellapragada Subbarao Bhavan
Rushikonda ,Visakhapatnam 530 045 (A.P)
CERTIFICATE
Assistant Prof. K.
Sunitha
Research Director
Acknowledgement
experience and I express my deep gratitude to all those who have helped me in the
principal,
valuable
University, Visakhapatnam for her special interest, valuable guidance, kindness and
cooperation extended to me for the successful completion of this project work. All the
guidance and advices she has given will remain as a permanent treasure. I am sincerely
indebted to her.
Pharmacy for their encouragement and concern. I would like to thank my family and
bonafide project work carried out by me during the academic year 2017-2018
under the guidance of Assistant Prof. k. sunitha. This work is original and has
not been submitted in part or full to this or any other university for any degree
or diploma.
1. Introduction 1-4
4. Caffeine 16-21
5. Experimentation 21-24
7. References 99
INTRODUCTION
Herbal medicine is still the mainstay of about 75 - 80% of the world population, mainly
in the developing countries, for primary health care (1). This is primarily because of the
general belief that herbal drugs are without any side effects besides being cheap and
locally available (2). According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the use of
herbal remedies throughout the world exceeds that of the conventional drugs by two to
three times (3). The use of plants for healing purposes predates human history and forms
the origin of much modern medicine. Many conventional drugs originated from plant
sources: a century ago, most of the few effective drugs were plant based. Examples
include aspirin (willow bark), digoxin (from foxglove), quinine (from cinchona bark),
and morphine (from the opium poppy) (4). Medical history from the beginning of time
is filled with descriptions of persons who used herbs to heal the sick of the society.
However, parallel to the onset of the industrial revolution we witnessed the rise of
allopathic medicine. Herbal medicine was also an effective healing method, but was
viewed less enthusiastically (5). Herbal products were discarded from conventional
medical use in the mid-20th century, not necessarily because they were ineffective but
because they were not as economically profitable as the newer synthetic drugs (6). In
the early 19th century, scientific methods become more advanced and preferred, and
the practice of botanical healing was dismissed as quackery. In the 1960s, with concerns
over the iatrogenic effects of conventional medicine and desire for more self-reliance,
interest in “natural health” and the use of herbal products increased. Recognition of the
rising use of herbal medicines and other non-traditional remedies led to the
1|Page
USA, in 1992. Worldwide, herbal medicine received a boost when the WHO
The WHO has recently defined traditional medicine (including herbal drugs) as
comprising therapeutic practices that have been in existence, often for hundreds of
years, before the development and spread of modern medicine and are still in use today.
comprise medicinal plants, minerals and organic matter etc. Herbal drugs constitute
only those traditional medicines which primarily use medicinal plant preparations for
therapy. The earliest recorded evidence of their use in Indian, Chinese, Egyptian, Greek,
Roman and Syrian texts dates back to about 5000 years. The classical Indian texts
include Rigveda, Atharvaveda, Charak Samhita and Sushruta Samhita. The herbal
medicines / traditional medicaments have therefore been derived from rich traditions of
The wide spread use of herbal medicine is not restricted to developing countries, as it
has been estimated that 70% of all medical doctors in France and German regularly
prescribe herbal medicine (9). The number of patients seeking herbal approaches for
therapy is also growing exponentially (10). With the US Food & Drug Administration
(FDA) relaxing guidelines for the sale of herbal supplement (11), the market is booming
with herbal products (12). As per the available records, the herbal medicine market in
1991 in the countries of the European Union was about $ 6 billion (may be over $20
billion now), with Germany account for $3 billion, France $ 1.6 billion and Italy $ 0.6
2|Page
billion. In 1996, the US herbal medicine market was about $ 4 billion, which have
doubled by now. The Indian herbal drug market is about $ one billion and the export of
herbal crude extract is about $80 million (13). In the last few decades, a curious thing
has happened to botanical medicine. Instead of being killed off by medical science and
pharmaceutical chemistry, it has made come back. Herbal medicine has benefited from
the objective analysis of the medical science, while fanciful and emotional claims for
herbal cures have been thrown out, herbal treatments and plant medicine that works
have been acknowledge. And herbal medicine has been found to have some impressive
credentials. Developed empirically by trial and error, many herbal treatments were
nevertheless remarkably effective (14). In a recent survey (15) estimated that 39% of
all 520 new approved drugs in 1983-1994 were natural products or derived from natural
products and 60-80% of antibacterial and anticancer drugs were derived from natural
products (16). The penicillin that replaced mercury in the treatment of syphilis and put
an end to so many of the deadly epidemics comes from plant mold. Belladona still
treat gastrointestinal disorders. Rauvolfia serpentina (The Indian snake root) which has
active ingredient, reserpine, was the basic constituent of a variety of tranquilizer first
used in the 1950’s to treat certain types of emotional and mental problems. Though
reserpine is seldom used today for this purpose, its discovery was a breakthrough in the
pharmaceutical preparations for treating hypertension. But reserpine can have a serious
side effect-severe depression. On the other hand, tea made of R. serpentina has been
used in India as a sedative for thousands of years (17). Examination of the history of
medicine and pharmacy reveals a definite pattern. Humankind first utilized materials
found in the environment on an empirical basis to cure various ailments. These plant,
3|Page
animal parts and even microorganisms were initially employed in unmodified form,
developed that possessed even greater activity (18). In fact, plant substance remains the
basis for a very large proportion of the medications used today for treating heart
irritable bowel syndrome, liver diseases and other ailments (19,20,21,22,23). By 1994,
that are used globally as drug. Many of the prescription drugs sold in United States are
chemotherapeutic agents from plants (such as Taxol). Research has been facilitated by
new rapid–through put bioassays in which robotic arms and computer controlled
cameras test exceedingly small quantities of plant samples for the presence of the
in a few minutes that once took months to analyze in laboratory. Even with new
technology, it appears that one of the best sources for finding plant species to test is still
the healer’s pouch, because such plants have often been tested by generations of
increasing number of aged healers are dying with their knowledge left unrecorded. Too
often though forests disappear without any notice. Currently 12.5 percent of all plant
species are threatened with immediate extinction. Most botanists regard this estimate
4|Page
because it considers only species known to science; numerous undiscovered species
2. ADULTERATION OF DRUGS:
Adulteration is a practice of substituting the original crude drug partially or fully with
other substances which is either free from or inferior in therapeutic and chemical
properties or addition of low grade or spoiled drugs or entirely different drug similar to
Adulteration may also be defined as mixing or substituting the original drug material
with other spurious, inferior, defective, spoiled, useless other parts of same or different
plant or harmful substances or drug which do not confirm with the official standards.
drawbacks in promotion of herbal products. Adverse Event Reports are not due to the
intended herb, but rather due to the presence of an unintended herb [27]. Medicinal plant
dealers have discovered the scientific methods in creating adulteration of such a high
quality that without microscopic and chemical analysis, it is very difficult to trace these
adulterations [28,29]
drugs.
5|Page
2.1.2 Substitution with Superficially Similar Inferior Drugs:
Inferior drugs may or may not have any chemical or therapeutic value. They
adulterants.
The drug is adulterated with the substance which has been prepared artificially.
The artificially manufactured substance resembles the original drug. This method
2.1.4 Substitution with Exhausted Drug: The same drug is admixed, but that drug
volatile oil containing drugs like clove, coriander, fennel, caraway are adulterated by
this method. As it is devoid of colour and taste due to extraction, natural colour and
Synthetic chemicals are used to enhance natural character of the exhausted drug.
Examples: citral is added to citrus oils like lemon and orange oils.
Some miniature plants growing along with the medicinal plants are added due to
Some are harmful materials as the adulterant, are collected from market waste
materials and admixed with the drug. It is done for the liquid drugs.
6|Page
2.1.8 Adulteration of Powders:
The drugs which are in the form of powders are frequently adulterated. Examples:
the similarity in the names in traditional systems of medicine, these two herbs
of Siddha medicine in some parts of South India, traders in these regions supply
supply F. parviflora. These two can be easily identified by the presence of pale
yellow to mild brown colored, thin wiry stems and small simple leaves of
Mollugo pentaphylla and black to dark brown colored, digitate leaves with
and Aerva lanata for Berginia ciliate are some other example for adulterations
throughout the Western Ghats and parts of Himalayas, suppliers are unaware
of it. There may also be some restrictions in forest collection. Due to these
7|Page
flowers can be easily identified by the presence of two-celled ovary whereas
2.2.2Similarity in Morphology:
of black and brown color on their surface. M. deeringiana and M. utilis are
bigger (1.5-2 cm) in size. While M. deeringiana is dull black and M. utilis is
It is well known that with course of time, drug materials get changed to or
the past, roots of Ventilago madraspatana were collected from Western Ghats,
8|Page
as the only source of ‘Ratanjot’. However, that has not been practiced now. It
Some of the herbal adulterations are due to the carelessness of herbal collectors
also used as grocery. Market samples showed it to be admixed with other species
(P. perforata and P. cirrhata). Sometimes, Usnea sp. is also mixed with them.
for Ashtavarga Dravyas (group of 8 crude drugs). Uncertain identity of the drug:
For the herb Lakshmana different species such as Arlia quinquefolia, Ipomea
sepiaria etc are considered Cost of the drug: Kumkuma being costly herb is
considered as the source. The adverse reaction of the drug: Vasa is a well-known
activity its utility in pregnant women is limited, instead drugs such as Laksha,
9|Page
Sl. Botanical name Substitute
Common name Botanical name
No. drug
Baliospermum
1. Chitrak Plumbago zeylanica Danti
montanum
Marsdenia Lannea
2. Murva Jinghini
tenacissima coromandelica
Syzigium
Lavanga
5. Jatipatra (Aril) Myristica fragrans aromaticum
Clerodendrum Solanum
9. Bharangi Kantakari
serratum xanthocarpum
pseudalhagi
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14. Riddhi and Hobenaria spp. Varahikanda Dioscorea
Vriddhi bulbifera
Saccharum
15. Ikshu Nala Arundo donax
officinarum
somnifera
somnifera
Aconitum
19. Ativisha Mustaka Cyperus rotundus
heterophyllum
Cinnamomum Leonotis
21. Karpua Granthi parna
camphora nepetafolia
Desmostachya Saccharum
23. Kusha Kasha
bipinnata spontaneum
Evaluation means confirmation of its identity and determination of quality and purity
of the herbal drug. Evaluation of crude drug is necessary because of three main reasons:
11 | P a g e
biochemical variations in the drug, deterioration due to treatment and storage,
caused by differences in growth, geographical location, and time of harvesting. For the
quality control of a traditional medicine, the traditional methods are procured and
studied, and documents and the traditional information about the identity and quality
methods:
It means evaluation of drug by the organs of sense (skin, eye, tongue, nose and ear) or
macroscopic evaluation and it includes evaluation of drugs by color, odor, taste, size,
shape and special feature, like touch, texture etc. it is the technique of qualitative
evaluation based on the study of morphological and sensory profile of whole drugs. eg.
The fractured surfaces in cinchona, quillia and cascara barks and quassia wood are
liquorice are the examples of this type of evaluation where odor of drug depends upon
the type and quality of odourous principles (volatile oils) present. Shape of drug may
(jalap) etc, size represent length, breadth, thickness, diameter etc. color means external
color which varies from white to brownish black are important diagnostic characters.
The general appearance (external marking) of the weight of a crude drug often indicates
(splits), nodules (rounded outgrowth), scars (spot left after fall of leaves, stems or
roots). Taste is specific type of sensation felt by epithelial layer of tongue. It may be
12 | P a g e
acidic (sour), saline (salt like), saccharic (sweetish), bitter or tasteless (possessing no
taste).
It involves detailed examination of the drug and it can be used to identify the organized
drugs by their known histological characters. It is mostly used for qualitative evaluation
of organized crude drugs in entire and powder forms with help of microscope
[40,41,42].
granules, calcium oxalate crystals and aleurone grains are some of important parameters
which play important role in identification of certain crude drug. Crude drug can also
(Longitudinal section) especially in case of wood and by staining them with proper
staining reagents e.g. starch and hemicelluloses is identified by blue color with iodine
solution, all lignified tissue give pink stain with phloroglucinol and HCl etc. mucilage
is stained pink with ruthenium red can be used to distinguish cellular structure.
Microscopic evaluation also includes study of constituents in the powdered drug by the
palisade ratio, vein-islet number, size of starch grains, length of fibers etc which play
certain drug or to test their purity. The isolation, purification, identification of active
13 | P a g e
constituents is based on chemical methods of evaluation. Qualitative chemical test such
as acid value, saponification value etc. Some of these are useful in evaluation of resins
(acid value, sulphated ash), balsams (acid value, saponification value and bester
values), volatile oils (acetyl and ester values) and gums (methoxy determination and
These qualitative chemical tests are useful in identification of chemical constituents and
detection of adulteration.
Physical constants are sometimes taken into consideration to evaluate certain drugs.
These include moisture content, specific gravity, optical rotation, refractive, melting
point, viscosity and solubility in different solvents. All these physical properties are
Some drugs have specific biological and pharmacological activity which is utilized for
their evaluation. Actually this activity is due to specific type of constituents present in
the plant extract. For evaluation the experiments were carried out on both intact and
isolated organs of living animals. With the help of bioassays (testing the drugs on living
animals), strength of drug in its preparation can also be evaluated [43,44,45]. Some
Some bacteria such as Salmonella typhi, styphylococcus aureus and E. coli are used to
determine the antiseptic value (the degree of antiseptic activity e.g. phenol co-efficient
pneumonia, Micrococcus flavus, Sarcira lutea etc. living bacteria, yeast and molds are
14 | P a g e
used to evaluate certain vitamins. Microbiological assays by cylinder plate method and
used to prevent pregnancy and abortificient to terminate pregnancy. Female rats are
used for antifertility activity i.e. measure the pregnancy rate (antiovulation and anti-
implantation) and male rats are used for antispermatogenic activity (inhibition of
Rabbits, rats or mice are used to test hypoglycemic activity of plant extract. Radio-
immuno assay (RIA) or Enzyme linked immunosorbate assay (ELISA) are done for
Testing the herbal drugs with effects on central and autonomic nervous system. CNS
cannabinol (Cannabis sativa) are tested using rodents. For testing the herbal drugs for
their effects on ANS guinea pig ileum for antispasmodic activity, rabbit jejunum for
adrenergic activity, rat phrenicnerve-diaphragm for muscle relaxant activity, frog rectus
15 | P a g e
3.6 Analytical evaluation
Identity: Is the herb the one it should be? Purity: Are there contaminants, e.g., in the
form of other herbs which should not be there? Content or assay: Is the content of active
It is obvious that the content is the most difficult one to assess, since in most herbal
drugs the active constituents are unknown. Sometimes markers can be used which are,
by definition, chemically defined constituents that are of interest for control purposes,
independent of whether they have any therapeutic activity or not. To prove identity and
checked. The correct identity of the crude herbal material, or the botanical quality, is of
specimens are reliable reference sources. Outbreaks of diseases among plants may
result in changes to the physical appearance of the plant and lead to incorrect
identification.
Purity is closely linked with the safe use of drugs and deals with factors such ash values,
contaminants (e.g. foreign matter in the form of other herbs), and heavy metals.
residues. Analytical methods such as photometric analysis (UV, IR, MS, and NMR),
16 | P a g e
and gas chromatography (GC) can be employed in order to establish the constant
Content or assay is the most difficult area of quality control to perform, since in most
herbal drugs the active constituents are not known. Sometimes markers can be used. In
all other cases, where no active constituent or marker can be defined for the herbal drug,
the percentage extractable matter with a solvent may be used as a form of assay, an
approach often seen in pharmacopeias. The choice of the extracting solvent depends on
the nature of the compounds involved, and might be deduced from the traditional uses.
A special form of assay is the determination of essential oils by steam distillation. When
Echinacea) are known, a vast array of modern chemical analytical methods such as
4. CAFFEINE:
Caffeine is a natural compound found in a number of plant species including coffee, tea
and cocoa. A typical cup of coffee contains 75-100mg caffeine, whilst levels in brewed
tea and cocoa are lower50,51. Caffeine is the principal active compound in coffee, but
other compounds are also present which can make it difficult to differentiate effects of
The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) in a review on the Safety of Caffeine
concluded that a moderate caffeine consumption, of around 400mg caffeine per day
diet and an active lifestyle. Pregnant and breastfeeding women are advised to limit their
17 | P a g e
Research suggests that moderate caffeine consumption may be associated with a range
alertness54. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) concluded that a cause and
effect relationship has been established between a 75mg serving of caffeine and both
with a similar structure to adenosine, caffeine may bind to the adenosine receptors,
alertness. This effect may cause sleep disturbance in some56, but may also help in
situations that require increased alertness, e.g. night shifts, long distance driving, and
jet lag57-63.
Caffeine may also help to improve physical performance during endurance exercise.
The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) recognized that a cause and effect
relationship has been established for caffeine intake and increased endurance
performance and endurance capacity (in both cases for 3 mg/kg body weight 1 hour
before exercise), and reduction in perceived exertion (4 mg/kg body weight 1 hour
physiological effects of caffeine, so caffeine does not fulfil the criteria to be described
as a ‘drug of dependence’65-67.
It is important to note that the individual responses to caffeine ingestion may differ
according to genetic variability and individuals often manage their own caffeine intake
18 | P a g e
4.1 Sources of caffeine
beans, kola nuts, tea leaves and coffee beans are the most well-known. Other natural
sources of caffeine include yerba maté, guarana berries, guayusa, and the yaupon holly.
Caffeine is added to many popular soft drinks, and is also a component of a number of
for example, on the strength of the drink, and the amount consumed with cup size
playing a key role. Coffea canephora (robusta) is known to contain more caffeine
than Coffea Arabica (arabica). However, as a basic guideline an average sized cup of
soluble coffee contains approximately 65 mg caffeine, whilst a cup of roast and ground
coffee contains around 85 mg. A 30 ml espresso cup contains around 50-60 mg caffeine.
Finally, a can of cola or a cup of tea contains 25-45 mg caffeine. Tea actually contains
more caffeine than coffee on a dry weight basis, but a smaller weight of tea is generally
used to prepare a brew. Decaffeinated coffee generally provides less than 3 mg caffeine
per cup. Cocoa and chocolate contain much smaller amounts of caffeine.
Espresso 30 ml 60 (35-100)
19 | P a g e
Soluble instant coffee 125 ml 65 (35-105)
Data adapted from Illy et al., Harland et al., and Heckman et al 73,74,75.
In 2015 the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) published their Scientific Opinion
on the Safety of Caffeine, advising that caffeine intakes from all sources up to 400 mg
per day and single doses of 200mg do not raise safety concerns for adults in the general
population.
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EFSA also advised that single doses of 100 mg of caffeine may increase sleep latency
and reduce sleep duration in some adult individuals, particularly when consumed close
to bedtime.
In 1983, the EU Scientific Committee for Food (SCF) in its ‘Report of the Scientific
consumption76. It concluded at that time that there was no apparent reason for concern
intake. The data reviewed did not reveal any teratogenic effects in humans, or any
adverse effects on human reproductive function, nor did they support any association
It has long been acknowledged that pregnant women should moderate their caffeine
intake. EFSA, in its 2015 Scientific Opinion on Caffeine recommends that, in pregnant
or lactating women, caffeine intake should be decreased to 200mg per day from all
sources.
In recent years concerns have been raised about caffeine consumption by children and
constituents that impact on health. The EFSA Scientific Opinion on Caffeine suggested
that caffeine intakes of 3 mg/kg body weight per day provides a basis for calculating
In UK children (5-10 years) the daily intake of caffeine was 12 mg/day at the age of 7
and 24 mg at the age of 10 years. Fifty-four percent of the caffeine absorbed came from
soft drinks, 8% from tea and 38% from chocolate foods or beverages. None came from
21 | P a g e
coffee77. A U.S. study has suggested that the majority of caffeine consumed by children
and adolescents comes from other caffeinated beverages such as ‘energy’ drinks78.
As with many elements of our daily diet, over-consumption may in some people lead
to unwanted side effects. Most people consume a level of food or drink that they are
comfortable with and therefore would not experience such effects. However, those who
Caffeine decreases the quantity of sleep and mainly the temporal organisation of slow
and REM sleep65. These effects might be modulated by individual differences in the
expression of the gene coding for the adenosine A2A receptor79,80. Caffeine has also
been reported to increase anxiety in some individuals and this effect might also be
because substantial tolerance develops to this effect82. The negative effects linked to
over-consumption are usually short lived once an individual returns to their regular
pattern of consumption. It is well known that these effects are more marked in some
In most individuals, it seems that the effects of caffeine are utilised consciously or
influenced by the interaction between the mood state before the drink and the effects
anticipated based on the content of caffeine in the drink.83,84 which would hence lead
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5. EXPERIMENTATION:
AIM: To check for adulteration in different Tea brands collected from market.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The different tea brands like Taj Mahal, 3 Roses
and 4 other local brands were collected from market. The caffeine content is then
EXTRACTION OF CAFFEINE:
Accurately, weigh 10g of tea powder of each brand and place it in a 250ml beaker. Add
50ml of freshly prepared distilled water. Boil the contents for 10 minutes using a water
bath. Allow the beaker to cool at room temperature. When cooled, filter the solution
using a whatman filter paper. Take 5ml of this extract in a separating funnel and add
15ml of Di chloro methane (DCM). Shake the separating funnel vigorously and allow
it to stand for some time. Now, separate the DCM layer carefully into a beaker. Add
again 15ml of DCM into the separating funnel and repeat the procedure. Separate this
layer into the same beaker having previously collected DCM layer. Evaporate the DCM
layer using the water bath. To this beaker add 5 ml of ethanol. Transfer this into a 10ml
volumetric flask. Make up the volume to 10ml with ethanol. Determine the absorption
23 | P a g e
2.600
2.000 B
F
Abs.
1.000
-0.055
245.00 260.00 280.00 305.00
nm.
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2.500
2.000
Abs.
1.000
0.000
-0.099
242.00 260.00 280.00 300.00
nm.
Conc. Absorbance
0 0
0.5 0.407
1 0.795
1.5 1.198
2 1.581
2.5 1.961
3 2.344
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3
y = 0.7804x + 0.0131
R² = 0.9999
2
Absorbance
0
0 0.8 1.6 2.4 3.2
Conc. (µg/ml)
Add 5gm of sample to a 50ml of water at 80ºc taken in a beaker. Shake well and allow
to stand for 10 minutes. Filter the solution and transfer 5ml of the filtrate to a tared
drying for 30 minutes. Finally, dry in a steam oven for 2 hours and weigh the residue.
drug.
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Table 2: water soluble extractive value (% w/w)
(% w/w)
1 3 Roses 26
2 Taj mahal 24
3 Lb-1 22
4 Lb-2 22
5 Lb-3 20
6 Lb-4 18
From the data obtained above of the proposed method, it was found that the caffeine
has a calibration curve for spectra (fig-2) in the range of 0.5-3µ/ml in methanol
respectively.
Linearity graph is plotted with respective of the observations. The branded and local
tea powders are analysed and presented in spectrum(fig-1). Water soluble extractive
value is also determined(table-2). From the results we are sure that adulteration in
local branded tea powders are considerably higher than the branded tea powders.
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