New Soil Stabilization Research Paper
New Soil Stabilization Research Paper
New Soil Stabilization Research Paper
ABSTRACT: Soils exhibit highly plasticity characteristics, low strength properties and high swell-shrink characteristics.
The alternative swell-shrink seasons causes distress to the structures and the pavements constructed on them.
Maintenance and repair costs of the distressed structures and pavements are quite high. It is therefore necessary either to
bring suitable soils from far off borrow areas or to stabilize locally available soils to improve their engineering
properties.In the present study laboratory studies are carried out on four types of soils viz Black cotton soil, Sandy gravel
soil, Sandy silty and Loamy soil stabilized with coarse sand.
Wet sieve analysis, Atterberg limits, modified compaction and California bearing ratio test were carried out on native
soils and 10%, 20% and 30% coarse sand blended soils.It is found that in wet sieve analysis sand content has increased by
increasing the percentage of coarse sand when compared to native soils.It is also seen from compaction test by increasing
the percentage of coarse sand the dry density has increased and moisture content has reduced marginally when compared
with native soil. From California bearing ratio test it is seen that the strength is gradually increased by increasing the
percentage of coarse sand.
Finally the cost of construction has been evaluated and it can be reduced for locally available low bearing strength soil by
stabilizing it with coarse sand.
KEYWORDS: Wet sieve analysis, Atterberg limits, modified compaction, California bearing ratio test,soil by
stabilization and cost of construction
I. INTRODUCTION
A. GENERAL
Soil is the most abundantly available construction material; the term soil has different connotations for scientists
belonging to different disciplines. The definition given to soil by civil engineer is different from the one used by an
agriculturist or a geologist. For a civil engineer, soils mean all naturally occurring, relatively unconsolidated earth
material- organic or inorganic in character which is found above the bed rock.
Soil is the cheapest and the most widely used material in a highway system, either in its natural form or processed form.
All road pavement structures eventually rest on soil foundation , therefore a thorough study of the engineering properties
of soil is of vital importance in working out an appropriate design of the under the given traffic and climatic conditions. In
any road embankment, the bulk of the material used is soil and if properly designed, should possess stable slopes and
should not settle to any appreciable extent. Also, the embankments require a stable foundation; if the foundation soil
happens to be soft clay, unless properly designed; excessive settlement or even ultimate failure can take place
B. SOIL STABILIZATION
Soil stabilization is the permanent physical and chemical alteration of soil to enhance their physical properties.
Stabilization can increase the shear strength of a soil there by controlling the shrink-swell properties of soil and,
improving the load bearing capacity of a subgrade. Stabilization can be used to treat a wide range of subgrade materials
from expansive clays to granular materials.
C. PROPERTIES OF STABILIZATION
1. Bonds soil particle together (increases strength and stiffness).
2. Reduces permeability (fills voids, forms membrane).
3. mproves compaction (lubrication, particle restructuring).
A. To study the use of coarse sand for stabilizing Black cotton soil, Sandy gravel soil, Sandy silty soil and Loamy soil and
compare the properties for use in subgrade
B. To determine the strength of blended soil by CBR test.
C. Designing the flexible pavement for the native soils and blended soil, by that estimating cost of construction.
A. The present study deals with the testing of soil samples. The following tests were done on the soil are
1. Grain size analysis
2. Atterberg limits
3. Compaction
4. California bearing ratio.
5. Pavement design and cost evaluation.
native soil
% fine passing
10% coarse
sand
20% coarse
sand
Sieve size in mm
Fig 1. Grain size distribution curve for Black cotton soil + coarse sand
Table 2. Wet sieve analysis results for Sandy gravel soil + coarse sand
Sandy gravel
Gravel (%) Sand (%) Fines (%)
soil
Native 21.14 51.76 27.10
10% 15.78 54.1 30.12
20% 12.64 59.44 27.92
30% 13.42 61.42 25.16
Native soil
% fines passing
10% Coarse
sand
20% Coarse
sand
30% Coarse
Sieve size in mm sand
Fig 2. Grain size distribution curve for Sandy gravel soil + coarse sand
Table 3.Wet sieve analysis results for Sandy silty soil + coarse sand
Sandy silty soil Gravel (%) Sand (%) Fines (%)
Native 0.44 60.36 39.2
10% 2.16 63.46 34.38
20% 2.44 67.24 30.32
30% 9.2 60.7 30.1
Native soil
% fines passing
10% Coarse
sand
20% Coarse
sand
30% Coarse
sand
Sieve size in mm
Fig 3. Grain size distribution curve for Sandy silty soil + coarse sand
Table 4.Wet sieve analysis results for Loamy soil + coarse sand
Loamy soil Gravel (%) Sand (%) Fines (%)
Native 5.1 32.94 61.96
10% 3.82 35.88 60.3
20% 2.74 36.96 53.24
Native soil
% fines passing
10% Coarse
sand
20% Coarse
sand
30% Coarse
sand
Sieve size in mm
Fig 4. Grain size distribution curve for Loamy soil + coarse sand
B. ATTERBERG LIMITS
The following graph is plotted for plastic limit of four soils between number of blows verses moisture content, and the
Liquid limit, Plastic limit and plasticity index values are tabulated in the table 5.
Black cotton
soil
Moisture content %
Sandy gravel
soil
Sandy silty
soil
Loamy soil
Number of blows
Native soil
10% Coarse
sand
20% Coarse
sand
Moisture content (%)
Fig 6. Graph of OMC verses MDD for Black cotton soil + coarse sand
Native soil
10% Coarse
Dry density (g/cc)
sand
20% Coarse
sand
30% Coarse
Moisture content (%) sand
Fig 7. Graph of OMC verses MDD for Sandy gravel soil + coarse sand
Native soil
Dry density (g/cc)
10% Coarse
sand
20%Coarse
sand
30% Coarse
Moisture content (%) sand
Fig 8. Graph of OMC verses MDD for Sandy silty soil + coarse sand
Native soil
Dry density (g/cc)
10% Coarse
sand
20% Coarse
sand
30% Coarse
sand
Miosture content (%)
Fig 9. Graph of OMC verses MDD for Loamy soil + coarse sand
Table 7. CBR values for four types of soil with varying percentage of coarse sand
Native soil
Load in kg/cm2
10% Coarse
sand
20% Coarse
sand
30% Coarse
Penetration in mm sand
Fig 10. CBR curve for different percentage of Black cotton soil + coarse sand
Native soil
Load in kg/cm2
10% Coarse
sand
20% Coarse
sand
30% Coarse
sand
Penetration in mm
Fig 11. CBR curve for different percentage of Sandy gravel soil + coarse sand
Native soil
Load in kg/cm2
10% Coarse
sand
20% Coarse
sand
30% Coarse
sand
Penetration in mm
Fig 12. CBR curve for different percentage of Sandy silty soil + coarse sand
Native soil
Load in kg/cm2
10% Coarse
sand
20% Coarse
sand
30% Coarse
sand
Penetration in mm
Fig 13. CBR curve for different percentage of Loamy soil + coarse sand
Table 8. Pavement design for different dosage of Black cotton soil + coarse sand
Native
% of dosage 10% 20% 30%
soil
CBR (%) 1.64 2.05 2.8 4.02
10 10 10 10
Cumulative traffic
msa msa msa msa
Granular
Sub Base 500 460 330 330
(mm)
Granular
270 250 250 250
Base (mm)
Pavement Dense
composition Bituminous
105 100 80 80
Macadam
(mm)
Bituminous
Concrete 40 40 40 40
(mm)
Total Pavement thickness
915 850 780 700
(mm)
Table 10. Details of Quantities and Rate abstract for Black cotton soil + 10% coarse sand
Rat
Len Wi Dep Qua
Items of e Amount
gth dth th ntity
work (Rs/ (Rs)
(m) (m) (m) (m3)
m3)
Granula
100
r Sub 3.5 0.46 1610 818 13,16,980
Blac 0
Base
k
Granula 100
cotto 3.5 0.25 875 981 8,58,375
r Base 0
n soil
Dense
+
Bitumin
10% 100 783
ous 3.5 0.10 350 27,42,600
coars 0 6
Macada
e
m
sand
Bitumin
ous 100 952
3.5 0.04 140 13,33,220
Concret 0 3
e
Grand total 62,51,175/
-
Table 12. Details of Quantities and Rate abstract for Black cotton soil + 30% coarse sand
Qu
Items Len Wid De anti Rate
Amount
of gth th pth ty (Rs/
(Rs)
work (m) (m) (m) (m3 m3)
)
Gran
ular 0.3 115
1000 3.5 818 9,44,790
Blac Sub 3 5
k Base
cotto Gran
0.2
n soil ular 1000 3.5 875 981 8,58,375
5
+ Base
30% Dense
coars Bitum
0.0
e inous 1000 3.5 280 7836 21,94,080
8
sand Maca
dam
Bitum
inous 0.0
1000 3.5 140 9523 13,33,220
Concr 4
ete
Grand total 53,30,465/
-
Table 13. Pavement design for different dosage of Sandy gravel soil + coarse sand
Native
% of dosage 10% 20% 30%
soil
CBR (%) 8 9.5 14.5 21.15
10 10 10
Cumulative traffic 10 msa
msa msa msa
Granular
Sub Base 200 200 200 200
(mm)
Granular
250 250 250 250
Base (mm)
Pavement
Dense
compositi
Bituminous
on 60 50 40 40
Macadam
(mm)
Bituminous
Concrete 40 40 40 40
(mm)
Total Pavement thickness
550 540 530 530
(mm)
Table 14. Details of Quantities and Rate abstract for native Sandy gravel soil
Qu
Items Len Wi Dep anti Rate
Amount
of gth dth th ty (Rs/
(Rs)
work (m) (m) (m) (m3 m3)
)
Gran
ular 100
3.5 0.2 700 818 5,72,600
Sub 0
nativ Base
e Gran
100
Sand ular 3.5 0.25 875 981 8,58,375
0
y Base
grav Dense
el Bitum
100
soil inous 3.5 0.06 210 7836 16,45,560
0
Maca
dam
Bitum
inous 100
3.5 0.04 140 9523 13,33,220
Concr 0
ete
Grand total 44,09,755/
-
Table 15. Details of Quantities and Rate abstract for Sandy gravel soil + 10% coarse sand
Qu
Len Wi Dep anti Rate
Items Amount
gth dth th ty (Rs/
of work (Rs)
(m) (m) (m) (m3 m3)
)
Granul
100
ar Sub 3.5 0.2 700 818 5,72,600
0
Sandy Base
gravel Granul 100
3.5 0.25 875 981 8,58,375
soil + ar Base 0
10% Dense
coarse Bitumi
100
sand nous 3.5 0.05 175 7836 13,71,300
0
Macad
am
Bitumi
nous 100
3.5 0.04 140 9523 13,33,220
Concre 0
te
Grand total 41,35,495/-
Table 16. Details of Quantities and Rate abstract for Sandy gravel soil + 20% coarse sand
Qu
Rat
Len Wi Dep anti
Items e Amount
gth dth th ty
of work (Rs/ (Rs)
(m) (m) (m) (m3
m3)
)
Granul
100
ar Sub 3.5 0.2 700 818 5,72,600
0
Sandy Base
gravel Granul 100
3.5 0.25 875 981 8,58,375
soil + ar Base 0
20% Dense
coarse Bitumi
100 783
sand nous 3.5 0.4 140 10,97,040
0 6
Macad
am
Bitumi
nous 100 952
3.5 0.4 140 13,33,220
Concre 0 3
te
Grand total 38,61,235/-
Table 17. Details of Quantities and Rate abstract for Sandy gravel soil + 30% coarse sand
Qu
Len Wi Dep anti Rate
Items Amount
gth dth th ty (Rs/
of work (Rs)
(m) (m) (m) (m3 m3)
)
Granul
100
Sand ar Sub 3.5 0.2 700 818 5,72,600
0
y Base
silty Granul 100
3.5 0.25 875 981 8,58,375
soil + ar Base 0
30% Dense
coars Bitumi
100 0.05 192.
e nous 3.5 7836 15,08,430
0 5 5
sand Macad
am
Bitumi
nous 100
3.5 0.04 140 9523 13,33,220
Concre 0
te
Grand total 42,72,625/-
Table 5.16 Pavement design for different dosage of Loamy soil + coarse sand
Native
% of dosage 10% 20% 30%
soil
CBR (%) 3.5 4.2 4.9 6.2
10 10 10
Cumulative traffic 10 msa
msa msa msa
Granular
Sub Base 355 325 305 255
(mm)
Granular
250 250 250 250
Base (mm)
Pavement
Dense
compositi
Bituminous
on 85 75 70 65
Macadam
(mm)
Bituminous
Concrete 40 40 40 40
(mm)
Total Pavement
730 690 665 610
thickness (mm)
Table 5.18 Details of Quantities and Rate abstract for Loamy soil + 10% coarse sand
Qu
Len Wi Dep anti Rate
Items Amount
gth dth th ty (Rs/
of work (Rs)
(m) (m) (m) (m3 m3)
)
Granul
100 0.32 113
ar Sub 3.5 818 9,30,475
0 5 7.5
Base
Loam
Granul 100
y soil 3.5 0.25 875 981 8,58,375
ar Base 0
+ 10%
Dense
coarse
Bitumi
sand 100 0.07 262.
nous 3.5 7836 20,56,950
0 5 5
Macad
am
Bitumi
nous 100
3.5 0.04 140 9523 13,33,220
Concre 0
te
Grand total 51,79,020/-
Qu
Len Wi Dep anti Rate
Items Amount
gth dth th ty (Rs/
of work (Rs)
(m) (m) (m) (m3 m3)
)
Granul
100 0.30 106
ar Sub 3.5 818 8,73,215
0 5 7.5
Base
Loam
Granul 100
y soil 3.5 0.25 875 981 8,58,375
ar Base 0
+ 20%
Dense
coarse
Bitumi
sand 100
nous 3.5 0.07 245 7836 19,19,820
0
Macad
am
Bitumi
nous 100
3.5 0.04 140 9523 13,33,220
Concre 0
te
Grand total 49,84,630/-
Table 5.20 Details of Quantities and Rate abstract for Loamy soil + 30% coarse sand
Qu
Rat
Len Wi Dep anti
Items e Amount
gth dth th ty
of work (Rs/ (Rs)
(m) (m) (m) (m3
m3)
)
Granul
100 0.25 892.
ar Sub 3.5 818 7,30,065
0 5 5
Base
Loam
Granul 100
y soil 3.5 0.25 875 981 8,58,375
ar Base 0
+ 30%
Dense
coarse
Bitumi
sand 100 0.06 227. 783
nous 3.5 17,82,690
0 5 5 6
Macad
am
Bitumi
nous 100 952
3.5 0.04 140 13,33,220
Concre 0 3
te
Grand total 47,04,350/-
Table 21 Pavement design for different dosage of Sandy silty soil + coarse sand
Native
% of dosage 10% 20% 30%
soil
CBR (%) 4.5 5.1 7.9 8.6
10 10 10
Cumulative traffic 10 msa
msa msa msa
Granular
Sub Base 315 305 210 200
(mm)
Granular
250 250 250 250
Base (mm)
Pavement
Dense
compositi
Bituminous
on 75 70 60 55
Macadam
(mm)
Bituminous
Concrete 40 40 40 40
(mm)
Total Pavement thickness
680 665 560 545
(mm)
Table 22 Details of Quantities and Rate abstract for native Sandy silty soil
Qu
Len Wi Dep anti Rate
Items Amount
gth dth th ty (Rs/
of work (Rs)
(m) (m) (m) (m3 m3)
)
Granul
100 0.31 110
ar Sub 3.5 818 9,01,845
0 5 2.5
nativ Base
e Granul 100
3.5 0.25 875 981 8,58,375
Sand ar Base 0
y Dense
silty Bitumi
100 0.07 262.
soil nous 3.5 7836 20,56,950
0 5 5
Macad
am
Bitumi
nous 100
3.5 0.04 140 9523 13,33,220
Concre 0
te
Grand total 51,50,390/-
Table 24 Details of Quantities and Rate abstract for Sandy silty soil + 20% coarse sand
Qu
Len Wi Dep anti Rate
Items Amount
gth dth th ty (Rs/
of work (Rs)
(m) (m) (m) (m3 m3)
)
Granul
100
ar Sub 3.5 0.21 735 818 6,01,230
0
Sandy Base
silty Granul 100
3.5 0.25 875 981 8,58,375
soil + ar Base 0
20% Dense
coarse Bitumi
100
sand nous 3.5 0.06 210 7836 16,45,560
0
Macad
am
Bitumi
nous 100
3.5 0.04 140 9523 13,33,220
Concre 0
te
Grand total 44,38,385/-
Table 25 Details of Quantities and Rate abstract for Sandy silty soil + 30% coarse sand
Qu
Len Wi Dep anti Rate
Items
gth dth th ty (Rs/ Amount (Rs)
of work
(m) (m) (m) (m3 m3)
)
Granul
100
ar Sub 3.5 0.2 700 818 5,72,600
0
Sandy Base
silty Granul 100
3.5 0.25 875 981 8,58,375
soil + ar Base 0
30% Dense
coarse Bitumi
100 0.05 192.
sand nous 3.5 7836 15,08,430
0 5 5
Macad
am
Bitumi
nous 100
3.5 0.04 140 9523 13,33,220
Concre 0
te
Grand total 42,72,625/-
E. NOTE ON STABILIZER
In the present study coarse sand is used as stabilizer, which can be obtained by natural river or lake beds and for using
this as stabilizer only cost is for transportation.
Traditionally river sand used as building construction material. The finer particles passing 2.36 mm sieve is used for
building construction and that off coarser particles retained on 2.36 mm sieve will be discarded and dumped as a waste
material, that waste material can be effectively used in subgrade construction for low bearing capacity soils in pavement
construction.
We can use the coarse sand as a stabilizer for subgrade by taking care of grain size i.e. passing 6 mm and retained on
2.36mm sieve.
J. COST EVALUATION
From table 9. it is seen that for native Black cotton soil total cost of construction will be around 65.7 lakh/lane/km, and
that of 30% coarse sand blended soil the cost of construction is 53.3 lakh/lane/km, it can be saved up to 12.4
lakh/lane/km.
From table 14, for native Sandy gravel soil the cost of construction is 44.1 lakh/lane/km and for soil treated with 20%
coarse sand the construction cost is 38.6 lakh/lane/km, we can save around 5.5 lakh/lane/km.
From table 22, for native Sandy silty soil the cost of construction is 51.5 lakh/lane/km and for soil treated with 30%
coarse sand the construction cost is 42.7 lakh/lane/km, we can save around 8.8 lakh/lane/km.
From table 17, for native Loamy soil the cost of construction is 55.4 lakh/lane/km and for soil treated with 30% coarse
sand the construction cost is around 47.04 lakh/lane/km, by that we can save around 8.36 lakh/lane/km.
We are very grateful to all authors in reference section. Their methods, conceptual techniques are very helpful for
ourresearch. AGM of planning department, site engineer, everyone at project shared information and knowledge helped
us to complete our proposed work, and we are very grateful to them.
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