New Soil Stabilization Research Paper

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International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology

An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization Volume 6, Special Issue 1, January 2017
International Conference on Recent Trends in Engineering and Science (ICRTES 2017)

20th-21st January 2017
Organized by
Research Development Cell, Government College of Engineering, Jalagon (M. S), India
Soil Stabilization by Coarse Sand for Different

Soils and Pavement Cost Evaluation
Rajshekhar G Rathod[1], Sandeep S Sathe[2]
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, MITCOE, Pune, Maharstra, India[1]
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering Department, MITCOE, Pune, Maharstra, India [2]
ABSTRACT: Soils exhibit highly plasticity characteristics, low strength properties and high swell-shrink characteristics.
The alternative swell-shrink seasons causes distress to the structures and the pavements constructed on them.
Maintenance and repair costs of the distressed structures and pavements are quite high. It is therefore necessary either to
bring suitable soils from far off borrow areas or to stabilize locally available soils to improve their engineering
properties.In the present study laboratory studies are carried out on four types of soils viz Black cotton soil, Sandy gravel
soil, Sandy silty and Loamy soil stabilized with coarse sand.
Wet sieve analysis, Atterberg limits, modified compaction and California bearing ratio test were carried out on native
soils and 10%, 20% and 30% coarse sand blended soils.It is found that in wet sieve analysis sand content has increased by
increasing the percentage of coarse sand when compared to native soils.It is also seen from compaction test by increasing
the percentage of coarse sand the dry density has increased and moisture content has reduced marginally when compared
with native soil. From California bearing ratio test it is seen that the strength is gradually increased by increasing the
percentage of coarse sand.
Finally the cost of construction has been evaluated and it can be reduced for locally available low bearing strength soil by
stabilizing it with coarse sand.
KEYWORDS: Wet sieve analysis, Atterberg limits, modified compaction, California bearing ratio test,soil by
stabilization and cost of construction
I. INTRODUCTION
A. GENERAL
Soil is the most abundantly available construction material; the term soil has different connotations for scientists
belonging to different disciplines. The definition given to soil by civil engineer is different from the one used by an
agriculturist or a geologist. For a civil engineer, soils mean all naturally occurring, relatively unconsolidated earth
material- organic or inorganic in character which is found above the bed rock.
Soil is the cheapest and the most widely used material in a highway system, either in its natural form or processed form.
All road pavement structures eventually rest on soil foundation , therefore a thorough study of the engineering properties
of soil is of vital importance in working out an appropriate design of the under the given traffic and climatic conditions. In
any road embankment, the bulk of the material used is soil and if properly designed, should possess stable slopes and
should not settle to any appreciable extent. Also, the embankments require a stable foundation; if the foundation soil
happens to be soft clay, unless properly designed; excessive settlement or even ultimate failure can take place
B. SOIL STABILIZATION
Soil stabilization is the permanent physical and chemical alteration of soil to enhance their physical properties.
Stabilization can increase the shear strength of a soil there by controlling the shrink-swell properties of soil and,
improving the load bearing capacity of a subgrade. Stabilization can be used to treat a wide range of subgrade materials
from expansive clays to granular materials.
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C. PROPERTIES OF STABILIZATION
1. Bonds soil particle together (increases strength and stiffness).
2. Reduces permeability (fills voids, forms membrane).
3. mproves compaction (lubrication, particle restructuring).
D. FEATURES AND BENEFITS:

1. Higher resistance values.
2. Reeducation in plasticity.
3. Lower permeability.
4. Reeducation of pavement thickness.
5. Elimination of excavation, material hauling andhandling.
6. Aids compaction.
7. Provides “all weather” access on to and within project sites.
E. THE PRINCIPLES OF STABILIZATION

1. Evaluating the properties of given soil.
2. Deciding the method of supplementing the lacking property by the effective and economical method of
stabilization.
3. Designing the stabilized soil mix for intended stability and durability values.
II. OBJECTIVE OF PRESENT STUDY
A. To study the use of coarse sand for stabilizing Black cotton soil, Sandy gravel soil, Sandy silty soil and Loamy soil and
compare the properties for use in subgrade
B. To determine the strength of blended soil by CBR test.
C. Designing the flexible pavement for the native soils and blended soil, by that estimating cost of construction.
III. SCOPE OF PRESENT STUDY
A. The present study deals with the testing of soil samples. The following tests were done on the soil are
1. Grain size analysis
2. Atterberg limits
3. Compaction
4. California bearing ratio.
5. Pavement design and cost evaluation.
IV. LITERATURE REVIEW
A. LIME STABILIZATION FOR LATERITIC SOIL SAMPLES

Amu Olugbenga Oludolapo, et al, (2011) evaluated the suitability and lime stabilization requirement of some
selected lateritic soil samples as pavement construction materials. Soil samples A, B, and C collected from a dam site and
stabilized with 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10% of lime were subjected to preliminary tests (natural moisture content, specific
gravity, particle size analysis and Atterberg’s limits) and strength tests (compaction, California bearing ratio (CBR),
unconfined compression and undrained triaxial). Results of the preliminary tests classified the samples as fair to poor
pavement construction materials. The suitability of samples A, B and C was improved by optimum lime stabilization at
8,6, and 6% respectively. The addition of lime to the samples caused a reduction in the plasticity indices of the samples.
The CBR of A increased from 10.6% at 0% to 29.0% at 8% lime, while that of C improved from 2.5% to 8.6% at 6% lime.
The compressive and shear strengths were also improved; the uncured compressive strength of B improved from 119.13
kN/m2 at 0% to 462.81 kN/m2 at 6% lime. With optimum stabilization, samples A and B will be suitable as base
materials while sample C will perform well as sub-grade material in pavement construction.

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B. SOIL STABILIZATION USING FINE AND COARSE GGBS

Takhelmayum Gyanen, et al (2013) carried out a study on use of fine and coarse ground granulated blast furnace slag
(GGBS) for soil stabilization the investigation is to evaluate the compaction and unconfined compressive strength of
stabilized black cotton soil using fine and coarse ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS). Characterization of black
cotton soil is carried out for grain distribution and soil classification. A series of compaction test were carried out using
mini compaction mould for different combination of soil along with fine and coarse ground granulated blast furnace slag
(GGBS) mixtures. For stabilization of black cotton soil, the unconfined compressive strength test were carried out in
accordance with the standard procedures for different combination of soil with ground granulated blast furnace slag
(GGBS) mixtures. And they found that with the increase in water content the dry density also increases up to 20-30%
moisture content and with further increase in water content the dry density increases gradually. The lowest dry density
was observed to be about 1.42g/cc for 95% soil and 5% GGBS mixture and maximum density was about 1.72 g/cc for
70% soil and 30% GGBS mixture. This variation in density is primarily due to chemical composition, glass phase
content, particle size distribution and surface morphology. The increase in the maximum dry unit weight with the increase
of the percentage of GGBS mixture is mainly due to high specific gravity and immediate formation of cemented products
by hydration which increases the density of soil. The increase in dry density with increase in fine and coarse GGBS
mixture is due to enhanced C-S-H formation compared to using Soil alone. this enhanced C-S-H occupies pore spaces,
normally occupied by calcium hydroxide in the hydration of pozzolanic reaction taking place in mixtures which uses the
excess SiO2from the slag source, Ca (OH) 2 produced by the hydration of the silicates, and water to produces more of the
desirable C-S-H making slag a beneficial mineral admixture to attain and increase in dry density.
C. SOIL STABILIZATION WITH FLYASH AND RICE HUSK ASH

Brooks robert M (2009) conducted a study and the objective of the author is to upgrade expansive soil as a
construction material using rice husk ash (RHA) and flyash, which are waste materials. Remolded expansive clay was
blended with RHA and flyash and strength tests were conducted. The potential of RHA-flyash blend as a swell reduction
layer between the footing of a foundation and subgrade was studied. In order to examine the importance of the study, a
cost comparison was made for the preparation of the sub-base of a highway project with and without the admixture
stabilizations, and the findings are, Stress strain behavior of unconfined compressive strength showed that failure stress
and strains increased by 106% and 50% respectively when the flyash content was increased from 0 to 25%. When the
RHA content was increased from 0 to 12%, Unconfined Compressive Stress increased by 97%. When the RHA content
was increased from 0 to 12%, CBR improved by 47%. The optimum RHA content was found at 12% for both UCS and
CBR tests. The swelling potential of expansive soil decreases with increasing swell reduction layer thickness ratio. The
vertical movement of clay soils with cushioning material stabilizes after 3 cycles of swelling and shrinkage. An RHA
content of 12% and a flyash content of 25% are recommended for strengthening the expansive subgrade soil while a
flyash content of 15% is recommended for blending into RHA to form a swell reduction layer.
D. SAND: AN ADDITIVE FOR STABILIZATION OF SWELLING CLAY SOILS

Bahia Louafi, et al, (2012) they carried out a study to understand the physical mechanisms of stabilization of an
expansive soil by adding an inert material (sand) at various forms; mixing and intercalation layers of sand. The first aim
of the study is to analyze the effect of stabilization on the variation of soil consistency. The results show a marked
improvement in soil consistency. Then a study of the effect of the additives on the variation of the swelling in order to
solve the lifting structures caused by this phenomenon is carried out. It can be seen that the addition of sand is capable of
reducing the swelling action. They completed the study using an ultrasonic device, measuring the propagation velocities
of ultrasonic pulse through the tested clay samples. This shows a change occurring in the porosity of the clay when sand
is added to it. As a result some interesting conclusions concerning the expansive soil-material amendment are drawn and
they are, The addition of sand reduces all parameters of consistency. The reduction is slightly affected by the granularity
of the sand. Plasticity is relatively more important when the sand added is finer.
The results obtained showed the effectiveness of sand in the stabilization of expansive soils. The evolution of swelling
with the sand content is similar for all samples tested regardless of the granularity of the sand fraction added or form of its
addition.

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Moreover, the introduction of sand as layers distributed into two different configurations (layer on top of sample and
layer in the middle) showed the effectiveness of these layers in reducing swelling. It was found that the most efficient
distribution in reducing swelling is that of layers of sand placed between two layers of clay compared to the sand layer
placed on top of sample. The latter provides a single contact surface only between the two materials used.
The technique of mixing can provide a better distribution of clay particles in the voids created in the mixture and thus
allows a reduction in the number of bonds between the clay particles by an increase in typical bonds between sand grains
and clay particles .Consequently the volume changes are less important.
In addition to the effects of size and shape of the addition is not noticeable for low levels of sand, con- firming that the
reduction of swelling for these levels is the result of the decrease in the clay fraction.
Finally, the overall analysis of the porosity by ultrasonic pulse propagation showed an increase in the volume of voids
with increasing sand content. This modification in the structure of bentonite treated by sand, made it possible to find a
response to the appeal of the reduction in the swelling of clay by sand addition. It is come out from this study that the
reduction of swelling is the result also of the reduction in the clean density of clay in the mixture.
E. INFLUENCE OF SAND AND FLY ASH ON CLAYEY SOIL STABILIZATION

Rama Chavali, et al, (2014) in their study an attempt was made to assess the effectiveness of clayey soil blended with
Beas sand and fly ash for soil stabilization by studying the subgrade characteristics. It gives solution for proper disposal
of fly ash and also provides good subgrade material for pavement construction. The results show substantial improvement
in compaction and California bearing ratio of composite containing clay, sand and fly ash (70: 30: 10). The swelling
nature of the clay also reduced up to 60% after stabilization. Thus the stabilized composite can be used for construction of
flexible pavements in rural areas with low traffic, and their conclusions are, The maximum dry density of clay-sand mix
improved with the addition of sand up to 30% thereafter it decreased and the optimum moisture content decreased up to
30% sand content thereafter it increased slightly. The maximum dry density of clay-sand-fly ash mix decreased with the
addition of fly ash and optimum moisture content increased. The California bearing ratio of the stabilized clay increased
from 2.47% to 4.56% for soaked CBR and 5.59% to 7.36% for un-soaked CBR. The expansion ratio of the stabilized clay
decreased from 8% to 3.2% i.e., 60% of swelling was decreased with stabilization which can be used as a sub-grade
material for construction of flexible pavements in rural roads with low traffic volume.
V. ANALYSIS OF LABTEST RESULTS
A. GRAIN SIZE ANALYSIS

The following analysis graphs are plotted between sieve size verses percentage fines passing and the percentage of
gravel, sand and fines are tabulated in the following tables.
Table 1. Wet sieve analysis results for Black cotton soil + coarse sand
Black cotton
Gravel (%) Sand (%) Fines (%)
soil
Native 0.82 26.06 73.1
10% 1.7 26.18 72.12
20% 2.24 32.66 65.1
30% 3.66 39.56 56.78
native soil
% fine passing
10% coarse
sand
20% coarse
sand
Sieve size in mm
Fig 1. Grain size distribution curve for Black cotton soil + coarse sand

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Table 2. Wet sieve analysis results for Sandy gravel soil + coarse sand
Sandy gravel
Gravel (%) Sand (%) Fines (%)
soil
Native 21.14 51.76 27.10
10% 15.78 54.1 30.12
20% 12.64 59.44 27.92
30% 13.42 61.42 25.16
Native soil
% fines passing
10% Coarse
sand
20% Coarse
sand
30% Coarse
Sieve size in mm sand
Fig 2. Grain size distribution curve for Sandy gravel soil + coarse sand
Table 3.Wet sieve analysis results for Sandy silty soil + coarse sand
Sandy silty soil Gravel (%) Sand (%) Fines (%)
Native 0.44 60.36 39.2
10% 2.16 63.46 34.38
20% 2.44 67.24 30.32
30% 9.2 60.7 30.1
Native soil
% fines passing
10% Coarse
sand
20% Coarse
sand
30% Coarse
sand
Sieve size in mm
Fig 3. Grain size distribution curve for Sandy silty soil + coarse sand
Table 4.Wet sieve analysis results for Loamy soil + coarse sand
Loamy soil Gravel (%) Sand (%) Fines (%)
Native 5.1 32.94 61.96
10% 3.82 35.88 60.3
20% 2.74 36.96 53.24

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30% 4.82 56.54 38.64
Native soil
% fines passing
10% Coarse
sand
20% Coarse
sand
30% Coarse
sand
Sieve size in mm
Fig 4. Grain size distribution curve for Loamy soil + coarse sand
B. ATTERBERG LIMITS
The following graph is plotted for plastic limit of four soils between number of blows verses moisture content, and the
Liquid limit, Plastic limit and plasticity index values are tabulated in the table 5.
Table 5. Atterberg limits test results for native soils

Type of soil Liquid limit Plastic limit Plasticity index
Black
63.15 28.42 34.73
cotton soil
Sandy
54 25.86 28.14
gravel soil
Sandy silty
29 13.99 15.01
soil
Loamy soil 51 29.24 21.76
Black cotton
soil
Moisture content %
Sandy gravel
soil
Sandy silty
soil
Loamy soil
Number of blows
Fig 5. Number of blows Vs water content for four soils

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C. COMPACTION TEST
In the following analysis the maximum dry density and optimum moisture content results has been tabulated in the
table 6, and the graph is plotted between optimum moisture content verses maximum dry density as shown in fig 6 to 9.
Table 6. Results of OMC and MDD for four type soils

Moisture Percentage stabilizer
Soil
density Native
type 10% 20% 30%
relation soil
Black OMC 17.8 15.4 13.1 10.89
cotton
MDD 1.7 1.86 1.95 1.98
soil
Sandy OMC 10.85 11.19 10.39 8.84
gravel
MDD 2.01 2.04 2.07 2.11
soil
Sandy OMC 11.2 10.21 8.7 8.25
silty
MDD 2.02 2.05 2.12 2.16
soil
Loamy OMC 14 11.6 9.4 8.5
soil MDD 1.9 1.92 1.94 1.99
Dry density (g/cc)
Native soil
10% Coarse
sand
20% Coarse
sand
Moisture content (%)
Fig 6. Graph of OMC verses MDD for Black cotton soil + coarse sand
Native soil
10% Coarse
Dry density (g/cc)
sand
20% Coarse
sand
30% Coarse
Moisture content (%) sand
Fig 7. Graph of OMC verses MDD for Sandy gravel soil + coarse sand

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Native soil
Dry density (g/cc)
10% Coarse
sand
20%Coarse
sand
30% Coarse
Moisture content (%) sand
Fig 8. Graph of OMC verses MDD for Sandy silty soil + coarse sand
Native soil
Dry density (g/cc)
10% Coarse
sand
20% Coarse
sand
30% Coarse
sand
Miosture content (%)
Fig 9. Graph of OMC verses MDD for Loamy soil + coarse sand
D. CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO

The California Bearing Ratio test result analysis has been carried out and the final CBR values are tabulated in table 7,
the graph will be plotted between load verses penetration in fig 10.
Table 7. CBR values for four types of soil with varying percentage of coarse sand
Type of California Bearing Ratio (%)

soil Native soil 10% 20% 30%
Black
1.64 2.05 2.79 4.02
cotton soil
Sandy
7.99 9.47 14.45 21.6
gravel soil
Sandy
4.47 5.14 7.88 8.64
silty soil
Loamy
3.5 4.16 4.92 6.24
soil

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Native soil
Load in kg/cm2
10% Coarse
sand
20% Coarse
sand
30% Coarse
Penetration in mm sand
Fig 10. CBR curve for different percentage of Black cotton soil + coarse sand
Native soil
Load in kg/cm2
10% Coarse
sand
20% Coarse
sand
30% Coarse
sand
Penetration in mm
Fig 11. CBR curve for different percentage of Sandy gravel soil + coarse sand
Native soil
Load in kg/cm2
10% Coarse
sand
20% Coarse
sand
30% Coarse
sand
Penetration in mm
Fig 12. CBR curve for different percentage of Sandy silty soil + coarse sand

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Native soil
Load in kg/cm2
10% Coarse
sand
20% Coarse
sand
30% Coarse
sand
Penetration in mm
Fig 13. CBR curve for different percentage of Loamy soil + coarse sand
VI. PAVEMENT DESIGN AND COST EVEALUATION
A. PAVEMENT DESIGN FOR BLACK COTTON SOIL

Considering a lane from National Highway of 3.5 m width and 1 km length and cumulative traffic of 10 million
standard axels.
Pavement design has carried out according to IRC: 37-2012, Guidelines for the design of flexible pavements.
Table 8. Pavement design for different dosage of Black cotton soil + coarse sand
Native
% of dosage 10% 20% 30%
soil
CBR (%) 1.64 2.05 2.8 4.02
10 10 10 10
Cumulative traffic
msa msa msa msa
Granular
Sub Base 500 460 330 330
(mm)
Granular
270 250 250 250
Base (mm)
Pavement Dense
composition Bituminous
105 100 80 80
Macadam
(mm)
Bituminous
Concrete 40 40 40 40
(mm)
Total Pavement thickness
915 850 780 700
(mm)

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Table 9. Details of Quantities and Rate abstract for native Black cotton soil.
W
id
Dep Rate
Items of Lengt th Quantit Amount
th (Rs/m
work h (m) ( y (m3) 3 (Rs)
(m) )
m
)
Granula
3.
r Sub 1000 0.5 1750 818 14,31,500
5
Base
For
Granula 3.
Nati 1000 0.27 945 981 9,27,045
r Base 5
ve
Dense
soil
Bitumin
3. 0.10
ous 1000 367.5 7836 28,79,730
5 5
Macada
m
Bitumin
ous 3.
1000 0.04 140 9523 13,33,220
Concret 5
e
Grand total 65,71,495/-
Table 10. Details of Quantities and Rate abstract for Black cotton soil + 10% coarse sand
Rat
Len Wi Dep Qua
Items of e Amount
gth dth th ntity
work (Rs/ (Rs)
(m) (m) (m) (m3)
m3)
Granula
100
r Sub 3.5 0.46 1610 818 13,16,980
Blac 0
Base
k
Granula 100
cotto 3.5 0.25 875 981 8,58,375
r Base 0
n soil
Dense
+
Bitumin
10% 100 783
ous 3.5 0.10 350 27,42,600
coars 0 6
Macada
e
m
sand
Bitumin
ous 100 952
3.5 0.04 140 13,33,220
Concret 0 3
e
Grand total 62,51,175/
-

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Rat
Len Wid Dep Quan
Items of e Amount
gth th th tity
work (Rs/ (Rs)
(m) (m) (m) (m3)
m3)
Granula
Blac 100 0.39 1382.
r Sub 3.5 818 11,30,885
k 0 5 5
Base
cotto Granula 100
n soil 3.5 0.25 875 981 8,58,375
r Base 0
+ Dense
20% Bitumino
coars 100 0.09 783
us 3.5 332.5 26,05,470
e 0 5 6
Macada
sand m
Bitumino
100 952
us 3.5 0.04 140 13,33,220
0 3
Concrete
Qu
Items Len Wid De anti Rate
Amount
of gth th pth ty (Rs/
(Rs)
work (m) (m) (m) (m3 m3)
)
Gran
ular 0.3 115
1000 3.5 818 9,44,790
Blac Sub 3 5
k Base
cotto Gran
0.2
n soil ular 1000 3.5 875 981 8,58,375
5
+ Base
30% Dense
coars Bitum
0.0
e inous 1000 3.5 280 7836 21,94,080
8
sand Maca
dam
Bitum
inous 0.0
1000 3.5 140 9523 13,33,220
Concr 4
ete
-

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B. PAVEMENT DESIGN FOR SANDY GRAVEL SOIL
Table 13. Pavement design for different dosage of Sandy gravel soil + coarse sand
Native
% of dosage 10% 20% 30%
soil
CBR (%) 8 9.5 14.5 21.15
10 10 10
Cumulative traffic 10 msa
msa msa msa
Granular
Sub Base 200 200 200 200
(mm)
Granular
250 250 250 250
Base (mm)
Pavement
Dense
compositi
Bituminous
on 60 50 40 40
Macadam
(mm)
Bituminous
(mm)
550 540 530 530
(mm)
Table 14. Details of Quantities and Rate abstract for native Sandy gravel soil
Qu
Items Len Wi Dep anti Rate
Amount
of gth dth th ty (Rs/
(Rs)
work (m) (m) (m) (m3 m3)
)
Gran
ular 100
3.5 0.2 700 818 5,72,600
Sub 0
nativ Base
e Gran
100
Sand ular 3.5 0.25 875 981 8,58,375
0
y Base
grav Dense
el Bitum
100
soil inous 3.5 0.06 210 7836 16,45,560
0
Maca
dam
Bitum
inous 100
3.5 0.04 140 9523 13,33,220
Concr 0
ete
-

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Table 15. Details of Quantities and Rate abstract for Sandy gravel soil + 10% coarse sand
Qu
Len Wi Dep anti Rate
Items Amount
gth dth th ty (Rs/
of work (Rs)
(m) (m) (m) (m3 m3)
)
Granul
100
ar Sub 3.5 0.2 700 818 5,72,600
0
Sandy Base
gravel Granul 100
3.5 0.25 875 981 8,58,375
soil + ar Base 0
10% Dense
coarse Bitumi
100
sand nous 3.5 0.05 175 7836 13,71,300
0
Macad
am
Bitumi
nous 100
3.5 0.04 140 9523 13,33,220
Concre 0
te
Qu
Rat
Len Wi Dep anti
Items e Amount
gth dth th ty
of work (Rs/ (Rs)
(m) (m) (m) (m3
m3)
)
Granul
100
ar Sub 3.5 0.2 700 818 5,72,600
0
Sandy Base
gravel Granul 100
3.5 0.25 875 981 8,58,375
soil + ar Base 0
20% Dense
coarse Bitumi
100 783
sand nous 3.5 0.4 140 10,97,040
0 6
Macad
am
Bitumi
nous 100 952
3.5 0.4 140 13,33,220
Concre 0 3
te

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Qu
Items Amount
gth dth th ty (Rs/
of work (Rs)
(m) (m) (m) (m3 m3)
)
Granul
100
Sand ar Sub 3.5 0.2 700 818 5,72,600
0
y Base
silty Granul 100
3.5 0.25 875 981 8,58,375
soil + ar Base 0
30% Dense
coars Bitumi
100 0.05 192.
e nous 3.5 7836 15,08,430
0 5 5
sand Macad
am
Bitumi
nous 100
3.5 0.04 140 9523 13,33,220
Concre 0
te
C. PAVEMENT DESIGN FOR LOAMY SOIL
Table 5.16 Pavement design for different dosage of Loamy soil + coarse sand
Native
% of dosage 10% 20% 30%
soil
CBR (%) 3.5 4.2 4.9 6.2
10 10 10
msa msa msa
Granular
Sub Base 355 325 305 255
(mm)
Granular
250 250 250 250
Base (mm)
Pavement
Dense
compositi
Bituminous
on 85 75 70 65
Macadam
(mm)
Bituminous
(mm)
Total Pavement
730 690 665 610
thickness (mm)

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Table 5.17 Details of Quantities and Rate abstract for native Loamy soil
Qu
Items Amount
gth dth th ty (Rs/
of work (Rs)
(m) (m) (m) (m3 m3)
)
Granul
100 0.35 124
ar Sub 3.5 818 10,16,365
0 5 2.5
Base
nativ
Granul 100
e 3.5 0.25 875 981 8,58,375
ar Base 0
Loa
Dense
my
Bitumi
soil 100 0.08 297.
nous 3.5 7836 23,31,210
0 5 5
Macad
am
Bitumi
nous 100
3.5 0.04 140 9523 13,33,220
Concre 0
te
Table 5.18 Details of Quantities and Rate abstract for Loamy soil + 10% coarse sand
Qu
Items Amount
gth dth th ty (Rs/
of work (Rs)
(m) (m) (m) (m3 m3)
)
Granul
100 0.32 113
ar Sub 3.5 818 9,30,475
0 5 7.5
Base
Loam
Granul 100
y soil 3.5 0.25 875 981 8,58,375
ar Base 0
+ 10%
Dense
coarse
Bitumi
sand 100 0.07 262.
nous 3.5 7836 20,56,950
0 5 5
Macad
am
Bitumi
nous 100
3.5 0.04 140 9523 13,33,220
Concre 0
te

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Organized by
Qu
Items Amount
gth dth th ty (Rs/
of work (Rs)
(m) (m) (m) (m3 m3)
)
Granul
100 0.30 106
ar Sub 3.5 818 8,73,215
0 5 7.5
Base
Loam
Granul 100
y soil 3.5 0.25 875 981 8,58,375
ar Base 0
+ 20%
Dense
coarse
Bitumi
sand 100
nous 3.5 0.07 245 7836 19,19,820
0
Macad
am
Bitumi
nous 100
3.5 0.04 140 9523 13,33,220
Concre 0
te
Qu
Rat
Len Wi Dep anti
Items e Amount
gth dth th ty
of work (Rs/ (Rs)
(m) (m) (m) (m3
m3)
)
Granul
100 0.25 892.
ar Sub 3.5 818 7,30,065
0 5 5
Base
Loam
Granul 100
y soil 3.5 0.25 875 981 8,58,375
ar Base 0
+ 30%
Dense
coarse
Bitumi
sand 100 0.06 227. 783
nous 3.5 17,82,690
0 5 5 6
Macad
am
Bitumi
nous 100 952
3.5 0.04 140 13,33,220
Concre 0 3
te

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Organized by
D. PAVEMENT DESIGN FOR SANDY SILTY SOIL
Table 21 Pavement design for different dosage of Sandy silty soil + coarse sand
Native
% of dosage 10% 20% 30%
soil
CBR (%) 4.5 5.1 7.9 8.6
10 10 10
msa msa msa
Granular
Sub Base 315 305 210 200
(mm)
Granular
250 250 250 250
Base (mm)
Pavement
Dense
compositi
Bituminous
on 75 70 60 55
Macadam
(mm)
Bituminous
(mm)
680 665 560 545
(mm)
Table 22 Details of Quantities and Rate abstract for native Sandy silty soil
Qu
Items Amount
gth dth th ty (Rs/
of work (Rs)
(m) (m) (m) (m3 m3)
)
Granul
100 0.31 110
ar Sub 3.5 818 9,01,845
0 5 2.5
nativ Base
e Granul 100
3.5 0.25 875 981 8,58,375
Sand ar Base 0
y Dense
silty Bitumi
100 0.07 262.
soil nous 3.5 7836 20,56,950
0 5 5
Macad
am
Bitumi
nous 100
3.5 0.04 140 9523 13,33,220
Concre 0
te

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Table 23 Details of Quantities and Rate abstract for Sandy silty soil + 10% coarse sand
Qu
Items Amount
gth dth th ty (Rs/
of work (Rs)
(m) (m) (m) (m3 m3)
)
San Granul
dy 100 0.30 106
ar Sub 3.5 818 8,73,215
silty 0 5 7.5
Base
soil
Granul 100
+ 3.5 0.25 875 981 8,58,375
ar Base 0
10
Dense
%
Bitumi
coa 100
nous 3.5 0.07 245 7836 19,19,820
rse 0
Macad
san
am
d
Bitumi
nous 100
3.5 0.04 140 9523 13,33,220
Concre 0
te
Qu
Items Amount
gth dth th ty (Rs/
of work (Rs)
(m) (m) (m) (m3 m3)
)
Granul
100
ar Sub 3.5 0.21 735 818 6,01,230
0
Sandy Base
silty Granul 100
3.5 0.25 875 981 8,58,375
soil + ar Base 0
20% Dense
coarse Bitumi
100
sand nous 3.5 0.06 210 7836 16,45,560
0
Macad
am
Bitumi
nous 100
3.5 0.04 140 9523 13,33,220
Concre 0
te

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Organized by
Qu
Items
gth dth th ty (Rs/ Amount (Rs)
of work
(m) (m) (m) (m3 m3)
)
Granul
100
ar Sub 3.5 0.2 700 818 5,72,600
0
Sandy Base
silty Granul 100
3.5 0.25 875 981 8,58,375
soil + ar Base 0
30% Dense
coarse Bitumi
100 0.05 192.
sand nous 3.5 7836 15,08,430
0 5 5
Macad
am
Bitumi
nous 100
3.5 0.04 140 9523 13,33,220
Concre 0
te
VII. DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS
E. NOTE ON STABILIZER
In the present study coarse sand is used as stabilizer, which can be obtained by natural river or lake beds and for using
this as stabilizer only cost is for transportation.
Traditionally river sand used as building construction material. The finer particles passing 2.36 mm sieve is used for
building construction and that off coarser particles retained on 2.36 mm sieve will be discarded and dumped as a waste
material, that waste material can be effectively used in subgrade construction for low bearing capacity soils in pavement
construction.
We can use the coarse sand as a stabilizer for subgrade by taking care of grain size i.e. passing 6 mm and retained on
2.36mm sieve.
F. WET SIEVE ANALYSIS

The gradation obtained for all the four soils after adding stabilizer for different percentages viz 10%, 20% and 30% of
coarse sand, the gradation varied compared to gradation of native soil, as we increased percentage of coarse sand the
content of gravel, sand and fines varied significantly.
For 30% coarse sand blended in Black cotton soil, the percentage of fines has reduced to 23%, and sand content
increased by 34%
For Sandy gravel and Sandy silty soil not much difference in gradation
For 30% coarse sand blended in Loamy soil, the percentage of fines has reduced to 38%, and sand content increased
by 42%
It is concluded that for Black cotton soil and Loamy soil the coarse sand is an effective stabilizer to improve the density
and to reduce water content, it is not as important to treat Sandy gravel soil, and for Sandy silty soil if conditions warrants
treatment then we can think off coarse sand as a stabilizer if it is available locally.

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G. ATTERBERG LIMITS
The Liquid limit and Plastic limit found only for native soils. For blended soil it is not possible to conduct LL & PL
test, because as we used the coarse sand as stabilizer and for consistency test soil should be sieved through 425micron
sieve there is no significance of the test for blended soil.
As granular material is used as stabilizer there is no significance of the liquid limit and plastic limit test, if we used any
fines material viz cement, lime or any chemicals then it has significance with consistency limits .
H. MOISTURE DENSITY RELATION

It clearly shows that from compaction test results there is significant change in MDD and OMC for blended soil with
coarse sand compared to native soil, as we are blending coarse sand to the native soil it densifies the soil and reduces the
water content to achieve maximum dry density.
From table 6, test results for MDD and OMC we can make out the increase in density and reduction in moisture
content.
For native Black cotton soil MDD is 1.7 g/cc, OMC is 17.8% and for 30% coarse sand blending MDD is 1.98 g/cc, OMC
is 10.8%
For native Sandy gravel soil MDD is 2.01 g/cc, OMC is 10.85% and for 30% coarse sand blending MDD is 2.11 g/cc,
OMC is 8.8%
For native Sandy silty soil MDD is 2.02 g/cc, OMC is 11.2% and for 30% coarse sand blending MDD is 2.16 g/cc,
OMC is 8.25%
For native Loamy soil MDD is 1.9 g/cc, OMC is 14% and for 30% coarse sand blending MDD is 1.99 g/cc, OMC is
8.5%
From test results it is concluded that coarse sand is an effective stabilizer for Black cotton soil and for Loamy soil. It
doesn’t have much influence on Sandy gravel and Sandy silty soil
I. CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO

From table 7.it is clear that by adding coarse sand to the selected soils the CBR values has increased significantly.
For native Black cotton soil CBR is 1.64% and for 30% blending of coarse sand CBR is 4.02%, it is increased by 59%
For native Sandy gravel soil CBR is 7.99% and it is enough for good pavement design, even though if we want to
increase CBR value, by blending 20% coarse sand we can achieve CBR of 14.5%
For native Sandy silty soil CBR was 4.5% and by blending 30% coarse sand we can achieve 8.6% CBR
For native Loamy soil CBR was 3.5% and for the same soil if we blend 30% coarse sand we can achieve a CBR of
6.3% and it is a significant increase in CBR value so that we can reduce our pavement thickness.
From test results for CBR, it can be concluded that coarse sand is an significant stabilizer for Black cotton soil and for
Loamy soil if it is available in economic haulage then it proves to be effective in economic considerations. The Sandy
silty soil has also influenced by blending coarse sand and increased in strength. Finally the Sandy gravel soil has not
much influenced by coarse sand.
J. COST EVALUATION
From table 9. it is seen that for native Black cotton soil total cost of construction will be around 65.7 lakh/lane/km, and
that of 30% coarse sand blended soil the cost of construction is 53.3 lakh/lane/km, it can be saved up to 12.4
lakh/lane/km.
From table 14, for native Sandy gravel soil the cost of construction is 44.1 lakh/lane/km and for soil treated with 20%
coarse sand the construction cost is 38.6 lakh/lane/km, we can save around 5.5 lakh/lane/km.
From table 22, for native Sandy silty soil the cost of construction is 51.5 lakh/lane/km and for soil treated with 30%
coarse sand the construction cost is 42.7 lakh/lane/km, we can save around 8.8 lakh/lane/km.
From table 17, for native Loamy soil the cost of construction is 55.4 lakh/lane/km and for soil treated with 30% coarse
sand the construction cost is around 47.04 lakh/lane/km, by that we can save around 8.36 lakh/lane/km.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We are very grateful to all authors in reference section. Their methods, conceptual techniques are very helpful for
ourresearch. AGM of planning department, site engineer, everyone at project shared information and knowledge helped
us to complete our proposed work, and we are very grateful to them.
REFERENCES
[1] Amu Olugbenga Oludolapo, Oluwole Fakunle Bamisaye and Iyiola Akanmu Komolafe, “Lime Stabilization for Lateritic Soil
Samples” Int. J. Pure Appl. Sci. Technol., 2(1) (2011), pp. 29-46
[2] GyanenTakhelmayum, savitha.A.L, Krishna Gudi “ Experimental Studies On Soil Stabilization Using Fine And Coarse GGBS”
International Journal Of Emerging Technology And Advanced Engineering, volume 3, march 2013
[3] Robert M. Brooks “Soil Stabilization With Flyash And Rice Husk Ash” International Journal of Research and Reviews in Applied
Sciences,Volume 1, Issue 3(December 2009)
[4] Oriola, Folagbade, Moses, George “Groundnut Shell Ash Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil” Dept. of Civil Engg., Nigerian
Defense Academy, Kaduna, Nigeria
[5] Chavali Rama Vara Prasad, Dr. R. K. Sharma “Influence of sand and fly ash on clayey soil stabilization” Department of Civil
Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh, India. IOSR-JMCE, pp 36-40
[6] Ogunniyi, S.A. and Oladeji “Geotechnical properties of lateritic soil stabilized with sugarcane straw ash” Department of Civil
Engineering, Nigeria, American Journal Of Scientific And Industrial Research,2011
[7] Bahia Louafi, Ramdane Bahar “SAND: An Additive for Stabilization of Swelling Clay Soils” International Journal of
Geosciences, 2012, 3, pp719-725
[8] Y. Keerthi, P. Divya Kanthi, N. Tejaswi, K. Shyam Chamberlin, B. Satyanarayana “Stabilization of Clayey Soil using Cement
Kiln Waste” International Journal of Advanced Structures and Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 02, 2013
[9] Justyna mrugala “Soil Stabilization with Foamed Bitumen” Kielce university of technology, Dept of civil engg Poland. 2007
[10] IRC 37:2012, “Guidelines for the design of flexible pavements” ,third revision Indian Standards
[11] IS: 2720 (Part 4, 5, 8 &16) “Methods of test for soils” Indian Standards.
[12] Dr.Kadyali.L.R and Dr.Lal.N.B, “Highway Engineering”,5th edition, Khanna Publishers, Delhi, 2010
[13] Khanna.S.K and Justo.C.E.G, “Highway Engineering”,9th edition, Nem Chand and Brothers Publications, Roorkee, India, 2009
[14] Khanna.S.K and Justo.C.E.G, “Highway Materials and Pavement Testing”, 5th edition, Nem Chand and Brothers Publications,
Roorkee, India, 2009.
[15] Punmia B C, Ashok Kumar Jain, Arun Kumar Jain, “Soil mechanics and foundations” 16th edition, Laxmi publication, New
Delhi, India, 2005.
[16] Dutta.B.N, “Estimating and Costing in Civil Engineering” 25th edition, UBS publishers, New Delhi, 2001.
[17] Schedule of Rates 2012-13, PWD & IWTD, Pune circle, Pune.

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ISSN (Online) : 2319 - 8753

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International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology

International Conference on Recent Trends in Engineering and Science (ICRTES 2017)

Soil Stabilization by Coarse Sand for Different

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D. FEATURES AND BENEFITS:

E. THE PRINCIPLES OF STABILIZATION

II. OBJECTIVE OF PRESENT STUDY

III. SCOPE OF PRESENT STUDY

IV. LITERATURE REVIEW

A. LIME STABILIZATION FOR LATERITIC SOIL SAMPLES

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B. SOIL STABILIZATION USING FINE AND COARSE GGBS

C. SOIL STABILIZATION WITH FLYASH AND RICE HUSK ASH

D. SAND: AN ADDITIVE FOR STABILIZATION OF SWELLING CLAY SOILS

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E. INFLUENCE OF SAND AND FLY ASH ON CLAYEY SOIL STABILIZATION

A. GRAIN SIZE ANALYSIS

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Table 5. Atterberg limits test results for native soils

Fig 5. Number of blows Vs water content for four soils

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Table 6. Results of OMC and MDD for four type soils

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D. CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO

Type of California Bearing Ratio (%)

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VI. PAVEMENT DESIGN AND COST EVEALUATION

A. PAVEMENT DESIGN FOR BLACK COTTON SOIL

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