Fundamental Operation of Arithmetic: 1.1 Fraction 1.2 Ratio and Proportion 1.3 Percentage
Fundamental Operation of Arithmetic: 1.1 Fraction 1.2 Ratio and Proportion 1.3 Percentage
Fundamental Operation of Arithmetic: 1.1 Fraction 1.2 Ratio and Proportion 1.3 Percentage
Fundamental Operation
of Arithmetic
1.1 Fraction
1.2 Ratio and Proportion
1.3 Percentage
1.1 FRACTION WHAT IS
FRACTION?
IMPROPER MIXED
Divide N by D as far as possible Multiply the whole number by D,
and express remainder as a proper fraction add N. Place the total over N.
1.1 FRACTION
OPERATION ON FRACTIONS
1. ADDITION & SUBTRACTION
Same Denominators
Just add / minus the numerator
Different Denominators
Find a common denominator, then add / minus and
simplified the answer to the lowest term.
Example: Evaluate the followings; a) 1 + 3 + 6
5 5 5
3 1
b) +
7 5
2 2
c) −
5 3
3 2
d) 2 + 5
4 5
PRACTICE 1
1. Add together : 2. Subtract the following:
2 1 2 1
a) + a) −
3 5 3 4
5 1 3 2
b) + b) −
8 9 4 5
3 2 1 7 1
c) + + c) 5 −3
8 5 3 16 3
2 3 1 3
d) 3 + 4 d) 5 − 2
3 5 3 4
1 1 1 1 3
e) 5 + 4 + 3 e) 7 − 3
2 3 5
2 5
1.1 FRACTION
OPERATION ON FRACTIONS
2. MULTIPLICATION 3. DIVISION
Product of the numerators Invert the divisor and
divide by the product of the change the division sign to
denominators. multiplication.
p r p×r
× = p r p s p× s
q s q×s
÷ = × =
q s q r q× r
Can be simplified if possible
before multiplying.
Mixed fractions have to be
converted into improper
fractions before multiply.
PRACTICE 2
Calculate each of the following:
5 4 1 3
1) × 6)1 ÷
8 7 8 4
5 2 1 1 2
2) ÷ 7) ÷ 1 ×
6 3 4 8 5
1 3 7 2 2
3) × 8) 1 × 2 − 3
4 5 8 5 5
3 5 2 2 1 1
4) 1 × 9) × − +
4 8 5 3 4 2
7 3
5) ÷ 2 1 4
8 4 10) 2 + 1 ÷ 5
3 5 5
1.1 FRACTION
OPERATION ON FRACTIONS
4. POWERS 5. SQUARE ROOTS
Raise both the numerator & Invert the divisor and
the denominator to that change the division sign to
power. a n a n multiplication. a a
= n =
b b b b
Example; 16 = 16 = 4
3
Example; 2 = 23 = 8
5 5 3
125 81 81 9
1.1 FRACTION
OPERATION ON FRACTIONS
6. PRACTICAL APPLICATION
A girl spends 3/4 of her pocket money and has 90cents left. How
much did she have to start with? 3 1
1 − = = 90 cents
4 4
1 = 4 × 90 = 360 cents
∴ The girl had RM 3.60 to start with.
PROPORTION
Comparison of 2 numbers or quantities as quotient.
Represent by x/y or x : y.
Generally reduced to lowest terms like fraction (by
dividing the HCF of the numbers).
Derived from quantities measured in the same units
Its just number, don’t have unit.
Its express the relationship between 2 or more
factors (or numbers)
1.2 RATIO & WHAT IS
RATIO ?
PROPORTION
E.g. Simplify the ratio 200g : 1 kg (different units)
= 200g : 1000g
=1:5
Example: Expressed the following ratio to the lowest
term; a) 78 : 52 =
78 3
=
52 2
5 3
b) : =
8 8
12 8
c) to
13 13
d) 10 cm 2 : 10 mm 2
1.2 RATIO & WHAT IS
PROPORTION ?
PROPORTION
The equality of 2 ratios
E.g. 5 : 2 = 25 : 10
To solve problems dealing with proportion, we use
cross multiplication.
Types of proportion:
1. Direct proportion 2. Inverse proportion
If increase or decrease at the If an increase (decrease) in one
same rate. quantity produces a decrease
E.g. If we buy rice at RM 2 for 2 (increase) in a second quantity
kg, then we expect to pay RM 4 in the same time.
for 4 kg. E.g. 5 men building a wall take
20 days. If 4 men, it will take
only 25 days.
1.2 RATIO & WHAT IS
PROPORTION ?
PROPORTION
Examples:
5 x = 75
1. Find the value of x for 5 : 25 = 3 : x. 5 = 3 ⇒
25 x x = 15
2. If a : b = 5 : 3, find
a. b : a
b. a : (a – b)
c. b : (a + b)
d. (a – b) : (a + b)
1. If a : c = 3 : 4, and a : b = 4 : 5, find b : c
1.3 PERCENTAGE WHAT IS
PERCENTAGE
?
÷ 100% x 100%