MAINCONTENT

UNIT I
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNITY HEALTH

According to World Health Organization Expert Committee, “A community is a social group
having following characteristics –
i. Determined by geographical boundaries

ii. Common values and interests
iii. Its members know and interact with each other
iv. It functions within a particular social structure and exhibits and creates certain norms, values
and social institutions
A EURO symposium in 1966 defined community health as including “all the personal health and
environmental services in any human community, irrespective of whether such services were
public or private ones”.
Community health nursing is a comprehensive branch of nursing which is based on RAIOE i.e.
R - Recognition
A - Assessment
I - Intervention
O - Organization
E - Evaluation
INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING/ PUBLIC

HEALTH NURSE
According to Hafden Mailer (1985), formal director of World Health Organization, “Basic
element of community health nursing is expansion of primary care of health and faith of patients
in nurse”.
According to WHO Expert Committee, “Community health nursing/ Public health nursing
combines the skills of nursing, public health and some phases of social assistance and function as
Heaven Dahiya, M.Sc Nursing

a part of total public health program for the promotion of health, improvement of conditions in
social and physical environment, prevention of illness and disability and rehabilitation”.
According to European Conference on Nursing Administration (1959), “The Nurse most directly
concerned with giving health education and care to individual and family in community”.
CONCEPTS OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING

 Community health nursing identifies the need of holistic care approach.
 Community health nursing support that community based efforts and involvement is essential
for the risk reduction.
 It realizes that health promotion and primary prevention are major activities in community
health nursing practice.
 It supports the entire community as well as individual, families and aggregates is a focus for
community health nursing practice.
 It believes in overall development and well-being of individuals, families, communities and
nation.
OBJECTIVES, SCOPES AND PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNITY HEALTH

NURSING
GOALS AND OBJECTIVES
 To assess the need and priorities of vulnerable group like pregnant mother, children and old
age persons.
 To provide health care services at every level of community.
 To make community diagnosis.
 To evaluate the health programmes and make further plans.
 To prevent disabilities and providing rehabilitation services.
 To provide referral services at various health care levels.
 To increase life expectancy.
 To enhance the standard of nursing profession through –
a. Conducting nursing research
b. Provide quality assurance in community health nursing
c. Performing the role of nurse epidemiologist
SCOPES
 Rural areas and slums of cities

 Special clinics
 Mobile camps
 Health centres
 Schools

 Industrial organizations
 Outdoor patient departments of big hospitals
 Fairs and other places of social functions/ gathering
 Rural and poor urban families etc.
PRINCIPLES
 Health services should be based on the needs of individuals and the community.
 Health services should be suitable to the budget; workers and the resources.
 Family should be recognized as a unit and the health services should be provided to its
members.
 Health services should be equally available to all without any discrimination of age, sex,
caste. Religion, political leaning and social or economic level etc.
 Health education is an important part of community health nursing. It should be preplanned,
suitable to conditions, scientifically true and effective.
 Community health nursing should be provided continuously, without any interruption.
 Preparation and maintenance of records and reports is very important in community health
nursing.
 Community health nurses and other health workers should be guided and supervised by
highly educated and skilled professionals.
 Community health nurse should be responsible for –
a) Responsible for professional development
b) Should continuously receive in-service training and continuing education
c) Should follow professional ethics and standards in her work and behavior
d) Should have job satisfaction
 Must have effective team spirit while working in community.
 Timely evaluation is must for community services.

UNIT II
FAMILY HEALTH SERVICES

Family health services are the central point of health services. It is an important component of
“Health for All” goal. Health of each individual affects the health of other member of family. It
is essential for community health nurse to have a sound knowledge of family. Family health can
be defined as continuing ability to meet defined functions in interaction with other social,
political, economical and health system.
DEFINITION – Family Health Services can be defined as possessing abilities and resources
to accomplish family development tasks. It is a special attention which is given to family
members to promote their health, prevent from health problems and for the welfare of family.
CONCEPTS
 Family is the basic unit of any health care system without family care services, the target of
health services cannot be achieved.
 Family health services acts as a problem solving process in which family health nurse
provides services irrespective of socio economic level of families.
 Comprehensive health care (Preventive, Promotive and Rehabilitative care) can be provided
to community and family through health care services.
 Family planning, Nutrition, Maternal and Child Health and Geriatric Care are important
aspects of family health services.
OBJECTIVES
1) To identify and appraises health problems of family
2) Ensure family’s understanding and acceptance of problem
3) Provide nursing services according to health needs of the family
4) To help to develop competence in members to take care of their family
5) Promote utilization of available resources to maintain all aspects of health of family
6) To provide health education for leading healthy and fruitful life
7) To provide health services to the family members at cost effective level
8) To assist the family member in achieving their health goals
AIMS
 Reducing maternal mortality, morbidity and infant mortality rate
 Spacing birth of children
 Solve problem of malnutrition in family
 Health education

SCOPES
The goals of individual & community’s health and growth in national health level can be
achieved through family health services.
 Reproductive health
 Child health
 Adolescent Health
 Mental health
 Gender issues
 Aging
PRINCIPLES
Establish good professional relationship with family
Knowledge of basic facts e.g. Size, Occupation, Customs, Rituals and Education
standard
Problem identification and priority
Need based support and services to family
Problem discussion with family and possible solution
Encourage family to be self sufficient to fulfill their needs
Health services should be irrespective of Sex, Age, Income, Religion
Participation of family members
INDIVIDUAL, FAMILY AND COMMUNITY AS A UNIT OF SERVICE

 Family is supposed to be the basic biological, cultural and epidemiological unit of society.
Also, Health resources are utilized through family. Hence, family is the basic unit of health
care services
 Health of individual depends on health of family
 Interdependence and interpersonal relationship create awareness about health among family
member
 Family size, structure, income, education, environment affect health standard of family
 In health care needs family plays important role
 Illness of one family member affect total health care of family
 Family play an important role in supporting health care need
 Individuals health problem can be tackled and solved easily through family health care
 Successful family life cycle can be achieved by family health care services
 The goal of community health nursing can be achieved through effective and most available
channel for mobilizing the health needs of the society
FAMILY HEALTH NURSING PROCESS – it is a systematic, problem solving,

logical and deliberate process to help family to develop and strengthen their capabilities to meet
their health needs and to solve their health problems. It facilitates standardized nursing actions to
achieve family health nursing goals and objectives. It is a logical sequence of data collection to
family health care. It consist of 5 phases –
A Delicious Pie
I-
A - Assessment D - Diagnosis P - Planning E - Evaluation
Implementation
i. Assessment: it involves Observation, Nursing history, Consultation Review of Literature,

Interview, Clinical Records, Physical & Psychosocial history
ii. Diagnosis: consist family diagnosis
iii. Planning: it involves establishing priorities, setting goals & objectives and formulating
family health nursing care plan
iv. Implementation: it consists of mobilization of resources facilitating work environment,
implementation and documentation
v. Evaluation: involves summative and formative evaluation of family health nursing care
plan

QUALITIES OF FAMILY HEALTH NURSE
Non
Family Holistic Accepting
judgemental
centered approach different values Self awareness
during
approach (wellness) & beliefs
approach
Able to work in Sensitive Independent &

adverse Flexible towards time Skillful positive
conditions & efforts attitude
Terminate
Able to cope & Able to handle
relationship
manage stress situation
with family
HOME VISITING – can be defined as an evidence based program that include home
visiting as a primary service delivery strategy and is offered on voluntary basis to pregnant
women or children upto 5 years. It also include improved maternal and child health, prevention
of child injuries or maltreatment and reduction emergency department visit, improvement in
family economic, self sufficiency and improvement in the coordination and referral for other
community resources and support.
It is an important activity of community health services. A large part of population is confined to

their homes due to illness and is not able to take advantages of institutional health due to
illiteracy and unemployment, therefore, home health services are provided to community for
their well-being of health.
AIMS
• Protection against diseases
• Providing possible nursing care at home
• Improving the health standard of family
• Monitoring the health problems, diseases and providing follow up treatment
• Assessing health, immunizational and nutritional level of family
• Reducing the IMR and MMR
• Identification of sources of communicable diseases
• Providing health education during home visit

PRINCIPLES OF HOME VISITING
Planned &
Purposeful
Evaluative Regularity
Educative Flexibility
Scientific & Voluntary &

Up-to-date Convenient
Technique
Developing
Relationship
TECHNIQUES OF HOME VISITING
 Introduction yourself and state the cause of your visit

 Develop good interpersonal relationship and try to win the confidence of the family
 Motivate the individual to explore their problems
 Maintain confidentiality
 Don’t criticize habits, culture and tradition of the family. Without criticizing, take rectifying
measures if necessary.
 Do not scold the family members for not following the advices
 Home visiting should be planned according to the domestic conditions
 Observe the following while communicating –
i. Physical and ecological environment
ii. Health level of pregnant mother and infant
iii. Health level of children below 5 years and their immunization
iv. Any sign of malnutrition in family
v. Their way of living, cleanliness and personal hygiene
 Provide follow up treatment
 Provide health education to family members

ESTABLISHING WORKING RELATIONSHIP WITH THE FAMILY
− To develop an effective working relationship with the family, the community health nurse
should focus on the following objectives –
 To collect complete information about the family & their environment, family health
needs and available resources
 To provide comprehensive nursing services to the family
 To encourage family to become independent in taking care of their health
 To remove all those shortcomings of cleanliness, which can cause the illness or death
− Home visits help in establishing good relationship between nurse and family members, in
understanding the problems and collecting the facts.
− It also increases the faith of community in nursing and health services. So, the community
health nurse should make optimum use of her/ his complete knowledge, positive attitude and
professional skills in home visits.
− Home visit should be planned and conducted as per the requirement of the community.
− A Community health nurse should categorize her/ his area then visit the selected units. There
should be definite aim of home visit i.e. is to conduct survey, statistics collection, maternal
and child health services and nursing services at home.
− Class session should be pre-planned to increase active participation of family in home
nursing.
WORKING WITH FAMILIES IN RELATION TO PREVENTION OF

DISEASE, PROMOTION OF HEALTH
 According to Florence Nightingale, “the secret of national health lies in the homes of the
people”.
 Family act as a focal point of health care as it is the right place for integrating preventive,
promotive and curative services.
 Family health services consider family as a unit which starts from first contact to the ongoing
care of chronic problems (from prevention to rehabilitation).
 The family health services are designed to delivery “primary care” to the family.
 Health behavior of family members can be modified through health education during
implementation family health services.
 Family health services create awareness about interdependency and health among family
members.

CARE OF THE SICK IN THE HOME, PHYSICALLY HANDICAPPED
AND MENTALLY CHALLENGED
CARE OF SICK AT HOME
 Sick person should be placed in a room separated from the common areas of the house
 The door of the sick person’s room should be kept closed if possible to limit the visits
 The mouth of the sick person should be covered while coughing and sneezing and should
wash their hands with soap and water
 Always wear face mask to the sick person
 One family member should be there to provide assistance to the sick person
 Avoid sharing of utensils, clothes etc. of the sick person
 Maintain quiet and calm room with adequate lightening and proper ventilation to the sick
person
 Discard the disposable items used by the sick person
 Maintain personal hygiene of the sick person and of his/ her surroundings
 Provide plenty of fluids
 A sick person should be bathed or washed with sponge/ cotton cloth with luke warm water
everyday
 Provide a small & frequent diet (according to disease condition) to the sick person and
encourage him/ her to drink plenty of sweetened drinks especially he/ she will not eat much
 Maintain Input Output charting
 Frequent changing of position to prevent pressure ulcer
 In case of emergency, seek medical help
CARE OF PHYSICALLY HANDICAPPED
 Prevention of disability at all level of care

 Early identification of risk factors and impairment/ disability
 Assessment of extend of handicap
 Assessment of activities of daily living (ADL’s)
 Help to achieve the activities of daily living
 Referral to specialist of consulting discipline, seeking advice
 Coordination between the efforts and team members, NGO’s and agencies
 IEC activities for handicap
 Prevention for contractures and complications
 Arrangement for helping device, aids and minor repairment
 Check for further complications
 Keen observation over any sign of pressure sore
 Rehabilitation – physical, social, mental, psychosocial and vocational

 Nursing research for care of handicap
CARE OF MENTALLY CHALLENGED
 Assessing the extend of problem, informing the reality to relatives

 Innovative teaching methodology for providing special education for mentally challenged
 Psychotherapeutic intervention as when needed
 Strengthen the family system of mentally challenged person
 Taking the help of NGO’s, Voluntary agencies in care of mentally challenged patients
 Creating a positive attitude in the society towards mentally challenged persons
 Loving tender care at all levels of health system
 Proper rehabilitation according to individual need, including vocational rehabilitation of
mentally challenged
 Full participation of community people in mental health programme to make society aware
about prevention of mental illness
SURVEILLANCE AND MONITORING

SURVEILLANCE
Surveillance has been as “the continous scrutiny of the factors that determine the occurrence and
distribution of disease and other conditions of ill health”
Or
“The continous scrutiny of all aspects of occurrence and spread of disease that are pertinent to
effective control”
 Surveillance is essential for effective control and prevention, and includes the collection,
analysis, interpretation and distribution of relevant data for action.
 It connotes exercise of continous scrutiny of health indices, nutritional status, environmental
hazards, health practices and other factors that may affect health.
 Surveillance, if properly pursued, can provide the health agencies with an overall intelligence
and disease-accounting capability.
 It is an essential prerequisite to the rational design and evaluation of any disease control
programme.
 It requires professional analysis and sophisticated judgement of data leading to
recommendations for control activities.

OBJECTIVES OF SURVEILLANCE
 Prevention
 To detect changes in trend or distribution in order to initiate investigative or control measures
 To provide feedback which may be expected to modify the policy and the system itself and
lead to redefinition of objectives
 Provide timely warning of public health disasters so that interventions can be mobilized
MONITORING
Monitoring is “the performance and analysis of routine measurements aimed at detecting

changes in the environment or health status of population”.
 Monitoring is the day-to-day follow-up of activities during their implementation to ensure

that they are proceeding as planned and are on schedule.
 It refers to on-going measurement of performance of a health service or a health professional,
or of the extent to which patients comply with or adhere to advice from health professionals.
 It becomes one more specific and essential part of the broader concept embraced by
surveillance.
 It requires careful planning and the use of standardized procedures and methods of data
collection, and can then be carried out over extended periods of time by technicians and
automated instrumentation.
 It is a continous process of observing, recording and reporting on the activities of the
organization or project.
 It consists of keeping track of the course of activities and identifying deviations and taking
corrective action if excessive deviations occur.

UNIT III
ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION OF HEALTH SERVICES IN

INDIA
HEALTH ORGANIZATION IN INDIA
1. CENTRAL LEVEL
2. STATE LEVEL
3. PERIPHERAL LEVEL
1. AT THE CENTRAL LEVEL:

 The Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
 Directorate General of Health Services
 Central Council of Health and Family Welfare
 The Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare

Central List - International Health
 Port Health Research
 Technical & Scientific Education
 Functions of Union Ministry of Health & Family Welfare
1. Union List
o International health relations; administration of port quarantine
o Administration of central institutes
o Promotion of research through research centers
o Regulation of medical, pharmaceutical, dental and nursing professions
o Establishment of drug standards
o Census and collection & publication of other statistical data
o Coordination with other states for promotion of health
o Regulating labor in mines and oil mines
o Immigration & emigration
2. Concurrent List
o Prevention of extension of communicable diseases from one unit to another
o Prevention of adulteration of food
o Control drugs and poisons
o Population control and family planning
o Economic and social planning
o Administration of ports other than major
o Labor welfare
 Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS)
 Functions of Directorate General of Health Services
 General Functions
 Surveys
 Planning
 Coordination

 Programming
 Appraisal of all health matters
 Specific Functions
 International Health relations
 Control of drug standards
 Medical store depots
 Postgraduate training
 Medical education
 Medical research
 Central Government Health Schemes.
 National Health programmes.
 Central Health Education Bureau.
 Health intelligence
 The Central Council of Health and Family Welfare - The central council of health was set
up by the presidential order on 9th August 1952 under article 263 of the constitution of India
for promoting coordinated and concerted action between the center and the state for the
implementation of all the programmes and measures pirating to the health of the nation. The
Union Health minister is the chairman and the State Health ministers are the members.
 Functions of Central Council of Health and Family Welfare
a) To consider and recommend broad outlines of policy in regard to matters of health such
as,
i. Provision of remedial and preventive care.
ii. Environment Hygiene.
iii. Nutrition.
iv. Health education and
v. Promotion of facilities for training and research.
b) To make proposals for legislation in fields of medical and public health matters and to lie
down.
c) To make recommendations to the central government regarding the health.
d) To established any organization with appropriate functions for promoting and maintain
cooperation between central and state health administrations.
2. AT THE STATE LEVEL
 History: This started from year1919, when the states (then known as provinces) obtained
autonomy, from the central government, in matters of public health. This was the first
milestone in state health organization. By 1921-22 all the states had created some form of
public health organization.
 The State List - The government of India act, 1935 gave further autonomy to the states. The
health subjects were divided into three lists under the 7th schedule of the India constitution.
They are:
 The Union list

 The State list
 The Concurrent list
 Functions under State List
 Public health sanitations , hospitals and dispensaries

 Local government, that is, the constitutions and powers of municipal corporations,
district boards .mining settlement, authorities for the purpose of local self government of
village administration.
 Intoxicating liquors that is production, manufacture, possession, transport, purchase and
sale of intoxicating liquors.
 Relief of the disabled and unemployable.
 Burials and burial grounds, cremation grounds.
 Markets and fairs.
 STATE HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
 State Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
 State Health Directorate and Family Welfare
 State Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
o Headed - Cabinet minister and deputy minister. (Political head)
o Responsibility - formulating policies
 Monitoring the implementation of these policies and programmes.
 The Health secretariat : Is the official organ of the state ministry of health
 Major function of the secretariat includes -
i. Formulation, review and modification of board policy outlines
ii. Execution of policies programs etc.
iii. Coordination with government of India and other state governments
iv. Control for smooth and efficient functioning of administrative machinery
 State Health Directorate and Family Welfare
o Principle advisor in matters relating to medicine and public health
o Assisted by joint director, regional joint director and assistant directors.
o Functions of State Health Directorate
i. Providing curative and preventive services
ii. Provision for control of milk and food sanitation
iii. Assumes for total responsibility for taking all steps in the prevention of any
outbreak of communicable diseases especially during festivals and special seasons
iv. Establishment and maintenance of central laboratories for preparation of vaccines,
etc
v. Promotion of health education
vi. Collection, tabulation and publication of vital statistics
vii. Apart from governmental actions it will be organized by State Nursing Councils
and Universities. Functions of University are - organize the courses, plan for the

examinations, setting question papers, planning the examination date & plan the
curriculum
3. AT THE DISTRICT LEVEL

Principal unit of administration in India

District health organization identifies and provide the needs of expanding rural
health and family welfare programme
 Within each district again, there are 6 types of administrative areas
 No uniform model of district health organization
 DISTRICT HEALTH ORGANIZATION
 Most districts in India are divided into two or more sub-division (in charge is assistant
collector or sub-collector).
 Each division is again divided into tehsils (taluks), in charge is a Tehsildar.
 A tehsil usually comprises between 200 to 600 villages.
 PANCHAYATI RAJ - The Panchayati Raj us a 3-tier structure of rural local self-
government in India, linking the village to the district. The 3 institutions are:
 Panchayat - at the village level

 Panchayat Samiti – at the block level
 Zila Parishad - at the district level
 AT THE VILLAGE LEVEL - This consists of:

 The Gram Sabha
 The Gram Panchayat

 The Nyaya Panchayat
 The Gram Sabha - It is comprised of all the adult men and women of the village. This
body meets at least twice in a year and discusses important issues. They elect members of
panchayat.
 The Gram Panchayat - Consists of 15-30 elected members
 Covers the population of 5000 to 20000.
 Chaired by the president i.e. Sarpanch/ Mukhya/ Sabhapati
 There is a vice- president and a secretary.
 Responsible for overall planning and development of the villages.
 The panchayat secretary has been given powers to functions for wide areas such as
maintenance of sanitation and public health, socio-economic development of the
villages etc.
 The Nyaya Panchayat
It is comprised of 5 members from the panchayat. It tries to solve the dispute between
two parties/ groups/ individuals over certain matters on mutual consent.
 AT THE BLOCK LEVEL: Is known as Panchayat Samiti.
 Members of panchayat samiti are:
o Sarpanches from all the gram panchayats in the block
o MLAs and MPs residing in the area
o Representative of women, schedule castes, schedule tribes and cooperative
societies.
 The funds for the development activities are processed through panchayat samiti.
 The block development officer is the ex-officio secretary of the panchayat samiti.
 The panchayat samiti is responsible for the block developmental activities under the
community development programme.
 AT THE DISTRICT LEVEL
 The panchayati raj institution at the district level is known as Zila Parishad.
 Is headed by the chairman also known as Adhikashak.
 It includes the following members:
o The heads of all the gram samities in the district, MLA and MPs from the district,
o Representatives of women, SC/ST, 2 persons who have experience in
administration, rural development officer etc.
PLANNING AND ORGANIZING NURSING SERVICES AT VARIOUS LEVELS:

NATIONAL, STATE AND DISTRICT
PLACEMENT OF NURSES IN THE HEALTHCARE ORGANIZATION
 A high power committee on nursing and nursing profession was set up by the Government of
India in July 1987 under the chairmanship of Smt. Sarojini Vasadapan, an eminent social
worker and former chairperson of Central Social Welfare Board with Smt. Rajkumari Sood,

Nursing Advisor to Government of India, as the member secretary. The terms of reference of
the committee were as follows:
a. Looking into the existing working conditions of nurses with particular reference to the status
of the nursing care services both in rural and urban areas.
b. To study and recommend the staffing norms necessary for providing adequate nursing
personnel to give the best possible care, both in the hospitals and community.
c. To look into the training of all categories and levels of nursing, midwifery personnel to meet
the nursing manpower needs at all levels of health service and education.
d. To study and clarify the role of nursing personnel in the healthcare delivery system including
their interaction with other members of the health team at every level of health services
management.
e. To examine the need for organization of the nursing services at the national, state, district, and
lower levels with particular reference to the need for planning and implementing the
comprehensive nursing care services with the overall healthcare system of the country at their
respective levels.
f. To look into all other aspects which the committee may consider relevant with reference to
their terms of reference.
g. While considering the various issues under the above norms of reference, the committee will
hold consultations with the state governments.
The findings of this committee give a grim picture of the existing working condition of nurses,
staffing norms for providing adequate nursing personnel, education of nursing personnel to meet
the nursing manpower needs at all levels and the role of nursing personnel in the healthcare
delivery system. Their recommendations on the organization of nursing services at central, state
and district levels and the norms of nursing service and education are given below:

PLACEMENT OF NURSES AT THE CENTRAL, STATE AND DISTRICT LEVEL
DGHS
ADDL.DDG ADDL.DDG ADDL. DDG

(Public Health) (Nursing) (Medical)
ADG ADG ADG
(Community Nursing (Nursing Education & (Hospital Nursing

Services) Research) Services)
District Public Health Nurse Officer Principal Nursing Superintendent D

I
S
PHN Supervisor Vice-Principal Deputy Nursing Superintendent T
R
I
Public Health Nurse Lecturer/ Senior Tutor Assistant Nursing Superintendent C
T
L
Lady Health Visitor Tutor Ward Sister
E
V
E
ANM Clinical Instructor Staff Nurse L
At Central level – Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS) and Additional Deputy
Directorate General of Health Services (ADDL. DDG)
At State level – Assistant Directorate General of Health Services (ADG) (Nursing Services) in
Community, Education and Hospital settings

NATIONAL HEALTH POLICY - 2000
 The Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, evolved a National Health
Policy in 1983 keeping in view the national commitment to attain the goal of Health for All
by the year 2000.
MAIN OBJECTIVES
i. To achieve and acceptable standard of good health among the general population of the
country
ii. The approach would be increase access to decentralize public health system by establishing
new infrastructure in the existing institutes
iii. Ensure equitable access to health services across the social and geographical expanse of the
country
iv. Primacy will be given to preventive and first line curative initiatives at primary health level
v. Focus on those diseases which are principally contributing to disease burden such as TB,
HIV/AIDS, Malaria, Blindness etc
vi. Emphasis will be laid on rational use of drugs within the allopathic system
GOALS BY THE YEAR TO BE ACHIEVED
i. Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis 2015

ii. Eliminate Kala – Azar 2010
iii. Eliminate malaria and vector and water borne diseases 2010
iv. Reduce prevalence of blindness to 0.5% 2010
v. Reduce IMR to 30/1000 and MMR to 100/1 Lakh 2010
vi. Increase utilization of public health facilities
from current level of <20 % to > 75 % 2010
vii. Increase health expenditure by government as a % of GDP
from the existing 0.9 % to 2 % 2010
viii. Increase share of central grants to constitute at least 25% of
total health spending 2010
ix. Further increase to 8 % of the budget 2010
x. Achieve zero level growth of HIV/ AIDS 2007
xi. Eradicate Polio & Yaws 2005
xii. Eliminate Leprosy 2005
xiii. Establish an integrated system of surveillance, National health
accounts & Health statistics 2005
xiv. Increase state sector health spending from 5.5 % to 7 % of the budget 2005

HEALTH CARE DELIVERY SYSTEM IN INDIA
DEFINITION – According to World Health Organization, “Health Care Delivery System is an
integrated care containing promotive, preventive and curative elements that bear the longitudinal
association with an individual, extending from womb to tomb, and continuing in the state of
health as well as disease.”
 MODEL OF HEALTH CARE SYSTEM
INPUTS HEALTH CARE HEALTH CARE OUTPUTS

SERVICES SYSTEM
Health
Status or
Health
Problems Public Changes
Curative Private in
Preventive Voluntary Health
Promotive Indigenous Status
Resources
Health Status or Health Problems – an assessment of the health status and health problems is
the first requisite for any planned effort to develop health care services. This is also known as
Community Diagnosis. The data required for analyzing the health situation and for defining the
health problems comprise the following:
i. Morbidity and mortality statistics

ii. Demographic conditions of the population
iii. Environmental conditions which have a bearing on health
iv. Socio-economic factors which have a direct effect on health
v. Cultural background, attitudes, beliefs and practices which affect health
vi. Medical and health services available
vii. Other services available

Health Problems of India
INDIRECTLY RELATED TO
DIRECTLY AFFECTING HEALTH
HEALTH
Diseases
Environment • Communicable
• Non Communicable
• New emerging
Fertility
Education • Population
• Growth rate
• Total Fertility
Nutrition
Empowerment • Malnutrition
• Obesity
Resources – the basic resources for providing health care are:
Health Manpower Money and Material Time
Health Care Services

 The purpose of health care services is to improve the health status of the population.
 The goals to be achieved have been fixed in terms of mortality and morbidity reduction,
increase in expectation of life, decrease in population growth rate, improvements in
nutritional status, provision of basic sanitation, health manpower requirements and resources
development and certain other parameters such as food production, literacy rate, reduced
level of poverty etc.
 The health care services should be :
i. Comprehensive
ii. Accessible
iii. Acceptable
iv. Provide scope for community participation
v. Available at a cost community and country can afford
Health Care Systems
 The health care system is intended to deliver the health care services.

 It constitutes the management sector and involves organizational matters.
 It operates in the context of the socioeconomic and political framework of the country.
 In India, the health care system is represented by five major sectors/ agencies:
Public Health
Sector
National
Health Private Sector
Programmes
Voluntary Indigeneous
Health System of
Agencies Medicine
Public Health Sector – consists of:
a) Primary Health Care – involves Primary Health Centres and Sub Centres
b) Hospitals/ Health Centres – involves Community Health Centres, Rural Hospitals, District
Hospitals/ Health Centres, Specialist Hospitals and Teaching Hospitals
c) Health Insurance Schemes – involves Employee State Insurance, Central Government Health
Scheme
d) Other Agencies – involves Defence services and Railways
Private Sector – consists of:
a) Private hospitals, polyclinics, nursing homes and dispensaries

b) General practitioners and clinics
Indigenous System of Medicine – consists of AYUSH and Unregistered practitioners
HEALTH CARE DELIVERY SYSTEM
 In 1977, the Government of India launched a Rural Health Scheme based on the principle of
“placing people’s health in people’s hands”.
 It is three tier system of health care delivery in rural areas based on the recommendations of
the Shrivastav Committee in 1975.
 Keeping in view the WHO goal of “Health for All” by 2000, the Government of India
evolved a National Health Policy based on primary health care approach in 1983.

 Further development of rural health infrastructure took place in view to implement National
Health Policy, national Population Policy and more recently National Health Mission with
formulation of Indian Public Health Standards.
Village Level – one of the basic tenets of primary health care is universal coverage and equitable
distribution of health resources i.e. health care must penetrate into the farthest reaches of rural
areas and everyone should have access to them. To implement this policy at village level, the
following schemes are in operation:
a. Village Health Guides Scheme

b. Training of Local Dais
c. ICDS Scheme
d. ASHA Scheme
a. Village Health Guides Scheme
 The Village Health Guides Scheme was introduced in 1977 with the idea of securing
people’s participation in the care of their own health.
 The Village Health Guide serves as link between the community and the government
infrastructure.
 They provide the first contact between the individual and the health system.
 The guidelines for the selection of Village Health Guide:
1. They should be permanent residents of the local community, preferably women
2. They should be able to read and write, having minimum formal education at least up to
the VI standard
3. They should be acceptable to all sections of the community
4. They should be able to spare at least 2 to 3 hours every day for community health work
 After selection, the Health Guides undergo a short training of 3 months in primary health
care.
 The duties assigned to health guides include treatment of simple ailments and activities in
first aid, maternal and child health including family planning, health education and
sanitation.
 The national target is to achieve one Health Guide for each village or 1000 rural population.
b. Training of Local Dais
 An extensive programme has been undertaken, under the Rural Health Scheme, to train all
categories of local dais (Traditional Birth Attendants) for 30 working days in the country to
improve their knowledge in the elementary concepts of maternal and child health and
sterilization, besides obstetric skills.

 Training is given at PHC/ Sub Centre or MCH centre for 2 days in a week and on the
remaining four days they accompany the health workers to the villages preferably in the dai’s
own area.
 During the training period, each dai is required to conduct at least 2 deliveries under the
guidance and supervision of the health workers.
 The emphasis during training is on asepsis so that home deliveries are conducted under safe
hygienic conditions thereby reducing the maternal and infant mortality.
 After successful completion of training, each dai is provided with a delivery kit and a
certificate.
 The national target is to train one local dai in each village.
c. ICDS Scheme
 Under the Integrated Child Development Scheme, there is an Anganwadi worker for a
population of 1000.
 The Anganwadi worker is selected from the community she is expected to serve.
 The Anganwadi worker undergoes training in various aspects of health, nutrition and child
development for 4 months.
 The services rendered by Anganwadi worker include maintenance of growth chart,
immunization, supplementary nutrition, health education, non-formal preschool education
and referral services.
 The beneficiaries are especially nursing mothers, pregnant women, other women (15-45
years), children below the age of 6 years and adolescent girls.
d. ASHA Scheme
 The main aim of National Rural Health Mission is to provide accessible, affordable,
accountable, effective and reliable primary health care and bridging the gap in rural health
care through creation of a cadre of Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA).
 The guidelines for the selection of ASHA:
1) must be resident of the village
2) a woman (married/ widow/ divorced) preferably in the age group of 25 to 45 years with
formal education upto 8th standard, having communication skills and leadership
qualities.
 The general norm of selection will be one ASHA for 1000 population.
Responsibilities of ASHA Worker – The ASHA will be a health activist in the community who
will create awareness on health.

Create awareness and provide information to the community on determinants of health
Counsel women on birth preparedness, importance of safe delivery, breast feeding &
complementary feeding , contraception & prevention of sexually transmitted diseases/
reproductive tract diseases and care of the young child
Mobilize the community in accessing health and health related services available at
anganwadi/ sub centre/ PHC
Work with the village health and sanitation committee of the gram panchayat to
develop a comprehensive village health plan
Accompany preganat women and children requiring treatment/ admission to the
nearest pre-identified health facility
Provide primary medical care for minor aiilments
Provider of DOTS under Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme
Act as a depot holder for essential provisions being made available to every habitat
like folic acid tablet, oral rehydration therapy etc.
Inform about the births and deaths and any unusual health problems/ disease outbreaks
in the community to the sub centre/ PHC
Promote construction of household toilets under total sanitation campaign
Sub Centre Level
 The Sub-Centre is the peripheral outpost of the existing health delivery system in rural areas.
 Most peripheral and first contact point between the primary health care system and the
community.
 Manned by at least one ANM / Female Health Worker and one Male Health Worker.
 Under NRHM, one additional second ANM on contract basis.
 Provide services in relation to maternal and child health, family welfare, nutrition,
immunization and control of communicable diseases.
 Ministry of Health & Family Welfare is providing 100% Central assistance to all the Sub-
Centre’s.
Centre Plain Area Hilly / Tribal / Difficult Area

Community Health Centre 1,20,000 80,000
Primary Health Centre 30,000 20,000
Sub-Centre 5,000 3,000

 According to Indian Public Health Standards for Sub-Centres, the following services are
being prescribed to provide basic promotive, preventive and few curative primary health care
services to the community and achieve an acceptable standard of quality of care:
Maternal Health Care
Child Health Care
Family Planning and Contraception
Counseling and appropriate referral for Safe Abortion Service
Adolescent Health Care
Assistance to School Health Services
Water Quality Monitroing
Promotion of sanitation including use of toilet and appropriate garbage disposal
Field visits by appropriate health workers for disease surveillance & family welfare
services
Community need assessment
Curative services for minor ailments
Training of traditional birth attendants and ASHA/ community health volunteers
Co-ordinate services of anganwadi workers, ASHA, village health and sanitation
committee etc.
National Health Programmes
Primary Health Centre Level

 Primary Health Care – The Alma-Ata Conference defined “Primary Health Care is essential
health care made universally accessible to individuals and acceptable to them, through their
full participation and at a cost the community and the country can afford”.
 ELEMENTS OF PRIMARY HEALTH CARE
Health Education
Nutrition
Water and Sanitation
Maternal and Child Health
Immunization
Prevention of Endemic Diseases
Treatment
Drug Availability

PRINCIPLES OF PRIMARY HEALTH CARE
Equitable Community Appropriate Focus on Mutlisectoral

Distribution Participation Technology Prevention Coordination
 The Bhore Committee in 1946 gave the concept of primary health centre as a basic health
unit, to provide an integrated curative and preventive health care to the rural population with
emphasis on preventive and promotive aspects of health care.
 The National Health Plan (1983) proposed reorganization of primary health centres on the
basis of one PHC for every 30,0000 rural population in the plains, and one PHC for every
20,000 population in hilly, tribal and backward areas for more effective coverage.
 First contact point between village community and the Medical Officer.
 Established and maintained by the State Governments under the Minimum Need Programme.
 Manned by a Medical Officer supported by 14 paramedical and other staff.
 NRHM – two additional Staff Nurses at PHCs (contractual).
 It acts as a referral unit for 6 Sub Centre’s and has 4 – 6 Beds for patients.
According to Indian Public Health Standards for PHCs, the objectives for PHCs are:
i. To provide comprehensive primary health care to the community through the Primary
Health Centres.
ii. To achieve and maintain an acceptable standard of quality of care.
iii. To make the services more responsive and sensitive to the needs of the community.

According to Indian Public Health Standards for Public Health Centres, the following services
are being prescribed to provide basic promotive, preventive and curative primary health care
services to the community and achieve an acceptable standard of quality of care:
Medical Care
Maternal and Child Health Care
Family Planning and Contraception
Counseling and appropriate referral for Safe Abortion Service
Adolescent Health Care
Assistance to School Health Services
Water Quality Monitroing
Promotion of sanitation including use of toilet and appropriate garbage disposal
Field visits by appropriate health workers for disease surveillance & family welfare
services
Community need assessment
Curative services for minor ailments
Training of traditional birth attendants and ASHA/ community health volunteers
Co-ordinate services of anganwadi workers, ASHA, village health and sanitation
committee etc.
National Health Programmes
Collection and reporting of vital events
Basic Laboratory Services
Monitoring and Supervision
Selected Surgical Procedures
Mainstreaming of AYUSH
Community Health Centre Level

 Established and maintained by the State Government under Minimum Need Programme.
 Each CHC covers a population of 80,000 to 1.20 lakh.
 As per minimum norms, a CHC is required to be manned by four Medical Specialists i.e.
Surgeon, Physician, Gynecologist and Pediatrician supported by 21 paramedical and other
staff.
 It has 30 in-door beds with one OT, X-ray, Labor Room and Laboratory facilities.

 It serves as a referral centre for 4 PHCs and also provides facilities for obstetric care and
specialist consultations.
 According to Indian Public Health Standards for CHCs, the following services are being
prescribed to provide optimal expert care to the community and achieve an acceptable
standard of quality of care:
Care of routine and emergency cases in surgery

Care of routine and emergency cases in medicine
24-hour delivery services including normal and assisted deliveries
Essential and emergency obstetric care
Full range of family planning services
Safe abortion service
Newborn care
Routine and emergency care of sick children
Other management including nasal packing, tracheostomy etc.
National health programmes
Blood storage facility
Essential laboratory services
Referral (transport) services
HEALTH TEAM CONCEPT

DEFINITION – Health Team has been defined as “a group of persons who share a common
health goal and common objectives, determined by community needs and toward the
achievement of which each member of the team contributes in accordance with his / her
competence and skills and respecting the functions of the other”.
Or
Health team is a group of people working together for common goal in order to provide
preventive, promotive, curative, rehabilitative, restorative services to the individual, family and
community.
 The health team concept has taken a firm root in the delivery of health services both in the
developing and developed countries.
 The health team approach aims to produce the right ‘mix” of health personnel for providing
full health coverage of the entire population.

 The auxiliary is an essential member of the team.
 The team must have a leader. The leader should be able to evaluate the team adequately and
should know the motivations of each member in order to stimulate and enhance their
potentialities.
CHARACTERISTICS OF EFFECTIVE HEALTH TEAM
Proper leadership and confidence in the leader

Clarity of health targets
Full knowledge of objectives among th health team
High but achievable and measurable objectives
Clear knowledge of work and role
Team should relate welfare and profeesional progress
Maximum utilization of skill and knowledge of members
Members should be qualified enough to achieve objectives
Clear open and effective communication
Clear definition of priorities
Cooperation and coordination among members
Resloves conflicts and problems by team problem solving techniques
Having a time table/ schedule
Evaluation of results from time to time
FUNCTIONS OF HEALTH TEAM
 Maternal and child health activities

 Family planning
 Medical termination of pregnancy
 Nutrition
 Prevention and control of communicable and non-communicable diseases
 Dai training
 Registration of vital events
 Maintenance of records
 Provision of primary medical records
 Team activities
 To conduct survey
 Organization and implementation of immunization programme
 Identification of reports about communicable diseases

To provide control services
Follow up/ referrals
Guiding the health workers for planning programmes
Conducting group meetings
 Organization of health programmes
Supervision and guidance
Team work
Supplies, equipment and maintenance
Training and supervision
Primary medical care
Continuing education
Cooperate activities within the team members and village persons
Home visiting
Administration in primary and sub centres and districts levels.
Education
 Orientation
 In-service education
 Dai training
 Training of student nurses
 Team will work together for achieving their objectives
 Records and reports
 Provision of school health services
 Educates about environmental sanitation
 Encourages in community involvement and decision making
 Conducting laboratory investigations and procedures

− ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF NURSING PERSONNEL IN
HOSPITAL, COMMUNITY AND EDUCATIONAL SETTINGS
ORGANIZATION OF NURSING SERVICES IN HOSPITAL SETTINGS
Chief Nursing Officer
Nursing Superintendent
Deputy Nursing Superintendent
Assistant Nursing Superintendent
Ward Sister
Staff Nurse
CHIEF NURSING OFFICER
A CNO is the head of the nursing department & in-charge of developing programs, policies and
procedures to ensure high quality patient care. She is accountable for creating a nursing
environment, which is based on excellent clinical care services, education & supported by
research knowledge & evidence based practices. The duty of the CNO is to work towards the
constant enhancement & advancement of the Nursing profession within the organization. Chief
Nursing Officer 1:500 beds.
Educational Qualifications and Experience
1. General – as prescribed for staff nurse

2. Professionals – M. Sc. Nursing or equivalent Master degree in Nursing recognized by INC
Or
B. Sc. or equivalent degree in Nursing recognized by INC
3. Registration – registered with State Nursing Council
4. Experience – should have minimum 15 years experience in nursing service of which 5 years
in administration and education / as Assistant Director of Nursing or 3 years as a Director of
Nursing
5. Standard norms – as per Indian Nursing Council

Skills
To advice the Ministry of Health on all nursing matters and provides leadership for the
nursing profession in order to achieve highest standard of nursing service and education.
Understands national nursing issues.
Understands the process of policy formulation and implementation.
Behaviors and Qualities
 Inclination for policy and regulatory work

 Good team facilitating skills
 Ability to gain the respect of nursing leaders in the public and private sector.
Duties and Responsibilities related to Nursing Services
PLANNING DIRECTING CONTROLLING EVALUATING CO-COORDINATING
Planning For:
a. An organization of nursing services which provides for effective functioning of all nursing
service personnel.
i. Define lines of authority and areas of responsibility
ii. Delegate responsibility and authority consistent with position assignment
b. Appropriate numbers and categories of personnel to meet nursing needs
i. Analyze with personnel concerned, nursing service needs of all areas in which nursing
service personnel are assigned, considering:
Plan of medical therapy
Physical, emotional, rehabilitative and teaching needs of patients
Length of stay of patients
Post- hospital needs of patient
Nursing service responsibility for assisting in medical research programs and orientation of
medical personnel
Preparation and abilities of nursing service personnel
Number of patients
Kinds and amounts of equipment and the effect of the physical plan on the nursing workload
ii. Determine nursing service activities consistent with sound utilization of personnel and
accepted nursing practice
iii. Establish quantitative standards of nursing care to patients
iv. Analyze personnel abilities in light of activities to be performed
c. Promotion of the personal and professional growth of all nursing service employees

i. Provide for and participate; in education and training programs for all professional and non-
professional nursing service personnel
ii. Provide for:
 Counseling and guidance programs
 Regularly scheduled group conferences
 Special committees and work groups
iii. Provide opportunity for additional experience and encourage advances study
Directing By:
A. Utilizing sound personnel management practices in administering the nursing service

i. Select for employment qualified professional and non-professional personnel
ii. Provide for assignment of personnel on the basis of qualifications and ability
iii. Provide professional nurse supervision of personnel which promotes development to their
highest potential and which contributes to efficiency and economy in providing nursing care
iv. Establish performance requirements for all employees which permit:
 Identification of substandard performance and form the basis for appropriate action
 Identification of outstanding performance and form the basis for recognition and reward
Controlling By:
a) Planning budgetary requests for nursing service and participating in planning for equipment
and supplies which affect nursing service programs
i. Submit budgetary estimate for nursing service personnel
ii. With appropriate personnel, participate in budgetary planning for equipment and supplies
which increase efficiency and economy of nursing service activities
b) Establishing channels of communications and means for reporting nursing service activities
i. Devise a systematic plan for disseminate of information up and down the nursing service
organization
ii. Participate in interdivisional and intradivisional planning for effective communications
which affect nursing service, including communications; with regional office clinics and
community nursing agencies
iii. Prepare comprehensive reports on all phases of nursing service
Co-Coordinating By:
a. Interrelating nursing service activities with all other hospital services
i. With services concerned, develop working arrangements which are mutually acceptable and
which facilitate operational activities in providing nursing care
ii. Establish and maintain co-operative relationships with all hospital services

Evaluating By:
1. Conducting continous review and analysis of nursing service programs

i. Initiate studies of local problems in nursing service activities and co-ordinate plans of action
for their execution
ii. Interpret findings of studies and initiate appropriate actions
iii. Review functions of nursing service personnel to determine whether or not they are
consistent with changes in therapeutic programs and professional practices
Major Responsibilities
1) Overall administration of the department of the nursing

2) Assistance to the hospital administrator
 Direct reporting about patients and her departmental activities
 Responsibility for delegated tasks in her absence
3) Intradepartmental “TOP-LEVEL” decision maker and describer of jobs of nursing personnel
4) Interdepartmental “TOP-LEVEL” relationships
 Morale setter
 Determiner of boundary lines of departmental responsibility
5) Personnel administration
a) Appointment
b) Evaluation
c) Problem- solving
d) Staff development
NURSING SUPERINTENDENT
The Nursing Superintendent, who is also called the Director of Nursing, is responsible for the
running and supervision of a nursing department. Depending on the size of the facility, she may
control subsidiary departments, such as housekeeping. Nursing Superintendents generally report
to the hospital director or medical director of their facility. Nursing Superintendent 1:300 beds
(wherever beds are over 200)
 General – as prescribed for staff nurse

 Professionals – M. Sc. Nursing or equivalent Master degree in Nursing recognized by INC
Or
B. Sc. or equivalent degree in Nursing recognized by INC
 Registration – registered with State Nursing Council
 Experience – should have minimum 15 years experience in nursing service of which 5 years
in administration and education
 Standard norms – as per Indian Nursing Council

Functions
Supervising Nursing Staff
 The top priority of a Nursing Superintendent is to ensure that the nursing staff members are
providing the best care to the patients.
 She makes sure that individual nurses and nurses aides are carrying out care plans and
ensures that communication between shifts happens smoothly and thoroughly.
 The Superintendent also monitors stock and supplies to make sure that nurses have the
equipment they need to provide quality care
Overseed Hiring and Training
 The Nursing Superintendent is responsible for the hiring and training of new staff.
 She must search for nurses that complement the existing team, design training programs and
make sure that nursing instructors and trainers are adequately preparing new staff for the
workplace.
 Often this includes hearing an evaluation of new nurses from the floor staff during the
training period.
Patient Care
 Although the nursing superintendent does not have a high level of direct patient care, she is
responsible for the well-being of patients at the facility. This means that the superintendent
must monitor nurses' care and the attitude and health of the patients.
 In cases where the family requests alternate care, the Nursing Superintendent must hear the
request and make the final decision.
Create Work Schedules
 Each pay period, the Nursing Superintendent is responsible for setting the work schedules for
the entire department.
 She must take into account holidays, hear requests for time off, and create a schedule that
gives the appropriate number of hours to each nurse.
 As part of the process, the Nursing Superintendent assigns duties and responsibilities to each
nurse.
Make Disciplinary Action
 In situations where a nurse, nurse's aide, or other staff member is involved in a dispute, the
Nursing Superintendent must handle disciplinary actions.
 In extreme cases like patient abuse or staff coming to work under the influence, the Nursing
Superintendent is responsible for terminating contracts as needed.

Manage Other Department
 In a large facility, the Nursing Superintendent may be responsible for directing the activities
of the housekeeping, linen, and kitchen facilities.
 She must handle any problems that arise, communicate with department leaders, and address
any supply issues.
Negotiate with Venders
 Because the Nursing Superintendent is responsible for the supply of equipment and medical
necessities, she often negotiates with vendors for the new contracts.
 In large facilities, a purchasing manager may handle these duties and report to the
Superintendent.
DEPUTY NURSING SUPERINTENDENT
The Deputy Nursing Superintendent (in hospital with =/< than 150 beds) is responsible to the
Chief Nursing Officer/ Nursing Superintendent.
1) General – as prescribed for staff nurse

2) Professionals – M. Sc. Nursing or equivalent Master degree in Nursing recognized by INC
with 6 years experience of which 3years in administration
Or
B. Sc. or equivalent degree in Nursing recognized by INC with 10 years total professional
experience
Or
RNRM with Diploma in Hospital administration preferable with 10 years experience in
administration
3) Registration – registered with State Nursing Council
4) Experience – should have about 10 years experience in nursing service of which 3 years in
administration
5) Standard norms – Since, it is the second level nursing supervisory role; it needs at least the
Deputy Nursing Superintendent for three Assistant Nursing Superintendents (1:3)
Skills
Responsible for developing and supervising nursing services in order to achieve highest
standard of nursing services.
Responsible for smooth management of the nursing services in the hospital at all times and
every time.

Functions
Planning & Organizing

Nursing Services in Hospital
Miscellaneous General Administration

FUNCTIONS
Educational
Activities General Duties
Planning and Organizing Nursing Services in Hospital
Deputy Nursing Superintendent will assist the Nursing Superintendent on planning and
organizing nursing services in the hospital for:
1) Preparing a philosophy and objectives for the nursing department in accordance with those of
the hospital.
2) To see that all services areas are managed as per their needs.
3) Utilizing specially trained nurses in that particular area only.
4) Planning and putting up of proposals to the authorities for increase of staff in different
categories so as to fulfill the INC recommendations
5) Co-operating with the authorities during emergencies in setting up special nursing squads,
ward or any other machinery required.
6) Preparing an organizational chart showing channels of communication
General Administration
1) Assist the Nursing Superintendent in framing policies, keeping within the frame work of
government rules and regulations.
2) Interpreting and implementing the policies and procedure of the government body, the
hospital and the INC to sub-ordinate staff and others.
3) Carrying out correspondence with the hospital with nurses and others.
4) Attending to the correspondence from outside agencies and individuals.
5) Submitting proposal for special equipments required for nursing services giving
specifications.
6) Supervise the nursing care given to the patients in various departments by taking regular
rounds of her area.

7) Preparing job descriptions where none are available and seeing that each staff member gets
one.
8) Investigating complaints, preparing reports and taking disciplinary action or recommending
the same.
9) Preparing annual statistics, and projecting manpower needs.
10) Handling grievances and solving problems frequently.
11) Holding departmental meetings allowing free exchange of ideas and reviewing ward staffing.
12) Guiding subordinate and delegating powers depending upon the person’s ability to carry out
the responsibilities along with commensurate authority.
13) To see that ward procedure manual (nursing procedure) is maintained in all wards.
14) Sanctioning or recommending leave to nursing personnel.
15) Maintaining individual cumulative records of all nursing staff.
16) Writing reports – annual report of nursing department, confidential report of nursing staff etc.
that may be required to be submitted.
17) Reading and analyzing daily reports of hospital situation.
18) Making of a routine to have 6monthly or yearly health checkup for all nurses and 6 weekly
for those working in Tuberculosis department, to enable adjustment in duty schedule, if
found necessary.
19) Act as a liaison officer between Nursing Superintendent and the nursing staff of the hospital.
20) Receive evening and night reports from ANS/ Supervisors.
21) Conduct regular physical verification of hospital stocks i.e. drugs, equipments etc.
22) Initiate procedure for condemnation and procurement of hospital equipment/ linen etc.
23) Assist the nursing superintendent in making master duty roster of nursing personnel.
24) Assist the nursing superintendent in recruitment of nursing staff.
25) Officiate in the absence of nursing superintendent.
26) Keep the senior nursing officials (CNO & NS) informed of the happenings in the wards.
Educational Activities
1) Assist in planning/ organizing and implementing staff development programmes.

2) Ensure clinical experience facilities for student nurses in various clinical areas of the
hospital.
3) Provide guidance and counseling to nursing staff.
4) Arrange orientation programmes for new nursing staff.
5) Maintain discipline among nursing personnel.
6) Organize educational programmes for graduate/ post graduate students from different
hospitals with the co-ordination of clinical instructor/ lecturer.
7) Encouraging and recommending interested nurses to get further training and higher
education.
8) Experimenting with newer duty and staffing patterns.

General Duties
1) Escorts special visitors, NS, MS for hospital rounds.

2) Arranges and participates in professional and social functions of the staff and students.
3) Maintains good public relations.
4) Any other duties assigned to her from time to time.
Miscellaneous
1) Giving leadership to the nursing department.

2) Encouraging nursing personnel to become members of the professional association.
3) Participating in meeting, workshop and seminars of local, state or national level and
representing the profession.
4) Proving counseling services to nursing personnel.
5) Carrying out research or co-operating with others who may be doing it.
6) Any other activity concerned with the profession.
ASSISTANT NURSING SUPERINTENDENT
 Assistant Nursing Superintendent is responsible to the Deputy Nursing

Superintendent/Nursing Superintendent. She/he is responsible for developing and supervising
nursing services of a department specific unit/floor consisting of two or more wards or units
managed by nursing sisters. For every additional 50 beds one more Assistant Nursing
Superintendent.
 General – as prescribed for staff nurse

 Professionals – M. Sc. Nursing or equivalent Master degree in Nursing recognized by INC
with 6 years experience of which 3 years in administration
Or
B. Sc. or equivalent degree in Nursing recognized by INC with 10 years total professional
experience
Or
RNRM with Diploma in Hospital administration preferable with 10 years experience in
administration
 Registration – registered with State Nursing Council
 Experience – should have about 10 years experience in nursing service of which 3 years in
administration

Wards Staff Nurse:Patient Ward Sister:Bed ANS
Medical ward 1:3 1:25 each shift 1 for 3-4 wards
Surgical ward 1:3 1:25 each shift 1 for 3-4 wards
Orthopaedic ward 1:3 1:25 each shift 1 for 3-4 wards
Paediatric ward 1:3 1:25 each shift 1 for 3-4 wards
Gynaecology ward 1:3 1:25 each shift 1 for 3-4 wards
Maternity ward 1:3 1:25 each shift 1 for 3-4 wards
Intensive care unit 1:1 1 each shift ANS for 3-4 units
Coronary care unit 1:1 1 each shift -do-
Nephrology unit 1:1 1 each shift -do-
Neuro-surgery unit 1:1 1 each shift -do-
Special wards, ENT 1:1 1 each shift -do-

and eye etc
Operation theatre 3 for 24 hrs per table 1 ANS 4-5 OT
Casualty and 2-3 depending on the 1 ANS

emergency unit number of days
Line of Authority –
1. Organize and plan nursing care activities of the departments according to hospital policies and
service needs.
2. Plan staffing pattern and other necessary requirements of her/his department.

3. Conduct and attend departmental and inter-departmental meetings and conferences from time
to time.
4. Look after the safety and general cleanliness of the department.
5. Look after general comforts of the patients.
6. Evaluate the nature and quantum of care required in each unit/ward.
7. Plan ward management with the nursing sister of each unit/ward.
8. Re-enforce the principle of good ward management in each ward.
9. Help ward/unit nursing sister to procure their ward/unit supplies.
10. Supervise the proper use and care of equipments and supplies in the departments.
11. Acts as Public Relations Officer of the unit and deal with the problems faced by the Nursing
Sister.
12. Keep the Deputy Nursing Superintendent’s/ Nursing Superintendent’s Office informed of the
needs of the Nursing Units/Ward under his/her charge of any special problems.
13. Arrange classes and clinical teaching of nursing students in the department related to the
speciality experiences.
14. Implement the ward teaching programme and clinical experience of students with the help of
Tutors and Nursing Sisters.
15. Counsel and guide staff and students.
16. Arrange and conduct staff development programme of the department.
17. Update her/his knowledge and skills by attending staff development and continuing
education programmes time to time.
18. Encourage and participate in medical and nursing research.
19. Accompany Deputy Nursing Superintendent/Nursing Superintendent/Director and Special
visitors in the department/unit.
20. Participate in various professional activities, e.g. staff education, staff meetings etc.
21. Act as liaison officer between the Nursing Superintendent and higher hospital authorities.
22. Carry out any other duties delegated by the Deputy Nursing Superintendent/Nursing
Superintendent/Director.
23. She will assist the Nursing Superintendent for maintenance of cleanliness and general
sanitation in the wards. She will make the roster duty of nursing staff and will hold the nursing
sisters administrative work. She will make rounds in all wards and see that the wards staff is
performing their duties properly.
24. Sundays & Holidays- She/he is responsible for the call duties on Sundays and Holidays. She
will sign the night report and see that all the Nursing Staff are on duty as well as see that all
categories of staff are present on their duty hours. She has to attend emergency call too.
25. She has to do duty in Matron’s Office whenever required or needed.
WARD SISTER - is responsible to the Assistant Nursing Superintendent for the management of
the wards and supervisions of the nursing and domestic staff. She would be assisted in carrying

out the following duties by staff nurse clinical and domestic staff as the case may be. The main
aim of the ward sister should be to foster team spirit in her area of work.
 General – as prescribed for staff nurse

 Professionals – B. Sc. or equivalent degree in Nursing recognized by INC or RNRM with
Diploma in Hospital administration
 Registration – registered with State Nursing Council
 Experience – should have about 5 years experience in nursing service as staff nurse
Purposes
 To supervise staff nurse and their administration and to provide continuing responsibility for
the management and leadership of a designated area by effective utilisation of staff and
resources.
 Provide and maintain effective management and leadership promoting a high standard of
safely delivered evidence based clinical care.
 Create and maintain effective communication within the multi-disciplinary team.
 Act as lead practitioner for specific speciality/specialities co-ordinating staff, resources and
management skills in an efficient manner whilst providing expert skilled assistance.
 Demonstrate the ability to manage or delegate the duties effectively and efficiently meeting
the service requirements.
Roles and Responsibilities
Administration and Supervision

 To be able to manage own workload along with that of others, by ensuring appropriate
delegation of their skills and capabilities.
 Maintaining plans for maintaining discipline in the ward.
 Manage the daily ward routine ensuring effective time management.
 Define levels of responsibility and role boundaries of junior staff, providing adequate
opportunities for them to develop their role.
 Improve service provided by updating and implementing new practices and products in
accordance with institutional guidelines.
 To initiate and take responsibility for the reporting of critical incidents and complaints,
ensuring action is taken and the process is communicated appropriately.
 Writing confidential report of staff nurses.
 Demonstrate the ability to contribute to and challenge current practice, by actively
promoting change, along with acting as a change agent where required.
 Maintaining inventory of the consumable and non consumable items and ensuring
uninterrupted supply of materials by timely indent and maintaining stocks.

 Manage ordering and stock levels, and be responsible for safe handling and storage of all
drugs in accordance with institutional policies.
 Making list for condemnation of articles and submitting it to the concerned authorities.
 Delegate the responsibility for ordering and the maintenance of specific stock levels in
her absence.
 Writing out the weekly duty schedule.
 Promoting high staff morale by inspiring a shared vision and common goal.
 Promote and practice effective forms of communication between the patient, their family
and all other healthcare professionals.
 Participate in and manage team meetings, promoting and maintaining effective
communications between all staff members, departmental.
 Ensure accurate and adequate record keeping along with maintaining confidentiality at all
times.
 Supervise the cleanliness of the ward and laundry work.
 Ensure all faults are reported and rectified effectively and efficiently.
 Act as a liaison between ward staff and administration.
Clinical Professional Responsibilities
 Ensure all equipment and resources are available to perform procedures according to the
individual needs of the patient.
 Participate as a specialist practitioner with regard to patient care.
 Be acquainted with the physical conditions of patients and any special nursing problems
and see that patients receive good nursing care.
 Coordinates patient care with other departments.
 Prepare for ward rounds and accompany the head of the unit on rounds and bring to the
doctor’s attention any point of importance.
 To lead, delegate and liaise with all members of the multi-disciplinary team ensuring
appropriate skill levels and experience are available to ensure a safe patient journey
through the department.
 Ensure policies / protocols are updated, monitored and maintained with regard to
continually improving patient care.
 Promote high standards of care by demonstrating the ability to develop and empower the
team, along with acting as a role model at all times.
 To maintain standards of infection control within the ward area and during clinical care.
Communication
 Ensure that identified lines of communication are maintained with patients, colleagues
and external agencies
 Be actively involved in team meetings and facilitate own team meetings and inter team
meetings to ensure flexible working and service provisions.

 Play an integral role in ensuring that all team members are aware of local and general
Health & Safety matters and other on-going issues, which arise including patient safety
issues.
 Demonstrate the ability to be able to motivate and persuade others through advanced
communication skills.
Education and Training
 Attend in-service courses relevant to grade and needs as identified and encourages other
staff nurses to do the same.
 Participate as a clinical expert in the education and training of all grades of staff, within
the multidisciplinary team, in accordance with their individual objectives, promoting an
ethos of lifelong learning.
 To be involved in the initiation of nursing research and cooperate with nurses carrying
out research studies.
 Demonstrate a working knowledge of and work within the INC Code of Professional
Conduct.
 Demonstrate continuing knowledge and skill development providing enhanced and
improved standards of patient care.
 Help student nurses in understanding the patient illness and the type of care that is to be
given.
 Cooperate with the clinical instructors by arranging clinical teaching and supervising he
practical work.
 Give incidental teaching to patients, relatives and staff.
 Plan and implement orientation programme for new staff nurses.
 Encourage staff development programme in her ward.
STAFF NURSE - Staff nurse is a first level professional nurse who provides direct care to one
patient or group of patients assigned to her/him during duty shift & assist in management of
wards/units/ special departments. She is directly responsible to Sister In-charge/ Ward Sister in
the ward.
Qualification
 GNM or Basic B.Sc. or Post Basic B.Sc. Nursing from a recognized university
 Registered with Indian Nursing Council/ Respective State Nursing Council

Duties & Responsibilities
NURSING CARE
ADMINISTRATION
TEACHING
1. Nursing Care
 Take over from duty nurse of the previous new & serious patient’s instruments, supplies,
drugs etc.
 Carry out the procedures of admission & discharge of the patient.
 Makes beds of serious patients & help students make beds, supplying necessary linen.
 Administer medication properly.
 Prepare patients for operations & see that he/she is sent to OT with all necessary papers
& medications.
 Take rounds with doctors & document each and every instruction.
 See that all investigation specimens are sent to the proper laboratory with forms.
 Keep Intravenous or Blood Transfusion tray ready & help the doctor with the procedure.
 Observe all patients condition & report changes to Ward In-charge or the doctors.
 Carry out nursing procedure for all serious patients.
 Check for new admissions.
 Read case properly & carry out orders carefully.
 Give expert bed side care to serious patients.
 Maintain case papers, investigation reports etc. in the proper file or board.
 Write day & night orders & maintain statistics.
 Talk to the preoperative patients to reduce their tension & given them confidence.
 Discharge patients should be sending with proper instructions regarding follow up & diet
and medicines etc.
2. Administrative
 Help the Ward In-charge to carry out her work.
 Work instead of the Ward In-charge in case of his/ her absence.
 Maintain general cleanliness of the ward & sanitary annexure.
 Write the diet register & supervise distribution of the diet.
 Maintain poisonous (scheduled) drug registers.
 Supervise medicine given by students or do it herself in case there are no students.
 Supervise nursing care given by nursing students.
 Maintain duty room trays, sterilizer, and instruments in working condition by getting
indents from sisters.
 Maintain good IPR with all other staffs.

 Supervise subordinates work.
 Maintain all procedure trays in readiness.
 Maintain all the records & reports of the ward.
3. Teaching
 Instruct students in their work.
 Orient newly posted students & new staffs.
 Carry out health teaching for individual or group of patients.
 Instruct orderlies & the sweepers specially the newly appointed ones in the correct way of
handling bed pans, urinals, sputum cups, kidney trays, oiled linen.
 Provide for & demonstrate methods of disinfection & cleaning.
 Extends cooperation & participates in clinical teaching.
 Participates in in-service education programs.
 Plans & implements formal & informal health education program & teaching program.
 Assists & extends cooperation in medical & nursing research program.
ORGANIZATION OF NURSING SERVICES IN COMMUNITY SETTINGS
District Public Health Nurse Officer
Public Health Nurse (Supervisor)
Public Health Nurse
Lady Health Visitor
Auxillary Nurse Midwife
DISTRICT PUBLIC HEALTH NURSE OFFICER (DPHNO)
The District Public Health Nurse Officer is directly responsible to the District Health Officer and
has relegated responsibility for all nursing personnel in the District Public Health field. She is
guided by the Deputy/ Assistant Director of Health Services (Nursing) of District level.

Roles/ Functions of District Public Health Nurse Officer (DPHNO)
GENERAL
ADMINISTRATIVE
SUPERVISORY
EDUCATIONAL
General Functions – organises, directs and develops all community health nursing and midwifery
services within the district.
− Participation in all relevant discussions of health services in the district.

− Interpretation of the needs of the nursing and midwifery services to the DHO and to the Zila
Parishad.
Administrative Functions – responsible for the implementation of policies and programmes

relating to nursing and midwifery services in the district.
− Recommendations to the DHO regarding the Nursing administration (selection, appointment,

leave, transfers, further education and possible promotion of nursing staff).
− Participation in budget planning for nursing services, material and equipment and reasonable
for indenting of supplies and equipment for nursing section.
− Evaluation of all reports from nursing staff of the district sent to DHO.
− Will submit monthly and annual reports on the work done by DPHNO to the DHO.
Supervisory Functions – aim to promote harmony and efficiency within the health teams to
improve the quality of work.
− Supervising the work of nursing personnel/ health workers from time to time.
− Taking disciplinary actions.
− Encouraging the qualities of co-operation and co-ordination among nursing personnel/ health
workers.
− Improving the standard of patient care in the district.
Educational Functions – the DPHNO will initiate and assist with:
i. In-service educational programmes

ii. Orientation training programmes
iii. Dais training programmes
iv. Health workers training programmes
v. Training of student nurses in rural field health centres.
− Observation of nursing educational institutions (GNMTC/ ANMTC or FHWTC/ DTC) of the
district from time to time.
− Improving standard of nursing students and nursing education.
− Organizing orientation training programme for nursing personnel/ health workers.
− Making programme for Dai (TBA’s) training and training of nursing staff.
− Arranging for in-service training.
Other Functions – organizing nursing workshops, seminars, discussion etc.
− Participation at state level, as a nursing representative of the district.

− Getting co-operation from other institutions/ organizations to improve the quality of nursing
services.
− Encouraging nursing researches.
PUBLIC HEALTH NURSE SUPERVISOR
Public Health Nurse Supervisor guides and supervises the functions of public health nurses,
health workers, working in her assigned field. She is responsible to District Public Health Nurse
(DPHN) or District Public Health Nurse Officer (DPHNO) for the provision, supervision and
improvement of community health care.
Roles of Public Health Nurse Supervisor
 Control of communicable diseases

 Ensures that all necessary steps are being taken for the control of the communicable diseases
in the village.
 Should report any outbreak of an epidemic to medical officer in charge to take the necessary
actions in the PHC area.
 Maternal and child health
 Supervises and guides the health assistants and health workers in the effective
implementation of the programme for maternal and child health.
 School health
 Visits schools in the PHC area at regular intervals and arranges for medical check up
(primary health care, immunization, environmental sanitation & health education), treatment
and follow up by the Medical Officer.
 Family planning
implementation of the family planning programmes.

 Nutrition
implementation of the nutrition programmes.
 Environmental sanitation
implementation of the environmental sanitation and provision of safe drinking water in the
village.
 Treatment of minor aliments
 Provides guidance to the health assistants and health workers, health guides and primary
school teachers in the treatment of minor ailments and early referral to the Medical Officer.
 Community involvement and Health education
 Maintains a close liaison with the block development officer and other developmental
programme workers, community leaders for effective implementation of national health
programmes.
 Participates in the village health committee/ village panchayat meeting to assess the health
needs of the community, to discuss the health programmes with the community, and to enlist
their cooperation in the health programmes.
 Organises camps, meetings, health education talks, demonstrations, display of posters,
exhibitions and films for active participation of community in various health programmes.
 Training of health personnel and Community level workers
 Primarily responsible for field training, in-service and continuing education of the health
workers in the PHC area.
 Assists the Medical Officer, PHC in the monthly group activities at the PHC, Sub Centre and
community levels.
 Management and Supervision
 Assists the Medical Officer, PHC in conducting field investigations to delineate local health
problems for effective delivery of health services.
 Ensures that supplies and equipments are supplied in time to sub centres to enable the health
workers to carry out their functions effectively.
 Scrutinizes the work plans of the health workers.
 Supervises the maintenance of the prescribed records at sub centre level.
 Obtains the records from the periphery, analyses and utilises the findings for improving the
implementation of the health programmes in the PHC area.
 Organize monthly staff meetings as a means of discussion, improvement and staff
development and continuing education.
 Maintenance of records and reports

Responsibilities of Public Health Nurse Supervisor
 Assisting in determination of the philosophy and objectives of the community health

programmes.
 Providing leadership in the planning of total health care to all individuals, families and
community in her assigned area.
 Carrying out preventive, promotive, curative and rehabilitative care.
 Assisting in development of the standard of health care with the accepted philosophy,
objectives and health policies.
 Assisting in the preparation of budget for the Community Health department.
 Utilizing the budget allotted to the Community Health department.
 Supervision and guidance of Public Health Nurse/ Lady Health Visitor/ Female health
Worker/ Female Health Worker/ Male Health Worker working in her field.
 Organizing educational programmes for community members including school children,
RCH group or other interested/ targeted groups in her area.
 Supervision of records/ reports prepared by health workers working under her jurisdiction.
 Assisting the District Public Health Nurse/ District Public Health Nurse Officer for the
preparation of job description and assignment of responsibilities for other community health
workers.
PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING
According to Dr. C.E. Winslow, Public Health Nursing is defined as Science and art of
preventing disease, prolonging life, promoting health and efficiency, through organized
community effort for the sanitation of the environment, control of communicable diseases, the
education of individuals in personal hygiene, the organization of medical and nursing services
for the early diagnosis and preventive treatment of disease, and the development of the social
machinery to ensure everyone a standard of living adequate for the maintenance of health, so
organizing these benefits as to enable every citizen to realize his birthright of health and
longevity.
1. According to WHO, it is an art of applying science in the context of politics so as to reduce

inequalities in health while ensuring the best health for the greatest number.
2. Special field of nursing that combines the skills of nursing, public health and some phases of
social assistance and functions as part of the total public health programme for the promotion
of health, the improvement of the conditions in the social and physical environment,
rehabilitation of illness and disability.
PUBLIC HEALTH NURSE

 A consensus conference report in 1985 defined community health nurses as any nurses
working in the community, whether or not they had preparation in public health nursing.

 Public health nurses were nurses with speciality education and clinical practice either
bachelor’s, master’s or doctoral, with an emphasis on public health.
Essential Qualification
 B. Sc Degree in Nursing from any recognized university or institute or certificate in public

health nursing from any recognized institution.
Roles and Responsibilities of the Public Health Nurse: The District public health nurse is
responsible for planning organization and directing the public health program of jurisdiction
where she is appointed.
 Participates in policy making activities in regards to health care. She needs to learn and
understand the organization and administration and states public health program are effected
by quantity of public health nursing services available in rural areas.
 Evaluation of nursing services is done by District public nurse who plans for continuously
improving the quality of client care.
 The District public health nurse is attached to the District health office. She is directly
responsible to the District health officer and delegates the responsibilities to all nursing
personnel in the District community health field i.e. PHC, Sub Centre, family planning and
all national health programs. She is supervised by nursing officer at directorate level.
 District public health nurse works in close co-ordination with community health nursing,
nursing tutors and hospital administration and other health workers.
1. Responsibilities as Manager
 Planning
 Organizing
 Staffing
 Directing
 Controlling
2. Supervisory responsibilities
 Supervisor of midwives and other auxiliary health workers

 Formulates a supervisory plan and conducts supervisory visits to implement the plan
 Conducts supervisory visits using a supervisory checklist
3. Nursing care responsibilities
 Based on the science and art of caring

 Uses knowledge and skill in the nursing process
 Establishes rapport with the client to ensure good quality data and to facilitate or
 Enhance partnership in addressing identified health needs and problems
 Home visit is a must activity for a PHN

4. Collaborating and coordinating responsibilities:
 Establishes linkages and collaborative relationships with other health professionals,
government agencies, the private sector, non-government organizations, and people’s
organizations to address health problems.
5. Health promotion and educational responsibilities
 Uses skills in advocacy for the creation of supportive environment through policies and
reengineering of the physical environment for healthier actions
 Provides clients with information that allows them to make healthier choices and practices
 Health education activities is a major component of any public health program
 Participate in community health field experience organized for nursing students of
schools or colleges.
 Suggest in selection of areas for practical experience.
 Provide facilities and resources to students of staff.
 Guide students during field experience.
6. Training responsibilities:
 Initiates the formulation of staff development and training programs for midwives and other
auxiliary workers
 Does training needs assessment, designs training program and conducts them in collaboration
with other resource persons, and evaluates training outcomes
 Community organizing is a means of mobilizing people to solve their own problems
 Participate in community health field experience organized for nursing students of schools or
colleges.
 Suggest in selection of areas for practical experience.
 Provide facilities and resources to students of staff.
 Guide students during field experience.
7. Responsibilities as a Researcher
 Disease surveillance is a research activity of a public health nurse.
 Surveillance is an integral part of many programs
LADY HEALTH VISITOR/ HEALTH ASSISTANT/ HEALTH SUPERVISOR
 A Health Assistant is expected to cover a population of 30,000 (20,000 in tribal and hilly
areas) in which there are 6 sub centres, each with the health worker female.
 Essential Qualification and Experience – 12th standard with 2 years Multi Purpose Health
Worker training course with 5 years experience.

Roles and Responsibilities of Lady Health Visitor/ Health Assistant/ Health Supervisor -
Supervise and Guidance

Team Work
Supplies, Equipment and Maintenance of Sub-Centres
Records and Reports
Training
Maternal and Child Health
Family Planning and Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP)
Nutrition
Universal Immunization Programme
Acute Respiratory Infection
School Health
Primary Medical Care
Health Education
• Supervise and Guidance
 Supervise and guide the health workers in the delivery of health care services to the
community.
 Strengthen the knowledge and skills of the health workers for working in the community, in
planning and organizing the health programmes.
 Visit each sub-centre at least once a week on a fixed day.
 Assess fortnightly the progress of work of the health workers.
 Carry out supervisory home visits in the area of the health workers & Supervise referral.
• Team Work
 Help the workers to work as part of the health team.

 Coordinate the health activities with the activities of workers of other department and
agencies.
 Conduct regular staff meetings with the health workers in coordination with the Health
Assistants.
 Attend staff meetings at the primary health centres.
 Assist the Medical Officer of the primary health centre in the organization of the different
health services in the area.

• Supplies, Equipment and Maintenance of Sub-Centres
 In collaboration with the health assistants, check the regular intervals the stores available at
the sub-centre and help in the procurement of supplies and equipment.
 Check that the drugs at sub centre are properly stored and that the equipments are well
maintained.
 Ensure that the health workers maintains general kit, midwifery kit and dai kit in the proper
way and sub centre is kept clan and properly maintained.
• Records and Reports
 Scrutinize the maintenance of records by the health workers and guide them in proper
maintenance.
 Review reports received from health workers, consolidate them and submit monthly reports
to the Medical officer of the PHC.
• Training
 Organize and conduct training for Dais/ Accredited Social Health Activist with the assistance
of the health workers.
 Assist the Medical officer of the primary health centre in conducting training programme for
various categories of health personnel.
• Maternal and Child Health
 Conduct weekly Maternal and Child Health clinics at each sub-centre with the assistance of
the health workers.
 Respond to calls from the health workers and render the necessary help.
 Conduct deliveries when required at PHC level and provide domiciliary and midwifery
services.
• Family Planning and Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP)
 Ensure through spot checking that the health workers maintains up-to-date eligible couple
registers all the times.
 Conduct weekly family planning clinics along with the MCH clinics at each sub-centre with
the assistance of the health workers.
 Provide information on the available services for MTP and sterilization.
 Guide the health workers in establishing female depot holder.
 Provide Intrauterine devices services and their follow up.
 Assist Medical officer, PHC in organization of family planning camps and drives.
• Nutrition
 Ensure that all cases of malnutrition among infants and young children (0-5 years) are given
necessary treatment & advice and refer serious cases to the primary health centre.
 Ensure that iron and folic acid, vitamin A are distributed to the beneficiaries as prescribed.
 Educate the expectant mother regarding breast feeding.

• Universal Immunization Programme
 Supervise the immunization of all pregnant women and children (0-5 years).
 Guide the health workers to procure supplies, organize immunization camps, provide
guidance for maintaining cold chain, storage of vaccine, health education and immunizations.
• Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI)
 Ensure early diagnosis of pneumonia cases.

 Provide suitable treatment to mild/ moderate cases of ARI.
 Ensure early referral in doubtful/ severe cases.
• School Health
 Help medical officers in school health services.

• Primary Medical Care
 Ensure treatment for minor ailments.

 Provide ORS, first aid for accidents, emergencies and refer cases beyond the competence to
the primary health centre or nearest hospital.
• Health Education
 Carry out educational activities for MCH, Family planning, Nutrition and Immunization,
Control of Blindness, Dental care and other national health programmes with the assistance
of health workers.
 Arrange group meetings with the leaders and involve them in spreading the message for
various health programmes.
 Organize and utilize women leaders, Mahila Mandal, teachers and other women in the
community in the family welfare programmes, including Integrated Child Development
Scheme personnel.
AUXILIARY NURSE MIDWIFE/ MULTI PURPOSE HEALTH WORKER
 Qualification: 12th standard with 2 years training in Multi Purpose Health Worker vocational
course.
 Line of authority: ANM is directly under the supervision of Health Assistance/ LHV

Duties & Responsibilities of ANM -
1. Maternal & Child Health

2. Family Planning
3. Medical Termination of Pregnancy
4. Nutrition
5. Universal Immunization Program
6. Diarrohea Control Program
7. Dai Training
8. Communicable Diseases
9. Vital Events
10. Record Keeping
11. Primary Medical Care
12. School health
13. Disease Control Program
14. Preventive Health Care
1. Maternal & Child Health:

 Register & provide care to pregnant women throughout the period of pregnancy.
 Test urine of pregnant women for albumin & sugar & estimate hemoglobin.
 Ensure all pregnant women get VDRL & HIV test done.
 Refer cases with complications & any medical & gynecological abnormality.
 Conduct 50% of deliveries in the assigned area.
 Supervise deliveries conducted by dais & assist in need.
 Make at least 3 postnatal visits for each delivery conducted in the assigned area.
 Assess the growth & development of the infant.
 Educate mother individually & in group regarding better child care, family planning,
nutrition & environmental hygiene.
 Assist MO & LHVs in conducting antenatal & postnatal clinics at sub centers.
 Assist in ensuring timely referral transport for pregnant women at the time of delivery.
2. Family Planning:
 Utilize the information from the eligible couple & child register to the family planning
program.
 Spread message of family planning to the couples & motivate them.
 Assist the ANMs and ASHAs in distribution of conventional contraceptives to eligible
couples.
 Provide follow up services to female planning acceptors, identify any side effects & refer
for treatment.
 Identify women leaders & help the health assistants to train them.
 Participate in Mahila Mandal meetings.
 Provide follow-up services for acceptors of male sterilization and also motivate males for
sterilization and spacing methods based on ANMs eligible couple register.

 Assist the ANMs and ASHAs in distribution of conventional contraceptives to eligible
couples.
3. Medical Termination of Pregnancy:
 Identify the women requiring help for medical termination of pregnancy & refer to
nearest approved institutions.
 Educate community of the consequences of septic abortion & inform about availability of
services.
4. Nutrition:
 Identify cases of malnutrition among infants and young children (0-5 yrs).
 Distribute iron and folic acids tablets as prescribed to pregnant women and nursing
mothers, infant and young children (0-5 yrs) and family planning acceptors.
 Administer vitamin A solution as prescribed to children from 1-5 years.
 Educate community about nutritious diet for mothers and children.
5. Universal Immunisation Programme:
 Administer DPT vaccine, oral poliomyelitis vaccine, measles vaccine and BCG vaccines
to all infants and children.
 Maintain report of all eligible’s, those vaccinated and follow up defaulters.
 Assist the Health Workers in administering TT to all the pregnant women.
 Assist the Health Assistants in the school immunization program.
 Educate the community about the importance of immunization against the various
communicable diseases.
6. Diarrhoea Control Programme:
 Educate mothers regarding home management of diarrhoea with ORT.
 Provide and indent ORS.
 Monitoring of cases of diarrhoea, if any increase, report to medical officer.
 Records deaths due to diarrhoea and give monthly report.
 Arrange for mother’s meeting and work closely with Anganwadi and other health
workers.
7. Dai Training:
 List Dais in the assigned area and involve them in promoting family welfare.
 Help the health assistants in training programme of Dais.
8. Communicable Disease:
 Notify the MO, PHC immediately about any abnormal increase in cases of
diarrhoea/dysentery, poliomyelitis, neonatal tetanus, fever with rigors, fever with rash,
and fever with jaundice.
 Identify cases of skin patches, especially if accompanied by loss of sensation and bring
them to the notice of health workers for skin smears
 Assist the health workers in maintaining a record of cases in the assigned area, who are
under treatment for communicable diseases.
 Educate the community about the importance of control and preventive measures against
communicable diseases and about the importance of taking regular and complete
treatment.

9. Vital Events:
 Record birth and deaths occurring in the assigned area in the birth and death registers and
report to health workers.
10. Record Keeping:
 Register (a) pregnant women from three months of pregnancy onward; (b) infants 0-
1year of age; and (c) women aged 15-44 years.
 Maintain the prenatal and maternity records and child care records.
 Assist the health workers in preparing eligible couple and child register and maintaining
it up to date.
11. Primary Medical Care:
 Provide treatment for minor ailments, provide first aid for accidents and emergencies and
refer cases beyond her/ his competence to the primary health centre or nearest.
12. School Health:
 Visit all the schools in the assigned area and advocate personal hygiene, nutrition, safe
drinking water and sanitation and other public health measures.
 Undertake awareness generation of national health programmes (Malaria, TB, and
Leprosy etc) for early detection of communicable and non-communicable diseases.
 Ensure completion of immunization schedules including Inj. TT as per guidelines.
 Assist Ophthalmic Assistant for eye screening of children for detection of visual defects.
 Identify cases of malnutrition in school children and refer cases to PHC Medical Officer.
 Guide teachers and parents on nutrition and anemia.
 Help the MO in School Health Services.
13. Disease Control Program:
 MALARIA
 Conduct domiciliary house-to-house visits covering all the assigned population as per the
schedules approved by the PHC Medical Officer.
 Collect blood smears and perform Random Diagnostic Tests from suspected fever cases
and maintain records.
 Ensure immediate dispatch of collected blood smears for laboratory investigations and
provide treatment to positive cases as per the guidelines.
 Educate the community on the importance of blood smear examination for fever cases,
insecticidal spraying of houses and treatment of fever cases.
 TUBERCULOSIS
 Identify all cases of fever for over two weeks with prolonged cough or spitting of blood
and refer to PHC for further investigation.
 Function as DOTS (Direct Observation Short term course Therapy) provider to ensure
that all confirmed cases are on regular treatment and motivate defaulters for regular
treatment.
 Improve community awareness on signs and symptoms of tuberculosis and guide the
suspected TB cases for referral.
 Ensure that follow up smear examinations of sputum are carried out as per the schedules.
 Maintain the treatment cards and transmit the data weekly to the PHC.

 LEPROSY
 Identify Leprosy suspected cases of skin patches with loss of sensation and refer to PHC.
 Provide Multi Drug Treatment (MDT) to confirmed cases and ensure completion of
treatment including retrieval of defaulters.
 Guide leprosy patients with deformities for management at appropriate health facilities.
 Assist and supervise the ASHAs / Anganwadi Workers / Village Health Guides / local
health volunteers for early detection of Leprosy cases and treatment.
 Improve community awareness on signs and symptoms of Leprosy for early detection.
 Maintain the treatment cards and transmit the data to the PHC
 Maintain the records of domiciliary visits and records of patients on treatment.
14. Preventive Health Care:
 Surveillance for unusually high incidence of cases of diarrhea, dysentery, fever, jaundice,
diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, polio and other communicable disease and notify
PHC.
 Ensure regular chlorination of all the drinking water sources.
 Generate community awareness regarding safe drinking water, sanitation, waste disposal
and personal hygiene.
 Carry out control measures until the arrival of the health assistants and assist them in
carrying out effective measures.
ORGANIZATION OF NURSING SERVICES IN EDUCATIONAL

SETTINGS
NURSING ADVISOR
PRINCIPAL
VICE PRINCIPAL
PROFESOR
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
LECTURER
SENIOR TUTOR
TUTOR
CLINICAL INSTRUCTOR
NURSING ADVISOR
1. Educational Qualification: M. Sc. Nursing or equivalent is preferred.

2. Registration: Registered in any State Nursing Council.

3. Experience: Should have more than 15 years of experience in nursing services including
administration and education.
 Nursing Advisor being the Head of the Nursing Services in the country is responsible for
advising the Government of India on all matters concerning nursing service, nursing
education and specialization in nursing, etc.
 She/he guides, supervises and co-ordinates nursing services and nursing education in the
States.
 She/he plans total nursing manpower requirements of the country in the area of nursing
service, nursing education and continuing education, etc., in cooperation and coordination
with State Government units and Voluntary agencies.
 Responsible for developing the National and International Projects concerning nursing in
India.
 She/he is a program officer for nursing section in the office of the Director General of Health
Services, which involves components of all the National Health Program.
 Maintains liaison with all professional bodies concerned with improving the standards of
nursing services and nursing education in the country.
Roles and Responsibilities of Nursing Advisor -

1) Administrator
 Serves as manager, communicator, participator in institutional policy development and
planning, and as evaluator of nursing care.
 Develops policies and procedures regarding qualifications and employment of nursing staff
members.
 Establishes the department philosophy, goals, objectives, standards and policies and
procedures to achieve high quality nursing care.
 Develops a system for evaluation of work performance and evaluates the performance of
management personnel accordingly.
 Plan ways to improve leadership skills and to anticipate and minimize problems, and ways to
identify these problems and to plan their resolution.
 Directs the formulation and implementation of policies, procedures and standards of practice.
 Prepares and submits budget information to administration.
 She/he attend meeting at national and international level regarding development of nursing
standard.
 Organizes plans and directs department functions and activities to comply with short- and
long-term objectives and with hospital philosophy and policies.
 Serves as a member of different professional organization like TNAI, INC, etc.
2) Education and Specialization in Nursing
 Develops policies and procedures regarding qualifications and employment of nursing staff
members.

 She/he is program officer to conduct and develop various educational programs for up-
gradation of nursing services.
 Collaborate with WHO and implement WHO fellowship and certificate course.
 Plan and establishes various schools and colleges of nursing to increase the qualified nursing
personnel.
 Plan and submit the budget to the higher authority for implementation of various nursing
courses.
 Attend workshops at International level like WHO, UNICEF, etc.
 Develop policies to conduct specialization courses for nursing personnel.
 Supervises various schools and colleges about the formulation and implementation of quality
patient care.
3) Services
 Organizes department structure, interprets this relationship to nursing personnel; plans,
directs and supervises the nursing service.
 Plans ways to promote the growth and development of personnel through in-service
programs, workshops, seminars and other continuing education programs.
 Implements activities necessary to meet nursing objectives.
 Establishes a system for regular monthly meeting.
 Assists management personnel in developing objectives, planned change, policy and
procedure development and monitoring of standards of nursing care.
 Maintains contact and communication with administrator, department heads and medical
staff concerning all areas of direct and indirect patient care and hospital matters.
PRINCIPAL
 Principal, College of Nursing is the administrative head of the College of Nursing will be
directly responsible to the Director of the Medical Education/Director of Health and Family
Welfare services and responsible for implementation and revision of curriculum for various
courses and research activities of the College of Nursing.
 Educational Qualification and Experience: M. Sc. Nursing with 15 years of experience out of
which 12 years should be teaching experience with minimum of 5 years in collegiate
programme. PhD in Nursing is desirable.
 Registration: Registered in any State Nursing Council.
Roles and Responsibilities of Principal

Planning
 Develops philosophy and objectives for educational program
 Identifies the present needs related to educational program
 Investigates, evaluates and secures resources
 Formulates the plan of action
 Selects and organizes learning experience

Organizing
 Determines the number of position and scope and responsibility of each faculty and staff.
 Analyses the job to be done in terms of needs of education program.
 Prepares the job description, indicate line of authority, responsibility in the relationship and
channels of communication by means of organizational chart and other methods.
 Considers preparation, ability and interest personally in equating responsibility.
 Delegate’s authority commensurate with responsibility.
 Maintains a plan of work load among staff members.
 Provides an organizational framework for effective staff functioning such as meeting of the
staff etc.
Directing
 Recommends appointment and promotion based on qualification and experience of the
Individual staff, scope of job and total staff composition.
 Subscribes and encourages developmental aspects with reference to welfare of staff and
students.
 Provides adequate orientation of staff members.
 Guides and encourages staff members in their job activities.
 Consistently makes administrative decision based on established policies.
 Facilitates participation in community, professional and institutional activities by providing
time, opportunity for support for such participation.
 Creates involvement in designing educationally sound program.
 Maintenance of attitude rightly acceptable to staff and learners.
 Provides for utilization in the development of total program and encourages their
contribution.
 Provides freedom for staff to develop active training course within the framework for
curriculum
 Promotes staff participation in research.
 Procures and maintains physical facilities which are of a standard.
Coordinating
 Coordinates activities relating to the programs such as regular meetings, time schedule,
maintaining effective communication, etc.
 Initiates ways of cooperation.
 Interprets nursing education to other related disciplines and to the public.
Controlling
 Provides for continuous follow up and revision of education program.
 Maintains recognition of the educational program by accrediting bodies.
 Maintains a comprehensive system of records.
 Prepares periodic report which revives the progress and problems of the entire program and
presents plans for its continuous development.
 Prepares, secures approval and administrates the budget.

Instruction (Teaching)
 Plans for participating in educational programs for further development.
 Recognizes the needs for continuing education for self and staff provide stimulation of
opportunities for such development.
 Participate as a teacher in the educational program.
Guiding
 Provides for systematic guidance program for staff members and students.
 Encourages studies, research and writing for publication.
 Provides and maintains a program for recruitment, selection and promotion of students.
VICE- PRINCIPAL
which 10 years should be teaching experience with minimum of 5 years in collegiate
programme. PhD in Nursing is desirable.
 Registration: Registered in any State Nursing Council.
Roles and Responsibilities of Vice-Principal

Financial:
 Assists Principal in carrying out financial activities
 Planning and revising budget
 Monitoring College expenditure
 In the absence of Principal, performs all the functions
Educational:
 Assists Principal in planning, implementation and evaluation of the programmes.
 Assists Principal in identifying needs for professional development of faculty and conducting
staff development programme.
 Supervises postgraduate students in conducting research.
 Participates in teaching of various educational programmes.
 In the absence of Principal, chairs the assigned committee meetings.
 Supervises all educational programmes in coordination with the coordinators.
 Guides faculty in day-to-day academic activities
Supervisory:
 Shares responsibility with Principal and Professor in supervision of teaching and nonteaching
staff.
 Plans academic staff assignments in consultation with Principal.
 Participates in conduct of orientation programme
 Supervises and guides staff in conducting their activities.
 Writes staff performance report and reviews evaluation report of assigned staff.
 Assists Principal in monitoring students welfare activities e.g. Mess, hostel, Health, Sports,
S.N.A. etc.
 Assists Principal in administration and supervision of library.

Establishment:
 Assists Principal in maintaining rules and regulations in college campus
 Supervises overall functioning of staff and students' hostel.
 Assists Principal in maintaining discipline in the college.
 Assists Principal in reviewing recruitment and promotion policies of teaching and non-
teaching staff.
Interpersonal:
 Assists Principal in maintaining human relation and communication
 Identifies conflict among staff members, initiates solution and reports to Principal when
necessary.
 Communicates with staff in explaining administrative constraints.
 Facilitates guidance and counseling students and staff as per need.
 Any other responsibility assigned by the Principal.
PROFESSOR
 The Professor is overall in charge of the department and thereby responsible for
administration and teaching activities and guidance of the department.
which 7 years should be teaching experience. PhD in Nursing is desirable.
 Registration: Registered in any State Nursing Council
Duties and Responsibilities of Professor

Administration
 Participating in determination of educational purposes and policies.
 Contributes to the development and implementation of the philosophy and purposes of the
educational program.
 Utilizes opportunities through group action to initiate improvement of the educational
program.
 Interprets educational philosophy and policy to others.
 Directs the activities of staff working in the department.
Instruction
 Identifying needs of learners.
 Identifies the needs of the learners in terms of objectives of the program and utilizing records
of previous experience, personal interviews, tests and observations.
 Assists learners and identifying their needs.
 Develops plan for learning experience.
 Participates in the formulation and implementation of the philosophy and objectives program.
 Selects and organizes learning experiences which are in accordance with their objectives.
 Participates in the continuous development and the evaluation of the curriculum.
 Plans within the educational unit, with the nursing services and allied groups.
 Ascertains, selects and organizes facilities, equipment and materials necessary for learning.
Helping the learners to acquire desirable attitudes, knowledge and skill
 Seeks to create a climate conducive to learning.
 Assists learners in using problem solving techniques.

 Uses varied and appropriate teaching methods effectively.
 Uses incidental and planned opportunities for teaching.
 Encourages learners to assume increasing responsibility for own development.
Evaluating Learner’s Progress

 Recognizes individual differences in appraising the learner’s progress.
 Uses appropriate devices for evaluation.
 Measures and describes quality of performance objectively.
 Helps learners for self evaluation.
 Participates in staff evaluation of learner’s progress.
Recording and Reporting
 Maintains and uses adequate and accurate records.
 Prepares and channels clear and concise reports.
 Shares information about learner‘s needs and achievements with other concerned with
instruction and guidance.
 Participates in the formulation and maintenance of comprehensive record system.
Investigative ways to improving Teaching
 Measures effectiveness of instructions by use of appropriate devices.
 Increases knowledge and skill in own curriculum area.
 Analyzes and evaluates resources material.
 Devices teaching methods appropriate to objectives and content.
Guidance
 Cooperating in guidance program.
 Shares in planning, developing and using guidance programme.
 Gives guidance within own field of competence.
 Helps the learner with special problems to seek and use additional helps as indicated.
Counseling
 Helps the learner to grow in self – understanding.
 Promotes continuous growth and development towards maturity.
 Continues to develop competence in problem solving process.
 Cooperates in and/or initiates group activities in development and evaluation of studies.
 Utilizes findings of research.
 Makes data available concerning learners and concerning methods of teaching and
evaluation.
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
 The Assistant Professor usually works under Professor /Head of the Department of the
particular department of specialty and assists him/her in administration, teaching and
guidance and counseling and research activities.
which 5 years should be teaching experience. PhD in Nursing is desirable.
Duties and Responsibilities of Assistant Professor

Administration
 Participates in determination of educational purposes and policies.

 Contributes to the development and implementation of the philosophy and purposes of the
total education program.
 Utilizes opportunities through group action to initiate improvement of the total educational
program.
 Interprets educational philosophy and policy to others.
 Directs the activities of staff working in the department.
Instruction
 Identifying the needs of learners.
 Identifies the needs of the learners in terms of the objectives of the program by utilizing
records of previous experience, personal records of previous experience, personal interviews,
tests and observations.
 Assists learners in identifying their needs.
 Develops plan for learning experience.
 Participates in the formulation and implementation of the philosophy and objectives of the
program.
 Selects and organizes learning experiences which are in accordance with their objectives.
 Participates in the continue development and evaluation of the curriculum.
 Plans within the educational, with the nursing services and allied groups.
 Ascertains, selects and organizes facilities, equipment and materials necessary for learning.
Helping the learners to acquire desirable attitudes, knowledge and skill
 Seeks to create a climate conductive to learning.
 Assists learners using problem solving techniques.
 Uses varied and appropriate teaching methods effectively.
 Uses incidental and planned opportunities for teaching.
 Encourages learners to assume increasing responsibility for own development.
Evaluating Learning Progress
 Recognize individual differences in appraising the learner’s progress.
 Uses appropriate devices for evaluation.
 Helps learners for self evaluation.
 Participates in staff evaluation of learner’s progress.
Recording and Reporting
 Maintains and uses adequate and accurate records.
 Prepares channels for clear and concise reports.
 Shares information about learner‘s needs and achievement with others concerned with
instruction and guidance.
 Participates in the formulation and maintenance of comprehensive record system.
Investigating ways improving Teaching
 Measures effectiveness of instruction by use of appropriate devices.
 Analyzes and evaluates resource material.
 Devices teaching methods appropriate to objectives and content.
Guidance
 Cooperating in guidance program.
 Shares in planning, developing and using guidance program.
 Gives guidance within own field of competence.

 Helps the learners with special problems to seek and use additional help as indicated.
Counseling
 Helps the learner to grow in self understanding.
 Promotes continuous growth and development towards maturity.
Assisting in selection and Promotion of Learners
 Participates in development of criteria for selection and promotion of learners.
Research
 Imitates and participates in studies for the improvement of educational programs.
 Identifies problems in which research is indicated or potentially desirable.
 Cooperates in and/ or initiates group activity in development and evaluation of studies.
 Utilizes findings of research.
 Makes data available concerning learners and concerning methods of teaching and
evaluation.
LECTURER
 He/She works under the direction of the department head and assists him/her in
administration, instruction and guidance activities.
 Educational Qualification and Experience: M. Sc. Nursing with 3 years of experience.
Duties and Responsibilities of Lecturer

Instruction
 Identifies the needs of the learners in terms of the program by utilizing the records of
previous experience, personal interviews, tests and observation.
 Assists the learners in identifying their needs.
 Participates in formulation and implementation of the philosophies and objectives of the post.
 Selects and organizes learning experiences which are in accordance with these objectives.
 Plans with the educational unit with nursing service and allied groups.
 Ascertains, selects and organizes facilities equipment and materials necessary for learning.
 Assists the learners in using problem solving process.
 Prepares clear and concise reports.
 Share information about learner‘s needs and achievements with others concerned.
 Measures effectiveness of instruction by use of appropriate devices.
 Devices leaching methods appropriate to objectives and content.
Guidance and Counseling
 Gives guidance with own field of competence.
 Helps the learner to grow in self understanding.
Research
 Assist in initiating and participating in studies for the improvement of educational program.
 Identifies the problems in which research is indicated or potentially desirable.
 Make data available concerning learners and concerning methods of teaching and evaluation.
 Cooperate in and/ or initiates group activity in development and evaluation of studies.

 Utilizes the findings of research.
SENIOR TUTOR
 Educational Qualification and Experience: M. Sc. Nursing or B. Sc Nursing/ Post Basic B. Sc
Nursing with 3 years of experience.
Responsibilities of Senior Tutor
 Participates in teaching and supervising the courses of undergraduate students.
 Participates in curriculum development, evaluation and revision.
 Guide in research projects for undergraduate students.
 Acts as a Counselor for staff and students.
 Maintains various educational records.
 Conducting and participating in department meetings and attending various meetings.
 Participates in Administration activities of department.
TUTOR
 Educational Qualification and Experience: M. Sc. Nursing or B. Sc Nursing/ Post Basic B. Sc
Nursing with 1 year of experience.
Responsibilities of Tutor
 Participates in teaching and supervising the courses of undergraduate students.
 Coordinates with the external lecturer for various courses as assigned.
 Participate in the evaluation of students.
 Guide the students in conducting seminars, discussions and presentations etc.
 Maintain students' records.
 Participate in student counseling programmes.
CLINICAL INSTRUCTOR
 Educational Qualification and Experience: B. Sc Nursing/ Post Basic B. Sc Nursing.
Responsibilities of Clinical Instructor

 Demonstrate standards for nursing practice.
 Supervise and teach the students in the clinical fields.
 Participate in evaluation of students.
 Assist the students in conducting health education programme.
 Maintain students' records.
 Participate in the student counseling programmes.
 Participate and promote student welfare activities.

− SYSTEM OF MEDICINES
AYUSH – THE INDIAN SYSTEM OF MEDICINE
A • AYURVEDA
Y • YOGA & NATUROPATHY
U • UNANI
S • SIDDHA
H • HOMEOPATHY
 The medical systems that are truly Indian in origin and development are Ayurveda and
Siddha.
 AYUSH comes under the heading of Indigenous System of Medicine.
AYURVEDA (A) – implies science of life. Around 1000 BC comprehensive documentation of

the knowledge of ayurveda was done by Charaka (Father of Medicine) in Charaka Samihita and
Sushruta (Father of Surgery) in Sushruta Samihita.
 The National Institute of Ayurveda was established in 1976

 A 5 year degree programme (BAMS) is planned, organized and administered with an
additional 6 months of compulsory internship
 The uniformity and standards of Under Graduates and Post Graduates education are
maintained by the Central Council of Indian Medicine (CCIM) established in 1971 under
Indian Medicine Central Council Act 1970.
 Health is considered as pre-requisite for achieving goal of life for Dharmas, Artha, Kama and
Moksha.
 Body of knowledge of ayurveda is derived from darshanas (Science) which encompass
physically, biologically and spiritual sciences.
 Practice of ayurveda is based on theory of Panch Mahabhutas (Five elements)
 They are classified in form of Tri Dosha

Pitta (Fire)
Vata (Ether & Kaph (Water

Air) & Earth)
Tri Dosha
 The treatment of ayurveda involves – a) Preventive Measures – include personal hygiene,

daily routing, rejuvenating materials/ food, drugs and rasayanas
b) Curative Measures – includes 3 major measures – Aushadhi means Drugs, Anna means Diets
and Vihara means exercises and general mode of life
 Ayurveda deals with problems related to Nervous system, Respiratory system, Gastro-
Intestinal system, Integumentary system and Musculoskeletal system
 Ayurveda is most popular in Kerala, Himachal Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Madhya
Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Orissa.
 8 Specialities in Ayurveda –
i. Kaya Chikitsa – Internal Medicine
ii. Kumar Bhartya – Pediatrics
iii. Graha Chukitsa – Psychiatry
iv. Shalkya – Eye & ENT
v. Shalya Tantra – Surgery
vi. Visha Tantra – Toxicology
vii. Rasayana – Geriatrics
viii. Vagi Karna – Science of Virility
YOGA AND NATUROPATHY (Y) – Yoga is a science which helps to coordinate body and
mind more effectively.
 It helps in prevention and cure of various psychosomatic disorders, psychic and physical
disorders.
 National Institute of Naturopathy (NIN) was established in Pune (1984).
 Every year 21st June is celebrated as International Yoga Day.

 It was propounded by Patanjali
 Components of Yoga
Meditation
Breathing
Contemplation
Exercises
Physical Restraining of
Posture Sense Organs
Austerity Smadhi
Restraint
 Ministry of Human Resource Department plans to introduce yoga in schools, hospitals or

short term course for stress management by leading yoga institutions.
 Naturopathy – it is holistic system which helps to promote physical, mental/ emotional,
social and spiritual health.
 It is based mainly on application of simple laws of nature.
UNANI SYSTEM OF MEDICINE (U) – The National Institute of Unani Medicine was
established jointly by Government of Karnataka in 1984 at Bangalore.
 A 5 year degree programme (BUMS) is planned, organized and administered with an

additional 6 months of compulsory internship
 It is based on 4 humour theory of Hippocrates i. e. blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile.
 It uses ingredients of animal & marine origin.
 The diagnosis of a disease is done by feeling pulse, observation of urine, stool, color of skin
& gait etc.
 Treatment is carried out in 4 forms –
Regimental
Pharmco Therapy Diet Therapy Surgery
Therapy

 Unani system of medicine specializes on rheumatic arthritis, jaundice, filariasis, eczema,
sinusitis and bronchial asthma.
 It emphasis on developing defence mechanism of the body.
SIDDHA SYSTEM OF MEDICINE (S) – it is one of the oldest system of medicine.
 A 5 year degree programme is planned, organized and administered with an additional 6

months of compulsory internship
 National Institute of Siddha (NIS) was proposed & approved during 9th Five year plan.
 The researches in Siddha are done by Central Council for Research in Ayurveda & Siddha
set up in 1970.
 Philosophy – there is an intimate link between man & environment
 Food is the basic building material in the body which gets processed into 3 Doshas, 7 Dhatus
and 3Malas. Equilibrium between three is considered to be ‘Health’ & disequilibrium results
in disease or sickness.
 Causative factors are identified by examination of pulse, eyes, body color, tongue, digestive
system, urine and study of voice.
 Consider patient as a whole – age, sex, race, habits, mental frame, diet, appetite, physical
condition, physiological constitution, habitat, environment & meterological conditions.
 Siddha medicine makes use of mercury, silver, arsenic, lead, sulphur etc. minerals, plants &
animal parts.
 It is effective in treating chronic cases of rheumatic problems, anemia, peptic ulcer, bleeding
piles, liver & skin diseases.
 Siddha system of medicine is most popular in South India especially Tamil Nadu.
HOMEOPATHY SYSTEM OF MEDICINE (H) – A 5 year degree programme (BHMS) is

planned, organized and administered with an additional 6 months of compulsory internship
registered by Central Council of Health
 It is based on theory “Similia Similibus Curentis” means any substance capable of producing
artificial symptoms on healthy individuals can cure the same symptoms in a natural disease.
 Basic laws, diagnosis and treatment methods in Homeopathy –
1. Law of direction of cure – during curative process, the symptoms disappear in the reverse
direction from centre to periphery.
2. Law of single remedy – uses only a single medicine based on individualization. The
physician adopts a detailed case study by exploring the physical, psychological, biomedical
constitution of the individual.
3. Law of minimum doses – minimum possible doses to correct diseased state.
4. Theory of chronic diseases – Homeopathy is highly individualizing process.

 Homeopathy system of medicine deals with chronic diseases such as diabetes, arthritis,
bronchial asthma, skin allergic, immunological disorders, behavioral disorders and mental
diseases.
CENTRALLY SPONSORED HEALTH SCHEMES

ESI – Employees State Insurance Act, 1948
 The ESI scheme is administered by an autonomous body called Employees State Insurance
Corporation (ESIC) which meets atleast twice a year.
 The 1975 amendment extended the act to the following –
i. Non power using factories employing 20 or more persons
ii. Power using factories employing 10 or more persons
iii. Road transport establishments
iv. Newspaper establishments
v. Cinemas and theatres
vi. Hotels and restaurants
vii. Shops
 At present the employees drawing wages upto Rs 15000/- per month purview of the ESI Act.
BENEFITS TO EMPLOYEE – Medical benefit – includes ambulance services, domiciliary

treatment facility and provisions of drugs, dressings and some appliances.
 Sickness benefits – include paid in cash (50% of the wages) to the insured persons
(admissible to 91 days in a year) to compensate their loss of wages in the event of sickness
certified by an authorized medical officer.
 Maternity benefit – is payable (equal to wage) to insured women in case of confinement for
12 weeks and 6 weeks in case of miscarriage.
 Disablement benefit – payable (72 % of the wages) for temporary or permanent, partial or
total disablement as a result of employment injury (including occupational diseases)
 Dependents benefit – it is payable to dependents of insured person dying as a result of
employment injury. Widow of the deceased gets the benefit throughout her life or until
remarriage and legitimate or adopted children are paid till 18 years of age.
 Funeral expenses – on the death of an insured person a sum of a maximum Rs 2500 is
payable to the family member to meet the funeral expense from local offices.
 Rehabilitation benefit – workers entitled to receive an artificial limb are awarded a
rehabilitation allowance, for each day of their admission at the artificial limb center, for
provision or replacement of an artificial limb.
 Other benefits – involves free supply of physical aids and appliances, preventive health care
services etc.

BENEFITS TO EMPLOYERS – compliance under the act brings about healthy work force and
augmentation in production
− Discharge the employer from liability under other labor enactments such as Workmen’s
Compensation Act, Maternity Benefit Act, etc.
− Saves from the imposition of interest/ damages/ compensation/ prosecution
− Employers get rebate under Income tax act on contribution to ESIC
− Exempted from liability of organizing health care services for employees
CGHS – Central Government Health Scheme was started in 1954.
Objectives of the scheme
1) To give extensive medical facilities to central government employees and their family
members.
2) To save government from heavy expenses on medical refund.
Coverage under the scheme – scheme was started in Delhi and at present it is functioning in 25
cities – Nagpur, Hyderabad, Bangalore, Kolkata, Jaipur, Lucknow, Mumbai, Chandigarh etc.
Beneficiaries of scheme
a) Central Government employees and their family members

b) Member of Parliament
c) Judges of Supreme court and High court
d) Freedom fighters
e) Pensioners of Central Government, semi, autonomous units and employees of Semi-
Government Organization
f) Journalists
g) Governors and Ex-Vice Presidents
Facilities under the scheme
 Outdoor treatment facilities in all medical systems

 Emergency services in Allopathy system
 Free medicines
 Facilities for laboratory tests and radiological investigations
 Treatment for serious patients at their home
 Specialist consultation
 Family welfare services
 Facilities for 90% advanced payment in case of need

 According to 2009 report, 9.34 lakh are card holder and 31.81 lakh beneficiaries. Under
CGHS, there are 247 allopathic hospitals, 82 dispensaries of AYUSH, 19 polyclinics, 65
laboratories, 21 dental units and 4 yoga centres.
− ROLE OF VOLUNTARY HEALTH ORGANIZATIONS AND

INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES
WHO – WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION
The WHO is a specialized, non-political, health agency of the United Nations, with headquarters
at Geneva. The constitution came into force on 7th April, 1948 which is celebrated every year as
“World Health Day”. A World Health Day theme is chosen each year to focus attention on a
specific aspect of public health.
Objective – The objective of the WHO is “the attainment by all people’s of the highest level of
health” i.e. attainment by all people of the world by the year 2000 AD of a level of health that
will permit them to lead a productive life – also known as Health for All by 2000AD.
Membership – open to all countries.
WHO Work - WHO’s first Constitutional function is to act as the directing and coordinating
authority on all international health work. The WHO also has specific responsibilities for
establishing and promoting international standards in the field of health, which comprise the
following broad areas:
i. Prevention and control of specific diseases

ii. Development of comprehensive health services
iii. Family health
iv. Environmental health
v. Health statistics
vi. Bio-medical research
vii. Health literature and information
viii. Cooperation with other organizations
Structure – The WHO consists of three principal organs – The World Health Assembly, The
Executive Board and The Secretariat.
The World Health Assembly – is the supreme governing body of the organization. It meets
annually at Geneva. The main functions of the Health Assembly are:
i. To determine international health policy and programmes

ii. To review the work of the past year
iii. To approve the budget needed for the following year

iv. To elect Member States to designate a person to serve for three years on the Executive
Board and to replace the retiring members.
The Executive Board – 30-31 members
 Minimum 3 member from each WHO region

 Meet twice a year
 The main work of the Board is to give effect to the decisions and policies of the Assembly.
 The Board also has power to take action itself in an emergency, such as epidemics,
earthquakes and floods where immediate action is needed.
The Secretariat – headed by the Director General
 The primary function of the WHO secretariat is to provide Member States with technical and
managerial support for their national health development programmes.
 The WHO Secretariat comprised of the following divisions –
− Division of epidemiological surveillance and health situation and trend assessment
− Division of communicable diseases
− Division of vector biology and control
− Division of environmental health
− Division of public information and education for health
− Division of mental health
− Division of diagnostic, therapeutic and rehabilitative technology
− Division of strengthening of health services
− Division of family health
− Division of non-communicable diseases
− Division of health manpower development
− Division of information systems support
− Division of personnel and general services
− Division of budget and finance
WHO Regional Organizations
REGION HEADQUARTERS
1. South East Asia New Delhi (India)
2. Africa Brazzaville Congo
3. The Americas Washington D.C. (U.S.A)
4. Europe Copenhagen (Denmark)
5. Eastern Mediterranean Alexandria (Egypt)
6. Western Pacific Manila (Philippines)

UNICEF – UNITED NATIONS INTERNATIONAL CHILDREN’s EMERGENCY FUND
 Established in 1946 by the United Nations General Assembly to deal with rehabilitation of
children in war ravaged countries.
 The headquarters of the UNICEF is at United Nations, New York. UNICEF’s regional office
is in New Delhi, the region is known as the South Central Asian Region which covers
Afghanistan, Sri Lanka, India, The Maldives, Mongolia and Nepal.
 UNICEF works in close collaboration with WHO and the other specialized agencies of the
United Nations like UNDP, FAO and UNESCO.
Content of Services
 Child health – UNICEF is focusing attention on providing primary health care to mothers and
children. Emphasis is placed on immunization, infant and young child care, family planning
aspects of family health, safe water and adequate sanitation.
 Child nutrition – UNICEF gives high priority to improving child nutrition. Specific aid given
for intervention against nutritional deficiency diseases through provision of large doses of
vitamin A in areas where xerophthalmia is prevalent, enrichment of salt with iodine in areas
of endemic goiter, provision of iron and folate supplements to combat anemia’s and
enrichment of foods.
 Family and child welfare – to improve the acre of children, both within and outside their
homes through such means as parent education, day care centres, child welfare and youth
agencies and women’s clubs
 Education – emphasis is placed on the kind of schooling relevant to the environment and
future life of the children.
Currently, UNICEF is promoting a campaign known as GOBI campaign to encourage 4

strategies for a “child health revolution”
G – for growth charts to better monitor child development

O – for oral rehydration to treat all mild and moderate dehydration
B – for breast feeding
I – for immunization against measles, diphtheria, polio, pertussis, tetanus and tuberculosis
 Since 1976, UNICEF has been participating in Urban Basic Services (UBS). The aim of the
UBS projects is to upgrade basic services (e.g., health, nutrition, waters supply, sanitation
and education) – especially for women and children. The overall objective is to improve the
degree and quality of survival and development of the children of urban low-income families.
UNESCO – UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL

ORGANIZATION
 It is a specialized agency of United Nations established on 16th November 1945.

 It has 193 member states and 7 associate members.
 This organization is based in Paris with over 50 field offices and many institutes throughout
the world.
 Objectives of UNESCO –
i. To maintain peace and security by promoting International collaboration through
education and sciences
ii. To protect human rights, Universal respect for justice
iii. To improve educational, social and human sciences with better communication and
information
ILO - INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION
 It was established in 1919 to improve the working and living conditions of the working
population all over the world. WHO and ILO are co-partners in the field of health and labour.
 Head Quarters – Geneva, Switzerland
Objectives
I. To improve the working and living conditions of workers/ laborers through international
efforts
II. To cooperate in maintaining peace in establishment by promoting special justice
III. To promote economic and social stability
 The International Labour Code is a collection of international minimum standards related to
health, welfare, living and working conditions of workers all over the world.
 The ILO also provides assistance to organizations interested in the betterment of living and
employment standards.
UNDP – UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
 Established in 1966.
 It is the main source of funds for technical assistance
 The basic objective of the UNDP is to help poorer nations develop their human and natural
resources more fully.
 The UNDP projects cover virtually every economic and social sector – agriculture, industry,
education and science, health, social welfare etc.
UNFPA – UNITED NATIONS FOR POPULATION ACTIVITIES
 UNFPA has been providing assistance to India since 1974.

 In addition to funding national level schemes, area projects for intensive development of
health and family welfare infrastructure and improvement in the availability of services in the

rural areas have been under implementation in 11 districts of Bihar and 4 districts of
Rajasthan.
 The UNFPA inputs are designed
i. To develop national capability for the manufacture of contraceptives
ii. To develop population education programmes
iii. To undertake organized sector projects
iv. To strengthen programme management as well as to improve output of grass-root level
health workers
v. Introduction of innovative approaches to family planning and MCH care
FAO – FOOD & AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION
 FAO was formed in 1945 with Headquarters in Rome.

 Chief aims of FAO are –
i. To help nations raise living standards
ii. To improve nutrition of the people of all countries
iii. To increase the efficiency of farming, forestry and fisheries
iv. To better the condition of rural people
v. To widen the opportunity of all people for productive work
 FAO’s prime concern is the increased production of food to keep pace with the ever-growing
world population.
 The most important aspect of FAO’s work is towards ensuring that the food is consumed by
the people who need it, in sufficient quantities and in right proportions, to develop and
maintain a better state of nutrition throughout the world.
 FAO has organized a World Freedom from Hunger Campaign (FFHC) in 1960.
 The main object of the Campaign is to combat malnutrition and to disseminate information
and education.
 The joint WHO/ FAO expert committees have provided the basis for many cooperative
activities – nutritional surveys, training courses, seminars and the coordination of research
programmes on brucellosis and other zoonoses.
WORLD BANK – World Bank is a specialized agency of the United Nations.
 It was established in 1944 with the purpose of helping less developed countries raise their
living standards.
 The powers of the bank are vested in a Board of Governors.
 The Bank gives loans for projects that will lead to economic growth.
 The projects are usually concerned with electric power, roads, railways, agriculture, water
supply, education, family planning etc.
 Health and environmental components have been added to many projects.
 Cooperative programmes exist between WHO and the Bank e.g. projects for water supply,
World Food Programme, Population Control etc.

USAID – UNITED STATES AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
 The US Government presently extends aid to India through three agencies:

i. USAID (UNITED STATES AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT)
ii. The Public Law 480 (Food for Peace) Programme
iii. The US Export-Import Bank
 It was created in 1961. A USAID mission functions in New Delhi.
 It is in charge of activities previously administered by the Technical Cooperation Mission
(TCM).
 The US has been assisting in a number of projects designed to improve the health of India’s
people. These are:
1. Malaria eradication
2. Medical education
3. Nursing education
4. Health education
5. Water supply and sanitation
6. Control of communicable diseases
7. Nutrition
8. Family planning
 The recent trend in assistance from the USA is increasingly in the support of agricultural and
family planning programmes, with some reduction in aid in the general public health field.
THE COLOMBO PLAN
 Established in 1950 for cooperative economic development in South and South East Asia.
 Membership comprises 20 developing countries within the region and 6 non-regional
members – Australia, Canada, Japan, New Zealand, UK and USA.
 The bulk of Colombo plan assistance goes into industrial and agricultural development.
 The Plan provides for visits to countries by experts who can offer advice on local problems
and train the local people.
 The contribution of Canada in supplying Cobalt Therapy Units to medical institutions in
India was an important item of aid under the Colombo Plan.
 Colombo Plan seeks to improve living standards of the people of the area by reviewing
developmental plans and coordinating development assistance.
SIDA – SWEDISH INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AGENCY
 The Swedish International Development Agency is assisting the National Tuberculosis

Control Programme since 1979.
 The SIDA assistance is usually spent on procurement of supplies like X-Ray units,
microscopes and anti-tuberculosis drugs.

 SIDA authorities are also supporting the Short Course Chemotherapy Drug Regimens under
Pilot study, which were introduced in 18 districts of the country during 1983-84 and pilot
phase – I of the revised strategy of NTP in 5 sites namely Delhi, Bangalore, Mumbai,
Kolkata and Mehsana (Gujarat) sine 1993.
DANIDA – DANISH INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AGENCY
 Denmark is one of the five countries in the world that meets the United Nation’s target of
granting 0.7 % of gross national income (GNI) in development assistance.
 The Danish International Development Agency is the section of the Danish Ministry of
Foreign Affairs dedicated to providing aid and financing pro-development activities in
developing countries.
 The Government of Denmark is providing assistance for the development of services under
National Blindness Control Programme since 1978.
 The new strategy for Denmark’s development cooperation, “The Right to a better life”
creates the foundation for an effective Danish Development Cooperation, which aims to
combat poverty and promote human rights.
 Economic growth is central to the strategy, but growth should be green and promote social
progress in order for it to contribute to improving the lives of poor people and their ability to
create a better life for themselves.
NON – GOVERNMENTAL VOLUNTARY AGENCIES
INTERNATIONAL RED CROSS – Red Cross is Non - Governmental, Non - Political,

International Humanitarian Voluntary Organization devoted to the service of mankind in peace
and war.
o The headquarters of International Red Cross Society is in Geneva.

o It was established by Henry Dunant in 1919.
o International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), an independent, neutral institution, the
founder organization of the Red Cross.
o The work of the Red Cross was extended to other programmes which comprise services to
armed forces, service to war veterans, disaster service, first aid and nursing, health education
and maternity and child welfare services which would prevent human suffering.
ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION
 Rockefeller foundation was established in 1913 by John D Rockefeller.

 The purpose to promote it is the well being of mankind throughout the world.
 The activities of the foundation where more in the field of community health and medicine.
 The work of Rockefeller foundation started from 1920 in India with the scheme for the
control of hookworm disease in the the Madras Presidency.

 Established of the All India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health at Kolkata was in large
measure due to the cooperation of the Rockefeller Foundation.
 The Foundation’s programmes included –
i. The training of competent teachers and research workers
ii. Training abroad of candidates from India through fellowships and travel grants
iii. Sponsoring of visit of a large number of medical specialist from the USA
iv. Providing grants in aid to some selective institutions
v. Development of medical college libraries
vi. Population studies
vii. Assistance to research projects and institutions (for ex – National Institute of
Virology at Pune)
viii. Helps in development of agriculture
ix. Helps in development of family planning
x. Provides rural training and medical education
FORD FOUNDATION
 Ford foundation is an organization which is dedicated to the field of rural health services and
family planning.
 The Ford Foundation has helped India in the following projects –
i. Orientation training centres – at Singur, Poonamalle and Najafgarh to provide training
courses in public health for medical and paramedical personnel from all over India.
ii. Research-cum-action projects – were aimed at solving some of the basic problems in
environmental sanitation e.g. designing and construction of hand-flushed acceptable
sanitary latrines in rural areas
iii. Pilot project in rural health services – at Gandhigram, Tamil Nadu to develop and operate
a coordinated type of health service which will provide a useful model for health
administrators in the country.
iv. Establishment of NIHAE – The Ford Foundation has supported the establishment of the
National Institute of Health Administration and Education at Delhi. The Institute provides
senior staff-college type training for health administrators.
v. Calcutta water supply and drainage system – The Foundation has helped in the preparation
of a master plan for water supply, sewerage and drainage for the city of Calcutta in
collaboration with other international agencies.
vi. Family planning programme – The Foundation is supporting research in reproductive
biology and in the family planning fellowship programmes.
 In India, the foundation provides help in short-term training programmes in community
health, pilot projects of health services, RCA projects and research programmes in family
planning.
 The Ford Foundation has provided help in the water supply and drainage of sewage systems
in Kolkata and the establishment of National Health and Family Welfare Institute in Delhi.

CARE – CO-OPERATIVE FOR ASSISTANCE AND RELIEF EVERYWHERE
 It was founded in North America in 1945.

 It is one of the world’s largest independent, non-profit, non – sectarian international relief
and developmental organization.
 CARE provides –
i. Emergency aid
ii. Health education
iii. Cooperation in agriculture
iv. Professional training
v. Long term developmental assistance
 CARE begins its operation in India in 1950.
 1971 – CARE is assisting in Mid Meal Scheme.
 Till the end of 1980’s, the primary objective of CARE – to provide food for children in the
age group of 6-11 years.
 CARE also supports the ICDS Programme and developmental programmes in the area of
health and income supplementation.
 CARE helped in the following projects –
i. Integrated nutrition and health project
ii. Better health and nutrition project
iii. Anemia control project
iv. Improving women’s health project
v. Improved health care for adolescent girls project
vi. Child survival project
vii. Improving women’s reproductive health and family spacing project
viii. Konkan integrated development project
 CARE India works in partnership with the Government of India, State Governments and
NGO’s.
 It undertakes projects in Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa,
Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal.
ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK
 Asian development bank established on 19 December 1966 to promote social & economic
development in Asia.
 Social development organization dedicated to reduce poverty in Asia & Pacific through
inclusive economic growth, environmental sustainable growth & regional integration.
 Asian Development Bank assistance supports the Government of India’s evolving priorities.
 Asian Development Bank’s country partnership strategy, 2013-2017 for India aims to support
the government’s Twelfth Five-year plan priorities of “faster, more inclusive and sustainable
growth”.

NATIONAL VOLUNTARY HEALTH AGENCIES IN INDIA
INDIAN RED CROSS SOCIETY
 The Red Cross Society of India was established by an act of the Indian Legislature in 1920.
 The National headquarters of Indian Red Cross Society (IRCS) is at Delhi.
 Objectives of Indian Red Cross Society –
i. Improvement of health
ii. Disaster relief
iii. Prevention of disease
iv. Promotion of voluntary blood donation
v. Collection of blood for transfusion
vi. Hospital services
vii. Maternal and child welfare
viii. Family planning
ix. Community services
x. Ambulance services
xi. Nursing services
xii. Mitigation of suffering
 The Red Cross Home at Bangalore for disabled ex-servicemen is one of the pioneer
institutions of its kind in Asia.
 Indian Red Cross has work in the direction of reducing human suffering by providing health
services like disaster services, maternity and child welfare services etc.
 Indian Red Cross Society is a national organization with more than 655 branches, which are
spread throughout the state, district and sub division of the country.
 The JUNIOR RED CROSS is one of the most active sections of the Society. It gives an
opportunity to lakhs of boys and girls all over India to be associated with activities like the
village uplift, first aid, anti epidemic work and building up of an international friendliness,
understanding and cooperation.
 Non – governmental organizations constitute a valuable resource in promoting health care.
Some of the non – governmental organizations are – Voluntary Health Association of India,
Trained Nurses Association of India, World Federation of Medical Education and
International Union against Cancer etc.
KASTURBA MEMORIAL FUND
 The Kasturba Memorial Fund was established in the memory of Kasturba Gandhi after her
death in 1944.
 Attempt is made to raise the standard of Indian women.
TUBERCULOSIS ASSOCIATION OF INDIA
 The Tuberculosis Association of India was established in 1939.

 Headquarters - Delhi
 The association conducts a drive for fund collection every year.
 It helps in training health professionals in anti-tuberculosis programmes and health
education.
 Some institutions run by the association –
a) Lady Linlithgow Sanatorium, Kasauli
b) Kind Edward VII Sanatorium, Dharampur
c) Tuberculosis Center, New Delhi
d) TB Hospital, Mehrauli
BHARAT SEVAK SAMAJ (BSS)
 Bharat Sevak Samaj was formed in 1952.

 It is non – political, non – governmental and non – voluntary organization.
 The main objective of BSS is to help people to achieve health through their efforts
 The main activity of the organization - improvement in environmental sanitation in rural area
is included.
 The branches of BSS are functioning in almost all districts of all states.
HIND KUSHT NIRVARAN SANGH
 The Hind Kusht Nirvaran Sangh was founded in 1950.

 Headquarters – New Delhi and the Sangh has branches throughout India which are active in
Leprosy Eradication Programme in India with the help of voluntary and government
agencies.
 The main activities of Sangh are –
1. To help leprosy homes and clinics
2. Health education through publication and publicity
3. Training of health personnel
4. Field diagnosis and research
5. Arranging leprosy worker’s conference and publication of quarterly “LEPROSY
INDIA”
CENTRAL SOCIAL WELFARE BOARD
 This organization is semi-government, autonomous organization which was formed by

Government of India in 1953.
 The board has started the family and child welfare services since 1968.
 It plays an important role in social education, craft training, maternity, milk distribution,
establishment and running of Balwadi and play centres.
 Functions of the Board –
I. Serving the need and importance of voluntary welfare agencies
II. Setting up voluntary social welfare agencies and to promote their growth

III. Providing financial aid to deserving agencies and organizations
FAMILY PLANNING ASSOCIATION OF INDIA
 It was formed in 1949 with Headquarters in Mumbai.

 The association promotes activities related to family planning throughout the country with
aid from Government of India.
 The activities include –
a) Conducting family planning clinics
b) Training of health professionals
c) Providing information related to family planning
ALL INDIA BLIND RELIEF SOCIETY
 It was established in 1946 with objective of coordinating the various organizations working
for the blind people.
 It also conducts eye camps, works for social and economic help to the blind.
 It helps in prevention and control of blindness.
ALL INDIA WOMEN’s CONFERENCE
 It is voluntary organization of women which was formed in 1926.

 Its branches are functioning all over the country.
 It gives special contribution in running of maternal and child health clinics, health centres
and family planning clinics.
 It also arranges for adult education.
ICCW – INDIAN COUNCIL FOR CHILD WELFARE
 Indian Council for Child Welfare was formed in 1952.

 This organization is concerned with International Children’s Welfare Council.
 The main objective was to promote the opportunities and facilities for development of
children through legal or any other means.
 It also helps in promotion of physical, social and mental health of children.
SAINT JOHN AMBULANCE ASSOCIATION
 Headquarters - Delhi
 The objective of Saint John Ambulance Association is –
I. To create an army like organization –
• for delivering first aid
• to take care of the sick and injured
II. to give better home nursing
III. to train publics for first aid services

 Saint John Ambulance Association has more than 52000 trained workers.
 It comprises 2470 divisions, 680 regional/ district/ local centres, apart from 28 brigade
districts, 17 state centres, 8 railway centres and 2 Union Territories centres.
 In the Brigade wing trained workers perform field duties.
 Apart from emergencies, the association provides first aid services in public functions,
festivals, games, factories. Mines and other public places.
 It also involves training to teachers, students, factory and mine workers, NCC, Scouts and
guide girls, aviation stuff and general public.
 It has trained approximately 10 million people.
Composition – The President of India is the President of Saint John Ambulance Association.
 The Chairman of Saint John Ambulance Association is nominated by the President.

 The National Executive Committee is headed by the Union Minister for Health and Family
Welfare.
 The Secretary General of the Indian Red Cross Society is also the Secretary General of this
association.
 The organization functions through its association and brigade wings.
− PUBLIC HEALTH LEGISLATION

 DEFINITION - It a study of legal powers and duties of the state to assure the conditions for
people to be healthy and limitations on the power of the state to constraint the autonomy,
privacy, liberty, propriety or other legally protected interests on the individual for the
protection of promotion of community health.
 Public Health Act 2010, commenced on 1st September 2012. The objectives of the Public
Health Act are to:
i. Protect and promote public health
ii. Control the risk to public health
iii. Promote the control of infectious disease
iv. Prevent the spread of infectious disease
v. Recognize the role of local governments in protecting public health
 Categories of Public Health legislation
i. To protect the rights of health and improve the health of nation in comprehensive manner
 National Health Bill 2009
ii. To improve and maintain high standards in the medical education and services
 The Indian Medical Council Act 1956 and Regulation 2002
 The Indian Nursing Council Act 1947
 The Consumer Protection Act 1986
iii. Public registration to assess mortality and enumeration of population
 The Census Act 1948
 The registration of Births and Deaths Act 1969
iv. To prevent public health problems
 The International Health Regulation 2005
 The Transplantation of Human Organ Act 1994
 The Prevention of Food Adulteration Act 1954
 The Epidemic Diseases Act 1897
v. To achieve maternal health and to empower the women
 The Pre Conception & Prenatal Diagnostic Technique Act 1994
 Domestic Violence Act 2005
 Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act 1986
 The Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act 1971
 The Maternity Benefit Act 1961
 The Dowry Prohibition Act 1961
 The Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act 1956
vi. To safeguard the children and young
 The Infant Milk Substitutes, Feeding Bottles and Infant Foods (Regulation of Production,
Supply and Distribution) Act 1992
 The Child Labor (Prohibition and Regulation) Act 1986
 The Child Marriage Restraint Act 1929
vii. To rehabilitate and provide equal opportunity to disabled and disadvantaged groups
 The Persons with Disabilities (Equal Opportunity, Protection of Rights and Full
Participation) Act 1995
 The Mental Health Act 1987
viii. To prevent drug addiction and substance abuse and safe manufacturing of drugs, distribution
and storage
 The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act 1985
 The Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act 2003
 The Drugs and Cosmetics Act 1940
 The Drugs & Magic Remedies Act 1948
ix. To protect workers and to provide social security
 The Minimum Wages Act 1948
 The Factories Act 1948
 The Mines Act 1952
 The Employees State Insurance Act 1948
 The Workmen’s Compensation Act 1923
x. Environmental legislations
 The Environment (Protection) Act 1986
 The Biomedical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 1998
 The Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 2000
 The Hazardous Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 1989

 The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974
 The Motor Vehicle Act 1988
xi. To promote voluntary work
 The Red Cross Society Act 1936

UNIT IV
HEALTH EDUCATION
Health Education is the one of most cost effective intervention. At large number of diseases to be
prevented with little or no medical intervention if people were adequately informed about them
and if they were encouraged to take necessary precautions in time. World Health Organization
Constitution states that “Extension to all people of the benefits of medical, psychological and
related knowledge is essential to the fullest attainment of health.” Health Education is a part of
health care that is concerned with promoting healthy behavior.
DEFINITION – According to John M Last, “The process by which individuals and groups of
people learn to behave in a manner conducive to the promotion, maintenance or restoration of
health”
According to National Conference on Preventive Medicine in United States, “It is a process that
informs, motivates and helps people to adopt and maintain healthy practices and lifestyle,
advocates environmental changes”.
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
 To ensure the belief that “Health is Wealth”

 To encourage people to adopt and sustain health promoting lifestyle and practices
 To promote the proper use of health services
 To arouse interest, provide new knowledge, improve skills and change attitudes in making
rationale decisions to solve their own problems
 To make awareness regarding health and health issues in people, groups and communities
CONCEPTS
Following the Alma – Ata Declaration adopted in 1978, the concept of health education are as
follows –
a) Prevention of disease to promote healthy lifestyle

b) The modification of individual behavior to modification of “social environment” in which the
individual lives
c) Community participation to community involvement
d) Promotion of individual and community :”self-reliance”

SCOPES
HUMAN BIOLOGY
NUTRITION
HYGIENE
FAMILY PLANNING & MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH
PREVENTION OF DISEASES
PREVENTION OF ACCIDENTS
MENTAL HEALTH
UTILIZATION OF HEALTH SERVICES
SEX EDUCATION
HEALTH STATISTICS
NATIONAL PLAN FOR HEALTH EDUCATION
Government has a responsibility for assisting and guiding the health education of general public.
1) At National level, the Government of India in 1956 established a Central Health Education
Bureau in Ministry of Health, New Delhi to promote and coordinate health education work in
country
2) Many state governments in India have now health education bureau in their health
directorates
3) Some other official agencies, DAVP (Directorate of Advertizing and Visual Publicity), Press
information bureau, Doordarshan and All India Radio are active in health education work.
4) Some voluntary agencies such as Indian Red Cross are also engaged in health education
5) South East Asia Regional Bureau (SEARB) of International Union for health education was
established in 1983 with headquarters at Bangalore

COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUES
Listening
Broad openings
Restating
Clarification
Reflection
Focusing
Sharing perceptions
Silence
Humor
Informing
Suggesting
METHODS AND MEDIA FOR HEALTH EDUCATION PROGRAMMES
GROUP
APPROACH
INDIVIDUAL
MASS APPROACH
APPROACH
HEALTH
COMMUNICATION

INDIVIDUAL GROUP
APPROACH APPROACH MASS APPROACH
PERSONAL LECTURES TELEVISION

CONTACT
RADIO
DEMONSTRATIONS NEWSPAPER
HOME VISITS
PRINTED MATERIAL
POSTERS
PERSONAL DISCUSSION
LETTERS DIRECT MAILING
METHODS
HEALTH MUSEUMS
EXHIBITION
FOLK METHODS
INTERNET
INDIVIDUAL APPROACH – is given in personal interviews by Health professionals to clients.

A Community Health Nurse uses individual approach through home visits, personal contact and
personal letters.
GROUP APPROACH – is an effective way of educating the community. It involves the

following -
 Lecture method/ Chalk and Talk Method - Special form of communication with proper voice,
gesture, movement, facial expression and eye contact
 Most frequently used method of teaching
Advantages
 Factual material is presented in a directed, logical manner

 May provide experience that inspire
 Useful for large groups
Disadvantages
 Proficient oral skills are required

 Audience is often passive

 Communication is one way
 Learning is difficult to guage
 Demonstration - is an instance of somebody showing & explaining how something work or I
done. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary
Advantages
 It provides an opportunity for observational learning

 The demonstration method is adaptable to both group & individual teaching
 It correlates theory with practice
 It clarifies the underlying principle by demonstrating the ‘why’ of the procedure
Disadvantages
 It provides no scope for ‘learning by doing’ for students as students just observe what the
teacher is performing
 If method is not student centered it makes no provision for individual differences
 Since, the teacher performs, the experiment in his own pace, many students cannot
comprehended the concept being clarified
 It is time consuming process/method
 Discussion methods – involves following methods –
a. Group discussion – provides a wider interaction among members then is possible with other
methods. For effective group discussion, there should be 6 to 12 members in a group. The
participants are all seated in a circle and there should be a group leader to initiates the
subject.
Advantages
 It helps in changing the attitude and health behavior of people

 Decision taken by group more easily than decision taken by solitary one
 It is very effective in reaching decisions, based on ideas of all people
Disadvantages
 All members are not equal in group, some may dominant in group
 Many irrelevant discussion may be there
 Not suitable for all the topics
b. Panel discussion – is a method in which 4 to 8 qualified persons talk about the topic and
discuss a given problem in front of a large group of audience. Panel comprises a chairperson/
moderator who opens the meeting and welcome the group and introduces the panel members.
Advantages
 Different point of views in the subject are presented by experts

 Quick exchange of facts, opinions and plans
 Student learn to discuss a topic in conversational form in a small group in front of a large
group
Disadvantages
 Panel method require more time in planning, organizing and presentation for teaching
selected topics
 Discussion may be superficial, if presenter lack mastery on their subject
c. Symposium – it consist series of lecture on a selected topic. Experts present their views on a
subject in brief but no discussion among experts. In the end, audience can contribute in
symposium by asking questions. Towards the end of the session, chairperson presents the gist
of the symposium.
Advantages
 Coverage of topic by several experts in depth and broader sense

 It provides broader scope for general discussion
 Greater feedback and contribution from the audience because the topic is presented from
several points of views
Disadvantages
 Limited time (15 to 20 minutes) to present the topic

 Audience participation is also limited
 Time consuming
d. Workshop – a novel experiment in education is called as workshop. It consist series of

meetings, usually 4 or more than 4 with emphasis on individual work. The total workshop
may be divided into small groups and each group will choose a chairperson and a recorder.
One group is allotted one topic only. Each individual has important role. Education is carried
out in the guidance of experts and at last, small groups combine to study the subject in detail
and find out the solution of the problem & conclusions are presented at the end of the
workshop.
Advantages
 Comprehensive knowledge
 Certification
 Updation
 Development of Interpersonal relationship

Disadvantages
 Time consuming
 Expensive
 Unable to cover large topics
e. Conference – this method is similar to class discussion but number of students is limited.
Usually, the teacher assign large class into small conference groups in order to provide
opportunity for discussion usually after formal lecture that deals with a selected problem.
Advantages
 It supplements the lecture by asking the questions, clarifying doubts

 It provide the opportunity to direct and guide the individual student, assist slow learner
Disadvantages
 Time consuming
 Require multiple skills
f. Seminar – it is a method of group discussion, is similar to symposium in many ways. It
usually used in colleges and university students. It is usually held on regional, state or
national level. It ranges from 1day to 1 week in length and may cover a single topic in depth.
Advantages
 It gives training in self learning

 It promote independent thinking
 It promotes team spirits and cooperative attitude
Disadvantages
 Time consuming
 Expensive
g. Role play – the spontaneous acting of role in context of clean defined social situation by 2 or
more persons for subsequent discussion. It is medium to express one’s opinion and about
certain social situations.
Advantages
 Develop leadership skill, interviewing and social interaction

 Provide an opportunity for the student to put herself in another’s place and to become more
sensitive to another’s feeling
 Develop skills in group in problem solving
 Develop the ability to observe and analyze the situation

Disadvantages
 Time consuming
 Language barrier
 Lack of active participation
MASS APPROACH – It is “Education of the General Public”. No health worker or health team
can mount an effective health education programme for the whole community, except through
mass media of communication. Mass media are a “one-way” communication. They are useful in
transmitting messages to people even in the remotest places. The power of mass media in
creating a political will in favor of health, raising the health consciousness of the people, setting
norms, delivering technical messages, popularizing health knowledge and fostering community
involvement are well recognized. Public health methodologies should be culturally appropriate;
they should be carefully thought-out before use. The commonly used mass media are –
1. Television
2. Radio
3. Newspaper
4. Printed Material
5. Posters
6. Direct Mailing
7. Health Museums
8. Exhibition
9. Folk Methods
10. Internet
PRINCIPLES OF HEALTH EDUCATION
MOTIVATION
INTEREST
PARTICIPATION
COMPREHENSION
LEARNING BY DOING
REPETITION
SIMPLE TO COMPLX, NORMAL TO ABNORMAL AND KNOWN TO UNKNOWN
GOOD HUMAN RELATION
COMMUNICATION
CAPABALE LEADERSHIP
PLANNING
EVALUATION

PLANNING FOR HEALTH EDUCATION
1. • NEED ASSESSMENT
2. • CONTENT
3. • PROCESS
4. • EVALUATION
1. Need Assessment – it is the most important step in planning that may be quiet complex or as
simple as asking a question. Different techniques are used for assessment –
a) Questionnaire – the most commonly used tool for assessment
b) Delphi technique – opinion is achieved from a pool of experts
c) Salient belief assessment – usually we have 5 to 8 salient beliefs about any subject. These
beliefs are so influential on behavior; health teaching should be based on awareness of
the patient salient belief.
2. Content – should be emphasis in things concerned to the patient.
 Look at the result of the need assessment
 Seek the resources like literature, audio visual aids and educational material
3. Process – it involves a series of skills that need to be practiced just as any other nursing skill.
The techniques used for health education process –
 Content to be taught
 Need of the client
 Skills of the professional nurse
Some other techniques are also used –
 Giving information/ Questionnaire

 Contracting
 Demonstration and returned demonstration
 Environmental cuing
 Group norms
 System change
4. Evaluation – it is the last step of health education in which process evaluation is used for
further programme planning and to increase efficiency and also, used to assess the goals and
objectives of health education.

ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSE IN HEALTH
EDUCATION
ROLES
Communicator Co-
ordinator
Advicer
Liasion
Evaluator
Researcher
Advocator Care
Provider
Educator Change
ROLES Agent
RESPONSIBILITIES
To gain confidence of people

To arouse interest in people about good health
To motivate them for healthy habits
To prepare them for utilization of available resources and health services
To develop a sense of responsibility towards good health and community
To induce cooperative feeling during health education
To provide an opporunity for participation
To make aware people regarding prevention of communicable and non-communicable
diseases
To use of appropriate audio visual aids to enhance the effect of health education
To participation and cooperation of government and voluntary agencies, state health
education bureau, central health eduication bureau, local leaders and teachers
To know the basic difference between health education and propaganda
Periodical evaluation and accepted correction of health education programmes with
various tools and observations
To remove various obstacles for effective communication
Health education should be planned and continous

UNIT V
ROLES OF THE COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSE

 There are enumerable roles which are performed by community health nurses working in
various community health settings. Considering the conceptual aspects and nature of
community health nursing practice, the community health nurse is expected to perform the
following roles -
Care Provider Planner Organizer
Sensitive Director &

Manager
Observer Co-ordinator
Controller &
Educator Change Agent Researcher
Evaluator
Concerned Leadership
Advocate Collaborator
Adviser Role
• Care Provider – The Community Health Nurse provides comprehensive and continous care
i.e. care along the entire range of health and disease continuum to entire family, group of
people and even the community at large.
− The Community Health Nurse approaches the client for providing promotive and preventive
services.
− The care encompasses all the dimensions of health with efficient and effective professional
skills, adequate knowledge and positive attitude of community health nurse.
− The care is provided in the clinic, home, school and at work place depending upon health
problems/ medical conditions, medical prescription, nursing needs/ nursing problems,
competence of individual, family member etc.
• Sensitive Observer – it is very essential for a community health nurse to observe, react and
take action with respect to determinants of health of individual, family and community at
large.
− It includes observation of people, their lifestyle & environmental conditions with respect to-

Any evidence of ill health, abnormal behaviour, poor growth and development,
response to treatment etc
Any evidence of poor health knowledge, health attitude, health behaviour and practices
Physical, biological and psychosocial aspects which affect health and welfare of the
family and community at large
Observation of available resources
− The observation can be planned and incidental but must be recorded.

− Making skillful observation is integral to the care provider role of community health nurse.
• Educator – The ultimate aim of community health nursing is to help people gain health
knowledge, modify health attitude, health behavior and develop competence to become self
dependent, self reliant in dealing their health matters etc.
− The major emphasis is on health promotion and disease prevention.
• Advocate – As an advocate, the community health nurse stands between the individual/
family/ community and various specialized health services.
− As an effective advocate the community health nurse needs to possess various qualities –
i. Risk taking behavior
ii. Assertiveness
iii. Communicability
iv. resourcefulness
• Concerned Adviser – The community health nurse acts as an adviser while giving
suggestions and advises on practical situations which require immediate actions and where
there is no scope of health education.
• Change Agent - The community health nurse acts as a change agent i.e. she serves as a
potentiater or catalyst to develop individuals/ families/ communities capabilities and to effect
change in their attitude and health behavior.
• Manager – Community health nurses are expected to function as manager of family health
care, school health care, community health care, any specific programme or project etc.
− As a manager, the community health nurse plans, organizes, co-ordinates, supervises, guides,
directs, reports and evaluates.
• Planner – Planning is the foremost function of community health nurse.
− The community health nurse involves in overall planning of community health care or in
planning of any specific programme for any particular group or for the whole community.
• Organizer – organizing is the second function of management.
− As an organizer, the community health nurse tries to provide infrastructure for people to
function to achieve the desired objectives i.e. she/ he has to decide who will do what, who
will report to whom , where and how decisions will be made.

• Director & Coordinator – The Director and Coordinator role are the part of community
health nurse’s manager role which will help in getting the work done and achieving the goals
and objectives.
− She/ He ensures effective byway communication between her/ his as manager and the
personnel and also among the personnel themselves about their job responsibilities to be
performed, direct, motivate, supervise and guide them to reach the desired objectives.
• Controller & Evaluator – once any service programme is planned and implemented, it is
essential for the community health nurse to monitor the service programme to make sure
whether it is proceeding in its direction or not.
− The community health nurse acts as evaluator and judge the outcome of performance against
the intended goals and objectives.
• Leadership Role – The community health nurse takes leadership role in persuading people
to solve their health problems and become self reliant in their health matters by persuation.
• Collaborator – The community health nurse collaborates with other health team members,
voluntary organization, outside the agency and community people to meet their health needs.
− The community health nurse needs to be assertive while collaborating with the health team.
• Researcher – The community health nurse help in generation and collection of data by
maintaining accurate and legible data about individual, family, specific community groups
and community at large.
− The community health nurse makes use of investigate approach in giving care to individual,
family and people at large.
− The practice of community health implies involving epidemiologic approach to deal with
health problems. It may range from the simplest inquiry to most complex epidemiological
studies. Therefore, community health nurse does perform a researcher role in community
health nursing practice.
NATIONAL HEALTH PROGRAMMES

 National health programmes emphasize to primary, secondary and tertiary health care
services to people all over the country.
 Following measures are important in effective implementation of national health
programmes:
 Identifying the shortcomings of programmes and removing the same.
 Filling the gap between infrastructure and the health personnel.
 Improving the quality of services
 Proper implementation of integrated disease surveillance project (IDSP)
 Increasing the utility of programmes for clients
 Arranging appropriate training for the workers to increase their capabilities and skill
 Ensuring the supply of required resources for the implementation of programme
 Increasing the awareness about national health programmes through information, education
and communication (IEC) & behavior change communication (BCC)
 Procuring the international co-operation for the programmes and strengthening the
monitoring system.
NATIONAL AIDS CONTROL PROGRAMME

INTRODUCTION - HIV(Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is a lentivirus (member of slowly
replicating retrovirus family) that causes AIDS(Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome), a
condition in humans in which progressive failure of the immune system life threatening
opportunistic infections to thrive. HIV that causes AIDS has precipitated a global pandemic. It is
a global problem that requires a global response.
HISTORY - AIDS was 1st recognized in 1981 among homosexual men in the United States of
America and rapidly established itself throughout the world. In India, HIV was first reported in
1986 among commercial sex workers in Tamil Nadu and AIDS in Mumbai in the year 1987.
(Facilitators guide by NACO and Indian Nursing Council)
Demographically, the second largest country in the world, India has also the third largest number
of people living with HIV/AIDS. According to the INTERNATIONAL STATISTICS (HIV),
more than 35 million people now live with HIV/AIDS. In 2012, an estimated to 2.3 million
people were newly infected with HIV and 1.6 million people died from AIDS. There are about
2.4 million people living with HIV/AIDS in India. Most infections occur through heterosexual
route of transmission. However, in North- East region, Injecting Drug Use (IDU) is the major
cause for the epidemic spread.
The World AIDS Day is celebrated on 1st December and voluntary Blood Donation Day on 1st of
October every year. In Haryana, 1st case of HIV was reported in Rohtak in 1986. According to
Haryana State AIDS Control Society (registered in 1998), the total estimated HIV positive cases
in Haryana (upto Feb 2013) were 42000 & the highest number of AIDS cases (590) were
reported from District Rohtak. It is transmissible and so far no curative drug/immunization has
been discovered. HIV infection, nearly always progresses to AIDS over a course of 5-20 years.
AIDS does not itself cause death but instead extensively damages the immune system because of
which the body cannot protect itself from infection and become the cause of death. As there is no
known cure for AIDS, the entire burden of prevention has to be done by the program of
education which would limit the spread of the disease.
NATIONAL AIDS CONTROL PROGRAMME (NACP) - launched in India in the year 1987.
The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare has set up National AIDS Control Organization
(NACO) as a separate wing to implement and closely monitor the various components of the
programme.
AIMS - To prevent further transmission of HIV
To decrease morbidity and mortality associated with HIV infection

To minimize the socio-economic impact resulting from HIV infection
MILESTONES OF THE PROGRAMME
• First case of HIV detected

• AIDS Task Force set up by the ICMR
1986
• National AIDS Committee established under the Ministry of Health
1990 • Medium Plan Term launched for four states and the four metros
• NACP I launched to slow down the spread of HIV infection

1992 • National AIDS Control Board constituted & NACO set up
• NACP II begins, focussing on behaviour change, increased decentralization

and NGO involvement
1999 • State AIDS Control Societies established
• National AIDS Control Policy adopted

2002 • National Blood Policy adopted
2004 • Antiretroviral Treatment Initiated
• National Council on AIDS constituted under chairmanship of Prime

Minister
2006
• National Policy on Paediatric ART formulated
2007 • NACP III launched for 5 Years (2007-2012)
ACTIVITIES UNDER NACP PHASE I (SEPTEMBER 1992 TO MARCH 1999)
 100% Centrally sponsored project for all the States and UTs.
1. • Establishment of Surveillance Centres
2. • Identification of High Risk Groups and their Screening
3. • Clinical Management of Detected Cases
4. • Control of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD) and Condom Programme
5. • Information Education and Communication
• Blood Safety
6.

ACTIVITIES UNDER PHASE II
 Adequate infrastructure has been provided to the societies for implementation of the
programme components.
 Computerized Management System has been developed to monitor the programme.
Nation Wide HIV Sentinel Surveillance
Family Health Awareness Campaigns & Blood Safety Measures
Voluntary Counselling and Testing Centres (VCTC)
Information Education and Communication
Targeted Interventions and Training of Medical & Paramedical Workers
STD Control Programme & Post Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP)
Prevention of HIV transmission from Mother to Child (MTCT)
Multisectoral Coordination and Care & Support Initiatives
USAID Assisted Andhra Pradesh AIDS Control Project in Tamil Nadu (APAC)
DFID Assisted Sexual Partnership Project in Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Kerala

and Orissa
National External Quality Assurance Scheme (EQAS)
 USAID (United States Agency for International Development)

 DFID (Department for International Development)
GOAL OF NACP - III
 To halt and reverse the epidemic in India over the 5 years (2007-2012) by integrating
programmes for prevention, care, support and treatment.

PROGRAMME COMPONENTS OF NACP III
Prevention Care, Support and Capacity Building Strategic

Treatment Information
Management
Targeted interventions ART Establishment support Monitoring and
among High Risk and capacity evaluation
Groups (IDUs, FSW & strengthening
MSW)
Other interventions Pediatric ART Training Surveillance
(Truckers, migrants
etc.)
Integrated counseling Centre of excellence Managing programme Research
and testing centres implementation and
contracts
Blood safety (including Care and support Mainstreaming/
mobile blood banks) (Community care private sector
centres and impact partnerships
mitigation)
Communication,
advocacy and social
mobilization
 AIDS surveillance centre was established in the department of Microbiology at Pt. B. D.
Sharma PGIMS, Rohtak, in September 1986. Also, ART Centre and ICTC were established
by the State Government at PGIMS, Rohtak.
 Suraksha Clinics are associated with dermatology department.
 “Suraksha Clinic” – Formation 1992 (Ministry of Health & Family Welfare)
- Are a chain of STI/ RTI clinics, established by NACO for better health services & for
prevention of HIV/ AIDS in India
- Provide syndromic case management to STI/ RTI patients which is comprehensive
approach consisting of history, examination, treatment, counseling, follow-up & referral.
NATIONAL PROGRAMME FOR CONTROL OF BLINDNESS

 The National Programme for Control of Blindness was launched in year 1976 as a 100%
centrally sponsored programme with the goal to reduce the prevalence of blindness from 1 to
0.3%
OBJECTIVES
a) To reduce the backlog of blindness through identification and treatment of blind

b) To develop eye care facilities in every district
c) To develop human resources for providing eye care services
d) To improve quality of service delivery

e) To secure participation of voluntary organizations in eye care
STRATEGIES
 To make National Programme for Control of Blindness more comprehensive by

strengthening services for other causes of blindness like corneal blindness, refractive errors
in school going children, improving follow up services of cataract operated persons etc.
 To shift from the eye camp approach to a fixed facility surgical approach
 To expand the World Bank project activities like construction of dedicated eye operation
theatres, eye wards at district level
 To strengthen participation of voluntary organization in the programme and to earmark
geographic areas to NGOs and government hospitals to avoid duplication of effort and
improve the performance of government units
 To enhance the coverage of eye care services in tribal and other under-served areas
ADMINISTRATION
CENTRAL - Ophthalmology Section, Directorate General of

Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, New Delhi
STATE - State Ophthalalmic Cell, Directorate of Health

Services, State Health Societies
DISTRICT - District Blindness Control Society
SERVICE DELIVERY AND REFERRAL SYSTEM/ ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
• Regional Institutes of Ophthalmology & Centres of

Tertiary Excellence in Eye Care Medical Colleges
Level
• District Hospital and NGO Eye Hospital

Secondary
Level
• Sub-district Level Hospitals/ CHCs
• Mobile Ophthalmic Units
Primary • Upgraded PHCs
Level • Link Workers/ Panchayats

 Community health education is a built-in component at all levels of implementation of
National Blindness Control Programme.
 The programme also includes regular eye check-up and provision of vitamin A prophylaxis
and service facilities in rural areas.
VISION 2020: THE RIGHT TO SIGHT
 It is a global initiative launched by WHO on 18th Feb 1999 to reduce avoidable (preventable
and curable) blindness by the year 2020
 The plan of action for the country has been developed with following main features:
i. Target diseases are cataract, refractive errors, childhood blindness, corneal blindness,
glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy.
ii. Human resource development as well as infrastructure and technology development
at various levels of health system.
iii. The proposed four tier structure includes:
 Centre of Excellence (20)
− Professional leadership
− Strategy development
− Continued medical education
− Laying of standards and quality assurance
− Research
 Training Centres (200)
− Tertiary eye care including retinal surgery, corneal transplantation,
glaucoma surgery etc.
− Training and continued medical education
 Services Centres (2000)
− Cataract surgery
− Other common eye surgeries
− Facilities for refraction
− Referral services
 Vision Centres (20000)
− Refraction and prescription of glasses
− Primary eye care
− School eye screening programme
− Screening and referral services
 Centre of Excellence and Training Centres – Tertiary Level
 Service Centres – Secondary Level
 Vision Centres – Primary Level

Centre of
Excellence (20)
Training Centres (200)
Service Centres (2000)
Vision Centres (20000)
NATIONAL CANCER CONTROL PROGRAMME

CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY
History - First cancer statistics was collected in mid 19th century. Genetic explanation of cancer
was put forward in early 20th century by Professor of Zoology Theodor Boveri of Germany.
National Cancer Institute Act was passed in 1937. Chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery
became an integral part of anticancer therapy. Preventive aspects gained prime position i.e. 1993
to 1997 e.g. educating people on life style factors like nutrition and cancer, regular exercises etc.
Screening the susceptible groups with respect to the age, nature of job, family history of cancer,
controlling environment etc
Burden of Cancer
According to International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) 2012, an estimated 14.1
million new cancer cases and 8.2 million cancer-related deaths occurred in 2012, compared with
12.7 million and 7.6 million respectively in 2008.
Nearly seven lakh Indians die of cancer every year. Lung cancer (1.8million, 13% of the total) is
the most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide followed by breast (1.7million, 11.9%).
According to the latest World Cancer Report from the WHO, more women in India are being
newly diagnosed with cancer annually. As against 4.77 lakh men, 5.37 lakh women were
diagnosed with cancer in India in 2012. Cancer of lip and oral cavity has emerged as the
deadliest among Indian men while for women, it is breast cancer. The top five cancers in men are
lip/ oral cavity, lung, stomach, colorectal and pharynx while among women they are breast,
cervix, colorectal, ovary and lip/ oral cavity.
(A report by Kounteya Sinha, Times of India, 2013)

According to NATIONAL CANCER REGISTRIES and ATLAS OF CANCER IN INDIA
Current projections suggest that the total cancer burden in India for all sites will double by 2026
because of increase longevity, greater exposure to environmental carcinogens due to wide variety
of chemical agents in industry and agriculture, and the continued use of tobacco.
NATIONAL CANCER CONTROL PROGRAM - The Cancer Control Programme was started
in 1975-76 as a central sector project. The programme was renamed to National Cancer Control
Programme (NCCP) in 1985 and revised in 2004.
OBJECTIVES –
1. PRIMARY PREVENTION – Health education on prevention on prevention of cancer.
2. SECONDARY PREVENTION – Early detection and diagnosis of common cancer such as

cancer of cervix, mouth breast and tobacco related cancer by screening and self examination
methods.
3. TERTIARY PREVENTION – Strengthening of the existing institution for comprehensive

therapy including palliative care.
STRATEGIES
1) Prevention and early detection of cancers through district cancer control activities and
strengthened IEC campaign.
2) To promote ‘centers of excellence’ in the field of cancer management with support to
existing RCC of 20 years of proven track record by providing financial assistance.
3) To augment comprehensive cancer care facilities across the country through institutional
capacity building in new and existing regional cancer centers and through new and existing
oncology wings.
4) Development of early diagnostic capabilities in district hospitals.
5) Encouraging public private partnership.
6) Increase capacity for palliative care in cancer.
7) Promote research in cancer that would be relevant to control cancer in India.
8) Capacity building and training of all personnel in cancer prevention and early detection to be
done for all categories in phased manner.
9) Health education of the general public through use of audio, video and print media regarding
prevention and early detection of cancers.
10) Promote innovations in cancers care and indigenization of cancer treatment equipments.
SCHEMES UNDER THE PROGRAM
1. Recognition of New Regional Cancer and Strengthening of Existing Regional Cancer

Centres

Main functions: -
 Cancer detection and diagnosis

 Provision of therapy
 After care and rehabilitation
 Preventive measures with emphasis on health education especially for tobacco related
cancers
 Training of paramedical and medical staff
 Research
 Coordination with the medical colleges and the general health structure is the essential
feature.
2. Oncology Wings in Medical Colleges
 Main target of NCCP – to develop oncology wings in all medical colleges.
 Medical colleges would form an important link between the regional centres on one hand and
the more peripheral health infrastructure (District Hospitals, Tehsil hospitals, PHCs) on the
other hand.
3. District Cancer Control Program
 The District program has five elements –
I. Health education
II. Early detection
III. Training of medical & paramedical personnel’s
IV. Palliative treatment and pain relief
V. Coordination and monitoring
 The District programs are linked with Regional Cancer Centres/ Government Hospitals/
Medical Colleges.
 Pt. B. D. Sharma PGIMS, Rohtak, Haryana is one of the Regional Cancer Centre out of the
19 Regional Cancer Research & Treatment Centres recognized by Government of India. A
grant of Rs 75 lakh every year is being given to these 19 Regional Cancer Centres by the
Government of India.
 For effective functioning each district where program is started has one District Cancer
Society that is chaired by Local Collector/ Chief Medical Officer.
 Other members – Dean/ Principal of Medical College, Zila Parishad representative, NGO
representative etc.
RESEARCH AND TRAINING
 Training Manuals for health professionals, cytology, palliative care and tobacco cessation
have been developed under the program for capacity building in cancer control at the district
level.
4. Voluntary Organization
 Financial assistance has been provided to NGOs for the purpose of undertaking IEC and
early detection activities in cancer.

 NGOs will implement IEC and early detection activities under the coordination of the nodal
agency, which will be regional center or oncology wing.
IMPLEMENTATION
 The pilot project was started in the states of Bihar, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and West
Bengal under the direct supervision of the state Regional Cancer Centers.
 20 rural blocks in each of the states of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh and 10 rural blocks in each of
the states of Tamil Nadu and West Bengal were selected to implement the pilot project.
 For each block 20 female non communicable diseases (NCD) workers have been selected to
play a pivotal role in the success of the project.
 The workers had cleared their secondary level of education and are mostly from the villages
or the localities where the project is being implemented.
 The survey questionnaire was designed and translated into the respective regional languages
to obtain demographic data, knowledge, attitude & practice about cancer and information
about the accessibility of the population to primary health care and quality of services
rendered by the centres.
 For every 10 blocks, 5 medical officers and 1 consultant doctor have been recruited to guide
and supervise the NCD workers.
 The charitable and private sector has been mobilized to participate in cancer control activities
through recognition of NGOs or private health care facilities in cancer care.
 However, National Integrated Surveillance Program has included the risks of cancer for
surveillance. NCCP now comes under NRHM.
New Initiatives
India has become the member of International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC).
Onconet – India: Telemedicine project to connect 27RCCs and each RCC with 4 to 5
peripheral centres is being operationalized.
Participation in Health Melas and distribution of health education material.
National Cancer Awareness day is celebrated on the birth anniversary of Nobel Laureate
Madam Curie, 7th Nov.
International Childhood Cancer Day is held annually 15th Feb to raise awareness about
childhood cancer to express support for children and adolescents with cancer, survivors and
their families.
Telecast of a health magazine ‘KALYANI’ in the current year with cancer and anti tobacco
items under the agreement with Prasar Bharti & MOHFW.
Broadcast of health education audio material developed by CNCI, Kolkata, through FM
Radio.
Community Based Cancer Control Program carried out with the help of WHO:
 Training of health care personnel at district level in early detection and awareness of cancer.
 Telemedicine in cancer.

NATIONAL CANCER REGISTRY PROGRAM
Cancer registration is the process of systematically and continuously collecting information on

malignant neoplasm.
Two types of cancer registries –
a) Hospital based registries – at Chandigarh, Dirbrugarh, Thiruvananthpuram, Bangalore,

Mumbai and Chennai, six hospital based registries are maintained.
b) Population based registries – 5 in urban areas (Delhi, Bhopal, Mumbai, Bangalore and
Chennai) and one in rural area (Barshi in Maharashtra).
National Cancer Registry Program was launched in 1982 by Indian Council of Medical Research
(ICMR) to provide true information on cancer prevalence and incidence.
Objectives
1) To generate authentic data on the magnitude of cancer problem in India.

2) To undertake epidemiological investigations and advise control measures.
3) Promote human resource development in cancer epidemiology.
Cancer Vaccine
Cancer vaccines have the potential to reduce the burden of cancer. Cancer vaccines are intended
either to treat existing cancers (therapeutic vaccines) or to prevent the development of cancer
(prophylactic vaccines).
a) Treatment or Therapeutic Vaccines –

 Are administered to cancer patients
 Are designed to strengthen the body’s natural defenses against cancers that have already
developed
 Prevent further growth of existing cancers
 Prevent the recurrence of treated cancers
 Eliminate cancer cells not killed by prior treatments
b) Prevention or Prophylactic Vaccines –
 Administered to healthy individuals
 Are designed to target cancer- causing viruses
 Prevent viral infection
 The vaccine possesses the vast and strong anti-tumoral properties due to a unique
combination of telomerase antigen imitators together with more than 40 other tumor specific
antigen imitators in its composition.
 The chances of the complete destruction of a tumor depend on:
I. Number of tumor cells (size of a tumor) and their mitotic activities

II. Type of tumor – histological structures, antigen structures, the number of HLA-A class
molecules on tumor cells
III. Initial state of the immune system
 The main components of the vaccine are glycoproteins which imitate particular fragments of
tumor antigens. Example – Resan Vaccine
RESAN VACCINE – antitumoral agent

Indications –
1) Preventing the formation of tumors in healthy people
2) For preventing relapses of malignant tumors after radical operation
3) Usage as antimetastatic drug
4) Usage as an immunotherapy of benign tumors
NATIONAL PROGRAM FOR PREVENTION & CONTROL OF

DIABETES, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES AND STROKE (NPDCS)
MAGNITUDE OF THE PROBLEM
 During the year 2005, NCD accounted for 53% of all the deaths in the age group of 30 to 59
years in India. Of these 29% were due to cardiovascular (CV) diseases. It is estimated that by
the year 2020, CV diseases will be the largest cause for disability & death, as a proportion of
all deaths in India.
 According to Diabetes Atlas 2006, published by International Diabetes Federation, the
number of diabetics in India is currently around 40.9 million & is expected to rise to 69.9
million by 2025, unless preventive steps are taken.
 Similarly, 118 million people were estimated to have high BP during 2000, which is expected
to go up to 213 million by 2025.
 Not only this, Indians succumb to diabetes, high BP & heart attacks 5 to 10 years earlier than
their western counterparts, during their most productive years. This leads to considerable loss
of productive years to country, leading to huge economic loss as high as 237 billion dollars
by the year 2015.
 The pilot program was launched on 4th Jan 2008 in 7 states with one district each from
Assam ( Kamrup), Punjab (Jalandhar), Rajasthan (Bhilwara), Karnataka (Shimoga), Tamil
Nadu (Kancheepuram), Kerala (Thiruvananthapuram), Andhra Pradesh (Nellore) with
objective of providing integrated action plan for prevention & control of these chronic
diseases. Financial outlay for the pilot phase was Rs. 5crore.
OBJECTIVES
1. To prevent & control common NCDs through behavior and lifestyle changes.
2. To generate awareness on lifestyle changes.
3. To provide early diagnosis & management of common NCDs.

4. To build capacity at various levels of health care for prevention, diagnosis & treatment of
common NCDs.
5. To train human resource within the public health set up, viz. doctors, paramedics & nursing
staff to cope up with the increasing burden of NCDs.
6. To establish & develop capacity for palliative and rehabilitative care.
The following components are envisaged in the program:
 District NPCDCS program (626 districts)

 NCD focal centers at medical colleges (54 medical colleges)
 State/ UT NCD cell (35)
 National NCD cell at center
 IEC/BCC
 Capacity building & research
 Inter sectoral convergence
 Monitoring (including MIS) & evaluation
In the program it is envisaged is providing preventive, promotive, curative & supportive services
(core and integrated) for Cancer, Diabetes, CV diseases and Stroke at various government health
facilities with provision for expanding the diseases covered under the program to chronic lung
diseases, geriatric diseases etc. The program interventions have been grouped into the following
three components:
 Health promotion for general population

 Disease prevention for the high risk group
 Assessment of prevalence of risk factors

Institutional Framework Public Health Infrastructure Services
National NCD Cell
Tertiary Cancer Care

State NCD Cell Test Centers
Level Medical Colleges/RCC
R
District Hospital Health Promotion: Early
e
District NCD Cell NCD Clinic Diagnosis & Management
f
Cardiac Care Unit Home Based Care
e
Cancer Care Facility Day Care Facility
r
Referral
CHC r
Block CHC (Rogi NCD Clinic a
Kalyan Samiti) Early Diagnosis, Treatment And l
Management, Labrotary
Investigation, Home Based Care,
Referral
Village Health SubCenter
Committee and Screening Facility
(Health Promotion, Opportunistic Screening,
Referral)
SERVICES AVAILABLE UNDER NPCDCS AT DIFFERENT LEVELS
NATIONAL IODINE DEFICIENCY DISORDER CONTROL

PROGRAMME (NIDDCP)
THE PROBLEM OF IDD (Iodine Deficiency Disorder):
Surveys conducted by the central goitre survey teams of the Directorate General of Health
Services & also reassessment surveys by ICMR during the period from 1959-1982 revealed that
no country is free from goitre. It was estimated that 140 million people were living in goitre
endemic areas & nearly 45 million of them were suffered from goitre i.e. about 32%.
The National Goitre Control Programme came into existence during 2nd five year plan (1956-
1962), iodized salt was used in Kangra valley for mass prophylaxis of Goitre. The success of this
experiment leads to initiation of centrally sponsored national programme.
National Goitre Control Programme was launched in 1962 i.e. towards the end of 2nd five year
plan with the following objectives:

i. Identification of the goitre endemic regions
ii. To supply iodized salt in place of ordinary common salt to the goitre endemic areas.
iii. To assess the impact of goitre control measures over a period of time.
In order to control the problem of Goitre the supply of iodized salt was coordinated to be
available to the people living in the goitre endemic areas of the Himalayan region. The Ministry
of Health provides extra cost of iodination of salt to remove financial burden on the consumers.
Only 30% of people could be covered due to inadequate production of iodized salt, but the
requirement is about 60%. However there was some reduction in the prevalence rate of goitre as
a result of distribution of iodized salt in goitre endemic areas.
National Iodine Deficiency Disorder Control Programme (NIDDCP): It was realized that iodine
is an essential micronutrient for normal growth & development. Its deficiency not only causes
goitre but also other disorders such as abortions, stillbirths, mental retardation, deafness, mutism,
squint & neuromotor defects. Considering these various factors, the National Goitre Control
Programme was renamed to National Iodine Deficiency Disorder Control Programme in 1992 to
have a wide coverage.
Aims: To reduce the prevalence of IDD
 To less than 10% among adults by 2010

 To less than 5% among children 10 to 14 years
 To 0%of cretins among the newborns by the year2000.
Objectives:
 To undertake surveys to assess the magnitude of iodine deficiency disorders(IDDs)

 To supply iodated salt in place of common salt
 To conduct resurveys to assess the impact of control measures after every 5years
 To undertake monitoring of the quality of iodated salt & urinary iodine excretion
 To conduct health education & publicity.
Administrative set-up:
a. Salt Commissioner, central office of government of India, supervises universal

iodization. He issues license to salt manufacturers to produce iodized salt liberally
containing 15ppm of iodine.
b. A national reference laboratory for monitoring IDD has been set-up at the biochemistry
division of national institute of communicable diseases (NICD), Delhi for training
medical & paramedical personnel.
c. About 100 IDD control cells & IDD monitoring laboratories have been established in the
states to monitor the quality of iodinated salt & urinary iodine excretion pattern.

d. UNICEF has donated testing kits to district officers to test the quality of iodated salt at
the consumer level.
e. To encourage the consumption of iodized salt, directorate of field publicity, Doordarshan,
All India radio have been conduct IEC program.
Achievements:
 Consequent upon liberalization of iodated salt production, the salt production, the salt
commissioner has issued license to 930 salt manufacturers out of which 552 units have
commenced production. These units have an annual production of 130lakh metric tons of
iodated salt.
 An all time high production of iodinated salt of 46 lakh MT was recorded in 2000-01 & it
increase up to 50 lakh by 2007-08banning on non-iodized salt production by ministry of
health & family welfare on 17th may, 2006 for effective implementation of NIDDCP at
state level.
 IDD control cells were established for effective implementation.
 IDD monitoring laboratories have been set-up.
Pilot Project NIDDCP:
Objectives:
 To assess & improve the iron & vitamin A deficiency status of school children,
adolescent girls & boys, no-pregnant ladies & elderly population who are sufferers by
supplementing iron & folic acid tablets & vitamin A
 To assess zinc, zinc deficiency at some level specially soil & different foods
 To assess the magnitude of dental carries & to prevent & control the same.
 To launch the extensive IEC campaign through mass media in order to improve the
dietary habits
 To coordinate with similar ongoing programmes being implement in the country
IEC (Information Education Communication):
1. Activities through song & drama division

2. Activities through Directorate field publicity
3. Activities through Doordarshan
4. Activities through All India radio
5. Activities through the Directorate of advertisement & visual publicity
6. Activities through the state health Directorate
Future plans:
i. The states to complete surveys in the remaining districts to assess the exact magnitude of
IDD
ii. To further strengthen the IEC activities with focus on remote rural, backward tribal areas
as well as urban slums using appropriate channels of communication to promote
consumption of iodinated salt
iii. To strengthen existing system of IDD monitoring to ensure supply of good quality
iodated salt at reasonable rate preferably through the public distribution system
iv. To control the problem of IDD through sustained reduction in its prevalence.
INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF NEONATAL AND CHILD ILLNESS (IMNCI)
INTRODUCTION
Every year more than 9 million children die in developing countries before they reach their fifth
birthday, many of them during the first year of life. More than 70% of these child deaths are due
to five diseases namely pneumonia, diarrhea, measles, malaria and malnutrition, and often to a
combination of these illnesses. These diseases are also the reasons for seeking care for at least
three out of four children who come to health facilities. Child health programmes need to move
beyond single diseases to addressing the overall health and well-being of the child. Because
many children present with overlapping signs and symptoms of diseases, a single diagnosis can
be difficult, and may not be feasible or appropriate. This is especially true for first -level health
facilities where examinations involve few instruments, negligible laboratory tests, and no X-ray.
According to SRS Bulletin 2011, In India, Children (0-6years) consist of 13.12% of the total
population.
INDICATORS INDIA SOURCES

Neonatal Mortality Rate 33 SRS Bulletin 2012
IMR 44 SRS Bulletin 2012
Under-5 Mortality Rate 59 SRS Bulletin 2012
During the mid-1990s, the World Health Organization (WHO), in collaboration with UNICEF
and many other agencies, institutions and individuals, responded to this challenge by developing
a strategy known as the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI). An integrated
approach is needed to manage sick children to achieve better outcomes. Child health
programmes need to move beyond tackling single diseases in order to address the overall health
and well-being of the child. Improvements in child health are not necessarily dependent on the
use of sophisticated and expensive technologies. Although the major reason for developing the
IMCI strategy stemmed from the needs of curative care, the strategy also addresses aspects of
nutrition, immunization, and other important elements of disease prevention and health
promotion. The objectives of the strategy are to reduce death and the frequency and severity of
illness and disability, and to contribute to improved growth and development. This strategy has
been expanded in India to include all neonates and renamed as ‘Integrated Management of
Neonatal and Childhood Illness (IMNCI)
DEFINITION – is an integrated approach to child health that focuses on the well being of the
whole child. It focused primarily on the most common causes of child mortality – diarrhea,
pneumonia, measles, malaria and malnutrition, illness affecting child from birth – 2months,

2months – 5years including both preventive and curative elements to be implemented by
families, communities as well as by health facilities.
(Child Health in Ethiopia, Background Document for

the National Child Survival Conference, April 2004, Family Health Department, Ministry Of
Health)
The Integrated Management of Neonatal and Childhood Illness (IMNCI) is the Indian adaptation
of the WHO- UNICEF generic Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) strategy and
is the centre piece of newborn and child health strategy under Reproductive Child Health II and
National Rural Health Mission. Implementation of IMNCI was started in India in year 2003.
STRATEGY – Is a strategy that integrates all available measures for health promotion,
prevention and integrated management of childhood diseases through their early detection and
effective treatment and promotion of healthy habits within the family and community. It mainly
includes 3components:-
a) Improving case management skills of healthcare staff

b) Improving health systems
c) Improving family and community health practices
AIMS – to reduce death, illness and disability and to promote improved growth and development
among children under five years of age
GOALS – to assess current status of child survival indicators and process indicators for existing
programme activities in intervention and compassion districts.
OBJECTIVES
1) To determine baseline mortality among children under 5 years of age (NMR, IMR, U5MR)
2) To determine prevalence of diseases (morbidity density) among children under 5 years of age
3) To assess effective programme coverage for specified disease condition
4) Causes of under5 mortality and pathway analysis of events prior to death and recovery of sick
under 5 children
5) Sickness management practices at household, community level and health facility level

6) Sickness and care providing competencies of health care provider
7) Health system support for man power, legistics, referral mechanism, Intersectoral
coordination, social mobilization, monitoring and supervision.
COMPONENTS
a) Health Worker Component – Case management skills
b) Health Service Component – Improvement in overall health
c) Community Component – Improvements in family and community health care practices
PRINCIPLES
A) All sick young infant upto2 months must be assessed for bacterial infection/ jaundice and
major symptoms of diarrhea.
B) All sick children 2 months to 5yrs must examine for general danger signs which indicate the
need for referral or admission to a hospital.
C) All young infants and child 2months – 5yrs of age must be routinely assessed for nutritional
and immunization status, feeding problems and other potential problems.
D) Only a limited number of carefully selected clinical signs are used based on evidence of drugs
sensitivity and specificity to detect disease.
E) A combination of individual signs leads to an infant or child classification rather than
diagnosis.
THE IMNCI CASE MANAGEMENT PROCESS

a. ASSESSMENT
 Assess a child by checking first for danger signs (or possible bacterial infection in a
young infant), asking questions about the common conditions, examining the child, and
checking nutrition and immunization status. Assessment includes checking the child for
other health problems.
b. CLASSIFICATION
 Classify a child’s illnesses using a color- coded triage system. Because many children
have more than one condition, each illness is classified according to whether it requires:
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO COLOR CODE
COLOR CLASSIFICATION
 Urgent pre- referral treatment and referral

(Hospital referral or admission)

 specific medical treatment and advice
(Initiation of special treatment)
 simple advice on Home management
c. IDENTIFICATION
 Identify specific treatments for the child. If the child requires urgent referral, give
essential treatment before the patient is transferred. If a child needs treatment at home,
develop an integrated treatment plan for the child and give the first dose of drugs in the
clinic. If a child should be immunized, give immunizations.
d. TREATMENT
 Provide practical treatment instructions, including teaching the caretaker how to give oral
drugs, how to feed and give fluids during illness and how to treat local infections at
home. Ask the caretaker to return for follow up on a specific date and teach her how to
recognize signs that indicate the child should return immediately to the health facility.
e. COUNSELLING
 Assess feeding, including assessment of breast feeding practices and counsel to solve any
feeding problems found. Then counsel the mother about her own health.
f. FOLLOW UP CARE
 When a child is brought back to the clinic as requested, give follow up care and if
necessary, reassess the child for new problems.

OUTPATIENT HEALTH FACILITY
Check for Danger Signs - convulsions/ lethagy/ unconsicousness/ inability

to drink/ breastfeed/ vomiting
Assess Main Symptoms - cough/ difficluty in breathing/ diarrhea/ fever/ ear

problems
Assess Nutrition And Immunization Status and Potential Feedding

Problems
Check for Other Problems
Classify Conditions and Identify Treatment Actions

According To Color- Coded Treatment
URGENT TREATMENT AT HOME

REFERRAL OUTPATIENT MANAGEMENT
•Out Patient HEALTH •HOME
Facility FACILITY
Caretaker is
− Pre-refferal •Out Patient Health counselled on how to:
treatments Facility
−Give oral drugs
−Advise parents −Treat local
infection −Treat local infections
−Refer child at home
−Give oral drugs
− Continue feeding
−Advise and teach
care -taker − When to return
immediately
−Follow - up
− Follow -up
REFERRAL FACILITY
−Emergency triage and treatment

(ETAT)
−Diagnosis
−Treatment
−Monitoring and follow -up

CARE OF CHILDREN ACCORDING TO IMNCI
0-2 Months
 Keeping the child warm

 Initiation of breast feeding
 Counseling for exclusive breast feeding
 Cord, skin and eye care
 Recognition of illness in newborn and management and/ referral
 Immunization
 Home visit in the post natal period
2 Months – 5 Years
 Management of diarrhea, ARI, malaria, measles, acute ear infection, malnutrition and
anemia
 Recognition of illness and risk
 Prevention and management of iron and vitamin A deficiency
 Counseling on feeding for all children below 2yrs
 Counseling on feeding for malnourished
 Immunization
NATIONAL LEPROSY ERADICATION PROGRAM (NLEP)

INTRODUCTION
The government started the National Leprosy Control Program in 1955. The objective was to “to
control the spread of disease & to render modern treatment facilities to patients”. In 1983 the
program was redesigned as National Leprosy Eradication Program & the goal set was “to
achieve arrest of disease activity in all the known leprosy cases in the country by the year 2000”.
After the World Health Assembly resolution in 1991, the objective of the program was
redefined as “to achieve the elimination of leprosy in the country by the year 2000, thereby
reducing the case load to 1 in 10,000 populations or less”.
At the outset, the objective of NLEP was to achieve elimination of leprosy in the country by the
year 2000, by reducing the case load of the disease to 1 or less per 10,000 populations with
following strategies:
 Intensification of early case detection by population survey, school survey, contact survey
etc.
 Multidrug chemotherapy (MTD)
 Health education
 Rehabilitation services

COMPONENTS
The components of program are as follows:
1. Decentralized integrated leprosy services through general health care system.

2. Capacity building of all general health services functionaries.
3. Intensified information, education & communication.
4. Prevention of disability & medical rehabilitation.
5. Intensified monitoring & supervision.
MULTIDRUG TREATMENT
MDT used to be initiated only after confirmation of the disease & classified as multibacillary
(infectious) & paucibacillary (non-infectious) categories. The treatment used to be given in a
phased manner as follows:
1. Multibacillary Leprosy
 Intensive phase (lasting for 14 days)
 Rifampicin 600mg daily (supervised)
 Clofazimine 300mg daily (supervised)
 Dapsone 100mg daily (supervised)
 Continuation phase (lasting for 2 or more years)
 Rifampicin 600mg once a month (supervised) (pulse dose)
 Clofazimine 50mg daily & 300mg (supervised) once a month
 Dapsone 100mg daily (unsupervised)
Duration of treatment used to be for a minimum of 2years or until 2 consecutive skin smears
taken at monthly interval become negative, whichever is later.
The follow up was done once in 6months for 5years.
2. Paucibacillary Leprosy
 Rifampicin 600mg once a month (supervised)
 Dapsone 100mg daily (unsupervised)
MDT is very effective with high cure rate and zero relapses. It prevents deformities and lepra
reactions. Duration of treatment was for one year and follow up was once in 6 months for 2
years.
INFRASTRUCTURE
NPLS was implemented through the establishment of following infrastructures:

LEPROSY SURVEY
CONTROL EDUCATION
UNITS TREATMENT
CENTERS
URBAN MOBILE
LEPROSY LEPROSY
CENTERS TREATMENT
UNITS
 Leprosy Control Unit (LCU)

 This is established in leprosy endemic areas with the prevalence rate of 5 or more per
1000 population, each unit serving a population of 4.5 lakh.
 Each unit had a staff pattern of: 1 MO, 2 Non-medical Supervisors, and 20 Paramedical
workers (PMW), each PMW covering a population of 15,000 to 20,000 & is expected to
examine 8000 persons per year by house to house survey in his areas of jurisdiction.
 Each PMW was specially trained to institute domiciliary treatment. Thus, it was a
‘vertical program’.
 Survey Education Treatment Centers
 One Survey education treatment (SET) center is established for a population of 25,000 in
those endemic areas, where the prevalence rate of leprosy is less than 5 per 1000
population. They are attached to PHC.
 Each center is manned by one PMW, one Non-medical supervisor for every 4-5 PMWs
and the MO of the attached PHC is the administrative, controlling officer.
 Only one PMW is attached to a SET center. Thus ‘Horizontal Program’ is recommended
for low endemic districts.
Activities under SET:

 Survey: the whole population is surveyed by the PMW to detect cases of leprosy. The
school children also surveyed. During the survey, the investigator (PMW) looks for hypo
pigmented patches for loss of sensation over the body, in good day light, with minimum
clothes and palpates peripheral nerves for thickening. Such cases are then referred to MO
for further confirmation.
 Education: The PMW gives health education to the patient that leprosy is curable and he
should take treatment correctly and completely. He educates the family that not all cases
are infectious, it is caused by bacteria, there is a treatment & that the patient should be
shown sympathy and should not be thrown out of the family.
 Treatment: All paucibacillary cases are treated with combination of dapsone (DDS) and
rifampicin and all multibacillary cases with dapsone, rifampicin and clofazinine. This is
called MDT.

 Urban Leprosy Centers
Such ULC were established in urban endemic areas, one for every 50,000 population. It is
manned by a nonmedical supervisor, who functions under the supervision of MO.
 Mobile Leprosy Treatment Unit
Such unit provides services to leprosy patients in non endemic areas. Each such unit consists
of one MO, one Non MO, One nonmedical supervisor, two PMWs and a driver.
− All these organizations work under the administrative control of the State Program Officer
(SPO), placed in the Directorate of Health Services. The SPO is chief coordinator &
technical advisor to the concerned state government.
− At centre level, the Leprosy Division of the DGHS, New Delhi is responsible for planning,
supervision and monitoring of the program. The division is under the control of a Deputy
Director General who advises the Government on all anti leprosy activities.
PROGRESS OF NLEP
 With the introduction of MDT, it opened a new avenue in the control of leprosy in the
country. With MDT services under the NLEP, a large number of leprosy cases are being
discharged as ‘Disease cured’.
 For the first time in 1987, the no. of MDT cured cases are 10% more than the number of new
cases detected & this percentage of cured cases gradually increased subsequently. It became
25% in 1988, 38% in 1989 and over 90% in 1991-92.
 The annual case load, which was 4.29lakh during 1994, was reduced to 2.2lakh during 2004.
The prevalence rate which was 57.6 per 10,000 populations during 1981, brought down to
2.3 per 10,000 populations by 2004.
PROGRAM ASSISTANCE
NGOs also have contributed on functioning of the program. More than 290 nGOs are working in
the field of leprosy throughout the country.
Besides the NGOs, several international agencies contribute to the leprosy, elimination effort in
the country. Among these WHO extends money, man-power and material assistance to NLEP. It
supplies drugs in the form of blister packs separately for multi-bacillary and paucibacillary
leprosy cases and made available free of cost in all the PHCs.
World Bank has offered financial assistance to the program. Support also comes from
Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) and International Federation of Leprosy
Elimination (IFLE).

MODIFIED LEPROSY ELIMINATION CAMPAIGN (MLEC)
The NLEP was appraised in April 1997 and observed that even though there was good progress
at national level, it was uneven in some states. So it was decided to launch leprosy elimination
campaign.
The multidrug treatment (MDT) regimen for leprosy was modified under elimination
campaign with effect from November 1, 1997 as recommended by WHO Leprosy Elimination
Advisory Group of Expert Committee.
The MDT is given free of cost in all the Government Hospitals, PHCs and CHCs. The
drugs are available in blister packs. Each blister pack contains drug required for one month. The
blister packs are different for Paucibacillary and multi-bacillary leprosy and for adults and
children.
Regimen for Paucibacillary Cases
 Single skin lesion- single dose

Adults: Rifampicin-600mg
Ofloxacin-400mg
Minocycline-100mg
Children: Half the adult dose
Follow up: once in a year for 2 years
Note: If there is no improvement, treatment to be extended for 6months, with Dapsone daily
and Rifampicin once a month as below.
 Single Nerve lesion with 2-5 skin lesions.

Adults: Dapsone-100mg daily self-administered
Rifampicin-600mg once a month, supervised
Children: Proportionately less.
Duration of treatment: 6months
Follow up: once a year for 2years.
Regimen for Multi-bacillary Cases
Adults: Dapsone- 100mg daily. Self administered.

Clofazimine - 50mg daily or 100mg on alternate days. Self administered.
Clofazamine - 300 mg monthly (Pulse) dose Supervised
Rifampicin - 600mg monthly (Pulse) dose Supervised
Children: Proportionately less
Duration of treatment: 12months
Follow up: Once a year for 5years.

This campaign comprises a package of four activities namely:
 Teaching and training to all health staff.

 Intensified IEC activities.
 Case detection by house to house visits to detect new leprosy case and
 Correct and complete treatment.
The goal was to eliminate leprosy by the year 2005. Several such rounds of campaigns have been
executed.
 First round of campaign lead to detection of 4.63lakh cases.
 Second campaign was carried out from Jan to Mar 2000 with detection of 2.13lakh cases.
 Third campaign was carried out from Oct 2001 to Feb 2002 with detection of 1.65lakh
cases.
 Fourth campaign carried out from Aug 2002 to Mar 2003 leading to detection of 1.04lakh
cases. The fourth campaign was different from first three campaigns in that states are
divided into three categories.
 Category I: Eight states were taken up. In the areas with prevalence rate of more
than 5/10,000 populations, active search by house to house visit was taken.
 Category II: This includes 14 moderate to low endemic states, where extensive IEC
activities were taken up along with training of health personnel and active search for
new cases.
 Category III: This includes 13 very low endemic states where extensive IEC
activities and passive detection of leprosy cases in health centers were carried out.
 The fifth campaign was carried out during Dec 2003 to Mar 2004 in six high priority areas
namely Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal
states. The activities carried out in these areas as follows:
o Four Urban Areas
o Four Rural Areas
LEPROSY ELIMINATION MONITORING (LEM) - LEM consists of assessing the

performance of elimination campaign on various issues like case detection, quality of services
like treatment, IEC activities, drug supply, management, etc. this is carried out by National
Institute of Health and Family Welfare (NIHFW), New Delhi, every year in 12 endemic states,
for three years since June 2002.
So far 15 states have reached the goal of elimination of leprosy, i.e. prevalence rate is reduced to
less than 1 per 10,000 populations. In March 2014, NLEP in Haryana eradicated Leprosy by
0.27/10,000 populations.

NATIONAL MENTAL HEALTH PROGRAMME
 The government of India has launched the National Mental Health Program in 1982, with a
view to ensure availability of Mental Health Care Services for all, especially the community
at risk and under privileged section of the population, to encourage application of mental
health knowledge in general health care & social development.
 A National Advisory Group on mental health was constituted under the Chairmanship of the
Secretary, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare for the effective implementation of the
NMHP.
 Eleven institutions have been identified for imparting training in basic knowledge and skills
in the field of mental health to PHC physicians & paramedical personnel.
AIMS
 Prevention & treatment of mental & neurological disorders & their associated disabilities.
 Use of mental health technology to improve general health services.
 Application of mental health principles in total national development to improve quality of
life.
OBJECTIVES
 To ensure availability & accessibility of minimum mental care for all in the foreseeable
future, particularly to the most vulnerable & under privileged sections of population.
 To encourage application of mental health knowledge in general health care & in social
development.
 To promote community participation in the mental health services development, & to
stimulate efforts towards self help in the community.
COMPONENTS
 Treatment of mentally ill patients.

 Rehabilitation of disabled metal patients.
 Prevention & promotion of positive mental health.
PERSONNEL INVOLVED IN THE PROGRAM
 The health guides at village level will participate in case identification and referral of patients
& will help to supervise the follow up of patients in need of long term maintenance therapy.
 The health workers at sub centers level provide first aid care & follow up services.
 The health assistants are entrusted the task of early recognition & management of priority
psychiatric conditions, carried out under the supervision of medical officer.
 The PHC medical officer is vested with overall responsibility of organizing & supervising
the primary level mental health care for population under PHC jurisdiction.

SERVICES
The service component includes three activities: Treatment, Rehabilitation & Prevention.
− Treatment
The focus is on the following morbidity conditions:
 Acute psychoses of schizophrenia, affective or unknown etiology, paranoid reactions &
psychosis resulting from cerebral involvement (E.g. Alcoholic, malaria & epileptic
psychosis).
 Chronic or frequently recurring mental illness, such as some cases of schizophrenia, cyclic
affective psychosis, epileptic psychosis, dementia & encephalopathy associated with
intoxication & chronic organic diseases.
 Emotional illness like anxiety, hysteria & neurotic depression.
− Rehabilitation - Maintenance treatment of epileptics & psychotics at community level is an
important rehabilitative activity. Wherever practical, the rehabilitation centers would be
developed at the district level as well as at higher referral centers.
− Prevention - In the initial phase, the main focus will be upon prevention & control of alcohol
related problems. Later on, addictions, juvenile delinquency & acute adjustment problems
will be brought into the ambit. Community leaders & PHC MOs would be actively involved
in this activity.
DISTRICT MENTAL HEALTH PROGRAM (DMHP) – The Government of India launched

DMHP as per 100 percent centrally sponsored scheme for the first five years at the national level
in 1996-97 during 9th five year plan as a pilot project.
OBJECTIVES OF DMHP
 To provide sustainable basic mental health services to the community & to integrate these
services with other health services.
 Early detection & treatment of these patients within the community itself.
 To provide mental health care at primary level only.
 To reduce stigma attached towards mental illness through public awareness.
 To treat & rehabilitate mental patients within the community after their discharge from the
hospital.
COMPONENTS OF DMHP
 Training programs of all workers in the mental health team at the identified Nodal institute in
the state.
 Education of the public regarding mental health to increase the awareness & reduce stigma.
 For early detection & treatment, outpatient services & inpatient services are provided.
 Providing valuable data & experience at the level of community to the state & center for
future planning, improvement in service & research.

THRUST AREAS
 DMHP will be covering the entire country in phased manner.

 Modernization of mental hospitals to modify their present custodian role.
 Upgrading the department of psychiatry in medical colleges & enhancing the curriculum of
psychiatry at both undergraduate & postgraduate level.
 Strengthening the Central & State Mental Health authorities with a permanent secretariat to
make their monitoring role more effective.
 Research & training in the field of community mental health, substance abuse &
child/adolescent psychiatric.
REPRODUCTIVE AND CHILD HEALTH PROGRAMME

 DEFINITION
The Reproductive and Child health approach has been defined as “people have the ability to
reproduce and regulate their fertility, women are able to go through pregnancy and child birth
safely, the outcome of pregnancies is successful in terms of maternal and infant survival and well
being, and couples are able to have sexual relations, free of fear of pregnancy and of contracting
disease”
 COMPONENTS OF RCH I
FAMILY PLANNING CSSM(CHILD SERVIVAL & SAFE

MOTHERHOOD) COMPONENT
CLIENT APPROACH TO HEALTH PREVENTION/MANAGEMENT OF
CARE RTI/STDs/AIDS
 HIGHLIGHTS OF RCH PROGRAMME
 The programme integrates all interventions of fertility regulation, maternal and child health
with reproductive health for both men and women.
 The services to be provided are client oriented, demand driven, high quality and based on
needs of community through decentralized participatory planning and target free approach.
 The programme envisages upgradation of the level of facilities for providing quality of care
by setting up First Referral Units (FRUs) at sub centre level to provide comprehensive
emergency obstetric and new born care.
 Facilities of obstetric care, MTP and IUD insertion in the PHCs level are improved.
 Specialist facilities for STD and RTI are available in all district hospitals.
 The programme aims at improving the outreach services primarily for the vulnerable group
of population.

 In 1992, the CHILD SURVIVAL AND SAFE MOTHERHOOD PROGRAMME component
of RCH I programme was implemented with the following components –
Early Registration of Pregnancy

To provide minimum 3 antenatal Check-ups
Universal Coverage of all Pregnant women with TT Immunization
Advice on Food, Nutrition and Rest
Detection of High Risk Pregnancies and Prompt Referral
Clean Deliveries by Trained Personnel
Birth Spacing
Promotion of Institutional Deliveries
SERVICES UNDER RCH I PROGRAMME
1) Essential Obstetric Care

2) Emergency Obstetric Care
3) 24 Hour delivery services at PHCs/ CHCs
4) Medical Termination of Pregnancy
5) Control of Reproductive Tract Infections (RTI) and Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD)
6) Immunization
7) Drug and Equipment kits
8) Essential newborn care
9) Diarrhoeal disease control
10) Acute respiratory disease control
11) Prevention and control of Vitamin A deficiency in children
12) Prevention and control of anemia in children
13) RCH camps
14) RCH Out-reach scheme
15) Border District Cluster Strategy
16) Introduction of Hepatitis B vaccination project
17) Training of Dais
EMPOWERED ACTION GROUP (EAG)
 An Empowered Action Group has been constituted in the Ministry of Health and Family
Welfare, with Union Minister for Health and Family Welfare as Chairman on 20 th March
2001.

 As 55% of the increase in the population of India is anticipated in the states of Uttar Pradesh,
Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Orissa, Chattisgarh, Jharkhand and Uttaranchal, these
states are perceived to be more deficient in critical socio-demographic indices.
 Through EAG, these states will get focused attention foe different health and family welfare
programmes.
 The RCH programme conducts district based rapid household survey to assess the
reproductive health status of women.
RCH PHASE II
 RCH PHASE II began from 1st April 2005 with the focus on reducing maternal and child
morbidity and mortality with emphasis on rural health care.
STRATEGIES
 Essential Obstetric Care

a) Institutional delivery
b) Skilled attendance at delivery
 Emergency Obstetric Care
a) Operationalizing First Referral Units
b) Operationalizing PHCs and CHCs for round the clock deliver services
 Strengthening referral system
 The minimum services to be provided by a fully functional FRU are:
24 hour delivery services including normal and assisted deliveries
Emergency obstetric care including surgical interventions like caesarean section
New born care
Emergency care of sick children
Full range of family planning services including laproscopic services
Safe abortion services
Treatment of STI/ RTI
Blood storge facility
Essential labortory services
Referral ( transport) services

NEW INITIATIVES
 Training of MBBS doctors in life saving anaesthetic skills for emergency obstetric care
 Setting up of blood storage centres at FRUs according to Government of India guidelines.
 JANANI SURAKSHA YOJANA – The National Maternity Benefit scheme has been
modified into a new scheme called Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY) launched on 12th April,
2005.
 Objectives of JSY – reducing maternal mortality and infant mortality through encouraging
delivery at health institutions and focusing at institutional care among women in below
poverty line families.
 Features of JSY:
a. It is a 100% centrally sponsored scheme
b. Under National Rural Health Mission, it integrates the benefit of cash assistance with
institutional care during antenatal, delivery and immediate post-partum care. This
benefit will be given to all women, both rural and urban, belonging to below poverty
line household and aged 19 years or above, up to first two live births.
c. The ASHA would work as a link health worker between the poor pregnant women and
public sector health institution in the ten low performing states (Uttar Pradesh,
Uttaranchal, Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand, Bihar, Rajasthan, Chattisgarh, Orissa, Assam
and Jammu & Kashmir)
ASHA PACKAGE IN LOW PERFORMING STATES (LPS) AND HIGH PERFORMANCE

STATES (HPS)
PACKAGE ASHA MOTHER ASHA MOTHER

(Urban) (Urban) (Rural) (Rural)
HPS 200 800 200 1000
LPS 200 800 600 1400
 The eligibility of cash assistance is as follows:
 In Low Performance States (LPS): All women, including those from SC and ST families,
delivering in government health centres like sub centre, PHC, CHC, FRU, District & State
hospitals or accredited private institutions.
 In High Performance States (HPS): Below poverty line women, aged 19 years & above and
the SC and ST pregnant women.
 The limitation of cash assistance for institutional delivery is as follows:
 In Low Performance States (LPS): All births, delivered in health centre government or
accredited private health institutions will get the benefit.
 In High Performance States (HPS): The benefit is only upto 2 live births.
 Vandemataram Scheme – is a voluntary scheme wherein any obstetric and Gynae specialist,
maternity home, nursing home, lady doctor/ MBBS doctor can volunteer themselves for
providing safe motherhood services. Iron, folic acid tablets, oral pills, TT injections etc will

be provided by the respective District medical officers to the ‘Vandemataram clinics’ for free
distribution to beneficiaries.
 Safe abortion services – Under RCH phase II following facilities are provided:
 Medical method of abortion – termination of early pregnancy with two drugs –
Mifepristone (RU 486) followed by Misoprostol. They are considered safe under
supervision, with appropriate counseling and recommended upto 7 weeks (49 days) of
amenorrhoea in a facility with provision for safe abortion services and blood transfusion.
 Manual Vaccum Aspiration (MVA) – is a safe and simple technique for termination of
early pregnancy, makes it feasible to be used in PHCs or comparable facilities, thereby
increasing access to safe abortion services.
 The quality indicators used to monitor and evaluate RCH programme through monthly
reports are:
Number of antenatal cases registered

Number of pregnant women who had 3 antenatal check-ups
Number of high-risk pregnant women referred
Number of pregnant women who had two doses of TT injection
Number of pregnant women under prophylaxis and treatment for anaemia
Number of deliveries by trained and untrained birth attendant
Number of cases with complications referred to PHC/ FRU
Number of new born with birth weight recorded
Number of women given 3 postnatal check-ups
Number of STI/ RTI cases detected , treated and referred
Number of children fully immunized
Number of adverse reactions reported after immunization
Number of cases of ARI and diarrhoea under 5 years treated, referred PHC/ FRU and deaths
Number of cases motivated and followed up for contraception
REVISED NATIONAL TUBERCULOSIS CONTROL PROGRAMME

 The Government of India, WHO and World Bank together reviewed the National
Tuberculosis Programme (1962) in the year 1992. Based on the findings a revised strategy
for National Tuberculosis Programme was evolved. The salient features of the strategy are:
i. Achievement of 85 % cure rate of infectious cases through supervised Short Course
Chemotherapy involving peripheral health functionaries
ii. Augmentation of case finding activities through quality sputum microscopy to detect at
least 70% estimated cases
iii. Involvement of NGOs, Information, Education and Communication and improved
operational research.

 The revised strategy was introduced in the country as a Pilot Project since 1993 in a phased
manner as Pilot Project I, Pilot Project II, Pilot Project III.
ORGANIZATION
 The profile of RNTCP in a state is as follows:

− State Tuberculosis Office State Tuberculosis Officer
− State Tuberculosis Training and Demonstration Centre Director
− District Tuberculosis Centre District Tuberculosis Officer
− Tuberculosis Unit Medical Officer – TB Control
Senior Treatment Supervisor
Senior TB Laboratory
Supervisor
− Microscopy centres, Treatment Centres

− DOTS Providers
 DOTS (Direct Observation Therapy Short term) is a community based tuberculosis treatment
and care strategy which combines the benefits of supervised treatment and the benefits of
community based care and support.
 DOTS ensures high cure rates through its three components:
a) Appropriate medical treatment
b) Supervision and motivation
c) Monitoring of disease status by health services
 The success of DOTS depends on five components:
 Political commitment
 Good quality sputum microscopy
 Directly observed treatment
 Uninterrupted supply of good quality drugs
 Accountability
 DOTS-Plus is a strategy currently under development for the management of multi-drug
resistant TB (MDR-TB).
 The RNTCP views the treatment of MDR-TB patients as a ‘standard of care’ issue.
 A nation-wide network of RNTCP quality assured designated sputum smear microscopy
laboratories has been set up, providing appropriate, available, affordable and accessible
diagnostic services for TB suspects and cases.
 In view of the new and focused activities, institutional strengthening at national, state and
district level is being taken up by RNTCP.
 The positions of TB-HIV coordinator, urban coordinator and communication facilitator have
been introduced at state, district and sub-district levels.

 A major recommendation was that the drugs for paediatric TB cases under RNTCP should be
supplied in patient-wise boxes (PWBs), treatment will be based on the child’s body weight
and there will be two generic paediatric PWBs: one for the 6-10 kg weight band and second
for the 11-17 kg weight band. Children weighing less than 6 kg will be treated with loose
anti-TB drugs.
DIAGNOSTIC METHOD OF TB – Tuberculin Test or Mantoux Test

 It detects whether the person is infected with tubercle bacilli.
 1TU (Tuberculin Unit) of PPD (Purified Protein Derivative) 0.1ml, route intradermal and site
is flexor aspect of left arm.
 Mantoux test is read 72 hours (3rd day) and marks the induration (never redness) with pen on
two sites, take median of two reading.
 Interpretations: if induration > 10mm is positive
If induration < 6mm is negative
If induration 6-10mm test is doubtful
DOTS MEDICINE - TREATMENT CATEGORIZATION
CATEGORY TYPES OF TB PATIENTS DRUGS

I  New sputum smear positive 2(HRZE)3 + 4(HR)3
 Seriously ill new sputum smear negative
 Seriously ill new extra pulmonary
II  Sputum smear positive relapse 2(HRZEs)3 + 1(HRZE)3
 Sputum smear positive failure +5(HRE)3
 Sputum smear positive treatment after
default
 Others
III  New sputum smear negative not seriously ill 2(HRZ)3+ 4(HR)3
 New extra pulmonary not seriously ill
 2(HRZE)3, here 2 indicates time duration of intensive phase i.e. 2 months and 3 indicates
frequency of TB medicines to be taken by the patient i.e. 3 alternate days in a week.
 4 (HR)3, here 4 indicates time duration of continous phase i.e. 4 months
 Drugs are supplied in patient wise boxes (PWBs) containing the full course of treatment and
packaged in blister pack. PWBs have color code indicating category as:
RED Category 1
BLUE Category 2
GREEN Category 3
Dosage Strength:
 Isoniazid (H) 600mg 2 pills
 Rifampicin (R) 450mg 1 pills
 Pyrazinamide (Z) 1500mg 2 pills
 Ethambutol (E) 1200mg 2 pills

 Streptomycin (S) 750mg
DIAGNOSIS OF TUBERCULOSIS IN RNTCP
Cough for 3 Weeks or

More
3 Sputum Smears
3 or 2 1 Positive 3 Negatives
Positives
X-Ray Antibiotics
Smear - 1-2 Weeks
Positive TB
Positive Negative for
TB
Symptoms
Anti-TB Persist
Treatment
Non-TB
Repeat Smear
Examination
Negative
X-Ray
Positive
Negative for TB
Smear-
Negative TB
Anti-TB
Treatment

UNIVERSAL IMMUNIZATION PROGRAMME
 In 1974, the WHO launched its “Expanded Programme on Immunization” (EPI) against six
killer, most common, preventable and childhood diseases i.e. diphtheria, pertussis (whooping
cough), tetanus, polio, tuberculosis and measles.
 “Expanded” in the WHO definition meant adding more disease controlling antigens of
vaccination schedules, extending coverage to all corners of a country and spreading services
to reach the less privileged sectors of the society.
 The Government of India launched its EPI in 1978 with the objective of reducing the
mortality and morbidity resulting from vaccine-preventable diseases of childhood and to
achieve self-sufficiency in the production of vaccines.
 “Universal” immunization is best interpreted as implying the ideal that no child should be
denied immunization against tuberculosis, diphtheria, pertussis (whooping cough), tetanus,
polio and measles.
 Universal Immunization Programme was started in India in 1985 and has two vital
components:
 Immunization of pregnant women against tetanus
 Immunization of children in their first year of life against the six EPI target diseases
AIM – to achieve 100% coverage of pregnant women with 2 doses of tetanus toxoid and at least
85% coverage of infants with 3 doses each of DPT, OPV, one dose of BCG and one dose of
measles vaccine by 1990
 To strengthen routine immunization, the Government of India has planned the State
Programme Implementation Plan (PIP). It consists of:
a) Support for alternate vaccine delivery from PHC to sub-centre and outreach sessions
b) Developing retired manpower to carry out immunization activities in urban slums and
underserved areas where services are deficient
c) Mobility support to district immunization officer as per state plan for monitoring and
supportive supervision
d) Review meeting at the state level with the districts at 6 monthly intervals
e) Training of ANM, cold chain handlers, mid-level managers, refrigerator mechanics etc.
f) Support for mobilization of children to immunization session sites by ASHA, women
self-help groups etc.
g) Printing of immunization cards, monitoring sheet, cold chain chart, vaccine inventory
charts etc.

VACCINE UNDER UIP
AGE VACCINES ROUTE DOSAGE

For Infants
At Birth BCG, OPV ID, Oral 0.05ml, 2drops
1.5 Months OPV, Pentavalent (DPT, Hep B, HiB) – I Oral, IM 2 drops, 0.5ml
2.5 Months OPV, Pentavalent (DPT, Hep B, HiB) – II Oral, IM 2 drops, 0.5ml
3.5 Months OPV, Pentavalent (DPT, Hep B, HiB) – III Oral, IM 2 drops, 0.5ml
9 Months Measles, Vitamin A S/c, Oral 0.5ml, 2 Lakh IU
16-24 Months DPT (Booster), OPV, Measles – II, IM, Oral, S/C, 0.5ml, 2drops,
Vitamin A Oral S/C, 1Lakh IU
5 Years DPT IM 0.5ml
10 Years TT IM 0.5ml
16 Years TT IM 0.5ml
For Pregnant Women

Early in TT-1 IM 0.5ml
pregnancy
One month TT-2 IM 0.5ml
after TT-1
NATIONAL VECTOR BORNE DISEASE CONTROL PROGRAM

 The Directorate of National Vector Borne Disease Control (NVBDC) Program is the national
nodal agency for prevention and control of major vector borne diseases of public health
importance namely –
 MALARIA
 FILARIA
 JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS (JE)
 KALA AZAR
 DENGUE/ DENGUE HEMORRHAGIC FEVER (DHF)
 CHIKUNGUNYA FEVER
 This program is now come under the umbrella of National Rural Health Mission (NHRM)
 The NVBDC is one of the most comprehensive and multifaceted public health activities in
the country
 Factors increasing the risk of vector borne disease outbreaks -
 Increasing urban population
 Shortage of water supply
 Traditional water storage
 Poor garbage collection
 Changing life style (use of water coolers etc.)

 Rapid transportation
According to the 9th Five year plan following has been set up for NVBDCP:
VISION – A well informed and self-sustained, healthy India free from vector borne diseases
with equitable access to quality health care.
MISSION – An integrated and accelerated action towards reducing mortality on account of

malaria, dengue and Japanese encephalitis by half, elimination of kala – azar by 2010 and
elimination of lymphatic filariasis by 2015.
OBJECTIVES
o To prevent mortality due to vector borne diseases

o To reduce morbidity due to vector borne diseases
o Elimination of Kala-Azar and Lymphatic Filariasis
GOALS
 To reduce the case incidence including morbidity on account of Malaria, Dengue,

Chikungunya and Japanese Encephalitis by 50% by 2017
 To achieve elimination of Kala-Azar and Lymphatic Filariasis by 2015
STRATEGIES
1) Disease Management
Early case detection and complete treatment
Strengthening of referral services
Epidemic preparedness and rapid response
2) Insecticide resistance in Vector – More research will be supported to understand the causes
of resistance and its management
3) Legislative measures – civics bye-laws and building bye-laws will be enforced
4) Involvement of NGOs/Private Sector/Community/Local self government
5) Quality assurance on laboratory diagnosis
6) Long lasting insecticide treated nets
7) Supportive interventions including behavior change communication (BCC), Public private
partnership and inter-sectoral convergence, human resource development through capacity
building, operational research including studies on drug resistance and insecticide
susceptibility, monitoring and evaluation through periodic reviews/ field visits and web based
management information system.
BURDEN OF VECTOR BORNE DISEASES IN INDIA,

MALARIA - Malaria cases have consistently declined from 2.8 million to 1.31 million during
the year 2001 to 2011. Similarly, Pf cases have declined from 1 to 0.6 million cases during the

same period. This indicates declining trend of overall endemicity of malaria in the country. The
analysis of the state wise data of year 2011 shows that 90% of malaria cases in the country are
reported 12 states namely Orissa, Jharkhand, Chattisgarh, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh,
Gujarat, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Assam, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh and Haryana. A total of
1221008 cases of LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS were reported during the year 2011.
S. VECTOR BORNE DISEASES YEAR CASES DEATHS
No.
1. DENGUE 2011 18860 169
2. CHIKUNGUNYA 2011 20402 −
3. JAPENSE ENCEPHALITIS 2011 8247 1169
4. KALA- AZAR 2011 33043 80
 According to ANNUAL REPORT on IMPLEMENTATION of NVBCDP in HARYANA
(2010) - During the year 2010, 18,921 cases with 763 Pf cases have been reported in the
State showing the declining position as compare to the 32,272 cases reported during the year
2009.
YEAR/ VBD MALARIA DENGUE CHIKUNGUNYA JAPENSE

ENPHALITIS
STATE Total Pf Deaths Conf. Deaths Conf. Deaths Conf. Deaths
(HARYANA) Cases cases Cases Cases Cases
2010 18921 763 − 866 21 1 − 1 1
DISTRICT Cases Deaths Cases Deaths Cases Deaths Cases Deaths

(ROHTAK)
2010 825 − 20 2 1 − − −
CHC Wise Epidemiological Data of Malaria in District Rohtak for the Year 2010
NAME OF NAME OF CHC POPULATION TOTAL +ve

DISTRICT CASES
ROHTAK ROHTAK (U) 383563 124
KILOI 151100 206
CHIRI 103971 64
KALANAUR 163291 210
MEHAM 167184 211
SAMPLA 110909 11
TOTAL 1080018 826

MALARIA - Began originally as National Malaria Control Programme in 1953. The Control
Programme converted into Eradication Programme in 1958. Milestones of Malaria Control
Activities in India -
• Launching of national malaria control progrmme (NMCP)

1953
• NMCP was changed to National Malaria Eradication Programme (MNEP)

1958
• Modified plan of operations implemented

1977
• World Bank assisted Enahnced Malria Control Project (EMCP) launched

1997
• Renaming of programme to National Anti Malaria Programme (NAMP)

1999
• Renaming of NAMP to National Vector Borne Contro l Programme

2002
• Global Fund assisted Intensified Malaria Control Project (IMCP) launched

• Introduction of RDT (Rapid Diagnostic Tests) in the programme
2005
• ACT (Artesunate combination therapy) introduced in areas showing

2006 chloroquine resistance in falciparum malaria
• ACT extended to high Pf predominant districts covering about 95% Pf cases

• World Bank supported National Malaria Control Project launched
2008
• Introduction of LLINs (Long Lasting Insecticidal Nets)

2009
• New drug policy 2010

2010
ACTIVITIES
The main activities of the programme are:
1. Formulating policies and guidelines

2. Technical guidance

3. Planning
4. Logistics
5. Monitoring and evaluation
6. Coordination of activities through the States/ Union Territories and in consultation with
national organizations such as National Cadre for Diseases Control (NCDC), National
Institute of Malaria Research (NIMR).
7. Collaboration with international organizations like the WHO, World Bank, GFATM and
other donor agencies.
8. Training
9. Facilitating research through NCDC, NIMR and Regional Medical Research Centres etc.
10. Coordinating control activities in the inter-state and inter-country border areas.
ORGANIZATION
 There are 19 regional offices for Health and Family Welfare under Directorate General of
Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, located in 19 states, which play a
crucial role in monitoring the activities under NVBDCP.
 Every state has a Vector Borne Disease Control Division under its Department of Health and
Family Welfare. It is headed by State Programme Officer (SPO) who is responsible for
supervision, guidance and effective implementation of the programme and for coordination
of the activities with the neighbouring States/ UTs.
 States are responsible for the procurement certain insecticides for indoor residual spray
(IRS), Spray equipment and certain anti-malarias, the central government supplies DDT and
larvicides.
 At the divisional level, zonal officers have technical and administrative responsibilities of the
programme in their areas under the overall supervision of Senior Divisional Officers (SDOs).
 At the district level, the Chief Medical Officer (CMO)/ District Health Officer (DHO) has the
overall responsibility of the programme.
 Spray operations are the direct responsibility of DMO/ DVBDC officer in the entire district
under overall supervision of CMO and collaborative supervision/ monitoring by PHC’s
Medical Officer. There is one Assistant Malaria Officer (AMO) and Malaria Inspectors (MIs)
to assist him.
 The laboratories have been decentralized and positioned at PHCs. The medical officer – PHC
has the overall responsibility for surveillance and laboratory services and also supervises the
spray.
 Case detection management and community outreach services are carried out by MPWs as
well as ASHAs and other community health volunteers.

CLASSIFICATION OF ENDEMIC AREAS
The classification of areas according to Annual Parasite Incidence –
S. COMPONENTS AREAS WITH API MORE AREAS WITH API LESS

No. THAN 2 THAN 2
a. Spraying  Regular Insecticidal Spray Focal Spraying is to be
with 2 rounds of DDT, unless undertaken only around P.
the vector is refractory. falciparum cases detected
 Where the vector is refractory during surveillance.
to DDT, 3 rounds of malathion
are recommended.
 Areas refractory both to DDT
and malathion are to be treated
with 2 rounds of synthetic
pyrethroids spray at intervals
of 6 weeks.
 DDT, malathion and
pyrethroids dosage applied are
1, 2 and 0.25g per sq. metre
surface area respectively.
b. Entomological  Done by entomological teams
Assessment  Carry out susceptibility tests
and suggest appropriate
insecticide to be used in
particular areas.
c. Surveillance  Collection and examination of Active and passive
blood smears. surveillance operations will
 Active and passive have to be carried out
surveillance activities are vigorously every fortnight.
carried out fortnightly
d. Treatment Radical treatment Radical treatment
e. Follow-Up Follow-up blood smears are to
be collected from all positive
cases on completion of the
radical treatment and
thereafter at monthly intervals
for 12 months.
f. Epidemiological All malaria cases are to be
Investigation investigated. This may be
including mass surveys.
URBAN MALARIA SCHEME
 Launched in 1971 to reduce or interrupt malaria transmission in town and cities.

 The methodology comprises vector control by intensive anti-larval measures and drug
treatment.
 About 7.4% of the total cases of malaria and 10.9 5 of deaths due to malaria are reported
from urban areas.
 Control of urban malaria lies primarily in the implementation of civil byelaws to prevent
mosquito breeding in the domestic and peridomestic areas.
 The urban malaria scheme under national vector borne disease control programme is
presently protecting 115.5 million population from malaria and other mosquito borne
diseases in 131 towns in 19 states and Union Territories.
 The civil byelaws are enacted and implemented in Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chandigarh,
Bangalore Chennai, Ahemdabad and Goa etc.
 The Expert Committee on Malaria had recommended under the Urban Malaria Scheme –
i. Inclusion of all urban areas with more than 50,000 population
ii. Reporting slides positivity rate of 5% and above
iii. Introduction of active surveillance
GOALS FOR THE STRATEGIC PLAN 2007-2012
The main national goals for malaria control are –
 Atleast 50 % reduction in mortality due to malaria by the year 2010, as per National Health
policy document-2002.
 Atleast 80% of those suffering from malaria get correct, affordable and appropriate treatment
within 244 hours of reporting to the health system, by the year 2012.
 Atleast 80% of those at high risk of malaria get protected by effective preventive measures
such as ITNs/ LLINs or IRS by 2012.
STRATEGIC ACTION PLAN FOR MALARIA CONTROL IN INDIA (2007-2012)
A. Surveillance and case management

− Case detection (active and passive)
− Early diagnosis and complete treatment
− Sentinel surveillance
B. Integrated vector management (IVM)
− Indoor residual spray (IRS)
− Insecticide treated bed nets (ITNs)/ Long Lasting Insecticidal Nets (LLINs)
− Antilarval measures including source reduction
C. Epidemic preparedness and early response
D. Supportive interventions
− Capacity building
− Behavior change communication (BCC)
− Intersectoral collaboration

− Monitoring and evaluation
− Operational research and applied field research
THE MAJOR EXTERNALLY SUPPORTED PROJECTS
Global Fund supported Intensified Malaria Control Project (IMCP)

 Implemented in 106 districts in 10 states namely 7 North Eastern states and in selected
high risk areas of Orissa, Jharkhand and West Bengal covering a population of about 100
million.
 For a period of 5 years starting from July 2005 to June 2010.
 The total financial outlay Rs. 277.20 crores.
 New project supported by Global Fund IMCP-II has started since October 2010 in seven
North East states (except Sikkim) for a period of 5 years (2010-2015).
World Bank supported Project on Malaria Control and Kala Azar Elimination
 Approved for 5 years effective from March 2009 to December 2013.
 Total financial outlay Rs. 1000 crores.
 Initiated in 93 malarious districts of 8 states namely Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh,
Gujarat, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa & Karnataka and 46 kala-azar
districts in three states namely Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal.
LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS
 The National Filaria Control Programme has been in operation since 1955.
 In June 1978, the operational component of the NFCP was merged with the urban malaria
scheme for maximum utilization of available resources.
 The training and research components, however, continue to be with the Director, National
Institute of Communicable Diseases, Delhi.
 Training in filariology under National Institute of Communicable Diseases, Delhi is being
given at three regional Filaria training and research centres situated at –
i. Calicut (Kerala)
ii. Rajahamundry (Andhra Pradesh)
iii. Varanasi (Uttar Pradesh)
 Filaria control strategy includes –
a) Vector control through anti larval operations
b) Source reduction
c) Detection and treatment of microfilariasis carriers
d) Morbidity treatment
e) IEC
 National Filaria Control Programme is being implemented through 206 Filaria control units,
199 Filaria clinics and 27 survey units primarily in endemic urban towns.
 In rural areas anti Filaria medicines and morbidity management services are provided
through primary health care system.

 In India, the National Health Policy 2002 envisages elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis by
2015.
 The elimination is defined as “lymphatic filariasis ceases to be public health problem, when
the number of microfilaria carriers is less than 1% and the children born after initiation of
ELF are free from circulating antigenaemia (presence of adult Filaria worn in human body).
 During 2010, 18 States/ UTs except Tamil Nadu and West Bengal were covered with co-
administration of single dose of DEC+ albendazole.
 The Mass Drug Administration (MDA) coverage was 86% in 2009 and 85% in 2010.
MASS DRUG ADMINISTRATION
DEC single dose is given to everyone in community except children under 2 years, pregnant
women & very sick persons.
ADVANTAGES OF SINGLE DOSE MASS THERAPY
 Cost-effective
 Enhance compliance for persons who receive treatment
 Doesn’t require complex management infrastructure
 Integrated with existing primary health care system
AGE (IN YEARS) DOSE OF DEC NUMBER OF TABLETS

<2 Nil Nil
2-5 100mg 1
6-14 200mg 2
15 & above 300mg 3
 DEC is now supplied to all MDA districts as 100 mg tablets.
DRUG DELIVERY STRATEGIES
 House to House administration

 Booth administration (within 1 km area)
 Special population groups in places like schools, hospitals, industries, prisons etc.
 Community aggregations like market places, bus stand, railway stations, fairs etc.
DRUG REQUIREMENT IS ESTIMATED AS FOLLOWS:
 DEC=100mg tablets, multiply the total population by 2.5

 Albendazole =400mg tabs. Multiply the total population by 1
 NGO’s, community based organizations, faith based organizations & Panchayats should also
be involved in the elimination of lymphatic filariasis programme.
 Low compliance: coverage 40-6-% is due to fear of side reaction.

NEW STRATEGY TO ACHIEVE LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS ELIMINATION
 Lowering the dose of DEC tabs, may help to reduce the side reactions.
 Increasing the dose of Albendazole 800mg tabs.
KALA-AZAR
 A centrally sponsored programme was launched in 1990-91.

 The active case searches are carried out during a fortnight designated as “Kala-Azar
Fortnight”, during which the peripheral health workers and volunteers are engaged to make
door-to-door search and refer the cases conforming to the case definition of kala-azar and
PKDL to the treatment centres for definitive diagnosis and treatment.
 National Health Policy (2002) envisaged kala-azar elimination by the year 2010.
 An incentive of an amount of Rs 100 is being provided to the health worker/ ASHA for
referring a suspected case of kala-azar and to ensure complete treatment after confirmation.
 World Bank is providing assistance in 46 districts in 3 states namely Bihar, Jharkhand and
West Bengal.
JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS
 Japanese Encephalitis is the leading cause of viral encephalitis.

 It mainly attacks children younger than 15 years of age.
 The first evidence of JE transmission in India in 1952 in district Vellore (Tamil Nadu).
 The role of Culex tritaeniorhynchus as a vector and the involvement of wading ardeids and
pigs as reservoirs hosts were demonstrated in 1938.
 The major endemic states affected due to Acute Encephalitis Syndrome (AES)/ JE were
Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Delhi, Goa, Haryana, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala,
Maharashtra, Manipur, Nagaland, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal.
DENGUE FEVER/ DENGUE HAEMORRHAGIC FEVER
 Dengue is an outbreak prone seasonal viral disease caused by any one of four strains of
Dengue virus (DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3 and DEN-4).
 The virus is transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected AEDES Mosquito.
 Dengue is as self-limiting acute disease characterized by fever, headache, muscle & joint
pains, rash, nausea and vomiting.
 Dengue was first isolated in Kolkata in 1945 and Dengue fever was reported 1 st time in 1956
from Vellore town of Tamil Nadu.
CHIKUNGUNYA
Chikungunya is a debilitating non-fatal viral illness.

It resembles Dengue fever and is characterized by severe, sometimes persistent, joint pain
(arthralgia), as well as fever and rash.

Chikungunya is transmitted by the Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti mosquitoes.
Humans are considered to be the major source or reservoir of Chikungunya virus.
The STRATEGIES for prevention and control of vector borne diseases are:
MALARIA
 Focused interventions in high malaria endemic areas

 Early diagnosis and treatment by –
o Strengthening of human resources for surveillance and laboratory support
o Use and scale up of Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT)
o Introduction and scale of Artemisnin-based Combination Therapy (ACT) for Pf cases
 Up-scaling use of Long Lasting Insecticidal Nets (LLINs)
 Indoor Residual Spray (IRS)
 Intensive monitoring & supervision
 Intensified Information, Education and Communication (IEC) and Behavior Change
Communication (BCC) activities involving community
DENGUE & CHIKUNGUNYA
 Strengthening of monitoring and vector surveillance

 Strengthening of Apex Referral laboratories and sentinel surveillance hospitals
 Training / re-orientation of medical officers on dengue / DHF case management
 Intensive IEC/ BCC activities by involving community and village health & sanitation
committee/ local municipal bodies.
 Follow-up wit States and municipal bodies for enactment and implementation of legislative
measures against breeding of vector (mosquitoes).
 Inter-sectoral convergence for preventing vector mosquito breeding
 Periodic reviews, focused & intensive supervision
JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS
 Strengthening of referral services, diagnostic facilities, monitoring and surveillance

activities
 Capacity building for proper case management at PHC/ CHC/ District Hospitals
 Targeted vaccination, with single dose live attenuated SA-14-14-2 vaccine , for children
between 1-15 years of age, under Universal Immunization Programme (UIP) in a phased
manner, and inclusion of JE vaccine in routine immunization in affected districts
 BCC for personal hygiene and sanitation in affected communities
 Strengthening of PHCs/ CHCs for early case management
 Involvement of ASHAs in early case referrals and dissemination of information to general
public on prevention and control of AES/JE

KALA-AZAR
 Expansion of new tools i.e. Rapid Diagnostic Kits (RDK) & oral drug Miltefosine to increase
acceptable and compliance of treatment
 Free diet to all the Kala-azar patients (including old and new) and one attendant & incentive
to patient towards loss of wages during the full period of treatment
 Incentive to ASHA/ Volunteer for referring suspected cases of Kala-azar and ensuring
complete treatment after confirmation by Rapid Diagnostic Kit (RDK) for kala-azar
 Two rounds of focused indoor residual spraying (IRS) under strict supervision & monitoring
using NRHM institutions
LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS
 Implementation of Mass Drug Administration with two drug combination (DEC+

Albendazole) in Filaria endemic districts (Mf rate>1%) for interruption of transmission
 Specific intensive Behavior Change Communication (BCC) Campaign for mass drug
administration
 Training/ re-orientation for mass drug administration for health personnel at different levels,
including drug distributors, medical officers and paramedical staff
 Hydrocele operations for relief of the patients
 Training on home based care for morbidity management.
NATIONAL HEALTH MISSION

INTRODUCTION
 The Union Cabinet vide its decision dated 1st May 2013 has approved the launch of National
Urban Health Mission (NUHM) as a Sub-mission of an over-arching National Health
Mission (NHM), with National Rural Health Mission (NHRM) being the other Sub-mission
of National Health Mission.
The National Health Mission encompasses its two Sub-Missions-
 National Rural Health Mission (NHRM)

 National Urban Health Mission (NUHM)
 The NHM envisages achievement of universal access to equitable, affordable & quality
health care services that are accountable and responsive to people’s needs. Outcomes for
NHM in the 12th plan are synonymous with those of the 12th plan, and are part of the overall
vision.

NUHM
NRHM
NHM
COMPONENTS
The main programmatic components include Health System Strengthening in rural and urban
areas –
Reproductive – Maternal- Neonatal- Child and Adolescent Health (RMNCH+A)

Communicable and Non- Communicable Diseases
NHM has six financing components:
NRHM-RCH Flexipool
NUHM Flexipool
Flexible pool for

Communicable diseases
Flexible pool for Non-
Communicable diseases
Infrastructure maintenance
Family Welfare Central Sector

Component

TARGETS OF NHM
 Reduce IMR to 30/1000 live births

 Reduce MMR to 100/100000 live births
 Reduce TFR to 2.1
 Annual Malaria Incidence to be <1/1000
 Kala-Azar Elimination by 2015, <1 case per 10000 population in all blocks
 Reduce prevalence of Leprosy to <1/10000 population and incidence to zero in all districts
 Prevention and reduction of anemia in women aged 15-49 years
 Prevent and reduce mortality & morbidity from communicable, non – communicable,
injuries and emerging diseases
 Reduce household out-of-pocket expenditure on total health care expenditure
 Reduce annual incidence and mortality from Tuberculosis by half
 Less than 1 per cent microfilaria prevalence in all districts
NRHM
The Government of India launched National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) on 5th April 2005
for a period of 7 yrs (2005-2012). The mission seeks to improve rural health care delivery
system. The thrust of the mission is on establishing a fully functional, community owned,
decentralized health delivery system with inter-sectoral convergence at all levels, to ensure
simultaneous action on a wide range of determinants of health such as water, sanitation,
education, nutrition social and gender equality.
MAIN AIM
The main aim of NRHM is to provide equitable, accessible, affordable, accountable, effective &
reliable primary health care & bridging the gap in rural health care through ASHA.
TARGETS OF NHRM
 IMR reduced to 30/1000 live births by 2012

 MMR reduced to 100/100000 live births by 2012
 TFR reduced to 2.1 by 2012
 Malaria mortality reduction rate is 100% by 2010
 Kala-Azar reduction rate is 50% by 2010
 Filaria reduction rate is 70% by 2010 & elimination by 2015
 Dengue mortality reduction rate is 50% by 2010
 Cataract operation increases up to 45 lacs per annum
 Leprosy prevalence rate reduce from 1.8/ 10000 in 2005
 TB DOTS series maintain 85% cure through mission period

NHRM – Health Systems Strengthening:
Reproductive, Maternal,
New Born, Child
Health and Adolescent Newborn and Child
Universal Immunization
(RMNCH+A) Services Health
Child Health Screening

Maternal Health &
Gender Based Violence & Early Intervention
Family Planning
Services
Prevention & Adolescent Health &

Access to Safe Abortion
Management of STI and addressing the declining
Services
RTI Sex Ratio
NUHM
The Union Cabinet vide its decision dated 1st May 2013 has approved the launch of National
Urban Health Mission (NUHM) as a Sub-mission of an over-arching National Health Mission
(NHM).
NUHM seeks to improve the health status of the urban population (50,000 and above)
particularly slum dwellers and other vulnerable sections by facilitating their access to quality
primary health care.
Flexible Pool for Control of Communicable Diseases:
NVBDCP
• National Vector Borne Diseases Control Programme
RNTCP
• Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme
NLEP
• National Leprosy Control Programme
IDSP
• Integrated Disease Survelliance Programme

Flexible Pool for Control of Non-Communicable Diseases:
National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases
and Stroke (NPCDCS)
National Programme For The Control Of Blindness (NPCB)
National Mental Health Programme (NMHP)
National Programme for the Healthcare of the Elderly (NPHCE)
National Programme for the Prevention and Control of Deafness (NPPCD)
National Tobacco Control Programme (NTCP)
National Oral Health Programme (NOHP)
National Programme for Palliative Care (NPPC)
National Programme for the Prevention & Management of Burn Injuries (NPPMBI)
National Programme for Prevention & Control of Fluorosis (NPPCF)
CRITICAL AREAS FOR CONCERTED ACTION TOWARDS HEALTH SYSTEMS

STRENGHTENING
Outreach
Services
Facility
Based
Service
Delivery
Decentralized
Health Planning

Decentralized Health Planning
 The District Health Plan is an important institutional structure for enabling decentralization,
convergence & integration, and is also the vehicle for promoting equity and prioritizing the
needs of the most socially and economically vulnerable groups in a district.
 The District Health Action Plan will be developed as an instrument of progress towards the
provision of universal health care in a phased manner.
Facility Based Service Delivery
A Facility Development Plan has the following components:

 Infrastructure
 Equipment
 Human resources
 Drugs and supplies
 Quality assurance systems
 Service provisioning
With the launch of NUHM, primary health care in urban areas would be strengthened, and
district hospitals would be enabled to provide multi speciality referral care.
All district hospitals would have a quality management system that would be certified against
set standards.
An approach to quality certification would be developed, based on learning from the pilots in
quality management systems undertaken in the XI plan period.
Outreach Services
 Sub centres are the hub for delivering effective outreach services in rural areas.
 Most outreach activities will take place at the village level, with the Anganwadi Center being
the usual platform for service delivery.
 For facilitating access to the community and for the safety of the providers, new construction
of sub-centres must be located in well-populated and frequented parts of the village.
 Health care delivery facilities should be within 30 minutes of walking distance, from
habitation, implying that additional sub centres population is dispersed would need to be
created.
 The drugs and supplies provided to the sub centres would be integrated with the state drug
procurement and logistics system.
 The pattern of Medical Mobile Units (MMUs) will depend on the geography and could
provide package of services equivalent to a primary health center, and have the necessary
HR, equipment and supplies.

NATIONAL FAMILY WELFARE PROGRAMME
HISTORICAL DEVELPOMENTS
ῷ The concerns about fertility levels and population growth were initially voiced during the 2 nd
decade of 20th century in India.
ῷ An excess of population was considered as the major factor interfering with combating and
overcoming evils of ill health, illiteracy and ignorance, death and poverty from the society.
ῷ THE FIRST FAMILY PLANNING CLINIC WAS OPENED AT POONA BY PROF. R.D
KARVE IN 1923.
ῷ In 1946, a Health Survey and Development Committee chaired by Sir Joseph Bhore, advised
for deliberate limitation of family size and recommended the provision of integrated
preventive, promotive and curative primary health care services with high priority for
improving nutritional and health status of mother and child.
FIVE YEAR PLANS (1951-2002)
1) FIRST FIVE YEAR PLAN (1951-1956)

 The National Family Planning Programme was launched in 1952.
 The services were rendered through clinic approach.
 Contraceptive supplies and educational material were distributed.
 Training and research was conducted.
2) SECOND FIVE YEAR PLAN (1956-1961)
 Suggested to integrate family planning and health education activities with community
development to systematize the programme.
3) THIRD FIVE YEAR PLAN (1961-1966)
 The Family planning programme was considered as the centre of planned approach for
overall development.
 There was a shift from clinic approach to extension education approach.
 The services were extended to community level in the villages and urban areas both through
extension educators to motivate people for small family norm and provide contraceptives.
 In 1965, Lippes loop was introduced.
 A separate department of family planning was set up in 1966 in the Ministry of Health.
PERIOD (1966-69)
 Family planning programmes although voluntary in nature but became time bound and
target oriented.

 The family planning infrastructure, which included urban family planning centres, district
and state bureaus, was strengthened.
4) FOURTH FIVE YEAR PLAN (1969-74)
 Family planning programme was given top priority by the Government of India.
 The family planning services were rendered through subcentres, primary health centres and
MCH and family welfare centres as integral part of MCH services.
 ALL INDIA HOSPITAL POST PARTUM PROGRAMME was started in 1970 to motivate
mother for family planning soon after delivery.
 In 1972, MEDICAL TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY ACT 71 was implemented.
5) FIFTH FIVE YEAR PLAN (1974-79)
 The department of family planning was renamed as DEPARTMENT OF FAMILY

WELFARE.
 The population control and family planning were made as concurrent subject in January
1977 by the 42nd amendment of the constitution.
6) SIXTH FIVE YEAR PLAN (1980-85)
 Through Primary health care approach the Government of India accepted a NATIONAL
HEALTH POLICY in 1983 which had laid down long term demographic goals to be
achieved by year 2000 AD.
 Goals: - Net reproductive rate – 1 ( 2 child norm)
Crude birth rate – 21/1000 live births
Crude death rate – 9/1000 population
Couple protection rate – 60%
 The National health policy had also laid emphasis on reorganization and strengthening of
health care delivery system.
7) SEVENTH FIVE YEAR PLAN (1985-90)
 Various maternal and child health related programmes were started and strengthened
such as Universal Immunization Programme, Oral Rehydration Therapy & various other
MCH programmes were brought together under CSSM (Child Survival And Safe
Motherhood Programme) during this plan period for effectively tackling the issue of
population stabilization.
8) EIGHTH FIVE YEAR PLAN (1992-1997)
 The major thrust areas included focus on delivery of quality services and integration with
other sectors.

 In April 1996 target approach was renounced and target free approach was adopted.
 The target free approach emphasized on providing quality services on demand based on
needs of the people.
 The REPRODUCTIVE CHILD HEALTH (RCH) was launched and the scope of family
welfare programme was widened.
 The RCH programme included:-
a) All the components of the safe motherhood programme with the added component of
Reproductive tract infection/Sexually transmitted infection (RTI/STI).
b) All the components of child survival.
c) Fertility regulation with a focus on quality care.
RCH PROGRAMME
i. Aims to improve the management of services at the central, state, district & block level.
ii. Seeks to attain holistic approach in implementation of the programme.
iii. Focuses on neglected geographical areas. Ex: - area projects in poorly performing states
and district integrated projects in remote/ border districts.
iv. Also focuses on previously neglected segments of population such as urban slums, men,
adolescents etc.
9) NINTH FIVE YEAR PLAN (1997-2002)
 The target free approach has been renamed as COMMUNITY NEED ASSESSMENT
APPROACH (CNAA) from 1997.
 According to this approach, Annual action plans are to be prepared in the beginning of
each year by the concerned State Health and Family Welfare authorities at various levels,
starting with the grass root level workers at periphery.
 A comprehensive NATIONAL POPULATION POLICY 2000 has been formulated to
promote family welfare programme and achieve the set goals and objectives.
SCHOOL HEALTH SERVICES

SCHOOL HEALTH – According to American School Health Association, “All the strategies,
activities and services offered by, in or in association with schools that are designed to promote
student’s physical, emotional & social development make up a school’s health program”.
School health is an important branch of community health. According to modern concepts,

school health service is an economical and powerful means of raising community health. It is a
personal health service. Also, it is a forum for the improvement of the health of the nation.
HEALTH PROBLEMS OF SCHOOL CHILDREN
a) Malnutrition

b) Infectious diseases
c) Intestinal parasites
d) Diseases of skin, eye and ear
e) Dental caries
OBJECTIVES OF SCHOOL HEALTH –
i. Health Promotion – the promotion of positive health

ii. Health Protection – the prevention of diseases
iii. Health Restoration – early diagnosis, treatment and follow up of defects
iv. Health Education – awakening health consciousness in children
v. Healthy Living – the provision of healthful environment
ROLE OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSE IN SCHOOL HEALTH – On the basis of the

aspects of the school health services, the role of Community Health Nurse in School Health are
as follows -
i.Health appraisal of school children and school personnel – Health appraisal consists of
periodic medical examinations and observation of children by class teacher.
A. Periodical Medical Examination – The School Health Committee (1961) in India
recommended medical examination of children at the time of entry and thereafter every
4 years
B. School Personnel – Medical examination should be given to teachers and other school
personnel as they form part of the environment to which the child is exposed.
C. Daily Morning Inspection - The teacher is a familiar with the children and can detect
changes in the child’s appearance or behavior that suggest illness or improper growth
and development.
ii. Remedial measures and follow up – Special clinics should be conducted exclusively for
school children at PHCs in the rural areas and in one of the selected schools or
dispensaries for a group of about 5000 children in the urban areas.
iii. Prevention of communicable diseases – A well planned immunization programme should
be drawn up against the communicable diseases and a record of all immunizations should
be maintained as part of the school health records.
iv. Healthful school environment – A healthful school environment is necessary for the best
emotional, social and personal health of the pupils. The following minimum standards for
sanitation of the school and its environs in India are:
 Location: The school premises should be properly fenced and kept free from all
hazards.
 Site: The School Health Committee (1961) recommends that 10 acres of land be
provided for higher elementary schools and 5 acres of land for primary schools.
 Structure: School should be single storied with minimum exterior wall thickness of 10
inches and should be heat resistant.

 Classrooms: No classroom should accommodate more than 40 students. Per capita
space for students in a classroom should not be less than 10 sq. ft.
 Furniture: Furniture should suit the age group of students. Desks should be of
“minus” type and chairs should be provided with proper back rest with facilities for
desk work.
 Doors and Windows: The windows should be broad with the bottom sill, at a height
of 2-6’ from the floor level; combined door and window area should be atleast 25%
of the floor space.
 Color: Inside color of the class room should be white and should be periodically
white-washed.
 Lighting: Classrooms should have sufficient natural light.
 Water Supply: There should be an independent source of safe and potable water
supply, which should be continous and distributed from the taps.
 Eating Facilities: There should be a separate room provided for mid-day meals.
 Lavatory: Privies and urinals should be provided – one urinal for 60 students and one
latrine for 100 students. Arrangements should be separately made for boys and girls.
v. Nutritional services – The School Health Committee (1961) recommended that school
children should be assured of at least one nourishing meal by the school through their
own cafeteria on a ‘no profit no loss’ basis.
vi. First aid and emergency care – A fully equipped First Aid post should be provided as per
regulations of St. John Ambulance Association of India with the responsibility of giving
first aid and emergency care to pupils who become sick or injured on school premises.
vii. Mental health – The school is the most strategic place for shaping the child’s behavior
and promoting mental health. Every effort should be made to relieve the tedium of the
classroom and no distinction should be made between race, religion, caste or community
etc.
viii. Dental health – A school health programme should have provision for dental
examination, atleast once a year. Dental hygienists make preliminary inspection of the
teeth and do prophylactic cleansing which is of great value in preventing gum troubles
and in improving personal appearance.
ix. Eye health – Basic eye health services should be provided in schools for early detection
and treatment of eye disorders and also, administration of Vitamin A to children at risk.
x. Health education – The most important element of the school health programme is health
education. The goal of health education should be to bring about desirable changes in
health knowledge, in attitudes and in practice and not merely to teach the children a set of
rules of hygiene.
xi. Education of handicapped children – The ultimate goal is to assist the handicapped child
and his family so that the child will be able to reach his maximum potential, to lead as
normal a life as possible, to become as independent as possible, and to become a
productive and self supporting member of society.

xii. Proper maintenance and use of school health records – The purpose of maintaining
school health records is to have cumulative information on the health aspects of school
children in order to give continuing intelligent health supervision. A cumulative school
health record will be useful in analyzing and evaluating school health programmes and
providing a useful link between the home, school and the community.
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH SERVICES

 Occupational health is the health science which is related to human work, work place and
work environment.
 The chief objective of occupational health is the safety of workers in all occupations from
injuries and diseases and to improve their health status.
 According to joint committee of WHO and ILO (1950), Occupational health in all
occupations should be –
i. Care and improve the physical, mental and social well-being of workers
ii. Prevent hindrances to health including those which occur due to work place
iii. Protect the workers engaged in occupations
iv. Provide them a healthy environment
 Types of occupational hazards –
a) Ergonomical hazards – hazards related to job environment
b) Physical hazards – hazards related to physical environment (light, heat, noise, radiation
etc.)
c) Chemical hazards – hazards related to exposure to chemicals
d) Biological hazards – hazards related to exposure to infective and parasitic agents at the
work place
e) Psychological hazards – hazards arise from the workers failure to adapt to an alien
psychological environment
 Occupational Diseases are usually defined as diseases arising out of or in the course of
employment.
1. Diseases due to physical agents – Cancer, occupational deafness, burns, frost bite etc.
2. Diseases due to chemical agents – Dusts (Pneumoconiosis) due to inorganic dust
Coal Dust – Anthracosis, Silica – Silicosis, Asbestos – Asbestosis, Iron – Siderosis
Due to organic dust –
Cane fibre – Bagassosis, Cotton dust – Byssinosis, Tobacco – Tobacossis, Hay or Grain
dust – Farmers lung
3. Diseases due to biological agents – Brucellosis, anthrax, tetanus, fungal infections etc.
4. Occupational Cancers – Cancer of skin, lungs, bladder
5. Diseases of psychological origin – Industrial neurosis, Hypertension, peptic ulcer etc.

HEALTH PROBLEMS DUE TO INDUSTRIALIZATION
ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION
COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
FOOD SANITATION
MENTAL HEALTH
ACCIDENTS
SOCIAL PROBLEMS
MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY
MEASURES FOR HEALTH PROTECTION OF WORKERS – The measures for the general
health protection of workers was the subject of discussion by a WHO/ ILO Committee on
Occupational Health in 1953.
1. • NUTRITION
2. • COMMUNICABLE DISEASE CONTROL
3. • ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION
4. • MENTAL HEALTH
5. • MEASURES FOR WOMEN AND CHILDREN
6. • HEALTH EDUCATION
7. • FAMILY PLANNING
 Nutrition – The aim is to provide balanced diets or snacks at reasonable cost under sanitary
control.
 Communicable Disease Control – There should be an adequate immunization programme
against preventable communicable diseases.
 Environmental Sanitation – includes sufficient supply of wholesome water, proper sanitary
preparation, storage and handling of food, sanitary convenience for every 25 employees,
sufficient floor & cubic space, proper lightening, adequate ventilation with suitable
temperature and adequate environmental controls against occupational hazards.
 Mental Health – The goals of mental health in industry are:
I. To promote the health and happiness of the workers

II. To detect signs of emotional stress and strain and to secure relief of stress and strain
where possible
III. The treatment of employees suffering from mental illness
IV. The rehabilitation of those who become ill
 Measures For Women And Children – The following types of protection are available for
women workers in India:
a. Expectant mothers are given maternity leave for 12 weeks under the ESI Act, 1948
b. Provision of free antenatal, intra natal and postnatal services
c. The Factories Act prohibits night work between 7 pm and 6 am.
d. The Indian Mines Act prohibits work underground
e. The Factories Act, 1976 provides for crèches in factories where more than 30 women
workers are employed. Regarding protection of children, the Constitution of India
declared: “No Child below the age of 14 shall be employed to work in any factory or
mine or engaged in any other hazardous employment”
 Health Education – The health content varies from matters of personal hygiene and
protection to participation of the workers in the planning and operation of the total health
service programme in industry.
 Family Planning – Family planning is recognized a decisive factor for the quality of life. The
workers must adopt the small family norm.
PREVENTION OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES – The various measures for the prevention of

occupational diseases may be grouped under three heads:
A. Medical Measures
Pre-placement Examination
Periodical Examination
Medical and Health Care Services
Notification
Supervision of Working Environment
Maintenance and Analysis of Records
Health Education and Counselling

B. Engineering Measures
Design of Building
Good House-keeping
General Ventilation
Mechanization
Substitution
Dusts
Enclosure
Isolation
Local Exhaust Ventilation
Protective Devices
Environmental Monitoring
Statistical Monitoring
Research
C. Legislation
THE FACTORIES ACT, 1948 THE ESI ACT, 1948
THE FACTORIES ACT, 1948
 Scope: The Act defines factory as an establishment employing 10 or more workers where
power is used and 20 or more workers where power is not used.
 Health, Safety and Welfare: Elaborate provisions have been made in the Act with regard to
health, safety and welfare of the workers.
 The 1976 amendment provides for the appointment of ‘Safety Officers’ in every factory
wherein 1000 or more workers are ordinarily employed.
 The 1976 amendment provides for crèches in every factory wherein more than 30
women workers are ordinarily employed.
 Employment of young persons: The Act prohibits employment of children below the age of
14 years and adolescent employee (age between 15-18 and above) is allowed to work only
between 6 am to 7 pm.

 Hours of work: The Act has prescribed a maximum of 48 working hours per week, not
exceeding 9 hours per day with rest for at least ½ hour after 5 hours of continous work. The
total number of hours of work in a week including overtime shall not exceed 60.
 Leave with wages: The Act lays down that besides weekly holidays, every worker will be
entitled to leave with wages after 12 month’s continous service at the following rate; adult –
one day for every 20 days of work, children – one day for every 15 days of work.
 Occupational diseases: Provision has also been made in the 1976 amendment for safety and
occupational health surveys in factories and industries.
 Employment in hazardous processes: Specific responsibilities of the occupier in relation to
hazardous processes were also made with workers’ participation in safety management.
THE ESI ACT, 1948 (Refer Page no 75)
AS A MEMBER OF THE HEALTH TEAM
 Community Health Nurse as a member of health team is closely related with all national
health programmes. She/ He should know the aims of participation, needed equipment and
resources, programme activities, actions and general instructions related to each national
health programme.
 Aims of Participation
− To understand and identify the feelings, attitude and adaptability of community towards
specific health programmes.
− To implement the policies and programmes related to the health of the people and to get the
co-operation of the community.
− To assist in changing the bad habits and adopting the good ones.
− To convert a local person into an effective health worker through good training and assisting
the people in identifying and solving their problems.
− To motivate local people.
− To keep the relevant and latest information about national health programmes.
 Resources needed for participating in the Programme
− To identify the problem:
i. It is essential to maintain morbidity register, clinical register, survey register, personal
card and family card.
ii. Making arrangements for the laboratory tests.
− Temperature, pulse and respiration tray, weighing scale and immunization tray, blood
pressure apparatus and other devices, as needed.
− Medicines (as per the requirement)
− Health education material (cards, film etc.)
− Availability of doctor/ any other specialist/ assistant worker/ health workers/ vaccinator etc.
for the examination of patients.
 Actions

− Quick identification of patients.
− Assisting in diagnosis and laboratory examination
− Giving treatment to patients
− Providing care to patients at home
− Health education
− Assisting in achieving the targets
− Providing supervision and training
− Preparation and maintenance of reports
− Evaluation of health programmes
 General Instructions
 Community health nurse should pay attention to the following facts while implementing the
health programmes:
− Ensuring participation of community and its leaders for the success of the programme.
− Try to change unhealthy religious faiths and superstitions, which are resisting the
programme.
− Exchange knowledge and information, so that receptivity for the programme can increase.
− Health programmes should be beneficial to the majority of people.
− Time and implementation of the programme should be convenient for the community.
− Health education should be provided to public regarding the health programme.
− It is essential to get political support and help in implementation of national programmes.
TRAINING AND SUPERVISION OF HEALTH CARE WORKERS
TRAINING OF HEALTH CARE WORKERS
 Lady Health Visitor/ Health Assistant/ Health Supervisor (Refer Page No 54)
 Auxiliary Nurse Midwife/ Multi Purpose Health Worker (Refer Page no 57)
SUPERVISION OF HEALTH CARE WORKERS
 All aspects like administration, management, education, guidance, organization and
evaluation are included in supervisory responsibility of community health nurse.
 It is necessary to delegate proper authorities to the community health nurse through
decentralization of power.
 The supervisory functions of community health nurse are –
 Examining the work of health assistant and health workers employed at the PHCs and Sub
Centres.
 Ensuring and certifying their attendance at the sub centre
 Looking after their job charts and roles
 Personal guidance and advice
 Educational Function
 Arranging for continuing nursing education (CNE) and in service training of nursing
personnel employed at the health centres

 Arranging training of local dais (TBAs)
 Observation of Records
 Observing the records collected and maintained at the sub centres and PHCs. Making
necessary correction and giving guidance
 Examining the reporting system
 Supervision of Field Work
 Observation of actual home visits and the prescribed home visits of health workers and
health assistants.
 Observation of technique of home visit
 Supervising the nursing services provided through home visits
 Achievement of home visits
 Giving guidance for home visiting
 Personnel Evaluation
 Comparing the job chart and actual work done
 Evaluating the achievement of workers employed at the health centres in the field of
reproductive and child health (including family planning), control of communicable
diseases and in other national programmes
 Preparing checklist for evaluation
 Sending reports or recommendations regarding achievements/ failures of health workers

UNIT VI
EPIDEMIOLOGY
DEFINITION - According to World Health Organization, “Epidemiology is the study of the

distribution and determinants of health-related states or events (including disease) in specified
populations, and the application of this study to the control of diseases and other health
problems”.
CONCEPTS
 Epidemiology is derived from the word “epidemic” ( Epi = among; demos = people; logos =
study)
 In 1927, W.H. Frost became the first professor of epidemiology in US.
 Epidemiology has now become firmly established in medical education.
 Modern epidemiology has also taken within its scope the study of health related states, events
and “facts of life” occurring in human population.
 It includes study of health services used by the population and to measure their impact.
 Epidemiology is more concerned with the well- being of society as a whole, than with the
well- being of individuals.
AIMS - According to the International Epidemiological Association (IEA)

 To describe the distribution and magnitude of health and disease problems in human
populations.
 To identify etiological factors (risk factors) in the pathogenesis of disease.
 To provide the data essential to the planning, implementation and evaluation of services for
the prevention, control and treatment of disease and to the setting up of priorities among
those services.
OBJECTIVES
 To prevent, control and eradicate health and health related problems.
 To reduce/ minimize the impact of health related problems.
 To promote health and quality of life of people at large.
 To provide database for planning, providing and evaluating the health services
 To evaluate the trends in health sector
 To identify problems for further analysis
TOOLS AND METHODS

Tools – data are organized, categorized to comparison and evaluation of study results. The most
common basic tools are used in epidemiology –

Rate – it is defined as “specific event, condition or disease in a given population within a specific
time period”. Rate demonstrates the quantitative characteristics like amount of disease or number
of affected person in a particular population.
Rate = Number affected in a time period / Total population in same area
 Rate may be used for comparison between groups.

 Rate presents demographic data and morbidity data.
Demographic Rates – it involves the following rates -
 Crude Birth Rate (CBR) - Refers to no. of live births per 1000 on estimated mid-year
population in a defined area per year. It is the simplest indicator of fertility.
 Crude Death Rate (CDR) - No. of deaths per 1000 estimated midyear population in a year in
a defined area. It is used to measure the change in population size over a specified period. It
is an indicator of community health in a particular place.
 Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) -Infant mortality rate includes no of infant deaths under one year
of age per 1000 live births.
 Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) - Refers to number of deaths of pregnant women due to any
pregnancy related cause within 42 days of termination of pregnancy per 1,00,000 live births.
 Neonatal Mortality Rate (NMR) – is the number of neonatal deaths in a given year per 1000
live births in that year.
 Total Fertility Rate (TFR) - Average no. of children that would be born to a woman if she
experiences the current fertility pattern throughout her reproductive period span (15-49 yrs).
It is useful indicator for analyzing the prospects for population stabilization.
 Age Specific Death Rate - No. of deaths in a particular age group per 1000 mid-year
population of that age group in a year in a particular area.
Morbidity Rates – morbidity are presented generally as incidence and prevalence rates.
 Incidence rate - number of new cases of a disease during a given time period per 1000
population at risk during that period.
 Prevalence rate – number of existing cases (new + old cases) of a disease in total population
at a particular point of time.
Frequency Distribution – demonstrates the qualitative characteristics such as height, weight or

investigation values. It is an another way of organizing the data.
Methods
A. Descriptive Method
B. Analytical Method
C. Experimental Method
A. Descriptive Method - Concerned with the study of frequency and distribution of disease and
health related events in population in terms of person, place and time.

 Its purpose is to provide an overview of the extent of health problems and to give clue to
possible etiological factors involved.
 The data is collected about: -
 TIME
 PLACE
 PERSON
TIME PLACE PERSON
 Year  Areas of high concentration  Age
 Season  Areas of low concentration  Sex
 Month  Spotting of cases in the map  Race
 Week  Marital status
 Day  Occupation
 Hour of onset of  Education
the disease  Income
 Social class
 Dietary pattern
 Habits
 Provides data for describing the nature of diseases or problems and measuring their extent in
terms of incidence/ prevalence rate, ratios, mortality rates etc. by age, sex, occupation and
social class etc. – helps in making Community Diagnosis.
 Clues to the etiology of diseases for further rigorous investigation and confirmation of the
causes.
 Background information for planning, organizing, implementation and evaluating preventive,
curative services to deal with the health problems.
Designs in Descriptive Method
 Cross- Sectional Studies - Cross –section study is like a snapshot and provides information
about the prevalence of a disease. It is also called as Prevalence Study. The data is collected
from a cross –section of population at a one point in time. The result of the study is applied
on the whole population. Useful for detailed community assessment, study of morbidity and
underlying factors especially chronic diseases. Are economical and comparatively quick to
perform.
 Longitudinal Studies - Data is collected from the same population repeatedly over a
continuous period of time by follow up of contacts and their examination. Useful for
studying the natural history of diseases, finding out incidence rates of diseases and
identifying risk factors of diseases. More expensive and time consuming.
B. Analytical Method - More specific in focus, test hypothesis and attempt to determine casual
factors of disease. Types of analytical methods -
 Case Control Study – it has retrospective approach. It is also called as retrospective method/
case comparison design. Group of people who have been diagnosed as having a particular

problem (cases) are compared with a group of people who are similar in characteristics to
that cases but they are free from the problem (controls). Easy to organize and are less
expensive. Very effective in determining the risk factors. Drawback – difficulty in selecting
the control group.
 Cohort Study - A cohort is a specific group of people, at a certain time, sharing common
characteristics or experience e.g. people born on the same day or the same year (birth cohort),
people with same occupation (occupation cohort) etc. Cohort studies can be designed in 3
ways: -
a) Prospective cohort - Prospective in nature (The group under study is free from the disease
but exposed to risk factor and epidemiologist study the development of a condition over
time). It is expensive and time consuming. It helps in studying the natural history of
disease, estimating incidence rates and risk of developing disease. It also helps to identify
the relationship of the risk factor under study to other diseases or problems.
b) Retrospective cohort – it is called as Historical Cohort Study. The event has already
occurred and the investigator goes back in time 10 to 30 years and identifies the cases
from existing record to be included in the study group. It is useful for determining the
effect of occupational hazards. Hospital records can help in designing cohort studies. It
can be done in short period and are economical.
c) A combination of retrospective and prospective cohort - Characteristics of both
retrospective and prospective studies. The investigator identifies the cohort from past
record and traces forward till date. The same cohort is followed up further for assessment
prospectively upto desired period.
C. Experimental Method - is done to confirm the etiology of diseases, establish the efficacy of
preventive or therapeutic measures and evaluate health care services. It is done under controlled
conditions. It is very expensive. Community health nurse conduct experimental studies to
determine the effectiveness of community health practices e.g. efficacy of different health
education methods, motivation techniques, communication methods, self help model etc.
Experimental Group Treatment Experimental Group
Control Group No Treatment Control Group

PRINCIPLES
 DISEASE FREQUENCY - The basic measure of disease frequency is a rate or ratio. It is a
vital step in the development of strategies for prevention or control of health problems.
Biostatistics is a basic tool of epidemiology.
 DISTRIBUTION OF DISEASE - It occurs in patterns in a community leading to generation
of hypotheses about causative factors. The epidemiologist examines whether:
i. There has been an increase or decrease of disease over time span
ii. There is a higher concentration of disease in one geographic area than in others
iii. The disease occurs more often in males or in a particular age group
iv. More characteristics or behavior of those affected are different from those not affected.
v. An important outcome of this study is formulation of aetiological hypothesis known as
“DESCRIPTIVE EPIDEMIOLOGY”
 DETERMINANTS - Real substance of epidemiology known as “analytical epidemiology”.
Analytical strategies help in developing scientifically sound health programmes,
interventions and policies.
EPIDEMIOLOGY – THEORIES AND MODELS

Germ Theory of Disease – referred as one to one relationship between casual agent and disease.
Disease Agent Man Disease

Epidemiological Triad – the causative factors of disease may be classified as AGENT, HOST
and ENVIRONMENT referred to as Epidemiological Triad.
Environment
Epidemiological
Triad
Agent Host

Agent – defined as a substance, living or a non-living or a force tangible or intangible, the
excessive presence or relative lack of which may initiate, or perpetuate a disease process.
Disease agents may be classified broadly into the following groups –
 Biological agents
 Nutrient agents
 Physical agents
 Chemical agents
 Mechanical agents
 Absence or insufficiency or excess of a factor necessary to health
 Social agents
Host – host factors play a major role in determining the outcome of an individual’s exposure to
infection (e.g., tuberculosis). The host factors may be classified as –
i. Demographic characteristics
ii. Biological characteristics
iii. Social and economic characteristics
Environment – defined as “all that which is external to the individual human host, living and
non-living, and with which he is in constant interaction”. For descriptive purposes, the
environment of man has been divided into three components – physical, biological and
psychosocial.
Multifactorial Causation - new models of disease causation have been developed (e.g.
multifactorial causation, web of causation) which de-emphasize the concept of disease “agent”
and stress multiplicity of interactions between host and environment. The purpose of knowing
the multiple factors of disease is to quantify and arrange them in priority sequence
(prioritization) for modification or amelioration to prevent or control disease. The multifactorial
concept offers multiple approaches for the prevention/ control of disease.
Web of Causation – The “web of causation” considers all the predisposing factors of any type
and their complex interrelationship with each other. The basic tenet of epidemiology is to study
the clusters of causes and combinations of effects and how they relate to each other. The web of
causation does not imply that the disease cannot be controlled unless all the multiple causes or
chains of causation or at least a number of them are appropriately controlled or removed.
Sometimes removal or elimination of just only one link or chain may be sufficient to control
disease, provided that link is sufficiently important in the pathogenic process.
Natural History of Disease – is the principle model in epidemiology. It is the key concept in
epidemiology. It signifies the way in which a disease evolves over time from earliest stage of its

pre pathogenesis phase to termination as recovery, disability or death. It is best established by
cohort study.
Pre pathogenesis Phase – is the period preliminary to the onset of disease, agent has not yet
entered in man but the factors which favors its interaction with human host are already existing
in the environment. This is known as “Man in midest of disease”. The agent, host and
environment operating in a combination determine not only the onset of disease which may
range from a single case to epidemics. Primary prevention (health promotion and specific
protection) is very effective in period of pre-pathogenesis.
Pathogenesis Phase – it begins with entry of disease “agent” in susceptible host. Further, events
in pathogenesis phase are clear in infectious / communicable diseases. This stage may be
modified by intervention measures such as immunization and chemotherapy. The infection may
be clinical or subclinical, typical or atypical or host may become a carrier with or without having
developed clinical diseases as in case of diphtheria or poliomyelitis. In chronic diseases, the early
pathogenesis phase is less dramatic that’s why disease is preferred as pre-symptomatic phase. It
involves secondary prevention (early diagnosis and treatment) and tertiary prevention (disability
limitation and rehabilitation) as effective levels of prevention in period of pathogenesis phase.
Health Sickness Spectrum – Health and disease lie along a continuum, the lowest point on the
health-disease spectrum is death and the highest point corresponds to the World Health
Organization definition of positive health. The spectral concept of health emphasizes that the
health of an individual is not static; it is dynamic phenomenon and a process of continous

change, subject to frequent subtle variations. It implies that health is a state not to be attained
once and for all, but ever to be renewed.
Freedom
Positive From Mild
Health Sickness Sickness Death
Better Unrecognized Severe

Health Sickness Sickness
Iceberg Phenomenon – According to Iceberg Phenomena, disease in a community may be

compared to an iceberg. The floating tip of the iceberg represents what the physician sees in the
community i.e. clinical cases, the vast submerged portion of the iceberg represents the hidden
mass of disease i.e. latent, inapparent, presymptomatic and undiagnosed cases and carriers in the
community. The “waterline” represents the demarcation between apparent and inapparent
disease.
Death
Hospitalized Patients
Surface of Detection Diagnosis
General Practitioner
Self reported Practitioner
Population Screening
APPLICATION OF EPIDEMIOLOGY IN COMMUNITY HEALTH

NURSING
 “Morris” identified seven distinct uses of epidemiology -
o To study historically the rise and fall of disease in the population
o Community Diagnosis

o Planning and Evaluation
o Evaluation of individual’s risks and chances
o Syndrome Identification
o Completing the Natural History of Disease
o Searching for causes and risk factors
Epidemiology and Nursing
 Epidemiology is one of the basic sciences applicable to nursing.
 Epidemiology and nursing are not antagonistic but both are closely related, mutually helpful,
inseparable and have co-existence.
 Community health nurse makes use of nursing process which is comparable to
epidemiological process in solving various health problems.
 Nurses in the community have an important role in prevention and control of chronic and
non- infectious diseases through health education and helping people change their life style.
 Community health nurses help in restoring and maintaining optimum health.
 Epidemiologic concepts and methods must be included as an integral part of both theory and
practical of nursing curriculum.
 Nursing students must be given an opportunity to apply epidemiologic concepts during their
clinical and field practice.
 Epidemiology evaluates the outcome of preventive and therapeutic measures and provides
feedback for effective health management. The evaluation is an ongoing process in the field
of community health nursing enabling the community health nurses to act as a key person in
health information system as well as in health management.

UNIT VII
INTRODUCTION
Demographic studies have two parts –
i. Population statistics – includes the indicators and measures of population size, sex ratio,
density and dependency ratio.
ii. Vital statistics - Vital statistics is an important part of demographic studies.
− It is quantitative data concerning the population such as birth rates, death rates, natural
growth rates, mortality and fertility rates etc.
BIO STATISTICS
DEFINITION
Biostatistics is the application of statistical methods to health sciences.
Or
It includes statistical processes and methods applied to the collection, analysis and interpretation
of biological data and especially data relating to human biology, health and medicine.
Importance of Biostatistics
 To improve health status of population

 To clarify the relationship between factors and diseases
 To enumerate the occurrence of disease
 To explain the etiology of disease (causative factors)
 To predict the number of disease occurrence
 To read, understand and criticize the medical literature
 To plan, conduct and interpretation of medical research
VITAL STATISTICS
DEFINITION
− Branch of biometry which deals with data and law of human mortality, morbidity and
demography.
− It is the statistics concerning human life or the conditions affecting human life and
maintenance of population as birth rates, death rates etc.
SCOPES
 To evaluate the impact of various national health programmes

 To plan for better future measures of disease control
 To plan and evaluate social and economical development
 It act as a primary tool in research activity
 To compare health status of one nation with other
 To promote health legislation
 To assess the attitude and degree of satisfaction of beneficiaries with the health system
LEGISLATION
 The most common way of collecting information on demographic events is through civil
registration, an administrative system used by governments to record vital events which
occur in the populations
 Civil registration is the continous, permanent, compulsory and universal recording of the
occurrence and characteristics of vital events and other civil status events pertaining to the
population as provided by decree, law or regulation, in accordance with the legal
requirements in each country.
 General legislation include compulsion of registration, collection of statistical items,
confidentiality, privacy and safe keeping, storage and reservation of records
 Making entries is a must for specific time period.
REPORT, RECORDING AND COMPILING OF VITAL STATISTICS AT
THE LOCAL, STATE, NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL LEVEL
 Civil registration and vital statistics system are considered the optimum source of mortality
statistics and birth statistics because death rate and birth rate of any country are likely to be
compared with the help of civil registration and vital statistics system.
 Assessment of vital registration system should be based on a comprehensive framework that
covers key aspect of their operation.
 The assessment framework we used explores administrative, technical and societal issues that
influence civil registration system.
The World Population

 According to the United States
 World population reached 7 Billion on Oct. 31,2011
 Population in the world is currently growing at a rate of around 1.14% per year
 The average population change is currently estimated at around 80 million per year
 National vital statistics system (NVSS) provides nations official and vital statistics data based
on the collection and registration of birth and death events at state and local level.
 It provide the most complete and continous data available to public health officials at
national, state and local level and in also, private sector.

 Vital statistics are critical component of our national health information system, allowing us
to monitor progress towards achieving important health goals.
Vital Statistics of India

According to Sample Registration System of India in year 2011
 Total Population – 1210.19 Million
 Crude Birth Rate – 21.4 (per thousand)
 Crude Death Rate – 7 (per thousand)
 Males – 623.12 Million (51.5%)
 Females – 587.45 Million (48.5%)
 Total Sex Ratio – 943
 Urban Sex Ratio – 929
 Rural Sex Ratio – 949
 Highest Sex Ratio – Kerala (1084)
 Lowest Sex Ratio – Daman & Diu (618)
 Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) – 44
 Highest IMR – Madhya Pradesh (59)
 Lowest IMR – Kerala (12)
 Maternal Mortality Ratio – 16.3
 Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) – 178
 Highest MMR – Assam (390)
 Total Literacy Rate – 74%
 Literacy Rate (Males) – 80.9%
 Literacy Rate (Females) – 64.6%
 Highest Literacy Rate – Kerala (94%)
 Highest Age Specific Fertility Rate - 20-24 years age group
 Total Fertility Rate – 2.4
 General Fertility Rate – 81.2
 Mortality Rate across all ages – 6.3 for Females and 7.8 for Males
 Age Specific Mortality Rate lowest for males and females – 10-14 yrs age group
 Mean Age at effective marriage for females – 21.2 yrs
 The workforce participation rate for females at national level stands at 25.51% compared
with 53.26% for males
State Level (Haryana)

 Total Population – 253.51 Lakh
 Crude Death Rate – 6.5 (per thousand)
 Males – 134.95 Lakh

 Females – 118.56 Lakh
 Sex Ratio – 877
 Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) – 13.5
 Maternal Mortality Ratio - 146
 Total Literacy Rate – 76.64 %
 Literacy Rate (Males) – 84.1 %
 Literacy Rate (Females) – 65.9 %
 4,833 CHCs are functioning in the country (2013)
 There are 109 CHCs functioning in Haryana (2013)
 24,049 PHCs are functioning in the country (2013)
 There were 447 PHCs functioning in Haryana (2013)
 1,48,366 Sub Centre’s are functioning in the country (2013)
 There were 2520 SCs are functioning in Haryana (2013)
Local Level (Rohtak)

 Total Population – 10.6 Lakh
 Crude Death Rate – 7.5 (per thousand)
 Males – 5.68 Lakh
 Females – 4.92 Lakh
 Sex Ratio – 868
 Literacy Rate – 80 %
DEFINITION OF COMPUTING VITAL STATISTICS

A Vital Statistics System is defined by the United Nations “as the total process of –
a) Collecting information by civil registration or enumeration on the frequency or occurrence of

specified and define vital events, as well as relevant characteristics of the events themselves
and the person or persons concerned
b) Compiling, processing, analyzing, evaluating, presenting and disseminating these data in
statistical form”
METHODS OF COMPUTING VITAL STATISTICS

The methods of computing vital statistics are –
A. Civil registration system – the civil registration method is the procedure employed to gather
the basic observations on the incidence of vital events and their characteristics which occur to

the population of a country within a specified time period and upon which vital records with
legal value are prepared and vital statistics are based
B. Demographic sample surveys – conducted by National Sample Surveys Organization
(NSSO) attempted to provide reliable estimates of birth and death rates through its regular
rates.
C. Sample registration system – based on a Dual Recording System. It provides reliable annual
data on fertility and mortality at the state and national levels for rural and urban areas
separately.
D. Health surveys – National Family Health Surveys (NFHS) and the District Level Household
Surveys (DLHS) conducted for the evaluation of reproductive and child health programmes.
NFHS provide information on the availability of health and family planning services to
pregnant mothers and other women in reproductive ages.
E. District level household surveys - The DLHS provide information at the district level on a
number of indicators relating to child health, reproductive health problems and quality of
services available to them.
METHODS OF PRESENTING DATA

FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
An appropriate presentation of data involves organization of data in such a manner that

meaningful conclusions and inferences can drawn to answer the research question. Quantitative
data are generally condensed and frequency distribution is presented through tables, charts,
graphs and diagrams.
TABLES
 A table presents data in a concise, systematic manner from masses of statistical data.
 Tabulation is the first step before data is used for further statistical analysis and
interpretation.
 Tabulation means a systematic presentation of information contained in the data in rows and
columns in accordance with some features and characteristics.
 Rows are horizontal and columns are vertical arrangements.
a) General Principles of Tabulation
 A table should be precise, understandable and self explanatory.

 Every table should have title, placed at the top of the table and must describe the content
clearly and precisely.
 Items should be arranged alphabetically or according to size, importance or casual
relationship to facilitate comparison.
 Rows and columns to be compared with one another should be brought together.
 The unit of measurement must be clearly stated.

 Also, figures can be in the form of percentage.
 Totals can be placed at the bottom of the columns.
 Reference symbols can be directly placed beneath the table for any explanatory footnotes.
 Two or three small tables should be preferred to one large one.
b) Parts of a Table – depending upon the nature of the data and purpose of investigation.
 Table Number – should be placed at the top of the table.

 Title – should be brief, concise and describe the contents of the table.
 Head notes – is given just below the title in a prominent type usually enclosed in brackets for
further description of the contents of the table.
 Caption and Stubs – captions are the headings designated for vertical columns and stubs are
the headings for horizontal rows.
 Body of Table – arrangement of the data according to description given in the form of
captions and stubs form the body of the table.
 Footnotes – used to explain the items which are not adequately explained.
 Source Note – used when the table itself is retrieved.
c) TYPES OF TABLES
1. FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE

Present the frequency and percentage distribution of the information collected, where an
attribute is grouped in number of classes.
The class or group intervals are kept constant. For example: -
DESCRIPTION OF SAMPLE CHARACTERISTICS
DEMOGRAPHIC DATA FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE (%)

1. AGE (N = 20)
25-30 11 55
31-36 4 20
37-42 1 5
43-48 1 5
49-54 3 15
2. QUALIFICATION (N = 20)
GNM 10 50
B. Sc 10 50
2) CONTINGENCY TABLE
Frequency distribution of two nominal variables simultaneously and include totals.

The categories considered should be mutually exclusive as well as exhaustive (i. e.
observations cannot be beyond these categories)

Contingency tables are also known as cross tables, which present the frequency distribution
of two or more variables to establish the relationship or association among them.
The number of subjects in a cell is called the cell frequency.
These tables are generally used in chi- square test. For example : -
TYPES OF VENTILATION AND DAILY BOWEL MOVEMENTS AMONG PATIENTS
BOWEL MODE OF TOTAL f 𝒙𝟐 VALUE

MOVEMENTS VENTILATION
Spontaneous Mechanical
Ventilation Ventilation
f (%) f (%)
PRESENT 391 (64) 32 (29.4) 423
ABSENT 220 (36) 77 (70.6) 297 45.87* df = 1
TOTAL 611 109 720
3) MULTIPLE- RESPONSE TABLE
When classification of the cases is done into categories that are neither exclusive nor
exhaustive.
The total number of subjects in case of multiple responses is given as base and from this
we calculate the percentages.
FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO SLEEP DEPRIVATION AMONG PATIENTS
FACTORS* FREQUENCY f (%) (N=60)

Blood sampling 35(58.3)
Diagnostic tests 33(55)
Medication 33(55)
Vital signs monitoring 32(53.3)
Noise 32(53.3)
Bright lights 30(50)
*Each patient has more than one factor
4) MISCELLANEOUS TABLE
Used present data other than frequency or percentage distributions such as mean, median,
mode, range or standard deviation and so on.
A table is called as miscellaneous when presentation of data cannot be classified under
the frequency distribution table, contingency table or multiple response tables.

MEAN, MEDIAN, MODE AND RANGE OF SCORES OF NURSES
MEASURES KNOWLEDGE ATTITUDE SKILL

MEAN 8.6 16.5 9.1
MEDIAN 9.1 17.3 9.8
MODE 9.6 17.6 10
RANGE OF OBTAINED 12-4=8 21-10=11 11-6=5
SCORES
RANGE OF POSSIBLE 0-15 1-25 0-14
SCORES
GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION OF DATA
MAIN REASONS FOR USING THE DIAGRAMMATIC AND GRAPHIC

REPRESENTATION OF DATA
 They are the most convenient and appealing ways in which statistical results may be
presented.
 They give an overall view of entire data.
 They are visually more attractive than other ways of representing data.
 It is easier to understand and memorize data through graphical representation.
 They facilitate comparison of data relating to different periods of time of different origins.
CONSTRUCTING DIAGRAMS/ GRAPHS
1. They must have a title and index.

2. The proportion between width and height should be balanced.
3. The selection of scale must appropriate.
4. Footnotes may be included wherever it is needed.
5. Principle of simplicity must be kept in mind.
6. Neatness and cleanliness in construction of graph must be ensured.
TYPES OF DIAGRAMS AND GRAPHS - The commonly used diagrams and graphs in the
presentation of data of the research studies are bar diagram, pie diagram, histogram, frequency
polygon, line graphs, cumulative frequency curve, scattered diagrams, pictograms and map
diagrams.
 BAR DIAGRAM
o Convenient graphical device particularly useful for displaying nominal or ordinal data.
o Easy method adopted for visual comparison of the magnitude of different frequencies.
o Length of the bars drawn vertically or horizontally indicates the frequency of a character.

o The bar charts are called vertical bar charts (or column charts) if bar charts are placed
vertically. When the bars are placed horizontally, called horizontal bar charts.
CONSTRUCTING BAR DIAGRAM
 The width of bars should be uniform throughout the diagram.

 The gap between the bars should be uniform throughout.
 Bars may be vertical or horizontal.
TYPES OF BAR DIAGRAM
I. Simple bar diagram

TYPE OF DIETARY PATTERN
100
0
VEG NON -
VEG
II. Multiple bar diagram
NUMBER OF THEATRE PERFORMERS
WHISPERING
FLASH PHOTOGRAPHY
ARRIVING LATE
SNEEZING
SNEEZING ARRIVING LATE
FLASH PHOTOGRAPHY WHISPERING
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
III. Proportion bar diagram
20 16.4
17.3
15 9.6
8
10 9.1
8.7
5
0
WORKSHOP Knowledge
ATTENDED WORKSHOP NOT Attitude
ATTENDED Skill

 PIE DIAGRAM
o Useful pictorial device for presenting discrete data of qualitative characteristics such as age
groups, genders and occupational groups in a population.
o The total area of the circle represents the entire data under consideration.
o It gives comparative at a glance.
o Size of each angle is calculated by multiple class percentages with 360 or
= class frequency/total observation X 100
 HISTOGRAM
50
40
30 15-20
20 20-25
10 25-30
0
No of Males
o Most commonly used graphical representation of grouped frequency distribution.
o Frequency of each group forms a rectangle or column.
o The area of rectangle is proportional to the frequency of the correspondence class interval
and the total area of the histogram being proportional to the total frequency of all the class
intervals,
CONSTRUCTION OF HISTOGRAM
 Set of vertical bars the areas of which are proportional to frequencies represented.
 The difference of histogram from bar diagram - bar diagram is one dimensional and only the
length of the bar has its significance while in histograms both length and width matters.
 When class intervals are equal, frequency is taken on y-axis, the variables on x-axis and
adjacent rectangles are constructed.
 When the class intervals are unequal, a correction for unequal class intervals must be made.

 FREQUENCY POLYGON
50
40 15-20
30
20-25
20
25-30
10
0 Linear (20-25)
No of Males
o Curve obtained by joining the midpoints of the tops of the rectangles in a histogram by
straight lines.
o The two end points of the line drawn are joined to the horizontal axis at the midpoint of the
empty class-intervals at both ends of the frequency distribution.
o Frequency polygons are simple and sketch an outline of data pattern more clearly than
histograms.
 LINE GRAPHS
500
400
300 No of cars sold in

DELHI
200
No of cars sold in
100 MUMBAI
0
2001 2002 2003 2004
o Used where data is collected over a long period of time.
o On x-axis, values of independent variables are taken and values of dependent variables are
taken on y-axis.
 CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY CURVE OR OGIVE
150
100
50
0
15-20 20-25 25-30 30-35
o Represents the data of a cumulative frequency distribution.
o Plotted to the upper limits of the classes.
o The points corresponding to cumulative frequency at each upper limit of the classes are
joined by a free- hand curve.

 SCATTERED OR DOTTED DIAGRAM
6
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
o Shows the nature of correlation between two variables characters x and y on the similar
features or characteristics.
o It is also called correlation diagram.
 PICTOGRAMS OR PICTURE DIAGRAM
o Used to impress the frequency of the occurrence of events to common people such as attacks,
deaths, no of operations, admissions, accidents and discharges in a population.
 MAP DIAGRAM OR SPOT MAP
o Prepared to show geographical distribution of frequencies of characteristics.

 LIMITATIONS OF GRAPH
Confusing (may be false or true).
Present only quantitative aspect.
Get information only on one aspect or on limited characteristics.
They can present only approximate values.
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM

INTRODUCTION
Management requires complete reliable information to solve any problem and exercise effective
control by taking a timely decision. The complete reliable information is received in time. The
proper management information system is not only to reduce the risk of wrong decisions but also
to work as an effective controlling technique. Managers at every level require important
information with speed, brevity and economy in order to discharge their functions effectively.
Due to the complexity of business and industrial operations, the management information system
(MIS) gets more importance. Government regulations are to also create the need of supply of
more reliable information accurately within short span of time. This clearly shows that the
management is entering into an “Information Age”
MEANING
Management information system is a planned, organized and systematic collection of relevant,

accurate, precise and timely information which are properly processed and supplied to required
persons economically for the purpose of achieving organizational objectives.
DEFINITION
Hanson defines a management information system as - an array components designed to
transform a collective set of data into knowledge that is directly useful and applicable in the
process of directing and controlling resources and their application to the achievement of specific
objectives.
Walter J. Kennevan defined management information system as, “a formal method of collecting
timely information in a presentable form in order to carryout organizational operations for the
purpose of achieving the organizational goals”
OBJECTIVES OF MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
1. Facilitates decision making: Management executives at all levels are taking large number of
decision by receiving the best possible current information. Accurate, reliable, precise and
information facilities the decision making process very easy.
2. Avoid duplication of work: Major portion of the organizational operations are computerized
and procedure are simplified.
3. Saving of time: Standard time is fixed for each work separately.

4. Establish uniform procedures: Uniform procedures ensure proper flow of data from
concerned department of section.
5. Fixing responsibility: It is the responsibility of concerned executives to provide data.
6. Improving service: Improved service is rendered by the executive in an organization.
ELEMENTS OF MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
The term management information system consists of three words. They are management,
information and system. If one understands the meaning and nature of these three words,
properly, he/ she can have thorough understanding the concept of MIS
1. Management: Management is the process of planning, organizing and controlling of physical

and human resources in order to achieve the objective of organization. Managers can prepare
the plan in order to achieve the objective by selecting best course of action. He can identify
the task which are emerged under the operation of an organization and organized into the
homogeneous groups. The completion of task is to be controlled by the setting performance
standard and avoid deviations from such standards. In this place, management facilitates the
executives for taking number of valued decisions with regard to planning, organizing and
controlling the performance task and function of business.
2. Information: Information can be defined as tangible or intangible facts which are used to
reduce or avoid uncertainty of future events. Information is necessary to every management
to plan and control the business operation effectively. Information is derived from the data
out of the available data, information is developed and used for decision making purpose.
There must be proper transformation of data into information. The presentation of
information is in such a way that is current and in a readily usable and easily understood
format.
Types of Information
i. Operating information: It includes various operation of unit. Detail of production and sales,
number of persons employed, overtime worked in terms of production and man hours,
wastage in term of unit of measurement etc. are the examples of operation information.
ii. Status information: The status of certain work on a particular point of time is given. Work in
the progress in the term of unit of measurement, stage of major project, stage of construction
work etc. is the example of status information.
iii. Resource information: It includes the resources of an organization. Own capital, borrowed
capital, skilled human resources, semi-skilled human resources, unskilled human resources,
material power etc. are the examples of resources information.
iv. Resource allocation information: It includes allocation of available resources within
organization own capital used for purchase of fixed assets and current assets, borrowed
capital used for purchase of fixed assets and current assets or clean of old debts, employment

of personnel in department wise etc. are the example of examples of resource allocation
information .
v. Planning and control information : Top management can prepare the plan and control for
each activity production and sales budget, cash budget production schedule, capital
budgeting, zero base budgeting etc. are examples of planning and control information.
vi. Government information: includes The Fiscal Policies of the Government. The Government
presents the budget every year which affect the business to some extent. The extent of affect
and ways of affect are to be accessed and presented to the government information.
vii. Social information: it includes demographic details, population in urban area wise and rural
area wise, sex wise, industrial workers wise, religion wise, community wise etc. are social
information.
viii. Economic information: it includes economic condition of the nation. Rate of inflation, rate of
interest, cost of inflation index, money value standard of living, per capita income, GNP, etc.
are the economic information.
ix. Technology information: the technology adopted by the organization for each activity is kept
separate file. Besides, the technology available in the market, technology adopted by other
similar units and the gap between latest technology available and technology adopted by the
organization are included in technology information.
x. Competition information: competition with regard to sales, labour force and raw material
suppliers are included in competition information. The list of competitors and their strength
and weaknesses are also collected as information for taking sound decisions.
3. System: System can be defined as set of interrelated elements working towards for achieving
general objectives of an organization. There may be sub system in organization and all such
systems are part of large systems. There is a need of application of principle of system in the
business organization. If so, there is a possibility of integration of the sub system through
information inter proper change. The system concept of MIS is therefore one of the
optimizing the output of the organization by connecting the operating sub systems through
the medium of information exchange.
DESIGNING THE MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
Under management information system, a set of procedures is systematically followed to collect

relevant data, processing the data and presented in a required format as information. A well
developed system should be designed in the following manner.
A. Supplies complete, accurate and timely data - Effective planning and decision making is
possible by availing complete, accurate, and timely data. The MIS would solve the problems
connected with inconsistent, incomplete, and inaccurate data.
B. Identify and quantify interrelated operation - Production and sales are independent variables,
but these variables have close relationship within each other. Production is depending upon
the demand for the product that is sales volume. So, the information of production develops a
relationship with sales. This can be projected to forecast future trends.

C. Measure and control the performance - Production data can be presented in monetary terms.
If so, production costs can be measured and control the performance which can be closely
monitored.
D. Identify need of decentralized organization - In large scale enterprise, there is a
decentralization of authority and departmentation. The need of such decentralized units and
departments can be properly noted to avoid duplication and waste of efforts. It means that a
pool is created to collect the data from such units and department.
E. Information in summarized form - Information is presented in such manner that action can be
initiated and or decision can be taken without further interpretation and analysis. It reduces
the time, efforts and volume of information. Management by exception principle is followed
here by the top management.
F. Flexibility - The MIS should be flexible as much as possible so that the system can be
changed or revised whenever necessary.
PROCESS OF MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM - The transformation from data to

information involves six stages:-
1. Assembling - It means finding and collection of data and recorded in a set of files. The well
defined sources of information facilitate the collection of data.
2. Processing - It means that collected data has been summarized, edited and processed. During
editing, the irrelevant and inaccurate data have been eliminated from the records.
3. Analyzing - It means that the data has been analyzed to develop or calculate percentages,
ratios etc. percentage and ratios are providing useful information to the decision maker.
4. Storage and retrieval - Indexing, coding, filing and location of information are coming under
the process of storage. Provisions have been made to quick relocation of such information
and retrieval when it is necessary.
5. Evaluation - It means determinations of usefulness of information in term of accuracy,
precise and relevance. The degree of accuracy, precise and relevance is based upon the needs
of the decision maker.
6. Dissemination - It means supplying the required information in the specified format at the
right time to the decision maker
The following process for establishing any MIS -
1. State the management objective clearly.

2. Identify the actions required to meet the objective.
3. Identify the responsible position in the organization.
4. Identify the information required to meet the objective.
5. Determine the data required to produce the needed information.
6. Determine the system‘s requirement for processing the data.
7. Develop a flowchart.

AREAS OF MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
1. Decision making: MIS is designed to generate and free flow of information collected from
internal and external source for sound decision making in all functional area of business.
Management should have well organized system to collect information and maintain up to
date information to take prompt and timely decision.
2. Planning: Top management want information for planning purpose. Planning is the primary
function of management. The primary function is effectively carried on by the managers
under well designed management information system. The MIS can be hooked up to various
corporate models for planning. The uncertainty can be converted into a certainty through
proper planning.
3. Control: The MIS informs the decision maker about the performance of work with standards
set of them. If the information is better, more complete, more reliable and timely, it is easier
for manager to exercise effective control.
IMPORTANCE OF MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
1. Complexity of business operations - The business operations will be changed into complexity
due to dynamics of the environment. The MIS helps the managers in this situation, to look
upon the business operations without much difficulty.
2. Size of business unit - Most of the business units have grown in size. This results in
management being removed from the scene of the operations. Now MIS plays in vital role to
solve operational problems.
3. Changes in economic structure - Rate of inflation and unemployment, changes in interest rate
GNP and the like are affecting the smooth functioning of a business unit. Hence, these types
of information should be collected and helps the manager to take a valid decision.
4. Technological changes - These include the changes in the operations of business unit.
Whenever there is a change in technology, there is a problem to the management. This type
of problem can be easily solved with the help of effective MIS.
5. Social changes – It include higher level of education, changes in consumer tastes, usage of
computer at home, preference of job etc. this type of information is maintained upto date. If
so, running of business unit is very easy.
6. Determination of training needs - In large scale enterprise, the operations are decentralized so
that more information is needed about the operations units. The performance of all units
should be closely watched and steps must be taken if there is a poor performance of units. It
means that training needs can be found out in order to improve the performance of units.
Here, MIS can be effectively used for measuring performance and decide the training needs
for better performance and achieve organizational goals or plans.
7. Wide use of computer - The computers are widely used since the operation requires less
expenses and have more capacity to store and supply more information. This has made
information handling easier.

FACTORS AFFECTING THE MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
There must be a free flow of information from one place to another place within organization.
Even though, some factors affecting the free flow of information. They are listed below -
1. Availability: Availability of information refers more accurate and relevant information. All
decisions are made out of available information. If the decisions are highly uncertain. But,
there is no parameter available to access the information as accurate or inaccurate and
adequate or inadequate. Hence, the managers are forced to take decisions out of available
information.
2. Quality: Quality of information describes its compactness and accuracy. Sound decisions are
taken only out of quality information. Accordingly the information should be precise and
highly reliable.
3. Quantity: Too much information cannot be processed very easily by the management within
stipulated time and difficult to get accurate information. On the other hand, too little
information may leave relevant, reliable and accurate information which are necessary to
take useful decisions.
4. Timeliness: Information must be available when needed. Sometimes, some important
decision can be delayed due to non-availability of necessary information properly in time and
the results missed opportunities. At the same time, the time gab between the collection of
data and the presentation of the proposed information should be reduced as much as possible.
Beside the information should be presented before the decision maker when needed and not
on a periodic and cyclic basis.
HEALTH MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM

DEFINITION
Health Management Information System is a system in which collection, utilization, analysis and
transmission of information is done for conducting health services, training and research to
improve and protect population health.
Health Management Information System is a process whereby health data (input) are recorded,
stored, retrieved and processed for decision making (output). Decision making broadly involves
two aspects: managerial and clinical. Managerial aspects include planning, organizing and
control of health care facilities at the national, state and district level. Clinical aspects, can be
divided into-
i. Providing optional care

ii. Training of medical personnel to generate appropriate human resource and facilitate research
and development activities in various fields of health/ medicine.

OBJECTIVES OF HEALTH MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
 To provide reliable, latest and useful health information to all levels of health officers and
administrators.
 To amend health policies and working system on the basis of feedback, received from health
management information system.
 To provide information about periodically and time bound programmes and for midterm
evaluation.
 To contribute towards achievement of objectives of health policies and programmes.
 To increase efficiency and quality in health management.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HEALTH MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM

(Recommended by WHO)
 The information should be problem oriented.

 Information should be population based.
 Functional and directorial wording should be used.
 Information should be expressed in short and in imaginative form (graph, chart, table etc.)
 Facility for data feedback must be present in health management information system.
 Advanced technology should be used in health management information system.
 Unnecessary figures or data should not be present in health management information system.
 For information management, organization structure must be present.
SOURCES OF HEALTH MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
Census
Registration of vital statistics
Notifications of diseases & disease registers
Records & reports of hospitals
Statistics regarding environmental health
Statistics regarding health resources & service
Sample survey
Pollution survey
School record
Economic planning
Plans of social security
Statistics regarding efforts to check epidemiological diseases & researches

PROBLEMS OF HEALTH MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM IN INDIA
1) Structural: includes multiplicity of institutions and departments, fragmentation of data, lack

of infrastructural facilities for storage and maintenance of records.
2) Procedural: involves excessive information, hidden issues, exhaustive information,
overburden of collection and recording of data along with General Health Care, incomplete,
unreliable and intentionally managed information, inappropriate forms/ cards/ reports, less
interest of users in information, time consuming procedure, confusing coding, long list if
indices, absence of feedback to information suppliers.
3) Related to content: mostly service utilization statistics, only summarized information reaches
at higher level, less emphasis on socio-economic information, no user friendly.
4) Related to human resources: includes absence or skilled medical record professionals, lack of
opportunity for in service training for the staff, health providers are collecting and preparing
the data, lack of motivation.
5) Technological: involves much manual paper based system, absence or lack of computerized
data base system.
SUB-COMPONENTS OF HEALTH MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
• Identificatioion/ notification of diseases and risk

Epidemiological factors, investigation, follow-up and control measures
Surveillance
Routine Service • Hospital/ health centre based indicators on performance of

Reporting the various services
• Various programs in operation like RCH, AIDS, MALARIA, TB,
Specific Program LEPROSY control and eradication programs etc under different
Reporting departments
• Account and financial systems, drugs management,

Administrative personnel management, asset management,
Systems maintenance system
• Births, deaths, migration etc.

Vital Registration

CHALLENEGES OF HEALTH MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
Low levels of public will, about vital registration system
Inadequate government's capacity and lack of firm political decision
Gender issue in vital events registration
Fragmentation of health information

Establishing a unified information system within country (need of integrating public and
private sector health informations)
BENEFITS OF HEALTH MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
According to WHO, the benefits of Management Information system are-
Helping decision makers to detect and control emerging and endemic health
problems
Help in monitroing progress towards health goals and promote equity
Empowering individuals and communities with timely and understandable health

related information
Improving in qulaity of services
Strengthening the evidence base for effective health policies
Permitting evaluation of scale up efforts and enabling innovation through research
Mobilising new resources and ensuring accountability in the way they are used
Improving governance

INDEX
A D
All India Blind Relief Society 88 DANIDA 83
All India Women’s Conference 88 Deputy Nursing Superintendent 38-41
As a Member of the Health Team 169-170 Demonstration 96
ASHA Scheme 25 Discussion Method 96
Asian Development Bank 85 − Group Discussion 96
Assistant Nursing Superintendent 41-43 − Panel Discussion 96
Assistant Professor 67-69 District Public Health Nurse Officer 48-50
Auxiliary Nurse Midwife 57-61 E
AYUSH 71-74 Epidemiology 172-180
B − Concepts 172
− Aims 172
Bharat Sevak Samaj 87 − Objectives 172
Bio Statistics 181 − Methods 172-175
− Importance 181 − Principles 176
C − Theories and Models 176-179
CARE 85  Germ Theory of Disease 176
Care of Mentally Challenged 11  Epidemiological Triad 176
Care of Physically Handicapped 10  Multifactorial Causation 177
Care of the Sick in the Home 10  Web of Causation 177
Central Social Welfare Board 87  Natural History of Disease
CGHS 76 177-179
Chief Nursing Officer 33-36  Health Sickness Spectrum 179
Clinical Instructor 70  Iceberg Phenomenon 179
Community 1 − Application in Community Heath
Community Health 1 Nursing 180
Community Health Centre Level 29-30 ESI 75
Community Health Nursing 1-3 Establishing Working Relationship
− Concepts 2 with the Family 9
− Objectives 2 F
− Scopes 2
− Principles 3 FAO 81
Community as a Unit of Service 5 Family as a Unit of Service 5
Communication Techniques 94 Ford Foundation 84
Computing vital statistics 184 Family Health Nursing Process 6
− Methods 184 Family Health Nurse 7
Conference 98 − Qualities 7

Family Planning Association of India Individual as a Unit of Service 5
88 ILO 80
Family Health Services 4-5 International Red Cross 83
− Concepts 4 K
− Objectives 4
− Aims 4 Kasturba Memorial Fund 86
− Scopes 5 L
− Principles 5
Lady Health Visitor 54-57
H
Lecture Method 95
Health Care Delivery System in India Lecturer 69
21-30 M
− Model 21-23 Management Information System 193-201
Health Education 92-101 − Meaning 193
− Aims 92 − Objectives 193
− Objectives 92 − Elements 194
− Concepts 92 − Designing 195
− Scopes 93 − Process 196
− Principles 99 − Areas 197
− Planning 100 − Importance 197
− National plan 93 − Factors 198
Health Management Information System Methods and Media for Health Education
198-201 Programmes/ Health Communication 94
− Objectives 199 − Individual approach 95
− Characteristics 199 − Group approach 95
− Sources 199 − Mass approach 99
− Problems 200 Methods of presenting data 185-193
− Sub-Components 200 − Frequency distribution 185-188
− Challenges 201 − Graphical presentation of data 188-193
− Benefits 201 Monitoring 12
Heath Team Concept 30-32 N
Hind Khust Niravaran Sangh 87
Home Visiting 7 National Health Policy 20
− Aims 7 National Health Programmes 104-169
− Principles 7 − National AIDS Control Programme
− Techniques 8 105-108
I − National Cancer Control Programme
111-116
ICDS Scheme 25 − National Family Welfare Programme
Indian Council for Child Welfare 88 160-162
Indian Red Cross Society 86 − National Health Mission 154-159

− National Programme for Control Public Health Nurse 53-54
Blindness 108-111 Public Health Nurse Officer 50-52
− National Leprosy Eradication R
Programme 126-131 Report, Recording and Compiling of Vital
− National Vector Borne Disease Control Statistics
Programme 143-154 − at the Local level 184
− National Program for Prevention & − at the State level 183-184
Control of Diabetes, Cardiovascular − at the National level 183
Diseases and Stroke − at the International level 182
116-118 Rockefeller Foundation 83-84
− National Iodine Deficiency Disorder Role Play 98
Control Programme 118-121 Roles of the Community Health Nurse
− Integrated Management of Neonatal 102-104
and Child Illness 121-126 Roles & Responsibilities of Community
− National Mental Health Programme Health Nurse
131-134 − Health Education 101
− Reproductive and Child Health
Programme 134-138 S
− Revised National Tuberculosis Control
Programme 138-141 Saint John Ambulance Association 88-89
− Universal Immunization Programme School Health Services 162-165
142-143 Senior Tutor 70
Nursing Advisor 61-63 SIDA 82
Nursing Superintendent 36-38 Staff Nurse 46-48
Sub Centre Level 26-27
O Surveillance 11
Occupational Health Services 165-169 T
Organization and Administration of The Colombo Plan 82
Health Services in India 13-19 Training and Supervision of Health
− At Central level 13-14 Care Workers 170-171
− At State level 14-15 Training of Local Dais 24-25
− At District level 16-17 Tuberculosis Association of India 86-87
P Tutor 70
Planning & Organizing Nursing Services U
at various Levels 17-19 UNESCO 79-80
Primary Health Centre 27-29 UNDP 80
Principal 63-65 UNFPA 80
Professor 66-67 UNICEF 79
Public Health Legislation 89-91 USAID 82

V
Vice-Principal 65-66
Village Health Guide Scheme 24
Vital Statistics 181
− Scopes 181-182
− Legislation 182
W
Ward Sister 43-46
WHO 77-78
Working with Families in relation to
− Prevention of Disease 9
− Promotion of Health 9
Workshop 97
World Bank 81

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UNIT I

INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNITY HEALTH

i. Determined by geographical boundaries

INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING/ PUBLIC

Heaven Dahiya, M.Sc Nursing

CONCEPTS OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING

OBJECTIVES, SCOPES AND PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNITY HEALTH

 Rural areas and slums of cities

Heaven Dahiya, M.Sc Nursing

Heaven Dahiya, M.Sc Nursing

FAMILY HEALTH SERVICES

Heaven Dahiya, M.Sc Nursing

Establish good professional relationship with family

Problem identification and priority

Need based support and services to family

Problem discussion with family and possible solution

Encourage family to be self sufficient to fulfill their needs

Health services should be irrespective of Sex, Age, Income, Religion

Participation of family members

INDIVIDUAL, FAMILY AND COMMUNITY AS A UNIT OF SERVICE

FAMILY HEALTH NURSING PROCESS – it is a systematic, problem solving,

i. Assessment: it involves Observation, Nursing history, Consultation Review of Literature,

Heaven Dahiya, M.Sc Nursing

Able to work in Sensitive Independent &

It is an important activity of community health services. A large part of population is confined to

Heaven Dahiya, M.Sc Nursing

Scientific & Voluntary &

TECHNIQUES OF HOME VISITING

 Introduction yourself and state the cause of your visit

Heaven Dahiya, M.Sc Nursing

WORKING WITH FAMILIES IN RELATION TO PREVENTION OF

Heaven Dahiya, M.Sc Nursing

CARE OF PHYSICALLY HANDICAPPED

 Prevention of disability at all level of care

Heaven Dahiya, M.Sc Nursing

CARE OF MENTALLY CHALLENGED

 Assessing the extend of problem, informing the reality to relatives

SURVEILLANCE AND MONITORING

Heaven Dahiya, M.Sc Nursing

Monitoring is “the performance and analysis of routine measurements aimed at detecting

 Monitoring is the day-to-day follow-up of activities during their implementation to ensure

Heaven Dahiya, M.Sc Nursing

ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION OF HEALTH SERVICES IN

1. AT THE CENTRAL LEVEL:

 The Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare

Heaven Dahiya, M.Sc Nursing

Heaven Dahiya, M.Sc Nursing

 Public health sanitations , hospitals and dispensaries

Heaven Dahiya, M.Sc Nursing

3. AT THE DISTRICT LEVEL

 Panchayat - at the village level

 AT THE VILLAGE LEVEL - This consists of:

Heaven Dahiya, M.Sc Nursing

PLANNING AND ORGANIZING NURSING SERVICES AT VARIOUS LEVELS:

PLACEMENT OF NURSES IN THE HEALTHCARE ORGANIZATION

Heaven Dahiya, M.Sc Nursing

Heaven Dahiya, M.Sc Nursing

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