Java OOP

(SE Tutorials: Learning the Java Language Trail

: Object-Oriented Programming Concepts Lesson )

Dongwon Jeong
djeong@kunsan.ac.kr; http://ist.kunsan.ac.kr/

Information Sciences and Technology Laboratory,

Dept. of Informatics & Statistics,
Kunsan National University

Contents

™ Scope
™ OOP Concepts: Key Parts
™ What Is an Object?
™ What Is a Class?
™ What Is Inheritance?
™ What Is an Interface?
™ What Is a Package?
™ Q/A

Java Programming & Lab.: Introduction to Course 1

Scope

™ Ref.
9 The Java Tutorials
Æ Trail: Learning the Java Language
9 http://java.sun.com/docs/books/tutorial/java/index.html
™ This trail covers the fundamentals of programming in the Java
programming language
9 Object-Oriented Programming Concepts
teaches you the core concepts behind object-oriented programming:
objects, messages, classes, and inheritance. This lesson ends by
showing you how these concepts translate into code. Feel free to skip
this lesson if you are already familiar with object-oriented programming.
9 Language Basics
describes the traditional features of the language, including variables,
arrays, data types, operators, and control flow.
9 Classes and Objects
describes how to write the classes from which objects are created, and
how to create and use the objects.

Java Programming & Lab.: Introduction to Course 2

Scope (cont.)

9 Interfaces and Inheritance

describes interfaces—what they are, why you would want to write one,
and how to write one. This section also describes the way in which you
can derive one class from another. That is, how a subclass can inherit
fields and methods from a superclass. You will learn that all classes are
derived from the Object class, and how to modify the methods that a
subclass inherits from superclasses.
9 Numbers and Strings
This lesson describes how to use Number and String objects The
lesson also shows you how to format data for output.
9 Generics
are a powerful feature of the Java programming language. They
improve the type safety of your code, making more of your bugs
detectable at compile time.
9 Packages
are a feature of the Java programming language that help you to
organize and structure your classes and their relationships to one
another.

Java Programming & Lab.: Introduction to Course 3

OOP Concepts: Key Parts

™ Lesson: Object-Oriented Programming Concepts

9 http://java.sun.com/docs/books/tutorial/java/concepts/index.html
™ What Is an Object?
9 An object is a software bundle of related state and behavior.
9 Software objects are often used to model the real-world objects that you
find in everyday life.
9 This lesson explains how state and behavior are represented within an
object, introduces the concept of data encapsulation, and explains the
benefits of designing your software in this manner.
™ What Is a Class?
9 A class is a blueprint or prototype from which objects are created.
9 This section defines a class that models the state and behavior of a
real-world object.
9 It intentionally focuses on the basics, showing how even a simple class
can cleanly model state and behavior.

Java Programming & Lab.: Introduction to Course 4

OOP Concepts: Key Parts (cont.)

™ What Is Inheritance?
9 Inheritance provides a powerful and natural mechanism for organizing
and structuring your software.
9 This section explains how classes inherit state and behavior from their
superclasses, and explains how to derive one class from another using
the simple syntax provided by the Java programming language.
™ What Is an Interface?
9 An interface is a contract between a class and the outside world.
9 When a class implements an interface, it promises to provide the
behavior published by that interface.
9 This section defines a simple interface and explains the necessary
changes for any class that implements it.

Java Programming & Lab.: Introduction to Course 5

OOP Concepts: Key Parts (cont.)

™ What Is a Package?
9 A package is a namespace for organizing classes and interfaces in a
logical manner.
9 Placing your code into packages makes large software projects easier
to manage.
9 This section explains why this is useful, and introduces you to the
Application Programming Interface (API) provided by the Java platform.

Java Programming & Lab.: Introduction to Course 6

What Is an Object?

™ Objects
9 key to understanding object-oriented technology.
9 Examples of real-world objects: your dog, your desk, your television set,
your bicycle.
9 Real-world objects share two characteristics
– They all have state and behavior
– Dogs have state (name, color, breed, hungry) and behavior (barking,
fetching, wagging tail).
– Bicycles also have state (current gear, current pedal cadence, current
speed) and behavior (changing gear, changing pedal cadence, applying
brakes).

Java Programming & Lab.: Introduction to Course 7

What Is an Object? (cont.)

™ Software objects are conceptually similar to real-world objects

9 They too consist of state and related behavior
9 An object
– stores its state in fields (variables in some programming languages) and
– exposes its behavior through methods (functions in some programming
languages).
9 Methods
– operate on an object's internal state and
– serve as the primary mechanism for object-to-object communication.
– Hiding internal state and requiring all interaction to be performed through an
object's methods is known as data encapsulation — a fundamental principle
of object-oriented programming.

Java Programming & Lab.: Introduction to Course 8

What Is an Object? (cont.)

™ Consider a bicycle, for example:

Java Programming & Lab.: Introduction to Course 9

What Is an Object? (cont.)

™ Bundling code into individual software objects provides a

number of benefits, including:
9 Modularity
– The source code for an object can be written and maintained independently
of the source code for other objects. Once created, an object can be easily
passed around inside the system.
9 Information-hiding
– By interacting only with an object's methods, the details of its internal
implementation remain hidden from the outside world.
9 Code re-use
– If an object already exists (perhaps written by another software developer),
you can use that object in your program. This allows specialists to
implement/test/debug complex, task-specific objects, which you can then
trust to run in your own code.
9 Pluggability and debugging ease:
– If a particular object turns out to be problematic, you can simply remove it
from your application and plug in a different object as its replacement. This is
analogous to fixing mechanical problems in the real world. If a bolt breaks,
you replace it, not the entire machine.

Java Programming & Lab.: Introduction to Course 10

What Is a Class?

™ In the real world,

9 you'll often find many individual objects all of the same kind.
9 There may be thousands of other bicycles in existence, all of the same
make and model.
9 Each bicycle was built from the same set of blueprints and therefore
contains the same components.
9 In object-oriented terms, we say that your bicycle is an instance of the
class of objects known as bicycles.
™ A class
9 the blueprint from which individual objects are created.

Java Programming & Lab.: Introduction to Course 11

What Is a Class? (cont.)
The following Bicycle class is one possible implementation of a bicycle:

class Bicycle {

int cadence = 0;
int speed = 0;
int gear = 1;

void changeCadence(int newValue) { cadence = newValue; }

void changeGear(int newValue) { gear = newValue; }

void speedUp(int increment) { speed = speed + increment; }

void applyBrakes(int decrement) { speed = speed - decrement; }

void printStates() { System.out.println("cadence:"+cadence+"

speed:"+speed+" gear:"+gear); }
}

Java Programming & Lab.: Introduction to Course 12

What Is a Class? (cont.)

™ You may have noticed that the Bicycle class does not contain a
main method.
9 That's because it's not a complete application
9 It's just the blueprint for bicycles that might be used in an application.
9 The responsibility of creating and using new Bicycle objects belongs to
some other class in your application.

™ Here's a BicycleDemo class that creates two separate Bicycle

objects and invokes their methods:
9 Next Slide

Java Programming & Lab.: Introduction to Course 13

What Is a Class? (cont.)
class BicycleDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// Create two different Bicycle objects
Bicycle bike1 = new Bicycle();
Bicycle bike2 = new Bicycle();

// Invoke methods on those objects

bike1.changeCadence(50);
bike1.speedUp(10);
bike1.changeGear(2);
bike1.printStates();

bike2.changeCadence(50);
bike2.speedUp(10);
bike2.changeGear(2);
bike2.changeCadence(40);
bike2.speedUp(10);
bike2.changeGear(3);
bike2.printStates();
}
}

Java Programming & Lab.: Introduction to Course 14

What Is a Class? (cont.)

™ The output of this test prints the ending pedal

cadence, speed, and gear for the two bicycles:
9 cadence:50 speed:10 gear:2
9 cadence:40 speed:20 gear:3

Java Programming & Lab.: Introduction to Course 15

What Is Inheritance?

™ Different kinds of objects often have a certain amount in

common with each other.
9 Mountain bikes, road bikes, and tandem bikes, for example, all share
the characteristics of bicycles (current speed, current pedal cadence,
current gear).
9 Yet each also defines additional features that make them different:
– tandem bicycles have two seats and two sets of handlebars;
– road bikes have drop handlebars;
– some mountain bikes have an additional chain ring, giving them a lower gear
ratio.

Java Programming & Lab.: Introduction to Course 16

What Is Inheritance? (cont.)

™ Object-oriented programming allows classes to inherit

commonly used state and behavior from other classes.
9 In this example, Bicycle now becomes the superclass of MountainBike,
RoadBike, and TandemBike.
9 In the Java programming language, each class is allowed to have one
direct superclass, and each superclass has the potential for an unlimited
number of subclasses:

Java Programming & Lab.: Introduction to Course 17

What Is Inheritance? (cont.)

™ The syntax for creating a subclass is simple.

9 At the beginning of your class declaration, use the extends keyword,
followed by the name of the class to inherit from:

class MountainBike extends Bicycle {

// new fields and methods defining a mountain bike would go here
}

Java Programming & Lab.: Introduction to Course 18

What Is an Interface?

™ As you've already learned,

9 objects define their interaction with the outside world through the
methods that they expose.
™ Methods form the object's interface with the outside world;
9 the buttons on the front of your television set, for example, are the
interface between you and the electrical wiring on the other side of its
plastic casing.
9 You press the "power" button to turn the television on and off.

Java Programming & Lab.: Introduction to Course 19

What Is an Interface? (cont.)

™ In its most common form, an interface is a group of related methods

with empty bodies. A bicycle's behavior, if specified as an interface,
might appear as follows:

interface Bicycle {
void changeCadence(int newValue);
void changeGear(int newValue);
void speedUp(int increment);
void applyBrakes(int decrement);
}

™ To implement this interface, the name of your class would change (to
ACMEBicycle, for example), and you'd use the implements keyword in
the class declaration:

class ACMEBicycle implements Bicycle {

// remainder of this class implemented as before
}

Java Programming & Lab.: Introduction to Course 20

What Is an Interface? (cont.)

™ Implementing an interface
9 allows a class to become more formal about the behavior it promises to
provide.
™ Interfaces
9 form a contract between the class and the outside world, and
9 this contract is enforced at build time by the compiler
™ If your class claims to implement an interface,
9 all methods defined by that interface must appear in its source code
9 before the class will successfully compile

Java Programming & Lab.: Introduction to Course 21

What Is an Interface? (cont.)

™ Note:
9 To actually compile the ACMEBicycle class,
9 you'll need to add the public keyword to the beginning of the
implemented interface methods.
9 You'll learn the reasons for this later in the lessons on Classes and
Objects and Interfaces and Inheritance.

Java Programming & Lab.: Introduction to Course 22

What Is a Package?

™ A package
9 is a namespace that organizes a set of related classes and interfaces
9 Conceptually you can think of packages as being similar to different
folders on your computer.
9 You might keep HTML pages in one folder, images in another, and
scripts or applications in yet another.
9 Because software written in the Java programming language can be
composed of hundreds or thousands of individual classes, it makes
sense to keep things organized by placing related classes and
interfaces into packages.

Java Programming & Lab.: Introduction to Course 23

What Is a Package? (cont.)

™ The Java platform provides an enormous class library (a set of

packages) suitable for use in your own applications.
– This library is known as the "Application Programming Interface", or "API" for
short.
™ Its packages represent the tasks most commonly associated
with general-purpose programming.
9 For example, a String object contains state and behavior for character
strings;
9 a File object allows a programmer to easily create, delete, inspect,
compare, or modify a file on the filesystem;
9 a Socket object allows for the creation and use of network sockets;
9 various GUI objects control buttons and checkboxes and anything else
related to graphical user interfaces.

Java Programming & Lab.: Introduction to Course 24

What Is a Package? (cont.)

™ There are literally thousands of classes to choose from.

9 This allows you, the programmer, to focus on the design of your
particular application, rather than the infrastructure required to make it
work.
™ The Java Platform API Specification
9 contains the complete listing for all packages, interfaces, classes, fields,
and methods supplied by the Java Platform 6, Standard Edition.
9 Load the page in your browser and bookmark it.
9 As a programmer, it will become your single most important piece of
reference documentation.

Java Programming & Lab.: Introduction to Course 25

Q/A

Dongwon Jeong
djeong@kunsan.ac.kr; http://ist.kunsan.ac.kr
Information Sciences & Technology Laboratory,
Informatics & Statistics Department,
Kunsan National University

Java Programming & Lab.: Introduction to Course 26