POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES system will address the needs of the people more

successfully (Sargent 2009)

5. Liberalism. This is another version of anarchism
Ideology is basically defined as political
but involves the government in minimal role such
statements that aim to call massive mass or government
as ensuring the safety of everyone and fairness in
action to achieve a relatively better political and economic
whatever contracts or dealings (Sargent 2009)
condition (Baradat 1997).
Liberalism, political doctrine that takes protecting
Ideologies are goal-oriented; meaning they are
and enhancing the freedom of the individual to be the
for or against a certain configuration of a political
central problem of politics. Liberals typically believe
community. Their applications, however are dependent
that government is necessary to protect individuals from
upon the different levels of political attitudes and the
being harmed by others, but they also recognize that
different ways in which each level wants to preserve or
government itself can pose a threat to liberty. As the
change the status quo. At the extreme right of the
revolutionary American pamphleteer Thomas
spectrum, changing the status quo is not a primary
Paine expressed it in Common Sense (1776), government
concern and if ever change happens, a retrogressive
is at best “a necessary evil.” Laws, judges, and police are
change is taken into consideration or the return of old
needed to secure the individual’s life and liberty, but their
status quo. In this level are the reactionaries and the
coercive power may also be turned against him. The
conservatives. Sandwiched at the middle are the
problem, then, is to devise a system that gives government
moderates, who have no neutral opinion with regard to
the power necessary to protect individual liberty but also
political matters.
prevents those who govern from abusing that power.
At the left side of the spectrum are the liberals and
the radical who are by nature anti-status quo. Though the Socialism is a range of economic and social
radicals push for more extreme changes in the political systems characterised by social ownership of
system, both the radicals and the liberals aim for the means of production and workers' self-
[10]
progressive change in the state. management, as well as the political theories and
movements associated with them.[11] Social
Here are some political ideologies and their ownership can
impact on political communities: be public, collective or cooperative ownership,
or citizen ownership of equity.[12] There are many
1. Conservatism. As the name implies, one is varieties of socialism and there is no single definition
focused on conserving something. It is encapsulating all of them,[13] with social ownership
characterized by a resistant to change, adherent to being the common element shared by its various
limited human freedom as it chooses to maintain forms.[5][14][15]
traditional values, and at some extreme versions, Socialist systems are divided into non-market
distrust to human reasoning and nature or anti-0 and market forms.[16] Non-market socialism involves
egalitarianism (Sargent 2009) the substitution of factor marketsand money with
2. Liberalism. It can be said that liberalism is the engineering and technical criteria based
opposite of conservatism for it favors change, on calculation performed in-kind, thereby producing
prefers more freedom, and has a more optimistic an economic mechanism that functions according to
approach to human reasoning and nature (Sargent different economic laws from those of capitalism.
2009). Classical liberalism adheres to the laissez- Non-market socialism aims to circumvent the
faire system proposed by Adam Smith in his inefficiencies and crises traditionally associated
Wealth of Nations, wherein the government does with capital accumulation and the profit
not interfere with the market. Modern liberalism, system.[25] By contrast, market socialism retains the
upon seeing the adverse impact of the free market use of monetary prices, factor markets and in some
(such as monopolies, unfair contracts, the poor cases the profit motive, with respect to the operation
become poorer), is more open to the idea that, at of socially owned enterprises and the allocation of
certain times, the government should interfere. capital goods between them. Profits generated by
3. Marxism. One should be careful in branding these firms would be controlled directly by the
communism, socialism, or any other similar workforce of each firm, or accrue to society at large
ideologies as Marxists because they may not in the form of a social dividend.[26][27][28] The socialist
necessarily reflect the ideas of Karl Marx calculation debate concerns the feasibility and
although these ideologies might find their roots in methods of resource allocation for a socialist
the tenets proposed by Marx. Some social system.
scientist do not even consider Karl Marx as
Marxist.
4. Anarchism. While most people are familiar with Conservatism, political doctrine that emphasizes the
how anarchy is popularly used to mean chaos due value of traditional institutions and practices.
to the nonexistence of control mechanism, the Conservatism is a preference for the historically
idea behind it is actually more on peaceful inherited rather than the abstract and ideal. This
coexistence and equality. Contrary to the popular preference has traditionally rested on an
depiction of anarchism in movies, anarchists organic conception of society—that is, on the belief that
believe that since power corrupts, a better system society is not merely a loose collection of individuals but
based on voluntary cooperation and not on power a living organism comprising closely connected,
relations should be established, and that this interdependent members. Conservatives thus favour
institutions and practices that have evolved gradually
and are manifestations of continuity and stability. end of World War II, the major European fascist parties
Government’s responsibility is to be the servant, not the were broken up, and in some countries (such as Italy and
master, of existing ways of life, and politicians must West Germany) they were officially banned. Beginning in
therefore resist the temptation to transform society and the late 1940s, however, many fascist-oriented parties
politics. This suspicion of government activism and movements were founded in Europe as well as in
distinguishes conservatism not only from radical forms Latin America and South Africa. Although some European
of political thought but also from liberalism, which is a “neofascist” groups attracted large followings, especially
modernizing, antitraditionalist movement dedicated to in Italy and France, none were as influential as the major
correcting the evils and abuses resulting from the misuse fascist parties of the interwar period.
of social and political power. In The Devil’s
Dictionary (1906), the American writer Ambrose Socialism, social and economic doctrine that calls for
Biercecynically (but not inappropriately) defined public rather than private ownership or control
the conservative as “a statesman who is enamored of of property and natural resources. According to the
existing evils, as distinguished from the Liberal, who socialist view, individuals do not live or work in isolation
wishes to replace them with others.” Conservatism must but live in cooperation with one another. Furthermore,
also be distinguished from the reactionary outlook, everything that people produce is in some sense a social
which favours the restoration of a previous, and usually product, and everyone who contributes to the
outmoded, political or social order. production of a good is entitled to a share in it. Society
It was not until the late 18th century, in reaction to the as a whole, therefore, should own or at least control
upheavals of the French Revolution (1789), that property for the benefit of all its members.
conservatism began to develop as a distinct political This conviction puts socialism in opposition
attitude and movement. The term conservative was to capitalism, which is based on private ownership of the
introduced after 1815 by supporters of the newly means of production and allows individual choices in a
restored Bourbon monarchy in France, including the free market to determine how goods and services are
author and diplomat Franƈois-Auguste-René, vicomte de distributed. Socialists complain that capitalism
Chateaubriand. In 1830 the British politician and necessarily leads to unfair and exploitative
writer John Wilson Croker used the term to describe the concentrations of wealth and power in the hands of the
British Tory Party (see Whig and Tory), and John C. relative few who emerge victorious from free-market
Calhoun, an ardent defender of states’ rights in competition—people who then use their wealth and
the United States, adopted it soon afterward. The power to reinforce their dominance in society. Because
originator of modern, articulated conservatism (though such people are rich, they may choose where and how to
he never used the term himself) is generally live, and their choices in turn limit the options of the
acknowledged to be the British parliamentarian and poor. As a result, terms such as individual
political writer Edmund Burke, whose Reflections on the freedomand equality of opportunity may be meaningful
Revolution in France (1790) was a forceful expression of for capitalists but can only ring hollow for working
conservatives’ rejection of the French Revolution and a people, who must do the capitalists’ bidding if they are
major inspiration for counterrevolutionary theorists in to survive. As socialists see it, true freedom and true
the 19th century. For Burke and other pro- equality require social control of the resources that
parliamentarian conservatives, the violent, provide the basis for prosperity in any society. Karl
untraditional, and uprooting methods of the revolution Marxand Friedrich Engels made this point in Manifesto
outweighed and corrupted its liberating ideals. The of the Communist Party(1848) when they proclaimed
general revulsion against the violent course of the that in a socialist society “the condition for the free
revolution provided conservatives with an opportunity development of each is the free development of all.”
to restore pre-Revolutionary traditions, and several This fundamental conviction nevertheless leaves room
brands of conservative philosophy soon developed. for socialists to disagree among themselves with regard
to two key points. The first concerns the extent and the
Fascism, political ideology and mass movement that kind of property that society should own or control.
dominated many parts of central, southern, and eastern Some socialists have thought that almost everything
Europe between 1919 and 1945 and that also had except personal items such as clothing should be public
adherents in western Europe, the United States, South property; this is true, for example, of the
Africa, Japan, Latin America, and the Middle East. society envisioned by the English humanist Sir Thomas
Europe’s first fascist leader, Benito Mussolini, took the More in his Utopia (1516). Other socialists, however,
name of his party from the Latin word fasces, which have been willing to accept or even welcome private
referred to a bundle of elm or birch rods (usually ownership of farms, shops, and other small or medium-
containing an ax) used as a symbol of penal authority sized businesses.
in ancient Rome. Although fascist parties and
movements differed significantly from one another, they
had many characteristics in common, including extreme
militaristic nationalism, contempt for
electoral democracy and political and cultural liberalism,
a belief in natural social hierarchy and the rule of elites,
and the desire to create a Volksgemeinschaft(German:
“people’s community”), in which individual interests
would be subordinated to the good of the nation. At the