Agner Vs BPI
Agner Vs BPI
182963
G.R. No. 182963 June 3, 2013
SPOUSES DEO AGNER and MARICON AGNER, Petitioners,
vs.
BPI FAMILY SAVINGS BANK, INC., Respondent.
D E C I S I O N
PERALTA, J.:
This is a petition for review on certiorari assailing the April 30, 2007 Decision1 and May 19, 2008
Resolution2of the Court of Appeals in CAG.R. CV No. 86021, which affirmed the August 11, 2005
Decision3 of the Regional Trial Court, Branch 33, Manila City.
On February 15, 2001, petitioners spouses Deo Agner and Maricon Agner executed a Promissory Note
with Chattel Mortgage in favor of Citimotors, Inc. The contract provides, among others, that: for receiving
the amount of Php834, 768.00, petitioners shall pay Php 17,391.00 every 15th day of each succeeding
month until fully paid; the loan is secured by a 2001 Mitsubishi Adventure Super Sport; and an interest of
6% per month shall be imposed for failure to pay each installment on or before the stated due date.4
On the same day, Citimotors, Inc. assigned all its rights, title and interests in the Promissory Note with
Chattel Mortgage to ABN AMRO Savings Bank, Inc. (ABN AMRO), which, on May 31, 2002, likewise
assigned the same to respondent BPI Family Savings Bank, Inc.5
For failure to pay four successive installments from May 15, 2002 to August 15, 2002, respondent, through
counsel, sent to petitioners a demand letter dated August 29, 2002, declaring the entire obligation as due
and demandable and requiring to pay Php576,664.04, or surrender the mortgaged vehicle immediately
upon receiving the letter.6 As the demand was left unheeded, respondent filed on October 4, 2002 an
action for Replevin and Damages before the Manila Regional Trial Court (RTC).
A writ of replevin was issued.7 Despite this, the subject vehicle was not seized.8 Trial on the merits ensued.
On August 11, 2005, the Manila RTC Br. 33 ruled for the respondent and ordered petitioners to jointly and
severally pay the amount of Php576,664.04 plus interest at the rate of 72% per annum from August 20,
2002 until fully paid, and the costs of suit.
Petitioners appealed the decision to the Court of Appeals (CA), but the CA affirmed the lower court’s
decision and, subsequently, denied the motion for reconsideration; hence, this petition.
Before this Court, petitioners argue that: (1) respondent has no cause of action, because the Deed of
Assignment executed in its favor did not specifically mention ABN AMRO’s account receivable from
petitioners; (2) petitioners cannot be considered to have defaulted in payment for lack of competent proof
that they received the demand letter; and (3) respondent’s remedy of resorting to both actions of replevin
and collection of sum of money is contrary to the provision of Article 14849 of the Civil Code and the Elisco
Tool Manufacturing Corporation v. Court of Appeals10 ruling.
The contentions are untenable.
With respect to the first issue, it would be sufficient to state that the matter surrounding the Deed of
Assignment had already been considered by the trial court and the CA. Likewise, it is an issue of fact that is
not a proper subject of a petition for review under Rule 45. An issue is factual when the doubt or difference
arises as to the truth or falsehood of alleged facts, or when the query invites calibration of the whole
evidence, considering mainly the credibility of witnesses, existence and relevancy of specific surrounding
circumstances, their relation to each other and to the whole, and the probabilities of the situation.11 Time
and again, We stress that this Court is not a trier of facts and generally does not weigh anew evidence
which lower courts have passed upon.
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As to the second issue, records bear that both verbal and written demands were in fact made by
respondent prior to the institution of the case against petitioners.12 Even assuming, for argument’s sake,
that no demand letter was sent by respondent, there is really no need for it because petitioners legally
waived the necessity of notice or demand in the Promissory Note with Chattel Mortgage, which they
voluntarily and knowingly signed in favor of respondent’s predecessorininterest. Said contract expressly
stipulates:
In case of my/our failure to pay when due and payable, any sum which I/We are obliged to pay under this
note and/or any other obligation which I/We or any of us may now or in the future owe to the holder of this
note or to any other party whether as principal or guarantor x x x then the entire sum outstanding under
this note shall, without prior notice or demand, immediately become due and payable. (Emphasis and
underscoring supplied)
A provision on waiver of notice or demand has been recognized as legal and valid in Bank of the Philippine
Islands v. Court of Appeals,13 wherein We held:
The Civil Code in Article 1169 provides that one incurs in delay or is in default from the time the obligor
demands the fulfillment of the obligation from the obligee. However, the law expressly provides that
demand is not necessary under certain circumstances, and one of these circumstances is when the parties
expressly waive demand. Hence, since the cosignors expressly waived demand in the promissory notes,
demand was unnecessary for them to be in default.14
Further, the Court even ruled in Navarro v. Escobido15 that prior demand is not a condition precedent to
an action for a writ of replevin, since there is nothing in Section 2, Rule 60 of the Rules of Court that
requires the applicant to make a demand on the possessor of the property before an action for a writ of
replevin could be filed.
Also, petitioners’ representation that they have not received a demand letter is completely inconsequential
as the mere act of sending it would suffice. Again, We look into the Promissory Note with Chattel Mortgage,
which provides:
All correspondence relative to this mortgage, including demand letters, summonses, subpoenas, or
notifications of any judicial or extrajudicial action shall be sent to the MORTGAGOR at the address
indicated on this promissory note with chattel mortgage or at the address that may hereafter be given in
writing by the MORTGAGOR to the MORTGAGEE or his/its assignee. The mere act of sending any
correspondence by mail or by personal delivery to the said address shall be valid and effective notice to
the mortgagor for all legal purposes and the fact that any communication is not actually received by the
MORTGAGOR or that it has been returned unclaimed to the MORTGAGEE or that no person was found at
the address given, or that the address is fictitious or cannot be located shall not excuse or relieve the
MORTGAGOR from the effects of such notice.16 (Emphasis and underscoring supplied)
The Court cannot yield to petitioners’ denial in receiving respondent’s demand letter. To note, their postal
address evidently remained unchanged from the time they executed the Promissory Note with Chattel
Mortgage up to time the case was filed against them. Thus, the presumption that "a letter duly directed and
mailed was received in the regular course of the mail"17 stands in the absence of satisfactory proof to the
contrary.
Petitioners cannot find succour from Ting v. Court of Appeals18 simply because it pertained to violation of
Batas Pambansa Blg. 22 or the Bouncing Checks Law. As a higher quantum of proof – that is, proof
beyond reasonable doubt – is required in view of the criminal nature of the case, We found insufficient the
mere presentation of a copy of the demand letter allegedly sent through registered mail and its
corresponding registry receipt as proof of receiving the notice of dishonor.
Perusing over the records, what is clear is that petitioners did not take advantage of all the opportunities to
present their evidence in the proceedings before the courts below. They miserably failed to produce the
original cash deposit slips proving payment of the monthly amortizations in question. Not even a photocopy
of the alleged proof of payment was appended to their Answer or shown during the trial. Neither have they
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demonstrated any written requests to respondent to furnish them with official receipts or a statement of
account. Worse, petitioners were not able to make a formal offer of evidence considering that they have
not marked any documentary evidence during the presentation of Deo Agner’s testimony.19
Jurisprudence abounds that, in civil cases, one who pleads payment has the burden of proving it; the
burden rests on the defendant to prove payment, rather than on the plaintiff to prove non
payment.20 When the creditor is in possession of the document of credit, proof of nonpayment is not
needed for it is presumed.21 Respondent's possession of the Promissory Note with Chattel Mortgage
strongly buttresses its claim that the obligation has not been extinguished. As held in Bank of the Philippine
Islands v. Spouses Royeca:22
x x x The creditor's possession of the evidence of debt is proof that the debt has not been discharged by
payment. A promissory note in the hands of the creditor is a proof of indebtedness rather than proof of
payment. In an action for replevin by a mortgagee, it is prima facie evidence that the promissory note has
not been paid. Likewise, an uncanceled mortgage in the possession of the mortgagee gives rise to the
presumption that the mortgage debt is unpaid.23
Indeed, when the existence of a debt is fully established by the evidence contained in the record, the
burden of proving that it has been extinguished by payment devolves upon the debtor who offers such
defense to the claim of the creditor.24 The debtor has the burden of showing with legal certainty that the
obligation has been discharged by payment.25
Lastly, there is no violation of Article 1484 of the Civil Code and the Court’s decision in Elisco Tool
Manufacturing Corporation v. Court of Appeals.26
In Elisco, petitioner's complaint contained the following prayer:
WHEREFORE, plaintiffs pray that judgment be rendered as follows:
ON THE FIRST CAUSE OF ACTION
Ordering defendant Rolando Lantan to pay the plaintiff the sum of P39,054.86 plus legal interest from the
date of demand until the whole obligation is fully paid;
ON THE SECOND CAUSE OF ACTION
To forthwith issue a Writ of Replevin ordering the seizure of the motor vehicle more particularly described
in paragraph 3 of the Complaint, from defendant Rolando Lantan and/or defendants Rina Lantan, John
Doe, Susan Doe and other person or persons in whose possession the said motor vehicle may be found,
complete with accessories and equipment, and direct deliver thereof to plaintiff in accordance with law, and
after due hearing to confirm said seizure and plaintiff's possession over the same;
PRAYER COMMON TO ALL CAUSES OF ACTION
1. Ordering the defendant Rolando Lantan to pay the plaintiff an amount equivalent to twentyfive
percent (25%) of his outstanding obligation, for and as attorney's fees;
2. Ordering defendants to pay the cost or expenses of collection, repossession, bonding fees and
other incidental expenses to be proved during the trial; and
3. Ordering defendants to pay the costs of suit.
Plaintiff also prays for such further reliefs as this Honorable Court may deem just and equitable under the
premises.27
The Court therein ruled:
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The remedies provided for in Art. 1484 are alternative, not cumulative. The exercise of one bars the
exercise of the others. This limitation applies to contracts purporting to be leases of personal property with
option to buy by virtue of Art. 1485. The condition that the lessor has deprived the lessee of possession or
enjoyment of the thing for the purpose of applying Art. 1485 was fulfilled in this case by the filing by
petitioner of the complaint for replevin to recover possession of movable property. By virtue of the writ of
seizure issued by the trial court, the deputy sheriff seized the vehicle on August 6, 1986 and thereby
deprived private respondents of its use. The car was not returned to private respondent until April 16,
1989, after two (2) years and eight (8) months, upon issuance by the Court of Appeals of a writ of
execution.
with accessories and equipment." In the event the car could not be delivered to petitioner, it was prayed
that private respondent Rolando Lantan be made to pay petitioner the amount of P60,000.00, the
"estimated actual value" of the car, "plus accrued monthly rentals thereof with interests at the rate of
fourteen percent (14%) per annum until fully paid." This prayer of course cannot be granted, even
assuming that private respondents have defaulted in the payment of their obligation. This led the trial court
to say that petitioner wanted to eat its cake and have it too.28
In contrast, respondent in this case prayed:
(a) Before trial, and upon filing and approval of the bond, to forthwith issue a Writ of Replevin
ordering the seizure of the motor vehicle abovedescribed, complete with all its accessories and
equipments, together with the Registration Certificate thereof, and direct the delivery thereof to
plaintiff in accordance with law and after due hearing, to confirm the said seizure;
(b) Or, in the event that manual delivery of the said motor vehicle cannot be effected to render
judgment in favor of plaintiff and against defendant(s) ordering them to pay to plaintiff, jointly and
severally, the sum ofP576,664.04 plus interest and/or late payment charges thereon at the rate of
72% per annum from August 20, 2002 until fully paid;
(c) In either case, to order defendant(s) to pay jointly and severally:
(1) the sum of P297,857.54 as attorney’s fees, liquidated damages, bonding fees and other
expenses incurred in the seizure of the said motor vehicle; and
(2) the costs of suit.
Plaintiff further prays for such other relief as this Honorable Court may deem just and equitable in the
premises.29
Compared with Elisco, the vehicle subject matter of this case was never recovered and delivered to
respondent despite the issuance of a writ of replevin. As there was no seizure that transpired, it cannot be
said that petitioners were deprived of the use and enjoyment of the mortgaged vehicle or that respondent
pursued, commenced or concluded its actual foreclosure. The trial court, therefore, rightfully granted the
alternative prayer for sum of money, which is equivalent to the remedy of "exacting fulfillment of the
obligation." Certainly, there is no double recovery or unjust enrichment30 to speak of. 1 â w p h i1
All the foregoing notwithstanding, We are of the opinion that the interest of 6% per month should be
equitably reduced to one percent (1%) per month or twelve percent (12%) per annum, to be reckoned from
May 16, 2002 until full payment and with the remaining outstanding balance of their car loan as of May 15,
2002 as the base amount.
Settled is the principle which this Court has affirmed in a number of cases that stipulated interest rates of
three percent (3%) per month and higher are excessive, iniquitous, unconscionable, and
exorbitant.31 While Central Bank Circular No. 90582, which took effect on January 1, 1983, effectively
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removed the ceiling on interest rates for both secured and unsecured loans, regardless of maturity, nothing
in the said circular could possibly be read as granting carte blanche authority to lenders to raise interest
rates to levels which would either enslave their borrowers or lead to a hemorrhaging of their
assets.32 Since the stipulation on the interest rate is void for being contrary to morals, if not against the
law, it is as if there was no express contract on said interest rate; thus, the interest rate may be reduced as
reason and equity demand.33
WHEREFORE, the petition is DENIED and the Court AFFIRMS WITH MODIFICATION the April 30, 2007
Decision and May 19, 2008 Resolution of the Court of Appeals in CAG.R. CV No. 86021. Petitioners
spouses Deo Agner and Maricon Agner are ORDERED to pay, jointly and severally, respondent BPI Family
Savings Bank, Inc. ( 1) the remaining outstanding balance of their auto loan obligation as of May 15, 2002
with interest at one percent ( 1 o/o) per month from May 16, 2002 until fully paid; and (2) costs of suit.
SO ORDERED.
DIOSDADO M. PERALTA
Associate Justice
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