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    Outline: TC 25. Lecture 1A - Introduction To Spatial Data (Vector Data)

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    This document provides an overview of vector data models in GIS. It discusses how vector data models represent discrete, real-world objects like points, lines, and polygons with x,y coordinates. Both simple and topological vector models are described, with topological being preferable since it defines spatial relationships between features. Common vector file formats are also listed, including shapefiles which store feature geometry and attribute information in multiple linked files.

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    Outline: TC 25. Lecture 1A - Introduction To Spatial Data (Vector Data)

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    JohnRichieLTan
    113 views18 pages
    This document provides an overview of vector data models in GIS. It discusses how vector data models represent discrete, real-world objects like points, lines, and polygons with x,y coordinates. Both simple and topological vector models are described, with topological being preferable since it defines spatial relationships between features. Common vector file formats are also listed, including shapefiles which store feature geometry and attribute information in multiple linked files.

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    This document provides an overview of vector data models in GIS. It discusses how vector data models represent discrete, real-world objects like points, lines, and polygons with x,y coordinates. Both simple and topological vector models are described, with topological being preferable since it defines spatial relationships between features. Common vector file formats are also listed, including shapefiles which store feature geometry and attribute information in multiple linked files.

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    113 views18 pages

    Outline: TC 25. Lecture 1A - Introduction To Spatial Data (Vector Data)

    Uploaded by

    JohnRichieLTan
    This document provides an overview of vector data models in GIS. It discusses how vector data models represent discrete, real-world objects like points, lines, and polygons with x,y coordinates. Both simple and topological vector models are described, with topological being preferable since it defines spatial relationships between features. Common vector file formats are also listed, including shapefiles which store feature geometry and attribute information in multiple linked files.

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    of 18

    3/26/2019

    TC 25. LECTURE 1A – INTRODUCTION TO SPATIAL


    DATA (VECTOR DATA)
    26 MAR 2019
    MACATULAD

    OUTLINE

     What are Geospatial Data Models?


     GIS Data Models:
    Vector data model
    Raster data model

    1
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    RECALL: WHAT IS A GIS?

    RECALL: COMPONENTS OF GIS

    2
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    WHAT ARE SPATIAL DATA?

     A geographical entity is defined in terms of:


    Location (spatial reference)
    Dimensions
    Attribute
    Time

    CONVENTIONAL VS. DIGITAL GEOGRAPHIC


    DATA
    Conventional Data: Paper map
     Static representation
     Represents a general-purpose
    snapshot of the real world at a given
    time only
    Digital Geographic Data:
     Dynamic representation
     Allows a range of functions for
    storing, processing, analyzing, and
    visualizing spatial data
     Has tools that allow users to
    interact with the data to meet their
    objectives

    3
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    DIGITAL GEOGRAPHIC DATA

     Numerical representations that describe real-world


    features and phenomena
     Must be encoded in digital form and organized as a
    geographic database to be useful to GIS

    PROBLEMS W/ REPRESENTING GEOGRAPHIC


    DATA

     Entire Earth into single


    digital representation
     Infinite complexity
     What to leave in, what
    to leave out
     Representations are
    partial (data models)

    4
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    GEOSPATIAL DATA MODELS

     The real world can only be depicted in a GIS


    through the use of models that define
    phenomena in a manner that computer
    systems can interpret, to be able to perform
    meaningful analysis.

    GEOSPATIAL DATA MODELS

     Formal means of representing spatially-


    referenced information
     Simplified view of physical entities
     A conceptualization of reality

    how do you view the world

    5
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    DATA ABSTRACTION (GENERALIZATION)

     To use GIS, the real


    world must be
    abstracted into points,
    lines, polygons, raster
    cells, and attribute
    values
     Scale matters (scope
    and extent)
     Intended use matters
    (purpose)

    6
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    4 LEVELS OF MODELING
    (CONCEPTUALIZATION/ ABSTRACTION)
    1. Real World - in all its complex glory
    2. Conceptual Model - your understanding of it
    3. Logical Model - possible computer realization
    (software independent)
    4. Physical Model - actual digital structure
    (software implementation)

    CONCEPTUAL MODEL

    • Can identify three conceptualisations of space:

    – Field-based – attributes can be thought of as varying


    continuously from place to place (e.g. precipitation).
    Can be 2-D or 3-D (e.g. air pollution).
    – Object-based – features can be thought of as
    discrete entities or objects. Can be large or small,
    physical or counties, and con contain other objects.
    – Networks – object-based, but emphasis is on the
    interaction between objects along pathways.

    7
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    LOGICAL MODEL

    • The two main types of GIS data models are:


    Raster. Study area is divided into regular cells (usually
    rectangular). Often used to model field data
    Vector. Geometric primitives (i.e. points, lines, polygons) are
    used to represent objects.

    GEOSPATIAL DATA MODELS

    REAL WORLD

    Field-based model Object-based model

    Raster data model Vector data model

    8
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    RASTER AND VECTOR DATA MODELS


     Raster
     Grid and cells
     For continuous data such as
    elevation, slope, surfaces
     Vector
     A series of x,y coordinates
     For discrete data represented as
    points, lines, polygons

     A Desktop GIS should be able


    to handle both types of data
    effectively!

    RASTER AND VECTOR DATA MODELS

    Raster
     Satellite images
     Scanned aerial photographs,
    paper maps
     Digital aerial photographs
    Vector
     Land survey points
     GPS observation data
     Land parcels
     Road network

    9
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    REPRESENTATION OF LOCATION DATA

    VECTOR: RASTER:
    Point Cell

    22

    REPRESENTATION OF SPACE (AREA) AS


    PIXELS

    10
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    VECTOR DATA MODEL

    VECTOR DATA MODEL

     Geographic entities encoded using the vector


    data model are called features.
     Treats geographic space as populated by
    discrete objects, which have identifiable
    boundaries or spatial extent
     Each object in the real-world is represented as
    either point, line, or polygon features.
     Useful for representing discrete objects such
    as roads, buildings, rivers, boundaries, etc.

    11
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    TYPES OF VECTOR DATA MODEL

    1. Simple data model


    2. Topological data model

    SIMPLE DATA MODEL

     Features are vector objects of type point, line


    or polygon.
     Lines and polygons can overlap.
     There is no stored relationship between any
    objects.
     Simple feature data structure is sometimes
    called spaghetti data model

    12
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    TOPOLOGICAL DATA MODEL

     Essentially just a simple data model


    structured using topology rules where
    connections between objects are
    described independent of their coordinates
     Often referred to as an intelligent data
    structure because spatial relationships
    between geographic features are easily
    derived when using them

    TOPOLOGY DEFINITION

     The Science of mathematics of relationships used


    to validate the geometry of vector entities,
    and for operations such as network tracing and
    tests of polygon adjacency.
     The study of geometric properties that do
    not change when the forms are bent, stretched
    or under go similar geometric transformations.
     More details on Lecture 5: Spatial Relationships and
    Spatial Querying

    13
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    SPAGHETTI VS. TOPOLOGICAL

    CADASTRE EXAMPLE

    benchmark survey (COGO) parcels zones

    14
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    VECTOR FILE FORMATS


     GDF/DIME (Geographic Base File/Dual Independent Map Encoding) –
    originally used for storing street maps
     TIGER (Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and
    Referencing System) – improvement for GDF/DIME
     DLG (Digital Line Graphs) – USGS topographic maps
     AutoCAD DXF (Data Exchange Format) – widely used as an export
    format in many GIS
     IGDS (Intergraph Design System) – widely used in mapping
     ArcInfo Coverage – stores vector graphical data using topological
    structure explicitly defining spatial relationships
     ArcInfo E00 – export format of ArcInfo
     Shapefiles – format of ArcView GIS; defines geometry and attribute
    of geographically referenced objects using the main file, index file and
    database table
     CGM (Computer Graphics Metafile) – ISO standard for vector data
    format; widely used in PC-based computer graphics applications
     Page Description Languages (PDL’s)

    THE SHAPEFILE
     DBF – database file (attribute table)
     PRJ – projection file *
     SBN – a spatial index of the features (optimizes spatial queries) **
     SBX – a spatial index of the features (speeds up loading times) **
     SHP – geometry file (location and shape)
     SHX – shape index format
     SHX.XML – geospatial metadata in XML format **

    15
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    COMPOSITION OF VECTOR DATA

    Object Attributes

    Reality

    ATTRIBUTES FOR VECTOR DATA

     Record non-spatial characteristics that describe


    spatial entity
     any characteristic of an entity selected for
    representation

     Arranged in tables
     Stored in a flat-file format or database
    management system (DBMS)

    16
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    ATTRIBUTE TABLE

     a row is
    equivalent to one
    entity
     each row relates
    to a single object
    and a spatial data
    model

    ATTRIBUTE TABLE

     a column is
    equivalent to one
    attribute, or
    descriptor, of that
    entity
     each object can
    have multiple
    attributes that
    describe it

    17
    3/26/2019

    THANK YOU FOR LISTENING! 


    ANY QUESTIONS ?
     NEXT LAB EX 1

    LAB EX 1

    18

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