National Institute of Technology Hamirpur

Electronics and Communication Engineering

M.Tech. VLSI Design Automation and Techniques

Teaching Scheme (2011 onwards)

A. Distribution of Credits
Minimum Credits Through Minimum Credits Total
Course Work Through Research Credits
Progra Programme Open Dissertat Dissertat
mme Electives Electives ion-3rd ion-4th
Core (PE) (OE) Sem Sem
(PC)
24 11 3 12 20 70

B. Semester-wise Distribution of Credits

(may vary as per the need of specific programme, but the requirement of
minimum overall credits listed in A must be satisfied)
Sem-1 Sem-2 Sem-3 Sem-4 Total
Credits
17 17 16 20 70

C. Grade of Dissertation (EC-801)

Semester Credits for Grade Remarks
Dissertation Work
Sem-3 12 AAA A∈S|X
Sem-4 20 AAAAA A is awarded for each set of 4
units,
[S: Satisfactory, X:
Unsatisfactory]

D. Self Study Course

Self-study course will be related to the research/specialization
area of a candidate. The concerned supervisor will act as course
coordinator who will be responsible for proposing the course
name and syllabus for approval of the DPGC. If the same course
is offered to more than one student, there may only be one
course coordinator. The candidate has to be continuously
evaluated in same pattern as applicable to other courses (two
mid-term exams, one semester exam, assignments, quizzes, etc.).
 Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering
M.Tech. VLSI Design Automation and Techniques
Teaching Scheme (2011 onwards)
FIRST SEMESTER
S.No Course Course Title L T P Hours/ C
No. Week
1. EC-601 Device Modeling for Circuit 3 0 0 3 3
Simulation
2. EC-602 VLSI Technology & 3 0 0 3 3
Applications
3. EC-603 CAD of VLSI 3 0 0 3 3

4. Programme Elective-1 3 0 0 3 3
5. Programme Elective-2 3 0 0 3 3
6. EC-604 Electronic Design Automation 0 0 3 3 2
Lab
Total 15 0 3 18 17

SECOND SEMESTER
S.No Course Course Title L T P Hours/ C
No. Week
1. EC-605 Digital VLSI Design 3 0 0 3 3
2. EC-606 Digital Signal Processing 3 0 0 3 3
3. EC-607 Analog VLSI Design 3 0 0 3 3
4. Programme Elective-3 3 0 0 3 3
5. Open Elective-1 3 0 0 3 3
(from other Dept)
6. EC-608 VLSI & MEMS Design Lab 0 0 3 3 2
Total 15 0 3 18 17
THIRD SEMESTER
S.No Course Course Title L T P Hours/ C
No. Week
1. EC-799 Self Study 3 2
2. EC-800 Seminar 0 0 3 3 2
3. EC-801 Dissertation 24 12
(to be continued in 4th Sem)
Total 30 16

FOURTH SEMESTER
S.No Course Course Title L T P Hours/Week C
No.
1. EC-801 Dissertation 40 20
Total 20
Programme Elective-1
EC-701 MEMS & Microsensor Design
EC-702 Nano-Electronics
EC-703 Microwave & Optoelectronic Devices
EC-704 Modeling & Simulation
CS-761 Advanced Computer Architecture

Programme Elective-2
EC-705 Characterization of Semiconductor Materials & Devices
EC-706 CMOS RF Circuit Design
EC-707 Digital Logic Design with HDL
EC-708 VLSI Interconnects

Programme Elective-3
EC-709 Low Power VLSI Design
EC-710 VLSI Test & Testability
EC-711 Digital Image Processing
EC-712 Embedded System Design

Open Electives
EC-751 VLSI Design
EC-752 MEMS & Micro Sensor Design
EC-601 Device Modelling for Circuit Simulation
1. Fundamentals
Semiconductor Physics, Principle of circuit simulation and its objectives.
2. Introduction to SPICE
AC, DC, Transient, Noise, Temperature extra analysis.
3. Junction Diodes
DC, Small signal, Large signal, High frequency and noise models of diodes, Measurement of
diode model-parameters.
4. Modelling BJT
DC, small signal, high frequency and noise models of bipolar junction transistors. Extraction
of BJT model parameters.
5. MOSFETs
DC, small signal, high frequency and noise models of MOSFETs, MOS Capacitors. MOS
Models: Level-1 and level-2 large signal MOSFET models. Introduction to BSIM models.
Extraction of MOSFET model parameters.
6. Device SCALING
Short and narrow channel MOSFETs. MOSFET channel mobility model, DIBL, charge
sharing and various non-linear effects.
7. JFET, MESFETs & HBTs
Modeling of JFET & MESFET and extraction of parameters. Principles of hetro-junction
devices, HBTs, HEMT.

Text Books
1. S.M.Kang & Y.Leblibici, CMOS Digital Integrated Circuits-Analysis & Design, TMH, 3rd Ed.
2. S.M. Sze, Physics of Semiconductor Devices, Wiley Pub.
References
1. Sedra and Smith, SPICE.
2. H.M. Rashid, Introduction to PSPICE, PHI.
3. B.G. Streetman & S. Baneerjee, Solid State Electronic Devices, PHI.
4. R. Raghuram, Computer Simulation of Electronic Circuits, Wiley Eastern Ltd.
5. Bar Lev, Basic Electronics.
EC-602 VLSI Technology & Applications

1.Crystal growth
Wafer preparation, Processing considerations, Chemical cleaning, Getting the thermal stress
factors etc.

2.Epitaxy
Vapors phase epitaxy basic transport processes & reaction kinetics, Doping & Auto doping,
equipments, & Safety considerations, Buried layers, Epitaxial defects, Molecular beam epitaxy,
Equipment used, Film characteristics, SOI structure.

3.Oxidation
Growth mechanism & kinetics, Silicon oxidation model, Interface considerations, Orientation
dependence of oxidation rates thin oxides, Oxides, Oxidation technique & systems dry & wet
oxidation.,Masking properties of SiO2.

4.Diffusion
Diffusion from a chemical source in vapor form at high temperature, Diffusion from doped oxide
source, Diffusion from an ion implanted layer.

5.Lithography
Optical lithography, Optical resists, Contact & proximity printing, Projection printing, Electron
lithography, resists, Mask generation, Electron optics, Roster scans & vector scans, Variable
beam shape, X-ray lithography, Resists & printing, X-ray sources &masks, Ion lithography.

6.Etching
Reactive plasma etching, AC & DC plasma excitation, Plasma properties, Chemistry & surface
interactions, Feature size control & apostrophic etching, Ion enhanced & induced etching,
Properties of etch processing. Reactive ion beam etching, Specific etches processes,
poly/polycide, Trench etching.

7.Simulation & Analytical Techniques

Introduction to process modelling, SUPREM. Reliability issues in VLSI technology,
Geometrical manipulations, A novel measurement technique for 2D implanted ion distributions,
Introduction to partial differential equation solver, The merged multi grid method, Modeling &
simulation of isothermal, Non isothermal and hydrodynamic devices.

8.MEMS
System-level design methodology, Equivalent Circuit representation of MEMS, Signal-
conditioning circuits, and sensor noise calculation. Pressure sensors with embedded
electronics(Analog/Mixed signal), Accelerometer with transducer, Gyroscope, RF MEMS switch
with electronics, Bolometer design. RF MEMS and Optical MEMS

Text
1. SM Sze, “Modern Semiconductor Device Physics”, John Wiley & Sons, 2000.
2. SM Sze, “VLSI Technology”, John Wiley & Sons, 2000.
References

1. B.G. Streetman, “Solid State Electronics Devices”, Prentice Hall, 2002.

2. Chen, “VLSI Technology” Wiley, March 2003.
3. Circuit, Device and Process Simulation: Mathematical and Numerical Aspects by
Graham F. Carey (Editor), W. B. Richardson, C. S. Reed, B. Mulvaney, John Wiley &
Sons; 1 edition.
4. Process and Device Simulation for MOS-VLSI Circuits, edited by P. Antognetti, D.A.
Antoniadis , Robert W. Dutton, W.G. Oldham, kluwer Academic Publisher, 2000.
5. Gregory T.A. Kovacs, Micromachined Transducers Sourecbook, The McGraw-Hill, Inc.
1998
6. Stephen D. Senturia, Microsystem Design, Kluar Publishers, 2001
7. Nadim Maluf, An Introduction to Microelectromechanical Systems Engineering, Artech
House, 2000.
MV-603 CAD of VLSI

1.Introduction to Hierarchical and Structured Design,

Role of CAD Tools in the VLSI design process, CAD Algorithms for switch level and circuits
simulation, Techniques and algorithms for symbolic layout, Algorithms for physical design –
Placement and routing Algorithms, Compaction, Circuit extraction and Testing.

2.Specification of Combinational Systems Using VHDL

Introduction to VHDL, Basic language element of VHDL, Behavioral Modeling, Data flow
modeling, Structural modeling, Subprograms and overloading, VHDL description of gates.

3. Description and Design of Sequential Circuits

Standard combinational modules, Design of a Serial adder with accumulator, State graph for
control network, Design of a binary multiplier, Multiplication of a signed binary number, Design
of a binary divider.

4. Register-Transfer Level Systems

Execution graph, Organization of system, Implementation of RTL Systems, Design of RTL
systems, Analysis of RTL systems.

5. Data Subsystems
Storage modules, Functional modules, Data paths, Control subsystems, Micro programmed
controller, Structure of a micro programmed controller, Micro instruction format, Micro
instruction sequencing, Micro instruction Timing, Basic component of a micro system, Memory
subsystem.

6. I/O Subsystem
Processors, Operation of the computer and cycle time. Binary decoder, Binary encoder,
Multiplexers and demultiplexers, Floating Point arithmetic-representation of floating point
number, Floating point multiplication, Adders, Multipliers.

7. PLA based synthesis

Multilevel logic synthesis, Logic optimization, Logic simulation, Compiled and event
simulators, Relative advantages and disadvantages, Layout Algorithms, Circuit partitioning,
Placement and routing algorithms, Automatic test program generation, Combinational testing, D-
Algorithm and PODEM algorithm, Scan-based testing of sequential circuits, Testability
measures for circuits.

Text Books
1. J. Bhaskar, “A VHDL Primer”, Addison Wesley, 1999.
2. M. Ercegovac, T. Lang and L.J. Moreno, “Introduction to Digital Systems”, Wiley, 2000
3. C. H. Roth, “Digital System Design using VHDL”, PWS Publishing
4. G. DeMicheli, “Synthesis and optimization of digital circuits”, McGraw Hill.
References
1. J.F. Wakerly, “Digital Design-Principles and Practices”, PHL
2. Douglas Perry, “VHDL”, MGH
EC-605 Digital VLSI Design
1. Introduction
Basic principle of MOSFETs, Introduction to large signal MOS models (long channel) for digital
design.
2. MOS Inverters
Static and Dynamic characteristics: Inverter principle, Depletion and enhancement load inverters,
the basic CMOS inverter, transfer characteristics, logic threshold, Noise margins, and Dynamic
behavior, transition time, Propagation Delay, Power Consumption.
3. MOS Circuit Layout & Simulation
Layout design rules, MOS device layout: Transistor layout, Inverter layout, CMOS digital
circuits layout & simulation, Circuit Compaction; Circuit extraction and post-layout simulation.
4. Combinational MOS Logic Design
Static MOS design: Complementary MOS, Ratioed logic, Pass Transistor logic, Complex logic
circuits, DSL, DCVSL, Transmission gate logic.
5. Dynamic MOS design
Dynamic logic families and performances.
6. Memory Design
ROM & RAM cells design
7. Sequential MOS Logic Design
Static latches, Flip flops & Registers, Dynamic Latches & Registers, CMOS Schmitt trigger,
Monostable sequential Circuits, Astable Circuits.
Adders, Multilpier Circuits.
8. VLSI Interconnects
Interconnect delays, Cross Talks. Introduction to low power design, Input and Output Interface
circuits.
9. BiCMOS Logic Circuits
Introduction, Basic BiCMOS Circuit behavior, Switching Delay in BiCMOS Logic circuits.

Text Books
1. Kang & Leblebigi “CMOS Digital IC Circuit Analysis & Design”- McGraw Hill, 2003
2. JM Rabey, “Digital Integrated Circuits Design”, Pearson Education, Second Edition, 2003
3. NHE Weste & K. Eshraghian, Principles of CMOS VLSI Design:A Sys.Pers., McGraw Hill
Pub.
References
1. B.G. Streetman & S. Banerjee, Solid State Electronics.
2. Uyemera, CMOS Logic Circuit Design, Springer India Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, 2007.
3. Eshraghian & Pucknell, Introduction to VLSI, PHI
4. David A. Hodges, Horace G. Jackson, Resve Saleh, “Analysis & Design of Digital Integrated
Circuits”, 3rd Edi Mc Graw Hill, 2003.
5. Sedra & Smith, SPICE.
EC-606 DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

1. Discrete time signals and systems

2. Time Domain Representation of Signals & Systems

Discrete Time Signals, Operations on Sequences, the sampling process, Discrete-Time systems,
Time-Domain characterization of LTI Discrete-Time systems, state-space representation of LTI
Discrete-Time systems, random signals.

3. Transform-Domain Representation of Signals

Discrete-Time Fourier Transform, Discrete Fourier Transform, DFT properties, computation of
the DFT of real sequences, Linear Convolution using the DFT. Z-transforms, Inverse z-
transform, properties of z-transform

4. Transform-Domain Representation of LTI Systems

the frequency response, the transfer function, types of transfer function, minimum-phase and
maximum-Phase transfer functions

5. Digital Processing of Continuous-Time Signals

Sampling of Continuous Signals, Analog Filter Design, Anti-aliasing Filter Design, Sample-and-
hold circuits, A/D & D/A converter, Reconstruction Filter Design.

6. Digital Filter Structure

Block Diagram representation, Signal Flow Graph Representation, Equivalent Structures; bone
FIR Digital Filter Structures, IIR Filter Structures, State-space structure, all pass filters, tunable
IIR Digital filters, cascaded Lattice realization of IIR and FIR filters, Parallel all pass realization
of IIR transfer function

7. Digital Filter Design

Impulse invariance method of IIR filter design, Bilinear Transform method of IIR Filter Design,
Design of Digital IIR notch filters, FIR filter Design based on truncated fonner sens, FIR filter
design based on Frequency Sampling approach.

8. Applications of VLSI DSP

Text Books:
1. Sanjit K. Mitra, Applications DSP a Computer based approach , TMH.
2. Proakis, Digital Signal Processing, PHI, Second edition
3.Allan Y. Oppenhein & Ronald W. Schater , Digital Signal Processing, PHI

References:
1. Monson H. Hayes, Schaum’s Outline of Digital Signal Processing, Mcgraw Hill, 1999.
2. Lars Wanhammar, DSP Integrated Circuits, Academic Press, First edition, 1999.
EC-607 Analog VLSI Design

1. Introduction to Analog VLSI

Analog integrated circuit design, Circuit design consideration for MOS challenges in analog
circuit design, Recent trends in analog VLSI circuits.
2. Analog MOSFET Modelling
MOS transistor, Low frequency MOSFET Models, High frequency MOSFET Models,
Temperature effects in MOSFET, Noise in MOSFET.
3. Current Source, Sinks and References
MOS Diode/Active resistor, Simple current sinks and mirror, Basic current mirrors, Advance
current mirror, Current and Voltage references, Bandgap references.
4. CMOS Amplifier
Performances matrices of amplifier circuits, Common source amplifier, Common gate amplifier,
Cascode amplifier, Frequency response of amplifiers and stability of amplifier.
5. CMOS Feedback Amplifier
Feedback equation, Properties of negative feedback on amplifier design, Feedback Topology,
Stability.
6. CMOS Differential Amplifier
Differential signalling, source coupled pair, Current source load, Common mode rejection ratio,
CMOS Differential amplifier with current mirror load,, Differential to single ended conversion.
7. CMOS Operational amplifier
Block diagram of Op-amplifier, Ideal characteristics of Op-Amplifier, Design of two stage Op-
Amplifier, Compensation of Op-Amplifier, Frequency response of Op-Amplifier, Operational
Transconductance Amplifier (OTA).
8. CMOS Comparator
Characteristic of a comparator, Two stage open loop comparator, Special purpose comparator,
Regenerative comparator, High output current amplifier, High speed comparator.
9. Introduction to Switched Capacitor Circuits
Switched capacitor circuits, Switched capacitor amplifiers, Switch capacitor integrators.

Text Book:
1. Design of Analog CMOS Integrated Circuits by Behzad Razavi McGraw Hill.
2. CMOS: Circuit Design , Layout and Simulation by R. Jacob Baker, Harry W. Li, and
David E. Boyce, Prentice Hall of India
Reference Books
1. Analog Integrated circuit Design by David A. Johns and Ken Martin, John Wiley & Son
 EC-701 MEMS & Micro Sensor Design

1. Introduction to MEMS
MEMS Fabrication Technologies, Materials and Substrates for MEMS, Processes for
Micromachining, Characteristics, Sensors/Transducers, Piezoresistance Effect,
Piezoelectricity, Piezoresistive Sensor.

2. Mechanics of Beam and Diaphragm Structures

Stress and Strain, Hooke's Law. Stress and Strain of Beam Structures: Stress, Strain in a
Bent Beam, Bending Moment and the Moment of Inertia, Displacement of Beam
Structures Under Weight, Bending of Cantilever Beam Under Weight.

3. Air Damping
Drag Effect of a Fluid: Viscosity of a Fluid, Viscous Flow of a Fluid, Drag Force
Damping, The Effects of Air Damping on Micro-Dynamics. Squeeze-film Air Damping:
Reynolds' Equations for Squeeze-film Air Damping, Damping of Perforated Thick
Plates. Slide-film Air Damping: Basic Equations for Slide-film Air Damping,
Couette-flow Model, Stokes-flow Model.

4. Electrostatic Actuation
Electrostatic Forces, Normal Force, Tangential Force, Fringe Effects, Electrostatic
Driving of Mechanical Actuators: Parallel-plate Actuator, Capacitive sensors. Step
and Alternative Voltage Driving: Step Voltage Driving, Negative Spring
Effect and Vibration Frequency.

5. Thermal Effects
Temperature coeficient of resistance, Thermo-electricity, Thermocouples, Thermal and
temperature sensors.

6. Applications of MEMS in RF

MEMS Resonator Design Considerations, One-Port Micromechanical Resonator

Modeling Vertical Displacement Two-Port Microresonator Modeling,
Micromechanical Resonator Limitations.

Text Books

1. S.M. Sze, “Semiconductor Sensors”, John Wiley & Sons Inc., Wiley Interscience Pub.
2. M.J. Usher, “Sensors and Transducers”, McMillian Hampshire.

References

1. RS Muller, Howe, Senturia and Smith, “Microsensors”, IEEE Press.

EC-702 Nano-Electronics

1. Introduction of Nano-electronics
The “Top-Down” Approach; The “Bottom-Up” Approach; Why Nano-electronics; Nanotechnology Potential;
MOS Scaling theory-Issues in scaling MOS transistors; Short channel effects; Requirements for non-classical MOS
transistor; Metal gate transistor-Motivation, requirements, Integration Issues; High-k gate based MOSFET-
Motivation, requirements, integration issues of high-k.

2. Quantum Mechanics of Electrons

General postulates of quantum mechanics; Time-independent Schrodinger’s equation-boundary conditions on the
Wave function; Analogies between quantum mechanics and classical electromagnetic; probabilistic current density;
Multiple particle systems; Spin and angular Momentum.

3. Free and Confined Electrons

Free Electrons; Free electron gas theory of metals; Electrons confined to a bounded region of space and quantum
numbers; Partially confined electrons- finite potential wells; Quantum wells; Quantum wires; Quantum dots.

4. Tunnel Junctions and Applications of Tunneling

Tunneling through a potential barrier; Potential energy profiles for material interfaces; Applications of tunneling;
Coulomb blockade, Single-Electron Transistor (SET).

5. Germanium Nano MOSFETs

Strain, Quantization; Advantages of germanium over silicon; PMOS versus NMOS; Compound semiconductors -
material properties; MESFETs; Compound semiconductors MOSFETs in the context of channel quantization and
strain; Hetero structure MOSFETs exploiting novel materials, strain, quantization.

6. Non-Conventional MOSFET Structures

SOI-PDSOI and FDSOI; Ultrathin body SOI-double gate transistors, integration issues; Vertical transistors –
FinFET and Surround gate FET; Carbon Nano-tube Transistors (CNT); Semiconductor Nano-wire FETs and SETs;
Molecular SETs and Molecular Electronics.

Text Books
1. Fundamentals of Modern VLSI Devices, Y. Taur and T Ning, Cambridge University
Press.
2. Fundamental of Nanoelectronics, George W. Hanson Pearson Education.

References
1. Silicon VLSI Technology, Plummer, Deal, Griffin, Pearson Education India.
2. Encyclopedia of Materials Characterization, Edited by Brundle, C.Richard; Evans,
Charles A. Jr.; Wilson, Shaun ; Elsevier.
EC-703 Microwave & Optoelectronic Devices

1. Microwave Solid State Devices

Microwave frequencies, Tunnel diode, Backward diode, MIS tunnel diode, Transferred electron
devices-Gunn diode, Avalanche transit time devices: IMPATT Diode, BARRITT Diode, and
TRAPATT Diode, Microwave transistor, Microwave field effect transistor

2. Microwave Integrated Circuit

Introduction, Transmission lines for MICs, Lumped elements for MICs, Material for MICs:
Substrate, Conductor, Dielectric and resistive materials, Fabrication techniques, Typical example
of fabrication, Hybrid fabrication.

3. Microwave Tubes
Klystron, Reflex Klystron and Magnetron, Traveling wave tubes, microwave detection diodes,
application of microwave

4. Optoelectronic Devices
Photovoltaic devices, Solar Radiation, PN-homojunction solar cells, Antireflection coatings,
Ideal conversion efficiency, Spectral response, I-V Characteristics, Temperature and radiation
effects, Heterojunction solar cells, Schottky barrier solar cell, Thin film and amorphous silicon
solar cell, Solar arrays

5. Lasers
Stimulated emission: ruby lasers, other lasers, p-n-p-n switching devices, Switching mechanism,
Semiconductor controller rectifier, Negative conductance.
Laser Diodes, Spontaneous and stimulated emission, Population inversion, Semiconductor
optical amplifiers, Optical feedback, Modes of a laser cavity, Condition for threshold, Current
density, Transparency current, Threshold current, Double heterostructure laser for improved
confinement of carriers and lower threshold currents, Quantum wells for wavelength “tuning”
and reduced drive currents, Factors influencing device design from infrared to blue lasers.

Text Books
1. S M Sze, Physics of Semiconductor Devices by, Willy Eastern Pub.
2. S. Y. Liao, Microwave Devices and Circuits, PHI
3. O.P. Gandhi, Microwave Engineering and Application, Maxwell Macmillan Pub.

References
1. J.I. Pankove, Topic in applied physics – Vol. 40 , Springer Verlag
2. E. S . Yang, Microelectronic Devices, MGH
3. A. G. Milness, Semiconductor Devices and Integrated Electronics, CBS Pub
4. J. Wilson & J.F.B. Hawkers, Optoelectronics : An introduction, PHI
EC-704 Modeling and Simulation

1.Component model for ICs

Design rule checks, timing verification worst case delay simulation, setup and hold times for
clocked devices; Behaviour modeling, structural modeling, simulation with the physical model;
Hardware Description Language.

2.Statistical
Description of data, Data-fitting methods, Regression analysis, Analysis of Variance, Goodness
of fit.

3.Probability and Random Processes

Discrete and Continuous Distribution, Central Limit theorem, Measure of Randomness, Monte
Carlo Methods.
4. Stochastic Processes
Stochastic Processes and Markov Chains, Time Series Models.

5. Modelling and simulation

Concepts, Discrete-event simulation: Event scheduling/Time advance algorithms, Verification
and validation of simulation models.

6. Continuous simulation: Modelling with differential equations, Example models, Bond Graph
Modelling, Population Dynamics Modelling, System dynamics.

Text Books
1. James R., Armstrong J.R., Chip-level Modelling with VHDL., Prentice Hall, 1989.
2. Navalih, Z., VHDL, Analysis and Modelling of Digital Systems, 1993.
3. Banks J, Carson JS and Nelson B, discrete-Event System simulation, 2nd Edition,
Prentice-Hall of India, 1996.
4. Winston, W.L., Operations Research : applications and algorithms, 3rd Edition, Duxbury
press, Belmont, Califomia, 1994.
CS-761 Advanced Computer Architecture
1. Parallel Computer Models
The state of computing, Classification of parallel computers, Multiprocessors and
multicomputers, Multivector and SIMD computers.

2. Program and Network Properties

Conditions of parallelism, Data and resource dependences, Hardware and software parallelism,
Program partitioning and scheduling, Grain size and latency, Program flow mechanisms, Control
flow versus data flow, Data flow architecture, Demand driven mechanisms, Comparisons of flow
mechanisms.

3. System Interconnect Architectures

Network properties and routing, Static interconnection networks, Dynamic interconnection
networks, Multiprocessor system interconnects, Hierarchical bus systems, Crossbar switch and
multiport memory, Multistage and combining network.

4.Advanced Processors
Advanced processor technology, Instruction-set architectures, CISC Scalar processors, RISC
Scalar processors, Superscalar processors, VLIW architectures, Vector and symbolic processors.

5.Pipelining
Linear pipeline processor, nonlinear pipeline processor, Instruction pipeline Design, Mechanisms
for instruction pipelining, Dynamic instruction scheduling, Branch Handling techniques, branch
prediction, Arithmetic Pipeline Design, Computer arithmetic principles, Static Arithmetic
pipeline, Multifunctional arithmetic pipelines.

6.Memory Hierarchy Design

Cache basics & cache performance, Reducing miss rate and miss penalty, Multilevel cache
hierarchies, Main memory organizations, Design of memory hierarchies.

7.Multiprocessor Architectures
Symmetric shared memory architectures, Distributed shared memory architectures, Models of
memory consistency, Cache coherence protocols (MSI, MESI, MOESI), Scalable cache
coherence, Overview of directory based approaches, Design challenges of directory protocols,
Memory based directory protocols, Cache based directory protocols, Protocol design tradeoffs,
Synchronization.

Text
1. Kai Hwang, “Advanced computer architecture”, TMH.
2. D. A. Patterson and J. L. Hennessey, “Computer organization and design,” Morgan Kaufmann, 2nd Ed.
References
1. J.P.Hayes, “computer Architecture and organization”, MGH.
2. Harvey G.Cragon,”Memory System and Pipelined processors”; Narosa Publication.
3. V.Rajaranam & C.S.R.Murthy, “Parallel computer”; PHI.
4. R.K.Ghose, Rajan Moona & Phalguni Gupta, “Foundation of Parallel Processing”; Narosa Publications.
EC-705 Characterization of Semiconductor Materials and Devices

1. Introduction
Various Semiconductor materials and their advantages & disadvantages applied to VLSI and
Nano-electronics.

2. Properties of Semiconductor
Crystal structure, Band theory, Carrier concentration at thermal equilibrium, Density of states,
Fermi energy, Ionization of impurity in semiconductor, Quantum aspect of semiconductors.

3. Semiconductor Carrier Dynamics

Scattering of carrier in semiconductors, Low field effect in semiconductor, Very high field effect
in semiconductor, Carrier transport phenomena, Charge injection and quasi equilibrium,
Generation and recombination of electron and holes and Basic equation for semiconductor
device operation.

4. Measurement of Semiconductor Properties

Resistivity, conductivity, Band gap etc

5. Semiconductor Junction with Metal, Insulator and Semiconductors

Characteristics and energy band diagrams of PN Junction diodes-step and graded junction,
Schottky barrier diode, Ohmic contact, Insulator-semiconductor junction.

6. Compound Semiconductor
Classifications; Energy band diagram; Phase diagram, Electronic properties of compound
Semiconductor materials; Microwave Devices.

7. Applications of Compound Semiconductors

PN Junction, Solar cells; P-I-N photodetector; Semiconductor lasers.

Text Books
1. S.M. Sze, “Physics of semiconductor devices”, Wiley Pub.
2. B.G. Streetman, “Solid State Electronics Devices”, Prentice Hall, 2002.

References
1. M.S.Tyagi, “Semiconductor Materials and Devices,” Wiley Pub.
EC-706 CMOS RF Circuit Design
1. Introduction to RF design and Wireless Technology
Design and applications, Complexity and choice of Technology, Basic concepts in RF design,
Nonlinearly and time Variance, Intersymbol interference, Random processes and noise.
Sensitivity and dynamic range, Conversion of gains and distortion.

2. RF Modulation
Analog and digital modulation of RF circuits, Comparison of various techniques for power efficiency,
Coherent and non-coherent detection, Mobile RF communication and basics of Multiple Access
techniques. Receiver and Transmitter architectures, Direct conversion and two-step transmitters.

3. RF Testing
RF testing for heterodyne, Homodyne, Image reject, Direct IF and sub sampled receivers.

4. BJT and MOSFET Behavior at RF Frequencies

BJT and MOSFET behavior at RF frequencies, Modeling of the transistors and SPICE model,
Noise performance and limitations of devices, Integrated parasitic elements at high frequencies
and their monolithic implementation

5. RF Circuits Design
Overview of RF Filter design, Active RF components & modeling, Matching and Biasing
Networks. Basic blocks in RF systems and their VLSI implementation, Low noise Amplifier
design in various technologies, Design of Mixers at GHz frequency range, Various mixers-
working and implementation. Oscillators- Basic topologies VCO and definition of phase noise,
Noise power and trade off. Resonator VCO designs, Quadrature and single sideband generators.
Radio frequency Synthesizers- PLLS, Various RF synthesizer architectures and frequency
dividers, Power Amplifier design, Liberalization techniques, Design issues in integrated RF
filters.

Text Books
1. Thomas H. Lee, Design of CMOS RF Integrated Circuits, Cambridge University press
1998.

References
1. B. Razavi, RF Microelectronics, PHI 1998
2. R. Jacob Baker, H.W. Li, D.E. Boyce, CMOS Circuit Design, layout and Simulation,
PHI, 1998
3. Y.P. Tsividis, Mixed Analog and Digital Devices and Technology, TMH, 1996
EC- 707 Digital Logic design with HDL

1. Introduction to logic circuits:

Variables and functions, Synthesis using AND, OR and NOT gates, Introduction to CAD
tools, Introduction to HDL(VHDL/Verilog)

2. Implementation Technology:
Transistor switches, CMOS Logic, PLD, Transmission gates

3. Optimized Implementation of Logic Functions:

Strategy for minimization, minimization of POS, Multiple Output circuits, Analysis of
Multilevel Circuits

4. Number Representation and Arithmetic Circuits:

Positional Number representation, Addition of unsigned numbers, signed Numbers, Fast
adders, Design of arithmetic circuits using CAD tools, Multiplication

5. Combinational Circuit Building blocks:

Multiplexers, Decoder, Encoder, Code Converters, Arithmetic Comparison circuits,
Verilog for combinational circuits , Design of Sequential design, Design Asynchronous
Sequential Design

Text Books
1. Fundamental of digital Logic with Verilog design by S. Brown & Z. Vransesic, TMH.
2. A VHDL Primer by J. Bhaskar, Addison Wesley.
EC-708 VLSI Interconnects

1. Interconnects
Interconnect Parameters: Resistance, Inductance, and Capacitance, Interconnect RC Delays:
Elmore Delay Calculation. Interconnect Models: The lumped RC Model, the distributed RC
Model, the transmission line model. SPICE Wire Models: Distributed RC lines in SPICE,
Transmission line models in SPICE.

2. Scaling issues in interconnects

Gate and Interconnect Delay
 
3. CMOS Repeater
The Static Behavior- Switching Threshold, Noise Margins, The Dynamic Behavior- Computing
the capacitances, Propagation Delay: First order Analysis, Propagation Delay from a Design
perspective, Power, energy and Energy-Delay- Dynamic Power Consumption, Static
Consumption, Analyzing Power Consumption using SPICE
 
4. Repeater Design: Driving Interconnects for Optimum speed and power
Short channel model of CMOS Repeater - Transient Analysis of an RC loaded CMOS repeater,
Delay Analysis, Analytical power expressions: Dynamic power, Short circuit Power, Resistive
Power Dissipation, CMOS Repeater insertion: Analytical expressions for delay and power of a
repeater chain driving an RC load.
5. Advanced Interconnect Techniques
Reduced-swing Circuits, Current-mode Transmission Techniques
6. Crosstalk
Theoretical basis and circuit level modeling of crosstalk, Energy dissipation due to crosstalk:
Model for energy calculation of two coupled lines. Contribution of driver and interconnect to
dissipated energy, Crosstalk effects in logic VLSI circuits: Static circuits, Dynamic circuits and
various remedies.

Text Books
1. Jan M. Rabaey, Analysis and Design of Digital Integrated Circuits– A design
Perspective, TMH, 2nd Edition 2003.

2. F.Moll, M.Roca, Interconnection Noise in VLSI Circuits, Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Reference Books:
1.John P. Uymera, Introduction to VLSI Circuits and Systems, Wiley Student Edition.

2. S.M. Kang, L. Yusuf, CMOS Digital Integrated Circuits-Analysis and Design TMH, 3rd
Edition.
EC -709 Low Power VLSI Design

1. Introduction
Need for low power VLSI chips, Sources of power dissipation in Digital Integrated circuits.
Emerging low power approaches. Physics of power dissipation in CMOS devices.

2. Device & Technology Impact on Low Power

Dynamic dissipation in CMOS, Transistor sizing & gate oxide thickness, Impact of technology
Scaling, Technology & Device innovation.

3. Power Estimation
Simulation Power analysis- SPICE circuit simulators, Gate level logic simulation, Capacitive
power estimation, Static state power, Gate level capacitance estimation, Architecture level
analysis, Data correlation analysis in DSP systems. Monte Carlo simulation.
Probabilistic power analysis- Random logic signals, Probability & frequency, Probabilistic
power analysis techniques.

4.Low Power Design

Circuit level- Power consumption in circuits, Flip Flops & Latches design, High capacitance
nodes, Low power digital cells library
Logic level- Gate reorganization, Signal gating, Logic encoding, State machine encoding, Pre-
computation logic

5. Low Power Architecture & Systems

Power & performance management, Switching activity reduction, Parallel architecture with
voltage reduction, Flow graph transformation, Low power arithmetic components, Low power
memory design.

6. Low Power Clock Distribution: Power dissipation in clock distribution, single driver vs
distributed buffers, zero skew vs tolerable skew, chip & package co design of clock network

7.Algorithm & Architectural Level Methodologies: Introduction, design flow, algorithmic

level analysis & optimization, architectural level estimation & synthesis.

Text Books
1. Gary K. Yeap, Practical Low Power Digital VLSI Design, KAP, 2002
2. Rabaey and Pedram, Low power design methodologies, Kluwer Academic,1997

References
1. Kaushik Roy, Sharat Prasad, Low-Power CMOS VLSI Circuit Design, Wiley,
2000
EC-710 VLSI Test & Testability

1.Motivation for Testing

Design for testability, The problems of digital and analog testing, Design for test, Software
testing.

2.Faults in Digital Circuits

General introduction, Controllability and Observability, Fault models - stuck-at faults, Bridging
faults, Intermittent faults.

3.Digital Test Pattern Generation

Test pattern generation for combinational logic circuits, Manual test pattern generation,
Automatic test pattern generation - Roth's D-algorithm, Developments following Roth's D-
algorithm, Pseudorandom test pattern generation, Test pattern generation for sequential circuits ,
Exhaustive, non-exhaustive and pseudorandom 70 test pattern Generation, Delay fault testing .

4.Signatures and Self Test

Input compression output compression arithmetic, Reed-Muller and spectral coefficients,
Arithmetic and Reed-Muller coefficients ,Spectral coefficients, Coefficient test signatures,
Signature analysis and online self test .

5.Testability Techniques
Partitioning and ad-hoc methods and scan-path testing , Boundary scan and IEEE standard
1149.1, Offline built in Self Test (BIST), Hardware description languages and test .

6.Testing of Analog and Digital circuits

Testing techniques for Filters, A/D Converters, RAM, Programmable logic devices and DSP,
Test generation algorithyms for combinational logic circuits – fault table, Boolean difference,
Path sensitilization, D-algorithm, Podem, Fault simulation techniques – serial single fault
propogation, Deductive, Parallel and concurrent simulation, Test generation for a sequential
logic, Design for testability – adhoc and structured methods, Scan design, Partial scan, Boundary
scan, Pseudo-random techniques for test vector generation and response compression, Built –in-
Self- test, PLA test and DFT.

Text Books
1. M. Abramovici , M.A Breuer and A.D. Friendman, Digital systems and Testing and
Testable Design, Computer Science Press 1990.

2. Stanley L. Hurst, VLSI Testing: digital and mixed analogue digital techniques
Pub: Inspec / IEE, 1999
EC-711 Digital Image Processing

1. Introduction
Steps in Digital Image Processing, Components of an Image Processing system, Applications.
Human Eye and Image Formation; Sampling and Quantization, Basic Relationship among
pixels- neighbour, connectivity, regions, boundaries, distance measures.

2. Image Enhancement
Spatial Domain-Gray Level transformations, Histogram, Arithmetic/Logical Operations, Spatial
filtering, Smoothing & Sharpening Spatial Filters; Frequency Domain- 2-D Fourier transform,
Smoothing and Sharpening Frequency Domain Filtering; Convolution and Correlation
Theorems;
3. Image Restoration
Inverse filtering, Wiener filtering; Wavelets- Discrete and Continuous Wavelet Transform,
Wavelet Transform in 2-D;
4. Image Compression
Redundancies- Coding, Interpixel, Psycho visual; Fidelity, Source and Channel Encoding,
Elements of Information Theory; Loss Less and Lossy Compression; Run length coding,
Differential encoding, DCT, Vector quantization, entropy coding, LZW coding; Image
Compression Standards-JPEG, JPEG 2000, MPEG; Video compression;
5. Image Segmentation
Discontinuities, Edge Linking and boundary detection, Thresholding, Region Based
Segmentation, Watersheds; Introduction to morphological operations; binary morphology-
erosion, dilation, opening and closing operations, applications; basic gray-scale morphology
operations; Feature extraction; Classification; Object recognition.
6. Pattern recognition
Introduction to pattern recognition, Pattern Recognition Methods, Pattern Recognition System
Design, Statistical Pattern recognition – Classification, Principle, Classifier learning, Neural
networks for pattern classification.

Text Books
1. Fundamentals of Digital Image processing- A. K. Jain, Pearson Education
2. Digital Image Processing- R. C. Gonzalez and R. E. Woods, Pearson Education
3. Digital Image Processing using MATLAB- R. C. Gonzalez , R. E. Woods and S. L Eddins,
Pearson Education
4. Digital Image Processing and Analysis- Chanda and Mazumdar, PHI
 
EC-712 Embedded System Design
1. Microcontroller  
 Microprocessors vs. Microcontrollers, MCS-51 Family Overview, Important Features,
Architecture. 8051 Pin Functions, Architecture, Addressing Modes, Instruction Set, Instruction
types, Interrupts.
2. Embedded Systems:
Background and History of Embedded Systems, Definition and Classification, Programming
languages for embedded systems: desirable characteristics of programming languages for
embedded systems, Low-level versus high-level languages, Main language implementation
issues: control, Typing. Major programming languages for embedded systems. Embedded
Systems on a Chip (SoC) and the use of VLSI designed circuits.

3. Real Time Operating Systems (RTOS):

Architecture of an RTOS, Important features of VxWorks and Montavista Linux, Embedded
Systems Programming, Locks and Semaphores, Operating System Timers and Interrupts,
Exceptions, Tasks: Introduction, Defining a task, Task states and scheduling, Task structures,
Synchronization, Communication and concurrency, Kernel objects: Semaphores, Queues, Pipes,
Event registers, Signals, And condition variables. Real-time clock and system clock,
Programmable interval timers, Timer ISRs, Timing wheels, Soft timers.

4. 32-Bit RISC Based ARM Architecture:

Important features, Instruction set, Programming Examples, Core based Embedded Systems, Soft
and Hard Cores, Xilinx FPGA architectures, 8-bit Picoblaze Microcontroller Core, 32-bit
Microblaze Soft Core, Power PC

Text Books
1. Mckenzie, Scott, The 8051 Microcontroller, PHIs, (1995) 5th ed.
2. Simon, David E., An Embedded System Primer, Pearson Education, (2005) 4th ed.
3. K.V.K.K.Prasad, Embedded/Real-time Systems: Concepts, Design and Programming –
Dreamtech press.
4. Proramming for Embedded Systems – Dreamtech Software team, Willey -
dreamtech
 
EC-751 VLSI Design
1. Introduction
Basic principle of MOSFETs, Introduction MOS models for digital design.
2. MOS Inverters
Static and Dynamic characteristics: Inverter principle, Depletion and enhancement load inverters,
the basic CMOS inverter, transfer characteristics, logic threshold, Noise margins, and Dynamic
behavior, transition time, Propagation Delay, Power Consumption.
3. MOS Circuit Layout & Simulation
Layout design rules, MOS device layout: Transistor layout, Inverter layout, CMOS digital
circuits layout & simulation, Circuit Compaction; Circuit extraction and post-layout simulation.
4. Combinational MOS Logic Design
Static MOS design, Complementary MOS, Ratioed logic, Pass Transistor logic, Complex logic
circuits, Transmission gate logic, Adders.
5. Dynamic MOS design
Dynamic logic families and their performance.
6. Sequential MOS Logic Design
Static latches, Flip flops & Registers, Dynamic Latches & Registers, CMOS Schmitt trigger,
Monostable sequential Circuits, Astable Circuits, ROM & RAM cells design
7. MOS Amplifier
Performances metrices of amplifier circuits, Common source amplifier, Cascode amplifier,
Frequency response of amplifiers and stability.

Text Books
1. Kang & Leblebici “CMOS Digital IC Circuit Analysis & Design”- McGraw Hill, 2003
2. J.M. Rabaey, “Digital Integrated Circuits Design”, Pearson Education, Second Edition, 2003

References
3. B.G. Streetman & S. Banerjee, Solid State Electronics.
4. Uyemera, CMOS Logic Circuit Design, Springer India Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, 2007.
5. Eshraghian & Pucknell, Introduction to VLSI, PHI
6. Sedra & Smith, SPICE.
 EC-752 MEMS & Microsensor Design

1. Introduction to MEMS
MEMS Fabrication Technologies, Materials and Substrates for MEMS, Processes for
Micromachining, Characteristics, Sensors/Transducers, Piezoresistance Effect,
Piezoelectricity, Piezoresistive Sensor.

2. Mechanics of Beam and Diaphragm Structures

Stress and Strain, Hooke's Law. Stress and Strain of Beam Structures: Stress, Strain in a
Bent Beam, Bending Moment and the Moment of Inertia, Displacement of Beam
Structures Under Weight, Bending of Cantilever Beam Under Weight.

3. Air Damping
Drag Effect of a Fluid: Viscosity of a Fluid, Viscous Flow of a Fluid, Drag Force
Damping, The Effects of Air Damping on Micro-Dynamics. Squeeze-film Air Damping:
Reynolds' Equations for Squeeze-film Air Damping, Damping of Perforated Thick
Plates. Slide-film Air Damping: Basic Equations for Slide-film Air Damping,
Couette-flow Model, Stokes-flow Model.

4. Electrostatic Actuation
Electrostatic Forces, Normal Force, Tangential Force, Fringe Effects, Electrostatic
Driving of Mechanical Actuators: Parallel-plate Actuator, Capacitive sensors. Step
and Alternative Voltage Driving: Step Voltage Driving, Negative Spring
Effect and Vibration Frequency.

5. Thermal Effects
Temperature coeficient of resistance, Thermo-electricity, Thermocouples, Thermal and
temperature sensors.

6. Applications of MEMS in RF

MEMS Resonator Design Considerations, One-Port Micromechanical Resonator

ModelingVertical Displacement Two-Port Microresonator Modeling,
Micromechanical Resonator Limitations.

Text Books

1. S.M. Sze, “Semiconductor Sensors”, John Wiley & Sons Inc., Wiley Interscience Pub.
2. M.J. Usher, “Sensors and Transducers”, McMillian Hampshire.

References

1. R.S. Muller, Howe, Senturia and Smith, “Microsensors”, IEEE Press.