The document discusses calculations for uniform and non-uniform cash flows, including shifted series, randomly placed single amounts, and shifted gradients. It provides examples of calculating present worth, future worth, and equivalent uniform annual series for engineering economy problems involving various cash flow patterns over multiple time periods with interest.
The document discusses calculations for uniform and non-uniform cash flows, including shifted series, randomly placed single amounts, and shifted gradients. It provides examples of calculating present worth, future worth, and equivalent uniform annual series for engineering economy problems involving various cash flow patterns over multiple time periods with interest.
The document discusses calculations for uniform and non-uniform cash flows, including shifted series, randomly placed single amounts, and shifted gradients. It provides examples of calculating present worth, future worth, and equivalent uniform annual series for engineering economy problems involving various cash flow patterns over multiple time periods with interest.
The document discusses calculations for uniform and non-uniform cash flows, including shifted series, randomly placed single amounts, and shifted gradients. It provides examples of calculating present worth, future worth, and equivalent uniform annual series for engineering economy problems involving various cash flow patterns over multiple time periods with interest.
Fundamentals of Engineering Economy Prepared by Mazyar Ghadirinejad
Chapter 3
3.1. Calculations for Uniform Series That Are Shifted
The present worth is always located one period prior to the first uniform series amount
when using the P/A factor.
The future worth is always located in the same period as the last uniform series amount
when using the F/A factor.
Example 3.1
The offshore design group at Bechtel just purchased upgraded CAD software for $5000
now and annual payments of $500 per year for 6 years starting 3 years from now for
1 Fundamentals of Engineering Economy Prepared by Mazyar Ghadirinejad
annual upgrades. What is the present worth in year 0 of the payments if the interest rate is
8% per year?
Solution
Example 3.2
Recalibration of sensitive measuring devices costs $8000 per year. If the machine will be
recalibrated for each of 6 years starting 3 years after purchase, calculate the 8-year
equivalent uniform series at 16% per year.
Solution
2 Fundamentals of Engineering Economy Prepared by Mazyar Ghadirinejad
Another solution:
3.2. Calculations Involving Uniform Series and Randomly Placed
Single Amounts
Example 3.3
An engineering company in Wyoming that owns 50 hectares of valuable land has decided
to lease the mineral rights to a mining company. The primary objective is to obtain long-
term income to finance ongoing projects 6 and 16 years from the present time. The
engineering company makes a proposal to the mining company that it pay $20,000 per
year for 20 years beginning 1 year from now, plus $10,000 six years from now and
$15,000 sixteen years from now. If the mining company wants to pay off its lease
immediately, how much should it pay now if the investment is to make 16% per year?
Solution
3 Fundamentals of Engineering Economy Prepared by Mazyar Ghadirinejad
Example 3.4
A design-build-operate engineering company in Texas that owns a sizable amount of land
plans to lease the drilling rights (oil and gas only) to a mining and exploration company.
The contract calls for the mining company to pay $20,000 per year for 20 years beginning
3 years from now (i.e., beginning at the end of year 3 and continuing through year 22)
plus $10,000 six years from now and $15,000 sixteen years from now. Utilize engineering
economy relations to determine the five equivalent values listed below at 16% per year.
1. Total present worth PT in year 0.
2. Future worth F in year 22.
3. Annual series over all 22 years.
4. Annual series over the first 10 years.
5. Annual series over the last 12 years.
Solution
4 Fundamentals of Engineering Economy Prepared by Mazyar Ghadirinejad
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
3.3. Calculations for Shifted Gradients
The present worth of an arithmetic gradient will always be located two periods before the
gradient starts.
Example 3.5
Fujitsu, Inc. has tracked the average inspection cost on a robotics manufacturing line for 8
years. Cost averages were steady at $100 per completed unit for the first 4 years, but have
increased consistently by $50 per unit for each of the last 4 years. Analyze the gradient
increase, using the P/G factor. Where is the present worth located for the gradient? What
is the general relation used to calculate total present worth in year 0?
Solution
5 Fundamentals of Engineering Economy Prepared by Mazyar Ghadirinejad
To find the equivalent A series of a shifted gradient through all the n periods, first find the
present worth of the gradient at actual time 0, then apply the (A/P,i,n) factor.
Example 3.6
Set up the engineering economy relations to compute the equivalent annual series in years
1 through 7 for the cash flow estimates in Figure below.
6 Fundamentals of Engineering Economy Prepared by Mazyar Ghadirinejad
Solution
The present worth of a geometric gradient series will always be located two periods
before the gradient stars, and the initial amount is included in the resulting present worth.
Example 3.7
Chemical engineers at a Coleman Industries plant in the Midwest have determined that a
small amount of a newly available chemical additive will increase the water repellency of
Coleman’s tent fabric by 20%. The plant superintendent has arranged to purchase the 7 Fundamentals of Engineering Economy Prepared by Mazyar Ghadirinejad
additive through a 5-year contract at $7000 per year, starting 1 year from now. He expects
the annual price to increase by 12% per year thereafter for the next 8 years. Additionally,
an initial investment of $35,000 was made now to prepare a site suitable for the contractor
to deliver the additive. Use i = 15% per year to determine the equivalent total present
worth for all these cash flows.
Solution
3.4. Decreasing arithmetic and geometric gradients
8 Fundamentals of Engineering Economy Prepared by Mazyar Ghadirinejad
Example 3.8
Morris Glass Company has decided to invest funds for the next 5 years so that
development of “smart” glass is well funded in the future. This type of new-technology
glass uses electro chrome coating to allow rapid adjustment to sun and dark in building
glass, as well as assisting with internal heating and cooling cost reduction. The financial
plan is to invest first, allow appreciation to occur, and then use the available funds in the
future. All cash flow estimates are in $1000 units, and the interest rate expectation is 8%
per year. Years 1 through 5: Invest $7000 in year 1, decreasing by $1000 per year through
year 5. Years 6 through 10: No new investment and no withdrawals. Years 11 through 15:
Withdraw $20,000 in year 11, decreasing 20% per year through year 15. Determine if the 9 Fundamentals of Engineering Economy Prepared by Mazyar Ghadirinejad
anticipated withdrawals will be covered by the investment and appreciation plans. If the
withdrawal series is over- or underfunded, what is the exact amount available in year 11,
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